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Amábile-Cuevas CF, Lund-Zaina S. Non-Canonical Aspects of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:565. [PMID: 38927231 PMCID: PMC11200725 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The understanding of antibiotic resistance, one of the major health threats of our time, is mostly based on dated and incomplete notions, especially in clinical contexts. The "canonical" mechanisms of action and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics, as well as the methods used to assess their activity upon bacteria, have not changed in decades; the same applies to the definition, acquisition, selective pressures, and drivers of resistance. As a consequence, the strategies to improve antibiotic usage and overcome resistance have ultimately failed. This review gathers most of the "non-canonical" notions on antibiotics and resistance: from the alternative mechanisms of action of antibiotics and the limitations of susceptibility testing to the wide variety of selective pressures, lateral gene transfer mechanisms, ubiquity, and societal factors maintaining resistance. Only by having a "big picture" view of the problem can adequate strategies to harness resistance be devised. These strategies must be global, addressing the many aspects that drive the increasing prevalence of resistant bacteria aside from the clinical use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia Lund-Zaina
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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Hizlisoy H, Sagiroglu P, Barel M, Dishan A, Gungor C, Koskeroglu K, Hizlisoy S, Atalay MA. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in human stool samples: antibiotic resistance profiles, putative virulence determinants and molecular characterization of the isolates. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:353. [PMID: 37874390 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacters, especially C. jejuni and C. coli, have become one of the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis in humans worldwide in recent years. We aimed to investigate the presence, antimicrobial resistance, putative virulence genes, and molecular characterization of C. jejuni and C. coli recovered from human acute gastroenteritis cases in the study. In the study, suspected Campylobacter spp. isolates were obtained in 43 (5%) feces samples collected from a total of 850 patients who applied to the Erciyes University Medical Faculty acute clinic between March 2019 and February 2020. As a result of the phenotypic tests, these isolates were determined to be Campylobacter spp. According to the multiplex PCR, 33 of 43 Campylobacter spp. isolates were identified as C. jejuni (76%) and ten isolates were as C. coli (24%). In the disc diffusion test, the highest resistance rate was found in the trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (90.1%) and ciprofloxacin (90.1%), and the lowest rate was found in the amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (9.3%). In Campylobacter spp. isolates, the virulence genes cdtA, virB11, cdtB, cadF, iam, ceu, and flaA were found to be positive at rates of 26 (60%), 28 (65.6%), 13 (30%), 4 (9%), 27 (62%), 17 (39%), and 7 (16%), respectively. However, the cdtC gene was not detected in any of the isolates. The study searched tetO gene to examine the genetic aspect of tetracycline resistance, which was found in all Campylobacter spp. isolates. In the PCR reactions to investigate A2074C and A2075G mutations of macrolide resistance, it was determined as 7 (16%) and 21 (48%) of the isolates. To detect quinolone resistance, the rates of quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) were 20 (45.4%) and the gyrA gene mutations in the mismatch amplification mutation assay PCR (MAMA-PCR), were 19 (43.1%) of isolates. In addition, the quinolone resistance gene (qnr) carried by plasmid in Campylobacter isolates was not found in the study. BlaOXA-61 and CmeB (multi-drug efflux pump) genes were detected as 28 (63.6%) and 30 (68.1), respectively. The Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) used for typing the isolates revealed that the band profiles obtained from the isolates were different. In conclusion, this was a very comprehensive study revealing the presence of antibiotic-resistant C. jejuni and C. coli with various virulence genes in patients admitted to a university hospital with acute gastroenteritis. This is of utmost significance for public health. Since campylobacteria are foodborne, zoonotic pathogens and transmission occurs mostly through food. People should have detailed information about the transmission routes of campylobacteria and risky foods. In addition, staff, food processors and caterers, should be trained in hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Hizlisoy
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Pinar Sagiroglu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mukaddes Barel
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Adalet Dishan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Sorgun, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Candan Gungor
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kursat Koskeroglu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Serhat Hizlisoy
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kayseri University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Altay Atalay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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El Damaty HM, El-Demerdash AS, Abd El-Aziz NK, Yousef SG, Hefny AA, Abo Remela EM, Shaker A, Elsohaby I. Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Isolated from Caseous Lymphadenitis of Smallholder Sheep and Goats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2337. [PMID: 37508114 PMCID: PMC10376069 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. pseudotuberculosis) that affects sheep and goats, leading to abscess formation in their lymph nodes. The present study aimed to isolate and identify C. pseudotuberculosis from CLA in smallholder sheep and goats, and determine the resistance patterns, virulence, and resistance genes of the isolates. Additionally, genotypic and phylogenetic analysis of the isolates was conducted using ERIC-PCR and DNA sequencing techniques. A cross-sectional study examined 220 animals (130 sheep and 90 goats) from 39 smallholder flocks for clinical signs of CLA. Fifty-four (24.54%) animals showed CLA-compatible lesions, confirmed by C. pseudotuberculosis isolation and PCR identification. Sheep had a lower infection rate of CLA (18.46%) compared with goats (33.3%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 54 C. pseudotuberculosis isolates to 24 antimicrobial drugs revealed that they were 100% resistant to bacitracin and florfenicol, while none of the isolates were resistant to norfloxacin. A high resistance rate was observed for penicillin and erythromycin (92.6% each). Interestingly, 16.7% of C. pseudotuberculosis isolates recovered from sheep showed vancomycin resistance. Molecular characterization of C. pseudotuberculosis isolates revealed that PLD, PIP, and FagA virulence genes were present in all examined isolates. However, the FagB, FagC, and FagD genes were detected in 24 (100%), 20 (83%), and 18 (75%) of the sheep isolates, and 26 (87%), 26 (87%), and 18 (60%) of the goat isolates, respectively. The β-lactam resistance gene was present in all isolates. Furthermore, 83% of the sheep isolates carried the aminoglycoside (aph(3″)-lb), chloramphenicol (cat1), and bacitracin (bcrA) resistance genes. Among the isolates recovered from goats, 73% were found to contain macrolides (ermX), sulfonamide (sul1), and bacitracin (bcrA) resistance genes. It is worrisome that the glycopeptide (vanA) resistance gene was detected in 8% of the sheep isolates as a first report. ERIC-PCR genotyping of 10 multi-drug-resistant C. pseudotuberculosis isolates showed a high similarity index of 83.6% between isolates from sheep and goats. Nucleotide sequence analysis of partial 16S rRNA sequences of C. pseudotuberculosis revealed 98.83% similarity with biovar Ovis of globally available reference sequences on the Genbank database. Overall, our findings might indicate that C. pseudotuberculosis infection in smallholders in Egypt might be underestimated despite the significant financial impact on animal husbandry and potential health hazards it poses. Moreover, this study highlights the importance of implementing a sustainable control strategy and increasing knowledge and awareness among smallholder breeders to mitigate the economic impact of CLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend M El Damaty
- Department of Animal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Azza S El-Demerdash
- Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Zagazig 44516, Egypt
| | - Norhan K Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Sarah G Yousef
- Department of Animal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Hefny
- Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Etab M Abo Remela
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa Shaker
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Animal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice (OHRP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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Prendergast DM, Slowey R, Burgess CM, Murphy D, Johnston D, Morris D, O’ Doherty Á, Moriarty J, Gutierrez M. Characterization of cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone resistant Enterobacterales from Irish farm waste by whole genome sequencing. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1118264. [PMID: 37032887 PMCID: PMC10073600 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1118264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Enterobacterales are a group of Gram-negative bacteria frequently exhibiting extended antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and involved in the transmission of resistance genes to other bacterial species present in the same environment. Due to their impact on human health and the paucity of new antibiotics, the World Health Organization (WHO) categorized carbapenem resistant and ESBL-producing as critical. Enterobacterales are ubiquitous and the role of the environment in the transmission of AMR organisms or antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) must be examined in tackling AMR in both humans and animals under the one health approach. Animal manure is recognized as an important source of AMR bacteria entering the environment, in which resistant genes can accumulate. Methods To gain a better understanding of the dissemination of third generation cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone resistance genes between isolates in the environment, we applied whole genome sequencing (WGS) to Enterobacterales (79 E. coli, 1 Enterobacter cloacae, 1 Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 1 Citrobacter gillenii) isolated from farm effluents in Ireland before (n = 72) and after (n = 10) treatment by integrated constructed wetlands (ICWs). DNA was extracted using the MagNA Pure 96 system (Roche Diagnostics, Rotkreuz, Switzerland) followed by WGS on a MiSeq platform (Illumina, Eindhoven, Netherlands) using v3 chemistry as 300-cycle paired-end runs. AMR genes and point mutations were identified and compared to the phenotypic results for better understanding of the mechanisms of resistance and resistance transmission. Results A wide variety of cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone resistance genes (mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and chromosomal mutations) were identified among isolates that mostly explained the phenotypic AMR patterns. A total of 31 plasmid replicon types were identified among the 82 isolates, with a subset of them (n = 24), identified in E. coli isolates. Five plasmid replicons were confined to the Enterobacter cloacae isolate and two were confined to the Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate. Virulence genes associated with functions including stress, survival, regulation, iron uptake secretion systems, invasion, adherence and toxin production were identified. Conclusion Our study showed that antimicrobial resistant organisms (AROs) can persist even following wastewater treatment and could transmit AMR of clinical relevance to the environment and ultimately pose a risk to human or animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre M. Prendergast
