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Molina-Franky J, Patarroyo ME, Kalkum M, Patarroyo MA. The Cellular and Molecular Interaction Between Erythrocytes and Plasmodium falciparum Merozoites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:816574. [PMID: 35433504 PMCID: PMC9008539 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.816574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is the most lethal human malaria parasite, partly due to its genetic variability and ability to use multiple invasion routes via its binding to host cell surface receptors. The parasite extensively modifies infected red blood cell architecture to promote its survival which leads to increased cell membrane rigidity, adhesiveness and permeability. Merozoites are initially released from infected hepatocytes and efficiently enter red blood cells in a well-orchestrated process that involves specific interactions between parasite ligands and erythrocyte receptors; symptoms of the disease occur during the life-cycle’s blood stage due to capillary blockage and massive erythrocyte lysis. Several studies have focused on elucidating molecular merozoite/erythrocyte interactions and host cell modifications; however, further in-depth analysis is required for understanding the parasite’s biology and thus provide the fundamental tools for developing prophylactic or therapeutic alternatives to mitigate or eliminate Plasmodium falciparum-related malaria. This review focuses on the cellular and molecular events during Plasmodium falciparum merozoite invasion of red blood cells and the alterations that occur in an erythrocyte once it has become infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Molina-Franky
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
- PhD Programme in Biotechnology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- Health Sciences Division, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Markus Kalkum, ; Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo,
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- Health Sciences Division, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Markus Kalkum, ; Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo,
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Burns AL, Dans MG, Balbin JM, de Koning-Ward TF, Gilson PR, Beeson JG, Boyle MJ, Wilson DW. Targeting malaria parasite invasion of red blood cells as an antimalarial strategy. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:223-238. [PMID: 30753425 PMCID: PMC6524681 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium spp. parasites that cause malaria disease remain a significant global-health burden. With the spread of parasites resistant to artemisinin combination therapies in Southeast Asia, there is a growing need to develop new antimalarials with novel targets. Invasion of the red blood cell by Plasmodium merozoites is essential for parasite survival and proliferation, thus representing an attractive target for therapeutic development. Red blood cell invasion requires a co-ordinated series of protein/protein interactions, protease cleavage events, intracellular signals, organelle release and engagement of an actin-myosin motor, which provide many potential targets for drug development. As these steps occur in the bloodstream, they are directly susceptible and exposed to drugs. A number of invasion inhibitors against a diverse range of parasite proteins involved in these different processes of invasion have been identified, with several showing potential to be optimised for improved drug-like properties. In this review, we discuss red blood cell invasion as a drug target and highlight a number of approaches for developing antimalarials with invasion inhibitory activity to use in future combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Burns
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005
| | - Madeline G Dans
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004.,Deakin University, School of Medicine, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia 3216
| | - Juan M Balbin
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005
| | | | - Paul R Gilson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004.,Central Clinical School and Department of Microbiology, Monash University 3004.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Australia 3052
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia 4006
| | - Danny W Wilson
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005.,Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004
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Identification of Heparin Modifications and Polysaccharide Inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Invasion That Have Potential for Novel Drug Development. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00709-17. [PMID: 28893781 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00709-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent successful control efforts, malaria remains a leading global health burden. Alarmingly, resistance to current antimalarials is increasing and the development of new drug families is needed to maintain malaria control. Current antimalarials target the intraerythrocytic developmental stage of the Plasmodium falciparum life cycle. However, the invasive extracellular parasite form, the merozoite, is also an attractive target for drug development. We have previously demonstrated that heparin-like molecules, including those with low molecular weights and low anticoagulant activities, are potent and specific inhibitors of merozoite invasion and blood-stage replication. Here we tested a large panel of heparin-like molecules and sulfated polysaccharides together with various modified chemical forms for their inhibitory activity against P. falciparum merozoite invasion. We identified chemical modifications that improve inhibitory activity and identified several additional sulfated polysaccharides with strong inhibitory activity. These studies have important implications for the further development of heparin-like molecules as antimalarial drugs and for understanding merozoite invasion.
