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Sesso A, Yamashiro-Kanashiro EH, Arruda LB, Kawakami J, Higuchi MDL, Orii NM, Taniwaki NN, Carvalho FMDC, Brito MP, Gottardi M, Carneiro SM, Taga R. Bacteria arise at the border of mycoplasma-infected HeLa cells, containing cytoplasm with either malformed cytosol, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum or tightly adjoined smooth vacuoles. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e84. [PMID: 29267592 PMCID: PMC5738769 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A study with transmission electron microscopy of mycoplasma-contaminated HeLa cells using five cell donors referred to as donors A, B, C, D and E, observations are herein presented. Experiments performed with cells from donors B, C and D, revealed the presence of Mycoplasma hyorhinis after PCR and sequencing experiments. Bacteria probably originated from a cytoplasm with compacted tiny granular particles replacing the normal cytosol territories, or from the contact with the cytoplasm through a clear semi-solid material. The compact granularity (CG) of the cytoplasm was crossed by stripes of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Among apparently normal mitochondria, it was noted, in variable proportions, mitochondria with crista-delimited lucent central regions that expand to and occupied the interior of a crista-less organelle, which can undergo fission. Other components of the scenarios of mycoplasma-induced cell demolition are villus-like structures with associated 80-200 nm vesicles and a clear, flexible semi-solid, process-sensitive substance that we named jam-like material. This material coated the cytoplasmic surface, its recesses, irregular protrusions and detached cytoplasmic fragments. It also cushioned forming bacteria. Cyst-like structures were often present in the cytoplasm. Cells, mainly apoptotic, exhibiting ample cytoplasmic sectors with characteristic net-like profile due to adjoined vacuoles, as well as ovoid or elongated profiles, consistently appeared in all cells from the last four cell donors. These cells were named “modified host cells” because bacteria arose in the vacuoles. The possibility that, in some samples, there was infection and/or coinfection of the host cell by another organism(s) cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sesso
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Imunopatologia - LIM-06, Setor de Biologia Estrutural, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edite Hatsumi Yamashiro-Kanashiro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Imunologia, LIM-48, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liã Bárbara Arruda
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Dermatologia, Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências - LIM- 56, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joyce Kawakami
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, Setor de Estudo da Inflamação, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes Higuchi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, Setor de Estudo da Inflamação, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Noemia Mie Orii
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Dermatologia, Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências - LIM- 56, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Noemi Nosomi Taniwaki
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Mendes da Cunha Carvalho
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Imunopatologia - LIM-06, Setor de Biologia Estrutural, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariane Pereira Brito
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Imunopatologia - LIM-06, Setor de Biologia Estrutural, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maiara Gottardi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Imunopatologia - LIM-06, Setor de Biologia Estrutural, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rumio Taga
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Disciplinas de Histologia e Embriologia, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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Chen WC, Juang RS, Wei YH. Applications of a lipopeptide biosurfactant, surfactin, produced by microorganisms. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sesso A, Yamashiro-Kanashiro EH, Orii NM, Taniwaki NN, Kawakami J, Carneiro SM. Loose and compact agglomerates of 50 nm microvesicles derived from Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum membranes in pre- and in -apoptotic Mycoplasma infected HeLa cells: host-parasite interactions under the transmission electron microscope. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015; 57:89-91. [PMID: 25651334 PMCID: PMC4325531 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sesso
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT) de São Paulo
| | | | - Noemia Mie Orii
- Laboratório de Investigação em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiência IMT de São Paulo
| | | | - Joyce Kawakami
- Setor de Estudo da Inflamação, Instituto do Coração da Universidade de São Paulo
| | - Sylvia Mendes Carneiro
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Butantan de São Paulo Sponsored by FAPESP (Proc
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Loiseau C, Schlusselhuber M, Bigot R, Bertaux J, Berjeaud JM, Verdon J. Surfactin from Bacillus subtilis displays an unexpected anti-Legionella activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:5083-93. [PMID: 25573468 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A contaminant bacterial strain was found to exhibit an antagonistic activity against Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease. The bacterial strain was identified as a Bacillus subtilis and named B. subtilis AM1. PCR analysis revealed the presence of the sfp gene, involved in the biosynthesis of surfactin, a lipopeptide with versatile bioactive properties. The bioactive substances were extracted from AM1 cell-free supernatant with ethyl acetate and purified using reversed phase HPLC (RP-HPLC). Subsequent ESI-MS analyses indicated the presence of two active substances with protonated molecular ions at m/z 1008 and 1036 Da, corresponding to surfactin isoforms. Structures of lipopeptides were further determined by tandem mass spectrometry and compared to the spectra of a commercially available surfactin mixture. Surfactin displays an antibacterial spectrum almost restricted to the Legionella genus (MICs range 1-4 μg/mL) and also exhibits a weak activity toward the amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii, known to be the natural reservoir of L. pneumophila. Anti-biofilm assays demonstrated that 66 μg/mL of surfactin successfully eliminated 90 % of a 6-day-old biofilm. In conclusion, this study reveals for the first time the potent activity of surfactin against Legionella sp. and preformed biofilms thus providing new directions toward the use and the development of lipopeptides for the control of Legionella spread in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Loiseau
- Equipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, Université de Poitiers, Ecologie & Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
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Chernov VM, Chernova OA, Sanchez-Vega JT, Kolpakov AI, Ilinskaya ON. Mycoplasma Contamination of Cell Cultures: Vesicular Traffic in Bacteria and Control over Infectious Agents. Acta Naturae 2014; 6:41-51. [PMID: 25349713 PMCID: PMC4207559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cultures are subject to contamination either with cells of other cultures or with microorganisms, including fungi, viruses, and bacteria. Mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures is of particular importance. Since cell cultures are used for the production of vaccines and physiologically active compounds, designing a system for controlling contaminants becomes topical for fundamental science and biotechnological production. The discovery of extracellular membrane vesicles in mycoplasmas makes it necessary to take into consideration the bacterial vesicular traffic in systems designed for controlling infectious agents. The extracellular vesicles of bacteria mediate the traffic of proteins and genes, participate in cell-to-cell interactions, as well as in the pathogenesis and development of resistance to antibiotics. The present review discusses the features of mycoplasmas, their extracellular vesicles, and the interaction between contaminants and eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, it provides an analysis of the problems associated with modern methods of diagnosis and eradication of mycoplasma contamination from cell cultures and prospects for their solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. M. Chernov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevskogo Str., 2/3, 1420111, Kazan, Russia
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str., 18, 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - O. A. Chernova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevskogo Str., 2/3, 1420111, Kazan, Russia
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str., 18, 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - A. I. Kolpakov
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str., 18, 420008, Kazan, Russia
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Uphoff CC, Drexler HG. Eradication of Mycoplasma contaminations from cell cultures. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 106:28.5.1-28.5.12. [PMID: 24733241 DOI: 10.1002/0471142727.mb2805s106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma contaminations have a multitude of effects on cultured cell lines that may influence the results of experiments or pollute bioactive substances isolated from the eukaryotic cells. The elimination of mycoplasma contaminations from cell cultures with antibiotics has been proven to be a practical alternative to discarding and re-establishing important or irreplaceable cell lines. Different fluoroquinolones, tetracyclins, pleuromutilins, and macrolides shown to have strong anti-mycoplasma properties are employed for the decontamination. These antibiotics are applied as single treatments, as combination treatment of two antibiotics in parallel or successively, or in combination with a surface-active peptide to enhance the action of the antibiotic. The protocols in this unit allow eradication of mycoplasmas, prevention of the development of resistant mycoplasma strains, and potential cure of heavily contaminated and damaged cells. Consistent and permanent alterations to eukaryotic cells attributable to the treatment have not been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cord C Uphoff
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans G Drexler
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
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Wang KF, Nagarajan R, Camesano TA. Antimicrobial peptide alamethicin insertion into lipid bilayer: A QCM-D exploration. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 116:472-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Ureaplasma species commonly colonize the adult urogenital tract and are implicated in invasive diseases of adults and neonates. Factors that permit the organisms to cause chronic colonization or infection are poorly understood. We sought to investigate whether host innate immune responses, specifically, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), are involved in determining the outcome of Ureaplasma infections. THP-1 cells, a human monocytoid tumor line, were cocultured with Ureaplasma parvum and U. urealyticum. Gene expression levels of a variety of host defense genes were quantified by real-time PCR. In vitro antimicrobial activities of synthetic AMPs against Ureaplasma spp. were determined using a flow cytometry-based assay. Chromosomal histone modifications in host defense gene promoters were tested by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). DNA methylation status in the AMP promoter regions was also investigated. After stimulation with U. parvum and U. urealyticum, the expression of cell defense genes, including the AMP genes (DEFB1, DEFA5, DEFA6, and CAMP), was significantly downregulated compared to that of TNFA and IL-8, which were upregulated. In vitro flow cytometry-based antimicrobial assay revealed that synthetic peptides LL-37, hBD-3, and hBD-1 had activity against Ureaplasma spp. Downregulation of the AMP genes was associated with chromatin modification alterations, including the significantly decreased histone H3K9 acetylation with U. parvum infection. No DNA methylation status changes were detected upon Ureaplasma infection. In conclusion, AMPs have in vitro activity against Ureaplasma spp., and suppression of AMP expression might be important for the organisms to avoid this aspect of the host innate immune response and to establish chronic infection and colonization.