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Deirdre M. Prendergast,
| | - Rosemarie Slowey
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - Declan Murphy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Dayle Johnston
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Dearbháile Morris
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Ecology Group, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Áine O’ Doherty
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - John Moriarty
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Delannoy S, Hoffer C, Youf R, Dauvergne E, Webb HE, Brauge T, Tran ML, Midelet G, Granier SA, Haenni M, Fach P, Brisabois A. High Throughput Screening of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Gram-Negative Seafood Bacteria. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061225. [PMID: 35744743 PMCID: PMC9230514 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
From a global view of antimicrobial resistance over different sectors, seafood and the marine environment are often considered as potential reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs); however, there are few studies and sparse results on this sector. This study aims to provide new data and insights regarding the content of resistance markers in various seafood samples and sources, and therefore the potential exposure to humans in a global One Health approach. An innovative high throughput qPCR screening was developed and validated in order to simultaneously investigate the presence of 41 ARGs and 33 MGEs including plasmid replicons, integrons, and insertion sequences in Gram-negative bacteria. Analysis of 268 seafood isolates from the bacterial microflora of cod (n = 24), shellfish (n = 66), flat fishes (n = 53), shrimp (n = 10), and horse mackerel (n = 115) show the occurrence of sul-1, ant(3″)-Ia, aph(3')-Ia, strA, strB, dfrA1, qnrA, and blaCTX-M-9 genes in Pseudomonas spp., Providencia spp., Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., and Shewanella spp. isolates and the presence of MGEs in all bacterial species investigated. We found that the occurrence of MGE may be associated with the seafood type and the environmental, farming, and harvest conditions. Moreover, even if MGE were detected in half of the seafood isolates investigated, association with ARG was only identified for twelve isolates. The results corroborate the hypothesis that the incidence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and ARG decreases with increasing distance from potential sources of fecal contamination. This unique and original high throughput micro-array designed for the screening of ARG and MGE in Gram-negative bacteria could be easily implementable for monitoring antimicrobial resistance gene markers in diverse contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Delannoy
- COLiPATH Unit & Genomics Platform IdentyPath, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.H.); (R.Y.); (E.D.); (M.-L.T.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Corine Hoffer
- COLiPATH Unit & Genomics Platform IdentyPath, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.H.); (R.Y.); (E.D.); (M.-L.T.); (P.F.)
| | - Raphaëlle Youf
- COLiPATH Unit & Genomics Platform IdentyPath, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.H.); (R.Y.); (E.D.); (M.-L.T.); (P.F.)
| | - Emilie Dauvergne
- COLiPATH Unit & Genomics Platform IdentyPath, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.H.); (R.Y.); (E.D.); (M.-L.T.); (P.F.)
| | - Hattie E. Webb
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, International Center for Food Safety Excellence, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Thomas Brauge
- Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France; (T.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Mai-Lan Tran
- COLiPATH Unit & Genomics Platform IdentyPath, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.H.); (R.Y.); (E.D.); (M.-L.T.); (P.F.)
| | - Graziella Midelet
- Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France; (T.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Sophie A. Granier
- Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, Fougères Laboratory, ANSES, 35306 Fougères, France;
| | - Marisa Haenni
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Bacterial Virulence Unit, Lyon Laboratory, Université de Lyon, ANSES, 69364 Lyon, France;
| | - Patrick Fach
- COLiPATH Unit & Genomics Platform IdentyPath, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.H.); (R.Y.); (E.D.); (M.-L.T.); (P.F.)
| | - Anne Brisabois
- Strategy and Programs Department, ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
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Frequency of bla CTX-M and bla TEM Virulence Genes and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles among Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates in Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Samples from Hashtgerd, Iran. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 10:412-419. [PMID: 34981018 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.10.3.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is an opportunistic microorganism and one of the most important causes of urinary tract infection. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of K. pneumoniae producing broad-spectrum beta-lactamase in urinary tract infection and to determine the pattern of drug resistance. Methods This study was performed on 50 samples of K. pneumoniae isolated from patients with urinary tract infection referred to the Medical Diagnostic Laboratory in Hashtgerd city. The isolates were first evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility by disk diffusion method according to the method proposed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Then phenotypic detection of ESBLS was carried out by the DDST method. The frequency of gene bla TEM and bla CTX-M was determined by PCR. Results The highest resistance was observed to ampicillin (94%) and the highest sensitivity was observed to gentamicin (84%). 22 isolates (44%) were positive for ESBLs production. Of the 50 isolates studied, 34% had bla CTX-M and 28% had bla TEM and 11 (22%) had both genes simultaneously. Also, more than 77% of positive ESBLs isolates had the bla CTX-M gene and approximately 63.64% of positive ESBLs isolates had the bla TEM gene. Conclusion Given the high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant and ESBL-producing isolates, early identification of these resistant isolates and their follow-up is essential to prevent further outbreaks. It is also important to use appropriate therapeutic strategies and proper and rational administration of antibiotics by physicians.
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High prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) among E. coli from aquatic environments in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261970. [PMID: 34965260 PMCID: PMC8716050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluro(quinolones) is an important class of antibiotic used widely in both human and veterinary medicine. Resistance to fluro(quinolones) can be acquired by either chromosomal point mutations or plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). There is a lack of studies on the prevalence of PMQR in organisms from environmental sources in Bangladesh. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of PMQR genes in E. coli from various water sources and analysed associations between multi-drug resistance (MDR) and resistance to extended spectrum β-lactam antibiotics. We analysed 300 E. coli isolates from wastewaters of urban live-bird markets (n = 74) and rural households (n = 80), rural ponds (n = 71) and river water samples (n = 75) during 2017–2018. We isolated E. coli by filtering 100 ml of water samples through a 0.2μm cellulose membrane and incubating on mTEC agar media followed by identification of isolated colonies using biochemical tests. We selected one isolate per sample for detection of PMQR genes by multiplex PCR and tested for antibiotic susceptibility by disc diffusion. Clonal relatedness of PMQR-positive isolates was evaluated by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR). About 66% (n = 199) of E. coli isolates harbored PMQR-genes, predominantly qnrS (82%, n = 164) followed by aac(6’)-lb-cr (9%, n = 17), oqxAB (7%, n = 13), qnrB (6%, n = 11) and qepA (4%, n = 8). Around 68% (n = 135) of PMQR-positive isolates were MDR and 92% (n = 183) were extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing of which the proportion of positive samples was 87% (n = 159) for blaCTX-M-1’ 34% (n = 62) for blaTEM, 9% (n = 16) for blaOXA-1,blaOXA-47 and blaCMY-2, and 2% (n = 4) for blaSHV. Further, 16% (n = 32) of PMQR-positive isolates were resistant to carbapenems of which 20 isolates carried blaNDM-1. Class 1 integron (int1) was found in 36% (n = 72) of PMQR-positive E. coli isolates. PMQR genes were significantly associated with ESBL phenotypes (p≤0.001). The presence of several PMQR genes were positively associated with ESBL and carbapenemase encoding genes such as qnrS with blaCTXM-1 (p<0.001), qnrB with blaTEM (p<0.001) and blaOXA-1 (p = 0.005), oqxAB and aac(6’)-lb-cr with blaSHV and blaOXA-1 (p<0.001), qnrB with blaNDM-1 (p<0.001), aac(6’)-lb-cr with blaOXA-47 (p<0.001) and blaNDM-1 (p = 0.002). Further, int1 was found to correlate with qnrB (p<0.001) and qepA (p = 0.011). ERIC-PCR profiles allowed identification of 84 of 199 isolates with 85% matching profiles which were further grouped into 33 clusters. Only 5 clusters had isolates (n = 11) with identical ERIC-PCR profiles suggesting that PMQR-positive E. coli isolates are genetically heterogeneous. Overall, PMQR-positive MDR E. coli were widely distributed in aquatic environments of Bangladesh indicating poor wastewater treatment and highlighting the risk of transmission to humans and animals.