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Chandramohanadas R, Basappa, Russell B, Liew K, Yau YH, Chong A, Liu M, Gunalan K, Raman R, Renia L, Nosten F, Shochat SG, Dao M, Sasisekharan R, Suresh S, Preiser P. Small molecule targeting malaria merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) prevents host invasion of divergent plasmodial species. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1616-26. [PMID: 24864124 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria causes nearly 1 million deaths annually. Recent emergence of multidrug resistance highlights the need to develop novel therapeutic interventions against human malaria. Given the involvement of sugar binding plasmodial proteins in host invasion, we set out to identify such proteins as targets of small glycans. Combining multidisciplinary approaches, we report the discovery of a small molecule inhibitor, NIC, capable of inhibiting host invasion through interacting with a major invasion-related protein, merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1). This interaction was validated through computational, biochemical, and biophysical tools. Importantly, treatment with NIC prevented host invasion by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax--major causative organisms of human malaria. MSP-1, an indispensable antigen critical for invasion and suitably localized in abundance on the merozoite surface represents an ideal target for antimalarial development. The ability to target merozoite invasion proteins with specific small inhibitors opens up a new avenue to target this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Chandramohanadas
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Infectious Diseases, Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART) Singapore University of Technology and Design, 20 Dover Drive
| | - Basappa
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Infectious Diseases, Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART)
| | - Bruce Russell
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and
| | - Kingsley Liew
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Infectious Diseases, Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART)
| | - Yin Hoe Yau
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Alvin Chong
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Infectious Diseases, Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART)
| | - Min Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Infectious Diseases, Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART)
| | | | - Rahul Raman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Laurent Renia
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
| | - Francois Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mae Sot, Thailand Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ming Dao
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Infectious Diseases, Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART) Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Ram Sasisekharan
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Infectious Diseases, Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART) Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Subra Suresh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh
| | - Peter Preiser
- Interdisciplinary Research Group of Infectious Diseases, Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART) School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Kobayashi K, Takano R, Takemae H, Sugi T, Ishiwa A, Gong H, Recuenco FC, Iwanaga T, Horimoto T, Akashi H, Kato K. Analyses of interactions between heparin and the apical surface proteins of Plasmodium falciparum. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3178. [PMID: 24212193 PMCID: PMC3822384 DOI: 10.1038/srep03178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin, a sulfated glycoconjugate, reportedly inhibits the blood-stage growth of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Elucidation of the inhibitory mechanism is valuable for developing novel invasion-blocking treatments based on heparin. Merozoite surface protein 1 has been reported as a candidate target of heparin; however, to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved, we characterized the molecules that bind to heparin during merozoite invasion. Here, we show that heparin binds only at the apical tip of the merozoite surface and that multiple heparin-binding proteins localize preferentially in the apical organelles. To identify heparin-binding proteins, parasite proteins were fractionated by means of heparin affinity chromatography and subjected to immunoblot analysis with ligand-specific antibodies. All tested members of the Duffy and reticulocyte binding-like families bound to heparin with diverse affinities. These findings suggest that heparin masks the apical surface of merozoites and blocks interaction with the erythrocyte membrane after initial attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyousuke Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo
- Division of Stem Cell Processing, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo
- Division of Host-Parasite Interaction, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo
| | - Ryo Takano
- National Research Center for Protozoan Disease, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Hitoshi Takemae
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Disease, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Tatsuki Sugi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Disease, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Akiko Ishiwa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Disease, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo
| | - Frances C. Recuenco
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Disease, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Tatsuya Iwanaga
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo
| | - Taisuke Horimoto
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo
| | - Hiroomi Akashi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo
| | - Kentaro Kato
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Disease, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
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Roman G, Crandall IE, Szarek WA. Synthesis and Anti-PlasmodiumActivity of Benzimidazole Analogues Structurally Related to Astemizole. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1795-804. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Mosquito larvicidal efficacy of seaweed extracts against dengue vector of Aedes aegypti. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Seaweeds as a source of lead compounds for the development of new antiplasmodial drugs from South East coast of India. Parasitol Res 2010; 109:47-52. [PMID: 21188600 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The problems of resistant lines of Plasmodium falciparum are escalating. Twelve seaweeds species belong to five different families (Sargassaceae, Gracilariaceae, Hypneaceae, Corallinaceae and Halimedaceae) were collected from Mandapam coastal area, and the seaweeds extracts were tested for in vitro antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum. Among the tested seaweeds, Gracilaria verrucosa (IC(50) 5.55 μg.ml(-1)) and Hypnea espera (IC(50) 8.94 μg.ml(-1)) showed good antiplasmodial activity, and these results are comparable with positive controls such as artemether (IC(50) 4.09 μg.ml(-1)) and chloroquine (IC(50) 19.59 μg.ml(-1)), respectively. Turbinaria conoides, Sargassum myriocystem, Hypnea valentiae and Jania rubens extracts showed IC(50) values between 5 to 50 μg.ml(-1). Sargassum sp., Turbinaria decurrens and Halimeda gracilis extracts showed IC(50) values between 50 to 100 μg.ml(-1). Gracilaria corticata, Jania adherens and Halimeda opuntia extracts showed IC(50) value of more than 100 μg.ml(-1). Statistical analysis reveals that significant in vitro antiplasmodial activity (P < 0.05) was observed between the concentrations and time of exposure. The chemical injury to erythrocytes was also carried out, and it shows that no morphological changes in erythrocytes by the ethanolic extract of seaweeds extracts after 48 h of incubation. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity might be due to the presence of sugars, proteins, phenols and carboxylic acid in the ethanolic extracts of seaweeds. It is concluded from the present study that the ethanolic extracts of seaweeds of G. verrucosa and Hypnea espera possess lead compounds for development of antiplasmodial drugs.