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Treatment of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures with Plasmocin. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:267678. [PMID: 23091342 PMCID: PMC3470117 DOI: 10.1155/2012/267678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A high percentage of cell lines are chronically infected with various mycoplasma species. The addition of antibiotics that are particularly effective against these contaminants to the culture medium during a limited period of time is a simple, inexpensive, and very practical approach for decontaminating cell cultures. Here, we examined the effectiveness of the new antimycoplasma compound Plasmocin that has been employed routinely to cleanse chronically infected cell lines. In a first round of treatment 45 out of 58 (78%) mycoplasma-positive cell lines could be cured. In a second attempt using back-up cryopreserved original cells, four additional cell lines were cured; thus, the overall cure rate was 84%. Even if the mycoplasma contamination was not eradicated by Plasmocin, the parallel treatment with several other antibiotics (Baytril, BM-Cyclin, Ciprobay, MRA, or MycoZap) led to the cure of all 58 cell lines. The successful decontamination was permanent as mycoplasmas were no longer detected at day +14 posttreatment and at later time points as examined by PCR which is the most sensitive and specific mycoplasma detection method. Collectively, our results highlight certain antibiotics as effective antimycoplasma reagents and support the therapeutic rationale for their use in the eradication of this notorious cell culture contaminant.
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Hurdle JG, O'Neill AJ, Chopra I, Lee RE. Targeting bacterial membrane function: an underexploited mechanism for treating persistent infections. Nat Rev Microbiol 2011; 9:62-75. [PMID: 21164535 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Persistent infections involving slow-growing or non-growing bacteria are hard to treat with antibiotics that target biosynthetic processes in growing cells. Consequently, there is a need for antimicrobials that can treat infections containing dormant bacteria. In this Review, we discuss the emerging concept that disrupting the bacterial membrane bilayer or proteins that are integral to membrane function (including membrane potential and energy metabolism) in dormant bacteria is a strategy for treating persistent infections. The clinical applicability of these approaches is exemplified by the efficacy of lipoglycopeptides that damage bacterial membranes and of the diarylquinoline TMC207, which inhibits membrane-bound ATP synthase. Despite some drawbacks, membrane-active agents form an important new means of eradicating recalcitrant, non-growing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian G Hurdle
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA.
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Damage of the bacterial cell envelope by antimicrobial peptides gramicidin S and PGLa as revealed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:3132-42. [PMID: 20530225 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00124-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to examine the ultrastructural changes in bacteria induced by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Both the beta-stranded gramicidin S and the alpha-helical peptidyl-glycylleucine-carboxyamide (PGLa) are cationic amphiphilic AMPs known to interact with bacterial membranes. One representative Gram-negative strain, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and one representative Gram-positive strain, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, were exposed to the AMPs at sub-MICs and supra-MICs in salt-free medium. SEM revealed a shortening and swelling of the E. coli cells, and multiple blisters and bubbles formed on their surface. The S. aureus cells seemed to burst upon AMP exposure, showing open holes and deep craters in their envelope. TEM revealed the formation of intracellular membranous structures in both strains, which is attributed to a lateral expansion of the lipid membrane upon peptide insertion. Also, some morphological alterations in the DNA region were detected for S. aureus. After E. coli was incubated with AMPs in medium with low ionic strength, the cells appeared highly turgid compared to untreated controls. This observation suggests that the AMPs enhance osmosis through the inner membrane, before they eventually cause excessive leakage of the cellular contents. The adverse effect on the osmoregulatory capacity of the bacteria is attributed to the membrane-permeabilizing action of the amphiphilic peptides, even at low (sub-MIC) AMP concentrations. Altogether, the results demonstrate that both TEM and SEM, as well as appropriate sample preparation protocols, are needed to obtain detailed mechanistic insights into peptide function.