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Al-Rafyai HM, Alwash MS, Al-Khafaji NS. Quinolone resistance (qnrA) gene in isolates of Escherichia coli collected from the Al-Hillah River in Babylon Province, Iraq. PHARMACIA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.68.e57819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic environment contamination remains a foremost global public health hazards, and symbolizes a significant reservoir of releasing antibiotic resistant bacteria. The survival of Escherichia coli in aquatic environments serves as a potential reservoir of antibiotic resistance, encompassing but not restricted to a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) mechanism. The current study aimed to detect the presence of the PMQR-qnrA gene in quinolone-resistant E. coli isolates. Sixty-one waterborne E. coli with known phylogroups/subgroups isolated from the Al-Hillah River in Babylon Province, Iraq, were screened for the phenotypic resistance to third-generation quinolones (levofloxacin and ofloxacin) and were further analysed for the presence of the qnrA gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fifty-seven (93.4%) of 61 E. coli isolates were levofloxacin-resistant, and 55 (90.2%) were ofloxacin-resistant. Among the 57 quinolone-resistant E. coli, 40 (65.57%) isolates were found to carry the PMQR-qnrA gene. Among the 40 qnrA-positive E. coli, 22 (36.1%) isolates were in phylogroup B2, followed by 8 (13.1%) isolates in phylogroup D, 6 (9.8%) isolates in phylogroup B1, and 4 (6.6%) isolates in phylogroup A. The presence of the PMQR-qnrA gene in E. coli belonging to phylogroup B2 and D reflects the need for routine monitoring of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the Al-Hillah River.
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Bush NG, Diez-Santos I, Abbott LR, Maxwell A. Quinolones: Mechanism, Lethality and Their Contributions to Antibiotic Resistance. Molecules 2020; 25:E5662. [PMID: 33271787 PMCID: PMC7730664 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are arguably among the most successful antibiotics of recent times. They have enjoyed over 30 years of clinical usage and become essential tools in the armoury of clinical treatments. FQs target the bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV, where they stabilise a covalent enzyme-DNA complex in which the DNA is cleaved in both strands. This leads to cell death and turns out to be a very effective way of killing bacteria. However, resistance to FQs is increasingly problematic, and alternative compounds are urgently needed. Here, we review the mechanisms of action of FQs and discuss the potential pathways leading to cell death. We also discuss quinolone resistance and how quinolone treatment can lead to resistance to non-quinolone antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anthony Maxwell
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; (N.G.B.); (I.D.-S.); (L.R.A.)
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Chen Z, Kuang D, Xu X, González-Escalona N, Erickson DL, Brown E, Meng J. Genomic analyses of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Indiana, Typhimurium, and Enteritidis isolates using MinION and MiSeq sequencing technologies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235641. [PMID: 32614888 PMCID: PMC7332006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We sequenced 25 isolates of phenotypically multidrug-resistant Salmonella Indiana (n = 11), Typhimurium (n = 8), and Enteritidis (n = 6) using both MinION long-read [SQK-LSK109 and flow cell (R9.4.1)] and MiSeq short-read (Nextera XT and MiSeq Reagent Kit v2) sequencing technologies to determine the advantages of each approach in terms of the characteristics of genome structure, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence potential, whole-genome phylogeny, and pan-genome. The MinION reads were base-called in real-time using MinKnow 3.4.8 integrated with Guppy 3.0.7. The long-read-only assembly, Illumina-only assembly, and hybrid assembly pipelines of Unicycler 0.4.8 were used to generate the MinION, MiSeq, and hybrid assemblies, respectively. The MinION assemblies were highly contiguous compared to the MiSeq assemblies but lacked accuracy, a deficiency that was mitigated by adding the MiSeq short reads through the Unicycler hybrid assembly which corrected erroneous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The MinION assemblies provided similar predictions of AMR and virulence potential compared to the MiSeq and hybrid assemblies, although they produced more total false negatives of AMR genotypes, primarily due to failure in identifying tetracycline resistance genes in 11 of the 19 MinION assemblies of tetracycline-resistant isolates. The MinION assemblies displayed a large genetic distance from their corresponding MiSeq and hybrid assemblies on the whole-genome phylogenetic tree, indicating that the lower read accuracy of MinION sequencing caused incorrect clustering. The pan-genome of the MinION assemblies contained significantly more accessory genes and less core genes compared to the MiSeq and hybrid assemblies, suggesting that although these assemblies were more contiguous, their sequencing errors reduced accurate genome annotations. Our research demonstrates that MinION sequencing by itself provides an efficient assessment of the genome structure, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence potential of Salmonella; however, it is not sufficient for whole-genome phylogenetic and pan-genome analyses. MinION in combination with MiSeq facilitated the most accurate genomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Chen
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of Amrica
| | - Dai Kuang
- Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Narjol González-Escalona
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David L. Erickson
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of Amrica
| | - Eric Brown
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jianghong Meng
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of Amrica
- * E-mail:
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Mahmud ZH, Kabir MH, Ali S, Moniruzzaman M, Imran KM, Nafiz TN, Islam MS, Hussain A, Hakim SAI, Worth M, Ahmed D, Johnston D, Ahmed N. Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Drinking Water Samples From a Forcibly Displaced, Densely Populated Community Setting in Bangladesh. Front Public Health 2020; 8:228. [PMID: 32626677 PMCID: PMC7314906 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Community-acquired infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli are rising worldwide, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs, especially where poor sanitation and inadequate hygienic practices are very common. Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and characterization of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and ESBL-producing E. coli in drinking water samples collected from Rohingya camps, Bangladesh. Methods: A total of 384 E. coli isolates were analyzed in this study, of which 203 were from household or point-of-use (POU) water samples, and 181 were from source water samples. The isolates were tested for virulence genes, ESBL-producing genes, antimicrobial susceptibility by VITEK 2 assay, plasmid profiling, and conjugal transfer of AMR genes. Results: Of the 384 E. coli isolates tested, 17% (66/384) were found to be ESBL producers. The abundance of ESBL-producers in source water contaminated with E. coli was observed to be 14% (27/181), whereas, 19% (39/203) ESBL producers was found in household POU water samples contaminated with E. coli. We detected 71% (47/66) ESBL-E. coli to be MDR. Among these 47 MDR isolates, 20 were resistant to three classes, and 27 were resistant to four different classes of antibiotics. Sixty-four percent (42/66) of the ESBL producing E. coli carried 1 to 7 plasmids ranging from 1 to 103 MDa. Only large plasmids with antibiotic resistance properties were found transferrable via conjugation. Moreover, around 7% (29/384) of E. coli isolates harbored at least one of 10 virulence factors belonging to different E. coli pathotypes. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that the drinking water samples analyzed herein could serve as an important source for exposure and dissemination of MDR, ESBL-producing and pathogenic E. coli lineages, which therewith pose a health risk to the displaced Rohingya people residing in the densely populated camps of Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mir Himayet Kabir
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sobur Ali
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Moniruzzaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Tanvir Noor Nafiz