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Ravikumar S, Jacob Inbaneson S, Suganthi P, Gokulakrishnan R, Venkatesan M. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of ethanolic extracts of seaweed macroalgae against Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Res 2010; 108:1411-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vlahakis JZ, Lazar C, Crandall IE, Szarek WA. Anti-Plasmodium activity of imidazolium and triazolium salts. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6184-96. [PMID: 20634079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that tetrazolium salts were both potent and specific inhibitors of Plasmodium replication, and that they appear to interact with a parasite component that is both essential and conserved. The use of tetrazolium salts in vivo is limited by the potential reduction of the tetrazolium ring to form an inactive, neutral acyclic formazan. To address this issue imidazolium and triazolium salts were synthesized and evaluated as Plasmodium inhibitors. Many of the imidazolium and triazolium salts were highly potent with active concentrations in the nanomolar range in Plasmodium falciparum cultures, and specific to Plasmodium with highly favorable therapeutic ratios. The results corroborate our hypothesis that an electron-deficient core is required so that the compound may thereby interact with a negatively charged moiety on the parasite merozoite; the side groups in the compound then form favorable interactions with adjacent parasite components and thereby determine both the potency and selectivity of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Z Vlahakis
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Interactions with heparin-like molecules during erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. Blood 2010; 115:4559-68. [PMID: 20220119 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-09-243725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During erythrocyte invasion, Plasmodium falciparum merozoites use multiple receptor-ligand interactions in a series of coordinated events, but current knowledge of these interactions is limited. Using real-time imaging of invasion, we established that heparin-like molecules block early, and essential, events in erythrocyte invasion by merozoites. All P falciparum isolates tested, and parasites using different invasion pathways were inhibited to comparable levels. Furthermore, it was not possible to select for heparin-resistant parasites. Heparin-like molecules occur naturally on the surface of human erythrocytes, where they may act as receptors for binding of merozoite surface proteins. Consistent with this, we demonstrated that MSP1-42, a processed form of merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) involved in invasion, bound heparin in a specific manner; furthermore, binding was observed with the secondary processing fragment MSP1-33, but not MSP1-19. We defined key structural requirements of heparin-like molecules for invasion inhibition and interactions with MSP1-42. Optimal activity required a degree of sulfation more than or equal to 2, disulfation of the N-acetylglucosamine or hexuronic acid residue, and a minimum chain length of 6 monosaccharides. These findings have significant implications for understanding P falciparum invasion of erythrocytes and the development of novel therapeutics and vaccines.
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Kobayashi K, Kato K, Sugi T, Takemae H, Pandey K, Gong H, Tohya Y, Akashi H. Plasmodium falciparum BAEBL binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the human erythrocyte surface. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:1716-25. [PMID: 19940142 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.021576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrocyte invasion is critical to the pathogenesis and survival of the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. This process is partly mediated by proteins that belong to the Duffy binding-like family, which are expressed on the merozoite surface. One of these proteins, BAEBL (also known as EBA-140), is thought to bind to glycophorin C in a sialic acid-dependent manner. In this report, by the binding assay between recombinant BAEBL protein and enzyme-treated erythrocytes, we show that the binding of BAEBL to erythrocytes is mediated primarily by sialic acid and partially through heparan sulfate (HS). Because BAEBL binds to several kinds of HS proteoglycans or purified HS, the BAEBL-HS binding was found to be independent of the HS proteoglycan peptide backbone and the presence of sialic acid moieties. Furthermore, both the sialic acid- and HS-dependent binding were disrupted by the addition of soluble heparin. This inhibition may be the result of binding between BAEBL and heparin. Invasion assays demonstrated that HS-dependent binding was related to the efficiency of merozoite invasion. These results suggest that HS functions as a factor that promotes the binding of BAEBL and merozoite invasion. Moreover, these findings may explain the invasion inhibition mechanisms observed following the addition of heparin and other sulfated glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyousuke Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Crandall IE, Szarek WA, Vlahakis JZ, Xu Y, Vohra R, Sui J, Kisilevsky R. Sulfated cyclodextrins inhibit the entry of Plasmodium into red blood cells. Implications for malarial therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 73:632-42. [PMID: 