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Cameotra SS, Makkar RS, Kaur J, Mehta SK. Synthesis of biosurfactants and their advantages to microorganisms and mankind. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 672:261-80. [PMID: 20545289 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5979-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biosurfactants are surface-active compounds synthesized by a wide variety of microorganisms. They are molecules that have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains and are capable of lowering the surface tension and the interfacial tension of the growth medium. Biosurfactants possess different chemical structures--lipopeptides, glycolipids, neutral lipids and fatty acids. They are nontoxic biomolecules that are biodegradable. Biosurfactants also exhibit strong emulsification of hydrophobic compounds and form stable emulsions. The low water solubility of these hydrophobic compounds limits their availability to microorganisms, which is a potential problem for bioremediation of contaminated sites. Microbially produced surfactants enhance the bioavailability of these hydrophobic compounds for bioremediation. Therefore, biosurfactant-enhanced solubility of pollutants has potential applications in bioremediation. Not only are the biosurfactants useful in a variety of industrial processes, they are also of vital importance to the microbes in adhesion, emulsification, bioavailability, desorption and defense strategy. These interesting facts are discussed in this chapter.
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V. N. Lazarev VN. The genes of antimicrobial peptides for the therapy of intracellular infections. Acta Naturae 2009; 1:121-3. [PMID: 22649597 PMCID: PMC3347501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V. N. V. N. Lazarev
- Scientific Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, ul. Malaya Pirogovskaya 1a, Moscow, 119992, Russia
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Smirnov S, Belashov A, Demin O. Optimization of antimicrobial drug gramicidin S dosing regime using biosimulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2008; 36:105-9. [PMID: 19027851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we have developed a model of antimicrobial effect of gramicidin S. This model has allowed us to predict the dependence of antimicrobial effect of the drug applied as oral melting tablets on dosage, time of resorption and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the drug characterizing its ability to kill different bacteria. The model has been employed to optimize dosing regime of gramicidin S containing drug Grammidin. Efficacy of the drug has been studied for the diverse gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria with different MIC. The number of bacteria located in the oral cavity and killed by one-pass administration of the drug (resolution of one tablet) has been calculated under condition of various dosing regimes. Based on the simulation results it has been found that (1) twofold prolongation of prescribed resorption time (from 30 to 60min) of the tablet comprising standard dosage of 3mg of gramicidin S results in 1.5-fold increase in efficacy, (2) 1.5-fold decrease in gramicidin S dosage (from 3 to 2mg per administration) under condition of holding prescribed resorption time (30min) does not lead to any considerable decrease in the efficacy of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Smirnov
- Institute for Systems Biology SPb, Moscow, Russia
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Lazarev VN, Shkarupeta MM, Kostryukova ES, Levitskii SA, Titova GA, Akopian TA, Govorun VM. Recombinant plasmid constructs expressing gene for antimicrobial peptide melittin for the therapy of Mycoplasma and chlamydia infections. Bull Exp Biol Med 2008; 144:452-6. [PMID: 18457054 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-007-0350-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In view of growing number of pathogenic microbial strain resistant to routine antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides become promising agents for the therapy of infectious diseases. We studied in vivo effects of melittin, an antimicrobial peptide expressed in a recombinant plasmid vector, on infection with urogenital pathogens Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. We obtained recombinant plasmid constructs, where melittin gene is under the control of tetracycline-dependent human cytomegalovirus promoter. Inhibition of experimental C. trachomatis, M. hominis, and M. gallisepticum infection after administration of recombinant plasmid vectors expressing melittin gene to BALB/c mice was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Lazarev
- Laboratory of Gene Engineering, Institute of Physicochemical Medicine, Federal Agency on Health Care and Social Development, Moscow
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Killing rate curve and combination effects of surfactin C produced from Bacillus subtilis complex BC1212 against pathogenic Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Leitgeb B, Szekeres A, Manczinger L, Vágvölgyi C, Kredics L. The history of alamethicin: a review of the most extensively studied peptaibol. Chem Biodivers 2007; 4:1027-51. [PMID: 17589875 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200790095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Leitgeb
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, Hungary
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Abstract
The fungal genus Trichoderma has various applications in industry and in medicine, and several species have economic importance as sources of enzymes, antibiotics, plant growth promoters, decomposers of xenobiotics, and as commercial biofungicides. Peptaibiotics and peptaibols are a class of linear peptides synthesized by such fungi, and more than 300 have been described to date. Of this class, those compounds exhibiting antimicrobial activity are referred to as antibiotic peptides. In this review, the biosynthesis, fermentation, structure elucidation (by MS and NMR techniques in particular) and biological activity of antibiotic peptides from Trichoderma species are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana F de S Daniel
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, cep 13.565-905, São Carlos-SP, Brazil.