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shafiqul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arif Hussain
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Martin Worth
- WASH Division, UNICEF Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dilruba Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Niyaz Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Garoff L, Pietsch F, Huseby DL, Lilja T, Brandis G, Hughes D. Population Bottlenecks Strongly Influence the Evolutionary Trajectory to Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Escherichia coli. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:1637-1646. [PMID: 32031639 PMCID: PMC7253196 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental evolution is a powerful tool to study genetic trajectories to antibiotic resistance under selection. A confounding factor is that outcomes may be heavily influenced by the choice of experimental parameters. For practical purposes (minimizing culture volumes), most experimental evolution studies with bacteria use transmission bottleneck sizes of 5 × 106 cfu. We currently have a poor understanding of how the choice of transmission bottleneck size affects the accumulation of deleterious versus high-fitness mutations when resistance requires multiple mutations, and how this relates outcome to clinical resistance. We addressed this using experimental evolution of resistance to ciprofloxacin in Escherichia coli. Populations were passaged with three different transmission bottlenecks, including single cell (to maximize genetic drift) and bottlenecks spanning the reciprocal of the frequency of drug target mutations (108 and 1010). The 1010 bottlenecks selected overwhelmingly mutations in drug target genes, and the resulting genotypes corresponded closely to those found in resistant clinical isolates. In contrast, both the 108 and single-cell bottlenecks selected mutations in three different gene classes: 1) drug targets, 2) efflux pump repressors, and 3) transcription-translation genes, including many mutations with low fitness. Accordingly, bottlenecks smaller than the average nucleotide substitution rate significantly altered the experimental outcome away from genotypes observed in resistant clinical isolates. These data could be applied in designing experimental evolution studies to increase their predictive power and to explore the interplay between different environmental conditions, where transmission bottlenecks might vary, and resulting evolutionary trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnéa Garoff
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Franziska Pietsch
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Douglas L Huseby
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tua Lilja
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gerrit Brandis
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Diarmaid Hughes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Taha SA, Omar HH, Hassan WH. Characterization of plasmid-mediated qnrA and qnrB genes among Enterobacteriaceae strains: quinolone resistance and ESBL production in Ismailia, Egypt. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-019-0026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (PMQR) are mainly associated with clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and complicate treatment of infections caused by these isolates worldwide. Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria are resistant to common antibiotics and also through many mechanisms, ESBL could be disabling other types of antibiotics. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of quinolone resistance and ESBL among Enterobacteriaceae strains and investigated the presence of qnrA and qnrB genes in these strains which were isolated from urinary tract infections in Ismailia, Egypt. Ninety-four Enterobacteriaceae isolates were collected from cases of UTIs admitted to the intensive care unit, Suez-Canal University Hospitals, between October 2017 and January 2018. Antibacterial susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method. A polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect qnrA and qnrB resistance genes in quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-resistant and ESBL strains. Also, ciprofloxacin MIC was determined by the agar dilution method.
Results
Resistance rates were 59.6%, 54.3%, 53.2%, 53.2%, and 53.2% to NA, LEV, NOR, CIP, and FX, respectively. Of 56 NA-resistant isolates, 7 (12.5%) and 6 (10.7%) were positive for qnrA and qnrB, respectively, with only one isolate co-harboring both genes. ESBL-producing bacteria was 66.2% of isolates. The MICs for ciprofloxacin ranged from 32–256 μg/ml in ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates.
Conclusion
Our study shows high resistance rates of Enterobacteriaceae to quinolones and ESBL in our hospital which necessitate appropriate use of these antibiotics to reserve their application for therapy. The prevalence of quinolone-resistant and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae was approximately 60% and 70% respectively.
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Abstract
While the description of resistance to quinolones is almost as old as these antimicrobial agents themselves, transferable mechanisms of quinolone resistance (TMQR) remained absent from the scenario for more than 36 years, appearing first as sporadic events and afterward as epidemics. In 1998, the first TMQR was soundly described, that is, QnrA. The presence of QnrA was almost anecdotal for years, but in the middle of the first decade of the 21st century, there was an explosion of TMQR descriptions, which definitively changed the epidemiology of quinolone resistance. Currently, 3 different clinically relevant mechanisms of quinolone resistance are encoded within mobile elements: (i) target protection, which is mediated by 7 different families of Qnr (QnrA, QnrB, QnrC, QnrD, QnrE, QnrS, and QnrVC), which overall account for more than 100 recognized alleles; (ii) antibiotic efflux, which is mediated by 2 main transferable efflux pumps (QepA and OqxAB), which together account for more than 30 alleles, and a series of other efflux pumps (e.g., QacBIII), which at present have been sporadically described; and (iii) antibiotic modification, which is mediated by the enzymes AAC(6')Ib-cr, from which different alleles have been claimed, as well as CrpP, a newly described phosphorylase.
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Diverse Commensal Escherichia coli Clones and Plasmids Disseminate Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Domestic Animals and Children in a Semirural Community in Ecuador. mSphere 2019; 4:4/3/e00316-19. [PMID: 31118304 PMCID: PMC6531886 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00316-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Enterobacteriaceae has had major clinical and economic impacts on human medicine. Many of the multidrug-resistant (multiresistant) Enterobacteriaceae found in humans are community acquired, and some of them are possibly linked to food animals (i.e., livestock raised for meat and dairy products). In this study, we examined whether numerically dominant commensal Escherichia coli strains from humans (n = 63 isolates) and domestic animals (n = 174 isolates) in the same community and with matching phenotypic AMR patterns were clonally related or shared the same plasmids. We identified 25 multiresistant isolates (i.e., isolates resistant to more than one antimicrobial) that shared identical phenotypic resistance patterns. We then investigated the diversity of E. coli clones, AMR genes, and plasmids carrying the AMR genes using conjugation, replicon typing, and whole-genome sequencing. All of the multiresistant E. coli isolates (from children and domestic animals) analyzed had at least 90 or more whole-genome SNP differences between one another, suggesting that none of the strains was recently transferred. While the majority of isolates shared the same antimicrobial resistance genes and replicons, DNA sequencing indicated that these genes and replicons were found on different plasmid structures. We did not find evidence of the clonal spread of AMR in this community: instead, AMR genes were carried on diverse clones and plasmids. This presents a significant challenge for understanding the movement of AMR in a community.IMPORTANCE Even though Escherichia coli strains may share nearly identical phenotypic AMR profiles and AMR genes and overlap in space and time, the diversity of clones and plasmids challenges research that aims to identify sources of AMR. Horizontal gene transfer appears to play a more significant role than clonal expansion in the spread of AMR in this community.