17166484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of sulfated cyclodextrins on Plasmodium falciparum cultures was determined. alpha-, beta-, and gamma-Cyclodextrins having equal degrees of sulfation inhibited parasite viability to a similar degree, a result suggesting that the ring size of the cyclodextrin is not a critical factor for inhibitory activity. beta-Cyclodextrins containing fewer than two sulfate groups had no inhibitory activity, however, compounds containing 7-17 sulfates were found to be active in the microM range. Examination of treated cultures indicated that intracellular forms of the parasite were unaffected; however, increased numbers of extracellular merozoites were present. Active compounds produced enhanced erythrocyte staining with cationic dyes that could be reduced by stilbene disulfonates, a result suggesting that sulfated cyclodextrins inhibit parasite growth by interacting with the anion transport protein, AE1. Compounds that were found to be active in P. falciparum cultures were also found to inhibit P. berghei merozoite entry and could reduce the parasitemia of P. berghei infection in a mouse model, results suggesting that these compounds inhibit a common step in the merozoite invasion process of at least two Plasmodium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E Crandall
- Toronto Medical Laboratories and Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Tanneur V, Duranton C, Brand VB, Sandu CD, Akkaya C, Kasinathan RS, Gachet C, Sluyter R, Barden JA, Wiley JS, Lang F, Huber SM. Purinoceptors are involved in the induction of an osmolyte permeability in malaria-infected and oxidized human erythrocytes. FASEB J 2005; 20:133-5. [PMID: 16267125 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-3371fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In human erythrocytes, infection by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum or oxidative stress induces a new organic osmolyte and anion permeability. To examine a role for autocrine purinoceptor signaling during this induction process, erythrocytic purinoceptor expression, and ATP release were determined. Furthermore, using pharmacological and genetic approaches the dependence on purinoceptor signaling of osmolyte permeability and Plasmodium development, both in vitro and in vivo, were assessed. Extracellular ATP did not induce an osmolyte permeability in non-infected or non-oxidized erythrocytes. ATP and other purinoceptor agonists increased the induction of osmolyte permeability during infection or oxidation as measured by isosmotic hemolysis and patch-clamp recording. Purinoceptor antagonists and apyrase decreased the induced permeability. The observed pharmacology suggested the involvement of P2Y purinoceptors. Accordingly, human erythrocytes expressed P2Y1 protein. Moreover, P2Y1-deficient mouse erythrocytes exhibited a delayed appearance of the osmolyte permeability during P. berghei infection- or oxidation compared with wild-type erythrocytes. Furthermore, the nonspecific purinoceptor antagonist suramin decreased in vitro growth and DNA/RNA amplification of P. falciparum in human erythrocytes and decreased in vivo growth of P. berghei. P. berghei developed slower in P2Y1-deficient mice in vivo compared with wild-type animals. In conclusion, induction of the osmolyte permeability in Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes involves autocrine purinoceptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Tanneur
- Department of Physiology I, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Trinkaus-Randall V, Walsh MT, Steeves S, Monis G, Connors LH, Skinner M. Cellular response of cardiac fibroblasts to amyloidogenic light chains. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 166:197-208. [PMID: 15632012 PMCID: PMC1602293 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Amyloidoses are a group of disorders characterized by abnormal folding of proteins that impair organ function. We investigated the cellular response of primary cardiac fibroblasts to amyloidogenic light chains and determined the corresponding change in proteoglycan expression and localization. The cellular response to 11 urinary immunoglobulin light chains of kappa1, lambda6, and lambda 3 subtypes was evaluated. The localization of the light chains was monitored by conjugating them to Oregon Green 488 and performing live cell confocal microscopy. Sulfation of the proteoglycans was determined after elution over Q1-columns with a single-step salt gradient (1.5 mol/L NaCl) via dimethylmethylene blue. Light chains were detected inside cells within 4 hours and demonstrated perinuclear localization. Over 80% of the cells showed intracellular localization of the amyloid light chains. The light chains induced sulfation of the secreted glycosaminoglycans, but the cell fraction possessed only minimal sulfation. Furthermore, the light chains caused a translocation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan to the nucleus. The conformation and thermal stability of light chains was altered when they were incubated in the presence of heparan sulfate and destabilization of the amyloid light chains was detected. These studies indicate that internalization of the light chains mediates the expression and localization of heparan sulfate proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickery Trinkaus-Randall
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, L904, 80 E. Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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