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Kumar A, Ali A, Yerneni LK. Effectiveness of a mycoplasma elimination reagent on a mycoplasma-contaminated hybridoma cell line. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2007; 26:104-6. [PMID: 17451359 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2006.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma contamination in cell culture is a frequently occurring serious limitation to biomedical research, particularly when it affects the irreplaceable cell lines. Although there are few reports of its successful elimination through rigorous protocols, it is the usual practice to destroy the infected cultures. Lately, a physical method using a mycoplasma-eliminating surfactin was described to effectively eliminate mycoplasma contamination from infected cell lines upon single use. We made an attempt using surfactin, an anti-mycoplasma biosurfactant, to eliminate mycoplasma from an extensively infected irreplaceable hybridoma cell line. There were apparent indications of limited elimination, suggesting the possible usefulness of surfactin in achieving total decontamination. However, it was observed that surfactin was toxic to the infected hybridoma cells plated at various cell densities and exposure times. It is suggested that preliminary tests should be performed to determine the cytotoxicity of surfactin with sufficient back-ups of the contaminated cell culture before decontamination is attempted. Additionally, possible ways to enhance its effectiveness are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
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Fassi Fehri L, Wróblewski H, Blanchard A. Activities of antimicrobial peptides and synergy with enrofloxacin against Mycoplasma pulmonis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 51:468-74. [PMID: 17101680 PMCID: PMC1797740 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01030-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed in a previous study that associations of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are key components of the innate immune systems of all living species, with the fluoroquinolone enrofloxacin can successfully cure HeLa cell cultures of Mycoplasma fermentans and M. hyorhinis contamination. In the present work, the in vitro susceptibility of M. pulmonis, a murine pathogen, to enrofloxacin and four AMPs (alamethicin, globomycin, gramicidin S, and surfactin) was investigated, with special reference to synergistic associations and the effect of the mycoplasma cell concentration. Enrofloxacin and globomycin displayed the lowest MICs (0.4 microM), followed by gramicidin S (3.12 microM), alamethicin (6.25 microM), and surfactin (25 microM). When the mycoplasma cell concentration was varied from 10(4) to 10(8) CFU/ml, the MICs of enrofloxacin and globomycin increased while those of the three other molecules remained essentially constant. The minimal bactericidal concentration of enrofloxacin (0.8 microM) was also lower than those of the peptides (6.25 to 100 microM), but the latter killed the mycoplasma cells much faster than enrofloxacin (2 h versus 1 day). The use of the AMPs in association with enrofloxacin revealed synergistic effects with alamethicin and surfactin. Interestingly, the mycoplasma-killing activities of the two combinations enrofloxacin (MIC/2) plus alamethicin (MIC/4) and enrofloxacin (MIC/2) plus surfactin (MIC/16) were about 2 orders of magnitude higher than those of the three molecules used separately. These results support the interest devoted to AMPs as a novel class of antimicrobial agents and pinpoint their ability to potentiate the activities of conventional antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Fassi Fehri
- INRA Université de Bordeaux 2, UMR Génomique Développement Pouvoir Pathogène, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, BP 81, 33883 Villenave D'Ornon, France
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22
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Fehri LF, Sirand-Pugnet P, Gourgues G, Jan G, Wróblewski H, Blanchard A. Resistance to antimicrobial peptides and stress response in Mycoplasma pulmonis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:4154-65. [PMID: 16189093 PMCID: PMC1251518 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.10.4154-4165.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Revised: 05/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are widely distributed in nature, and in vertebrates, they play a key function in the innate immune defense system. It is generally agreed that these molecules may provide new antibiotics with therapeutic value. However, there are still many unsolved questions regarding the mechanisms underlying their antimicrobial activity as well as the mechanisms of resistance evolved by microorganisms against these molecules. The second point was addressed in this study. After determining the activity of 10 antimicrobial peptides against Mycoplasma pulmonis, a murine respiratory pathogen, the development of resistance was investigated. Following in vitro selection using subinhibitory concentrations of peptides, clones of this bacterium showing increased resistance to melittin or gramicidin D were obtained. For some of the clones, a cross-resistance was observed between these two peptides, in spite of their deep structural differences, and also with tetracycline. A proteomic analysis suggested that the stress response in these clones was constitutively activated, and this was confirmed by finding mutations in the hrcA gene; in mycoplasmas, bacteria which lack alternative sigma factors, the HrcA protein is supposed to play a key role as a negative regulator of heat shock proteins. By complementation of the hrcA mutants with the wild-type gene, the initial MICs of melittin and gramicidin D decreased to values close to the initial ones. This indicates that the resistance of M. pulmonis to these two antimicrobial peptides could result from a stress response involving HrcA-regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Fassi Fehri