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Resistance profile of clinically relevant bacterial isolates against fluoroquinolone in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 19:86. [PMID: 30541613 PMCID: PMC6292079 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-018-0274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fluoroquinolones are among the most frequently utilized antibacterial agents in developing countries like Ethiopia. Ciprofloxacin has become the most prescribed drug within this class and remains as one of the top three antibacterial agents prescribed in Ethiopia. However, several studies indicated that there is a gradual increase of antibacterial resistance. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to quantitatively estimate the prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance bacterial isolates in Ethiopia. Methods Literature search was conducted from electronic databases and indexing services including EMBASE (Ovid interface), PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Science Direct and WorldCat. Data were extracted with structured format prepared in Microsoft Excel and exported to STATA 15.0 software for the analyses. Pooled estimation of outcomes was performed with DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model at 95% confidence level. Degree of heterogeneity of studies was presented with I2 statistics. Publication bias was conducted with comprehensive meta-analysis version 3 software and presented with funnel plots of standard error supplemented by Begg’s and Egger’s tests. The study protocol has been registered on PROSPERO with reference number ID: CRD42018097047. Results A total of 37 studies were included for this study. The pooled prevalence of resistance in selected gram-positive bacterial isolates against ciprofloxacin was found to be 19.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.0, 23.0). The degree of resistance among Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative Staphyloccoci (CoNS), Enterococcus faecalis and Group B Streptococci (GBS) was found to be 18.6, 21.6, 23.9, and 7.40%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of resistance in gram-negative bacteria was about 21.0% (95% CI: 17, 25). Higher estimates were observed in Neisseria gonorrhea (48.1%), Escherichia coli (24.3%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (23.2%). Subgroup analysis indicated that blood and urine were found to be a major source of resistant S. aureus isolates. Urine was also a major source of resistant strains for CoNS, Klebsiella and Proteus species. Conclusion Among gram-positive bacteria, high prevalence of resistance was observed in E. faecalis and CoNS whereas relatively low estimate of resistance was observed among GBS isolates. Within gram-negative bacteria, nearly half of isolates in N. gonorrhoea were found ciprofloxacin resistant. From enterobacteriaceae isolates, K. pneumonia and E. coli showed higher estimates of ciprofloxacin resistance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40360-018-0274-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Benameur Q, Tali-Maamar H, Assaous F, Guettou B, Tahrat N, Aggoune N, Rahal K, Ben-Mahdi MH. Isolation of Escherichia coli carrying the bla CTX-M-1 and qnrS1 genes from reproductive organs of broiler breeders and internal contents of hatching eggs. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1540-1543. [PMID: 30175752 PMCID: PMC6207526 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize two third-generation cephalosporins- and
quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli (TGCs- and Q-R-Ec)
isolates recovered from the ovaries of a broiler breeder flock and the internal contents
of hatching eggs produced by the broiler breeder flock. Clonal relatedness was determined
by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The isolates displayed the same multidrug resistance
profile, with resistance to ampicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, cefazollin,
cephalothin, cefotaxime, nalidixic acid, tetracycline and sulfonamides. Double disk
synergy test demonstrated that the two isolates presented an ESBL phenotype. PCR and
sequencing results showed that both the isolates harbored the
blaCTX-M-1 and qnrS1 genes. MLST revealed a
novel allele combination, designated as ST461, in these isolates. This study would
contribute to the molecular epidemiological understanding of TGCs- and/or
Q-R-Ec.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qada Benameur
- Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la vie, Université Abdelhamid Ibn Badis, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria.,Laboratoire de Recherche, Santé et Productions Animales, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Hassiba Tali-Maamar
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Farida Assaous
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Badia Guettou
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Naϊma Tahrat
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Nadjet Aggoune
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Central de l'Armé, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Kheira Rahal
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Meriem-Hind Ben-Mahdi
- Laboratoire de Recherche, Santé et Productions Animales, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, Algiers 16000, Algeria.,Ecole Supérieure des Sciences de l'Aliment et des Industries Agro-alimentaires, Algiers 16000, Algeria
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Ramírez-Castillo FY, Moreno-Flores AC, Avelar-González FJ, Márquez-Díaz F, Harel J, Guerrero-Barrera AL. An evaluation of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates in urinary tract infections from Aguascalientes, Mexico: cross-sectional study. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2018; 17:34. [PMID: 30041652 PMCID: PMC6057003 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-018-0286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are one of the main bacteria causing urinary tract infections (UTIs). The rates of UPEC with high resistance towards antibiotics and multidrug-resistant bacteria have increased dramatically in recent years and could difficult the treatment. METHODS The aim of the study was to determine multidrug-resistant bacteria, antibiotic resistance profile, virulence traits, and genetic background of 110 E. coli isolated from community (79 isolates) and hospital-acquired (31 isolates) urinary tract infections. The plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes presence was also investigated. A subset of 18 isolates with a quinolone-resistance phenotype was examined for common virulence genes encoded in diarrheagenic and extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli by a specific E. coli microarray. RESULTS Female children were the group most affected by UTIs, which were mainly community-acquired. Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and ampicillin-sulbactam was most prevalent. A frequent occurrence of resistance toward ciprofloxacin (47.3%), levofloxacin (43.6%) and cephalosporins (27.6%) was observed. In addition, 63% of the strains were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Almost all the fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant strains showed MDR-phenotype. Isolates from male patients were associated to FQ-resistant and MDR-phenotype. Moreover, hospital-acquired infections were correlated to third generation cephalosporin and nitrofurantoin resistance and the presence of kpsMTII gene. Overall, fimH (71.8%) and fyuA (68.2%), had the highest prevalence as virulence genes among isolates. However, the profile of virulence genes displayed a great diversity, which included the presence of genes related to diarrheagenic E. coli. Out of 110 isolates, 25 isolates (22.7%) were positive to qnrA, 23 (20.9%) to qnrB, 7 (6.4%) to qnrS1, 7 (6.4%) to aac(6')lb-cr, 5 (4.5%) to qnrD, and 1 (0.9%) to qnrC genes. A total of 12.7% of the isolates harbored blaCTX-M genes, with blaCTX-M-15 being the most prevalent. CONCLUSIONS Urinary tract infection due to E. coli may be difficult to treat empirically due to high resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Continuous surveillance of multidrug resistant organisms and patterns of drug resistance are needed in order to prevent treatment failure and reduce selective pressure. These findings may help choosing more suitable treatments of UTI patients in this region of Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor Y. Ramírez-Castillo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Col. Cd. Universitaria, 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Adriana C. Moreno-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Col. Cd. Universitaria, 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Francisco J. Avelar-González
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Ambientales, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Col. Cd. Universitaria, 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Francisco Márquez-Díaz
- Departamento de Infectología, Centenario Hospital Miguel Hidalgo, Galeana Sur 495, Obraje, 20000 Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Josée Harel
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Centre de Recherche en Infectologíe Porcine et Aviaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200, rue Sicott, Saint-Hyacinthe, Montreal, QC J2S 2M2 Canada
| | - Alma L. Guerrero-Barrera
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Col. Cd. Universitaria, 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico
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Chen Z, Cheng H, Pan W, Zheng J, Li D, Lin F, Yu Z, Deng Q. Comparative genome and evolution analysis of the locus of enterocyte effacement from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Deng and its transcriptional response to ciprofloxacin. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:1368-1382. [PMID: 29989530 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we aimed to investigate the genomic characteristics and evolution of pathogenicity islands of an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strain, and to obtain a transcriptional profile of EPEC under different concentrations of ciprofloxacin using microarray analysis. METHODOLOGY The complete EPEC Deng genome was sequenced and compared to genomes of 12 previously sequenced E. coli strains. A 180 min time course experiment was performed in which the effect of ciprofloxacin on EPEC Deng growth was evaluated. Microarray profiling was used to study the effect of varying ciprofloxacin pressure on genome-wide transcriptional expression. Differential expression of the genes identified using microarray data was confirmed using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RTQ). Target gene-defective recombineering strains were created to investigate the influence of the grlA gene on ciprofloxacin susceptibility. RESULTS Genomic comparisons revealed a close phylogenic relationship between EPEC Deng and E. coli strains O111_H_11128 and O26_H11_11368, with low genetic diversity among their type III secretion system genes and typically genetic variation in the map, tir, eae and espA genes of EPEC. It is noteworthy that 21 genes were down-regulated at all time points examined in the group exposed to 2 µg ml-1 of ciprofloxacin. A grlA-mutant derivative with increased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was discovered. CONCLUSIONS The present findings provide an overview of the phylogenetic characteristics of EPEC Deng and its transcriptional response to ciprofloxacin, further suggesting that GrlA may play a clinically important role in EPEC responses to ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- 1Department of Hospital infection Control, Quality control Center of Hospital Infection Management of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan district, 518052 Shenzhen, PR China.,2Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen key laboratory for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan district, 518052 Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Hang Cheng
- 1Department of Hospital infection Control, Quality control Center of Hospital Infection Management of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan district, 518052 Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Weiguang Pan
- 2Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen key laboratory for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan district, 518052 Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Jinxin Zheng
- 2Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen key laboratory for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan district, 518052 Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Duoyun Li
- 2Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen key laboratory for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan district, 518052 Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Fojun Lin
- 2Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen key laboratory for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan district, 518052 Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Zhijian Yu
- 2Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen key laboratory for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan district, 518052 Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Qiwen Deng
- 1Department of Hospital infection Control, Quality control Center of Hospital Infection Management of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan district, 518052 Shenzhen, PR China.,2Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen key laboratory for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan district, 518052 Shenzhen, PR China
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Wong MHY, Chan EWC, Chen S. IS26-mediated formation of a virulence and resistance plasmid in Salmonella Enteritidis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:2750-2754. [PMID: 29091201 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To characterize a novel virulence-resistance plasmid pSE380T carried by a Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis clinical strain SE380. Methods The plasmid pSE380T was conjugated to Escherichia coli strain J53 and sequenced by PacBio RSII, followed by subsequent annotation and genetic analysis. Results Sequence analysis of this plasmid revealed that the entire Salmonella Enteritidis-specific virulence plasmid, pSEN, had been incorporated into an IncHI2 MDR plasmid, which comprises the cephalosporin and fosfomycin resistance determinants blaCTX-M-14 and fosA3. Based on BLAST analysis and scrutiny of insertion footprints, the insertion event was found to involve a replicative transposition process mediated by IS26, an IS element frequently detected in various resistance plasmids. The resulting pSE380T plasmid also comprises backbone elements of IncHI2 and IncFIA plasmids, producing a rare fusion product that simultaneously encodes functional features of both, i.e. virulence, resistance and high transmissibility. Conclusions This is a novel hybrid plasmid mediating MDR and virulence from a clinical Salmonella Enteritidis strain. This plasmid is likely to be transmissible amongst various serotypes of Salmonella and other Enterobacteriaceae species, rendering a wide range of bacterial pathogens resistant to cephalosporins and fosfomycin, and further enhancing their virulence potential. It will be important to monitor the spread and further evolution of this plasmid among the Enterobacteriaceae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Ho-Yin Wong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, The Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Edward Wai-Chi Chan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, The Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sheng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, The Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Benameur Q, Tali-Maamar H, Assaous F, Guettou B, Benklaouz MB, Rahal K, Ben-Mahdi MH. Characterization of quinolone-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from poultry in Western Algeria: First report of qnrS in an Enterobacter cloacae. Vet World 2018; 11:469-473. [PMID: 29805212 PMCID: PMC5960786 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.469-473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae have frequently been reported, in both human and veterinary medicine, from different parts of the world as a consequence of antibiotic usage. However, there is a lack of published data regarding antimicrobial resistance in non-Escherichia coli (E. coli) Enterobacteriaceae from animals in Algeria. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of resistance to antibiotics with a focus on quinolones and to investigate the presence of qnr genes inEnterobacteriaceaeof poultry origin. Materials and Methods A total of 310 samples of poultry origin were collected from 2010 to 2014 from broiler and layer farms and hatcheries located in different geographic areas of Western Algeria (including Mostaganem, Oran, Mascara, Relizane, Chlef, Tiaret, and Tissemsilt). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disc diffusion assay. Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing accomplished the characterization of qnr genes (qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS). Results A total of 253 Enterobacteriaceaestrains were isolated in this study. These isolates exhibited high levels of resistance to quinolones and other families of antibiotics. All the strains isolated in this study were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Among them, 233 (92.09%) were considered MDR. Among the 18 randomly selected nalidixic acid (NA)-resistant Enterobacteriaceaeisolates, one E. coli and one Enterobacter cloacae were carrying qnrS1. By contrast, qnrA and qnrB were not detected in this study. Conclusion This is the first report on the identification of the qnrS gene in E. cloacae isolated from animal source in Algeria. Further studies have to be conducted to determine the real prevalence of qnr genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qada Benameur
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University, Mostaganem, Algeria.,Research Laboratory, Health and Animal Production, Higher National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Hassiba Tali-Maamar
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Algeria, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Farida Assaous
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Algeria, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Badia Guettou
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Algeria, Algiers, Algeria
| | | | - Kheira Rahal
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Algeria, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Meriem-Hind Ben-Mahdi
- Research Laboratory, Health and Animal Production, Higher National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria.,Higher School of Food Sciences and Agro-alimentary Industries, Algiers, Algeria
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Vinué L, Hooper DC, Jacoby GA. Chromosomal mutations that accompany qnr in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 51:479-483. [PMID: 29360506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We examined 13 qnr-positive and 14 qnr-negative clinical isolates of Escherichia coli for mutations previously seen in a qnr-containing laboratory strain exposed to supra minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin. Among the qnr-positive strains, those with ciprofloxacin MICs of ≥ 2 µg/mL had at least one mutation in gyrA. Mutations in parC were present in strains with a ciprofloxacin MIC of ≥ 128 µg/mL. The 6 most ciprofloxacin-resistant strains contained additional plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants. aac(6')-Ib-cr was found in 5 of the 6 strains. Eleven of the 13 strains had alterations in MarR, 9 in SoxR, and 5 had mutations in AcrR. All had elevated expression of at least one efflux pump gene, predominantly acrA (92% of the strains), followed by mdtE (54%) and ydhE (46%). Nine had functionally silent alterations in rfa, two had mutations in gmhB, and one of these also had a mutation in surA. An E. coli with ciprofloxacin MIC of 1024 µg/mL contained 4 different plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants as well as gyrA, parC, parE and pump overexpression mutations. Nine of the 14 qnr-negative strains had mutations in topoisomerase genes with a ciprofloxacin MIC of 0.25 to 256 µg/mL. The three most resistant strains also had mutations in parE. Twelve had alterations in MarR, 10 in SoxR and 5 in AcrR. Ten of the 14 strains had elevated expression of efflux pumps with acrA (71.4%), followed by ydhE (50%) and mdtE (14.3%). A diversity of resistance mechanisms occurs in clinical isolates with and without qnr genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vinué
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - David C Hooper
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George A Jacoby
- Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA
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Bacterial plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in aquatic environments in China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40610. [PMID: 28094345 PMCID: PMC5240147 DOI: 10.1038/srep40610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to human’s health in the 21st century. Understanding and combating this issue requires a full and unbiased assessment of the current status on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes and their correlation with each other and bacterial groups. In aquatic environments that are known reservoirs for antimicrobial resistance genes, we were able to reach this goal on plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes that lead to resistance to quinolones and possibly also to the co-emergence of resistance to β-lactams. Novel findings were made that qepA and aac-(6′)-Ib genes that were previously regarded as similarly abundant with qnr genes are now dominant among PMQR genes in aquatic environments. Further statistical analysis suggested that the correlation between PMQR and β-lactam resistance genes in the environment is still weak, that the correlations between antimicrobial resistance genes could be weakened by sufficient wastewater treatment, and that the prevalence of PMQR has been implicated in environmental, pathogenic, predatory, anaerobic, and more importantly, human symbiotic bacteria. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of PMQR genes in aquatic environments in Jinan, China, and provides information with which combat with the antimicrobial resistance problem may be fought.