- INRA Université de Bordeaux 2, UMR Génomique Développement Pouvoir Pathogène, Villenave D'Ornon, France
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23
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Szekeres A, Leitgeb B, Kredics L, Antal Z, Hatvani L, Manczinger L, Vágvölgyi C. Peptaibols and related peptaibiotics of Trichoderma. A review. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2005; 52:137-68. [PMID: 16003936 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.52.2005.2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peptaibols and the related peptaibiotics are linear, amphipathic polypeptides. More than 300 of these secondary metabolites have been described to date. These compounds are composed of 5-20 amino acids and are generally produced in microheterogeneous mixtures. Peptaibols and peptaibiotics with unusual amino acid content are the result of non-ribosomal biosynthesis. Large multifunctional enzymes known as peptide synthetases assemble these molecules by the multiple carrier thiotemplate mechanism from a remarkable range of precursors, which can be N-methylated, acylated or reduced. Peptaibols and peptaibiotics show interesting physico-chemical and biological properties including the formation of pores in bilayer lipid membranes, as well as antibacterial, antifungal, occasionally antiviral activities, and may elicit plant resistance. The three-dimensional structure of peptaibols and peptaibiotics is characterized predominantly by one type of the helical motifs alpha-helix, 3(10)-helix and beta-bend ribbon spiral. The aim of this review is to summarize the data available about the biosynthesis, biological activity and conformational properties of peptaibols and peptaibiotics described from Trichoderma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Szeged, P.O. Box 533, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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24
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Osusky M, Osuska L, Kay W, Misra S. Genetic modification of potato against microbial diseases: in vitro and in planta activity of a dermaseptin B1 derivative, MsrA2. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2005; 111:711-22. [PMID: 15947906 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-005-2056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Dermaseptin B1 is a potent cationic antimicrobial peptide found in skin secretions of the arboreal frog Phyllomedusa bicolor. A synthetic derivative of dermaseptin B1, MsrA2 (N-Met-dermaseptin B1), elicited strong antimicrobial activities against various phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria in vitro. To assess its potential for plant protection, MsrA2 was expressed at low levels (1-5 microg/g of fresh tissue) in the transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Desiree. Stringent challenges of these transgenic potato plants with a variety of highly virulent fungal phytopathogens--Alternaria, Cercospora, Fusarium, Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia and Verticillium species--and with the bacterial pathogen Erwinia carotovora demonstrated that the plants had an unusually broad-spectrum and powerful resistance to infection. MsrA2 profoundly protected both plants and tubers from diseases such as late blight, dry rot and pink rot and markedly extended the storage life of tubers. Due to these properties in planta, MsrA2 is proposed as an ideal antimicrobial peptide candidate to significantly increase resistance to phytopathogens and improve quality in a variety of crops worldwide with the potential to obviate fungicides and facilitate storage under difficult conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Osusky
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada
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25
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Lazarev VN, Stipkovits L, Biro J, Miklodi D, Shkarupeta MM, Titova GA, Akopian TA, Govorun VM. Induced expression of the antimicrobial peptide melittin inhibits experimental infection by Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens. Microbes Infect 2005; 6:536-41. [PMID: 15158186 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo action of the antimicrobial peptide melittin, expressed from a recombinant plasmid vector, on chickens experimentally infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum was studied. The plasmid vector pBI/mel2/rtTA includes the melittin gene under the control of an inducible tetracycline-dependent human cytomegalovirus promoter and the gene coding for the trans-activation protein rtTA. Aerosol administration of the vector, followed by infecting the chickens with M. gallisepticum 1226, is shown to inhibit development of infection. The inhibitory action was confirmed by a complex of clinical, pathomorphological, histological and serological studies, and also by comparing the M. gallisepticum reisolation frequency from the respiratory tract and internal organs. The data suggest that plasmid vectors expressing genes of antimicrobial peptides can be considered as potential agents for the prevention and treatment of mycoplasma infections in poultry farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassili N Lazarev
- Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya str., 119992, Moscow, Russia; Lytech Ltd., 1a, Malaya Pirogovskaya str., 119992, Moscow, Russia.