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Om C, McLaws ML. Antibiotics: practice and opinions of Cambodian commercial farmers, animal feed retailers and veterinarians. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2016; 5:42. [PMID: 27857835 PMCID: PMC5106781 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-016-0147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cambodia has reported multidrug resistant bacteria in poultry, similar to other countries in the region. We visited commercial food animal farms to explore opinions and antibiotic practices on the farms. METHODS We used individual in-depth qualitative interviews with 16 commercial farmers, four feed retailers and nine veterinarians from food animal industry and government offices from the southwestern region of Phnom Penh. Transcribed interviews were thematically analysed. RESULTS Widespread antibiotic use occurred on all farms and was driven by four facilitators: belief that antibiotics were necessary for animal raising, limited knowledge, unrestricted antibiotic access, and weak monitoring and control systems. "If we treat ducks for two days and they aren't cured we change to human drugs. We cocktail 10 tablets of this, 10 tablets of that and 20 tablets of this one. Altogether 200 tablets are mixed in 100 or 200 L of water for the ducks to drink. No one taught me, just my experiences." Antibiotics were believed to be necessary for disease prevention. "On the first day when we bring in the chicks, we let them drink Enro [enrofloxacin] and vitamins to make them resist to the weather. We place them in the house and there are some bacteria in the environment. When they are newly arrived, we have to give them feed. So we're afraid they get diarrhea when they eat feed, we have to use Enro." All farmers used pre-mixed feed that veterinarians and feed retailers acknowledged contained antibiotics but not all listed the antibiotics. Farmers viewed pre-mixed feed as a necessary 'feed supplement' for growth promotion. "….The fatten supplement is mixed in feed. Pigs aren't growing well unless I use the supplement." Farmers and veterinarians were concerned that 'antibiotic residuals' in animal meat could harm human health. But they did not link this with antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSIONS Antibiotic use in food animals was widespread and uncontrolled. Farmers focused on the benefits of food animal production rather than concerns about the consequences of antibiotic use. Therefore, education for prudent use of antibiotics in food animals and regulations are urgently needed in food animal farming in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhorvoin Om
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Level 3 Samuels Building, Sydney, 2052 NSW Australia
| | - Mary-Louise McLaws
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Level 3 Samuels Building, Sydney, 2052 NSW Australia
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Wong MH, Xie M, Xie L, Lin D, Li R, Zhou Y, Chan EW, Chen S. Complete Sequence of a F33:A-:B- Conjugative Plasmid Carrying the oqxAB, fosA3, and blaCTX-M-55 Elements from a Foodborne Escherichia coli Strain. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1729. [PMID: 27833607 PMCID: PMC5081371 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the complete sequence of pE80, a conjugative IncFII plasmid recovered from an Escherichia coli strain isolated from chicken meat. This plasmid harbors multiple resistance determinants including oqxAB, fosA3, blaCTX-M-55, and blaTEM-1, and is a close variant of the recently reported p42-2 element, which was recovered from E. coli of veterinary source. Recovery of pE80 constitutes evidence that evolution or genetic re-arrangement of IncFII type plasmids residing in animal-borne organisms is an active event, which involves acquisition and integration of foreign resistance elements into the plasmid backbone. Dissemination of these plasmids may further compromise the effectiveness of current antimicrobial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus H Wong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityShenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Miaomiao Xie
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen, China
| | - Liqi Xie
- Division of Food Inspection and Supervision, Shenzhen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau Shenzhen, China
| | - Dachuan Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityShenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ruichao Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityShenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yuanjie Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityShenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Edward W Chan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityShenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sheng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityShenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityKowloon, Hong Kong
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Del Rio-Avila C, Rosario C, Arroyo-Escalante S, Carrillo-Casas EM, Díaz-Aparicio E, Suarez-Güemes F, Silva-Sanchez J, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J, Maravilla P, Hernández-Castro R. Characterisation of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli of 1997 and 2005 isolates from poultry in Mexico. Br Poult Sci 2016; 57:494-500. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1187716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Del Rio-Avila
- División de Estudios de Posgrado, Posgrado en Ciencias de la Salud y Producción Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, México
| | - C. Rosario
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, México
| | - S. Arroyo-Escalante
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Tlalpan, México
| | - E. M. Carrillo-Casas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Tlalpan, México
| | - E. Díaz-Aparicio
- Departamento de Enfermedades en Pequeños Rumiantes, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Cuajimalpa, México
| | - F. Suarez-Güemes
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, México
| | - J. Silva-Sanchez
- Departamento de Diagnóstico Epidemiológico, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - J. Xicohtencatl-Cortes
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México, Cuauhtémoc, México
| | - P. Maravilla
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Tlalpan, México
| | - R. Hernández-Castro
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Tlalpan, México
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Kang CI, Kim SH, Park WB, Lee KD, Kim HB, Kim EC, Oh MD, Choe KW. Clinical Epidemiology of Ciprofloxacin Resistance and Its Relationship to Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporin Resistance in Bloodstream Infections Caused by Enterobacter Species. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 26:88-92. [PMID: 15693414 DOI: 10.1086/502492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectives:To evaluate the clinical features of ciprofloxacin-resistant Enterobacter bacteremia and to examine the risk factors for ciprofloxacin resistance in Enterobacter species isolates causing bacteremia.Design:A case-control study.Setting:A 1,500-bed, tertiary-care university hospital and referral center.Patients:All patients older than 16 years with Enterobacter species isolated from blood were enrolled. The medical records of 183 patients with clinically significant Enterobacter bacteremia from January 1998 to December 2002 were identified. We compared patients with bacteremia caused by ciprofloxacin-susceptible isolates with patients with bacteremia caused by ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates.Results:Twenty-three (12.6%) of the patients had bacteremia caused by isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin. There were no significant differences in age, gender, underlying diseases, primary site of infection, or Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score between the ciprofloxacin-resistant and the ciprofloxacin-susceptible groups. Broad-spectrum cephalosporin resistance, defined as resistance to cefotaxime or ceftazidime in vitro, was detected in 21 (91.3%) of 23 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates compared with 65 (40.6%) of 160 ciprofloxacin-susceptible isolates (P < .001). Multivariate analysis revealed that independent risk factors for ciprofloxacin resistance were the prior receipt of fluoroquinolones (P < .001) and broad-spectrum cephalosporin resistance (P < .001).Conclusions:In Enterobacter species isolates causing bacteremia, ciprofloxacin resistance was closely associated with the prior receipt of fluoroquinolones and broad-spectrum cephalosporin resistance. The close relationship between ciprofloxacin resistance and broad-spectrum cephalosporin resistance is particularly troublesome because it severely restricts the therapeutic options for Enterobacter species infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-In Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Yin M, Yang B, Wu Y, Wang L, Wu H, Zhang T, Tuohetaribayi G. Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar in retail meats in market place in Uighur, Xinjiang, China. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Three mechanisms for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) have been discovered since 1998. Plasmid genes qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, and qnrVC code for proteins of the pentapeptide repeat family that protects DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from quinolone inhibition. The qnr genes appear to have been acquired from chromosomal genes in aquatic bacteria, are usually associated with mobilizing or transposable elements on plasmids, and are often incorporated into sul1-type integrons. The second plasmid-mediated mechanism involves acetylation of quinolones with an appropriate amino nitrogen target by a variant of the common aminoglycoside acetyltransferase AAC(6')-Ib. The third mechanism is enhanced efflux produced by plasmid genes for pumps QepAB and OqxAB. PMQR has been found in clinical and environmental isolates around the world and appears to be spreading. The plasmid-mediated mechanisms provide only low-level resistance that by itself does not exceed the clinical breakpoint for susceptibility but nonetheless facilitates selection of higher-level resistance and makes infection by pathogens containing PMQR harder to treat.