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26
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Simmons WL, Denison AM, Dybvig K. Resistance of Mycoplasma pulmonis to complement lysis is dependent on the number of Vsa tandem repeats: shield hypothesis. Infect Immun 2004; 72:6846-51. [PMID: 15557605 PMCID: PMC529130 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.12.6846-6851.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vsa proteins are associated with the virulence of the murine respiratory pathogen Mycoplasma pulmonis. The antigens consist of a conserved N-terminal region that is combined with one of several different variable C-terminal regions comprised of tandem repeats. M. pulmonis strains that produce VsaA with about 40 tandem repeats do not adhere to polystyrene or erythrocytes and are highly resistant to complement killing. Strains that produce VsaA with three tandem repeats adhere strongly to polystyrene and erythrocytes and are highly susceptible to complement killing. We report here that the resistance to complement lysis was not due to a lack of activation of the complement cascade. Isolation and analysis of M. pulmonis strains that produced Vsa proteins other than VsaA (VsaG and VsaI) with either long or short repeat regions indicated that adherence to polystyrene and resistance to complement were dependent on the length of the repeat region but not on the Vsa type. Furthermore, M. pulmonis Vsa variants were susceptible to the polypeptide pore-forming molecule gramicidin D, independent of the Vsa type and length. Collectively, the data indicate the Vsa proteins nonspecifically mediate M. pulmonis surface interactions and function to sterically hinder access of complement to the mycoplasma cell membrane while permitting access of smaller molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren L Simmons
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 South 20th Street, Kaul Room 720, Birmingham, AL 35294-0024, USA.
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Béven L, Castano S, Dufourcq J, Wieslander A, Wróblewski H. The antibiotic activity of cationic linear amphipathic peptides: lessons from the action of leucine/lysine copolymers on bacteria of the class Mollicutes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:2207-17. [PMID: 12752440 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptides composed of leucyl and lysyl residues ('LK peptides') with different compositions and sequences were compared for their antibacterial activities using cell wall-less bacteria of the class Mollicutes (acholeplasmas, mycoplasmas and spiroplasmas) as targets. The antibacterial activity of the amphipathic alpha-helical peptides varied with their size, 15 residues being the optimal length, independent of the membrane hydrophobic core thickness and the amount of cholesterol. The 15-residue ideally amphipathic alpha helix with a +5 positive net charge (KLLKLLLKLLLKLLK) had the strongest antibacterial activity, similar to that of melittin. In contrast, scrambled peptides devoid of amphipathy and the less hydrophobic beta-sheeted peptides [(LK)nK], even those 15-residue long, were far less potent than the helical ones. Furthermore, the growth inhibitory activity of the peptides was correlated with their ability to abolish membrane potential. These data are fully consistent with a predominantly flat orientation of LK peptides at the lipid/water interface and strongly supports that these peptides and probably the linear polycationic amphipathic defence peptides act on bacterial membranes in four main steps according to the 'carpet' model: (a) interfacial partitioning with accumulation of monomers on the target membrane (limiting step); (b) peptide structural changes (conformation, aggregation, and orientation) induced by interactions with the lipid bilayer (as already shown with liposomes and erythrocytes); (c) plasma membrane permeabilization/depolarization via a detergent-like effect; and (d) rapid bacterial cell death if the extent of depolarization is maintained above a critical threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Béven
- UMR CNRS 6026, Université de Rennes 1, France
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