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Bai L, Lan R, Zhang X, Cui S, Xu J, Guo Y, Li F, Zhang D. Prevalence of Salmonella Isolates from Chicken and Pig Slaughterhouses and Emergence of Ciprofloxacin and Cefotaxime Co-Resistant S. enterica Serovar Indiana in Henan, China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144532. [PMID: 26650239 PMCID: PMC4674084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Salmonella from chicken and pig slaughterhouses in Henan, China and antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates to antibiotics was determined. From 283 chicken samples and 240 pig samples collected, 128 and 70 Salmonella isolates were recovered with an isolation rate of 45.2 and 29.2% respectively. The predominant serovars in chicken samples were S. enterica serovar Enteritidis, S. enterica serovar Hadar and S. enterica serovar Indiana, while those in pig samples were S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, S. enterica serovar Derby and S. enterica serovar Enteritidis. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was 8.6 and 10.0% for isolates from chickens and pigs respectively, whereas resistance to cefotaxime was 5.5 and 8.6%, respectively. Multidrug resistance (resistance to three or more classes of antimicrobial agent) was markedly higher in pig isolates (57.1%) than in chicken isolates (39.8%). Of particular concern was the detection of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime co-resistant S. enterica serovar Indiana isolates, which pose risk to public health. All 16 S. enterica serovar Indiana isolates detected were resistant to ciprofloxacin, among which 11 were co-resistant to cefotaxime. The S. enterica serovar Indiana isolates accumulated point mutations in quinolone resistance determination regions of gyrA (S83F/D87G or S83F/D87N) and parC (T57S/S80R). Two plasmid mediated quinolone resistant determinants were found with aac (6')-Ib-cr and oqxAB in 16 and 12 S. enterica serovar Indiana isolates respectively. Cefotaxime-resistance of S. enterica serovar Indiana was associated with the acquisition of a blaCTX-M-65 gene. The potential risk of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime co-resistant S. enterica serovar Indiana infection is a significant concern due to limited alternative treatment options. Reduction of Salmonella in chicken and pig slaughterhouses, in particular, ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime co-resistant S. enterica serovar Indiana will be an important measure to reduce the public health burden of Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Bai
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for food safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Henan, China
| | - Shenghui Cui
- Department of Food Science, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for food safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yunchang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for food safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for food safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (FL); (DZ)
| | - Ding Zhang
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Henan, China
- * E-mail: (FL); (DZ)
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IncI1 Plasmids Carrying Various blaCTX-M Genes Contribute to Ceftriaxone Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis in China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:982-9. [PMID: 26643327 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02746-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to extended-spectrum β-lactams in Salmonella, in particular, in serotypes such as Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis that are frequently associated with clinical infections, is a serious public health concern. In this study, phenotypic characterization of 433 clinical S. Enteritidis strains obtained from a nationwide collection of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention during the period from 2005 to 2010 depicted a trend of increasing resistance to ceftriaxone from 2008 onwards. Seventeen (4%) of the strains were found to be resistant to ceftriaxone, 7% were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin, and 0.7% were found to be resistant to both ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Most of the ceftriaxone-resistant S. Enteritidis strains (15/17) were genetically unrelated and originated from Henan Province. The complete sequence of an IncI1 plasmid, pSE115, which belonged to a novel sequence type, was obtained. This 87,255-bp IncI1 plasmid was found to harbor a blaCTX-M-14 gene in a novel multidrug resistance region (MRR) within the tra locus. Although the majority of strains were also found to contain conjugative IncI1 plasmids with a size similar to that of pSE115 (∼90 kb) and harbor a variety of blaCTX-M group 1 and group 9 elements, the novel MRR site at the tra locus in pSE115 was not detectable in the other IncI1 plasmids. The findings from this study show that cephalosporin resistance in S. Enteritidis strains collected in China was mainly due to the dissemination of IncI1 plasmids carrying blaCTX-M, resembling the situation in which IncI1 plasmids serve as major vectors of blaCTX-M variants in other members of the Enterobacteriaceae.
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Guérin F. Infections à Enterobacter cloacae complex : résistance aux antibiotiques et traitement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antinf.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Goudarzi M, Azad M, Seyedjavadi SS. Prevalence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Determinants and OqxAB Efflux Pumps among Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Patients with Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infection in Tehran, Iran. SCIENTIFICA 2015; 2015:518167. [PMID: 26301114 PMCID: PMC4537771 DOI: 10.1155/2015/518167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) plays an important role in the development of clinical resistance to quinolone. The aim of this study was to investigate PMQR determinants among extended-spectrum β-lactamases- (ESBL-) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae recovered from patients with nosocomial urinary tract infection (UTI). Methods. A total of 247 ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from 750 patients with UTI. ESBL production was confirmed by double disc synergy test and combined disc diffusion test. The prevalence of PMQR determinants among ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae was assessed using PCR method. Results. The rates of resistance to antimicrobial agents in present study varied from 14.2% to 98.8%. In comparison with other PMQR genotypes, the frequency of aac(6')-Ib (68.8%) was strikingly high. Of the 247 isolates tested, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, and qepA genes were present in 3.6%, 1.6%, 1.2, and 2%, respectively. oqxA and oqxB were detected in 56.7% and 54.6% of isolates. The predominant coexisting ESBL and PMQR profile among our isolates included bla CTX-M and aac(6')-Ib, oqxA, oqxB (28.3%) and bla TEM, bla SHV and aac(6')-Ib, oqxA, and oqxB (19.4%) profile. Conclusion. Given the linkage observed between resistance to quinolones and beta lactam antibiotics, therapeutic protocol with fluoroquinolones and beta lactam antibiotics should be seriously revised in Tehran hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Goudarzi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran
| | - Mehdi Azad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 1651135779, Iran
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Prevalence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance (PMQR) Determinants Among Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL)-Producing Isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Aleppo, Syria. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.20631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Dissemination of IncI2 Plasmids That Harbor the blaCTX-M Element among Clinical Salmonella Isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:5026-8. [PMID: 26014934 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00775-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) determinant CTX-M-55 is increasingly prevalent in Escherichia coli but remains extremely rare in Salmonella. This study reports the isolation of a plasmid harboring the blaCTX-M-55 element in a clinical Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium strain resistant to multiple antibiotics. This plasmid is genetically identical to several known IncI2-type elements harbored by E. coli strains recovered from animals. This finding indicates that IncI2 plasmids harboring the blaCTX-M genes may undergo cross-species migration among potential bacterial pathogens, with E. coli as the major source of such elements.
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Cui X, Wang J, Yang C, Liang B, Ma Q, Yi S, Li H, Liu H, Li P, Wu Z, Xie J, Jia L, Hao R, Wang L, Hua Y, Qiu S, Song H. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Shigella flexneri serotype 2 variant in China. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:435. [PMID: 25999941 PMCID: PMC4423435 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri serotype 2 variant (II:3,4,7,8) was isolated in 2008 and first reported in China in 2013. In the present study, epidemiological surveillance from 2003 to 2013 in China suggested that this serotype first appeared in Guangxi in 2003; it then emerged in Shanghai and Xinjiang in 2004 and in Henan in 2008. Of the 1813 S. flexneri isolates, 58 S. flexneri serotype 2 variant strains were identified. Serotype 2 variant has emerged as a prominent serotype in recent years, with 2a (32.6%), X variant (25.2%), 1a (9.4%), X (6.3%), 2b (5.4%), and 1b (3.6%). According to phenotypic and genotypic analysis, the serotype 2 variant originated from 2a to 2b. A higher antibiotic resistance rate was observed between 2009 and 2013 than that between 2003 and 2008. Among 22 cephalosporin-resistant isolates, blaTEM-1, blaOXA-1, blaCTX-3, blaCTX-14, and blaCTX-79 were detected. Among 22 fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates, a Ser80Ile mutation in parC was present in all of the isolates. Moreover, 21 isolates had three gyrA point mutations (Ser83Leu, His211Tyr, Asp87Asn, or Gly) and one isolate had two gyrA point mutations (Ser83Leu and His211Tyr). The prevalence of His211Tyr in the fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates is concerning, and the mutation was first reported in China. Besides, 22 isolates harbored the aac(6′)-Ib-cr gene, and two isolates harbored qnrS1. In view of the increased epidemic frequency and multidrug-resistant strain emergence, continuous surveillance will be needed to understand the actual disease burden and provide guidance for shigellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyan Cui
- Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China ; Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Chaojie Yang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Liang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Qiuxia Ma
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Shengjie Yi
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Zhihao Wu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Leili Jia
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Rongzhang Hao
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Ligui Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Yuejin Hua
- Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaofu Qiu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Hongbin Song
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing, China
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Abstract
DNA topoisomerases are enzymes that control the topology of DNA in all cells. There are two types, I and II, classified according to whether they make transient single- or double-stranded breaks in DNA. Their reactions generally involve the passage of a single- or double-strand segment of DNA through this transient break, stabilized by DNA-protein covalent bonds. All topoisomerases can relax DNA, but DNA gyrase, present in all bacteria, can also introduce supercoils into DNA. Because of their essentiality in all cells and the fact that their reactions proceed via DNA breaks, topoisomerases have become important drug targets; the bacterial enzymes are key targets for antibacterial agents. This article discusses the structure and mechanism of topoisomerases and their roles in the bacterial cell. Targeting of the bacterial topoisomerases by inhibitors, including antibiotics in clinical use, is also discussed.
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38
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Wong MHY, Zeng L, Liu JH, Chen S. Characterization of Salmonella food isolates with concurrent resistance to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 10:42-6. [PMID: 23320422 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne salmonellosis is an important public health problem worldwide. Most human Salmonella infections occur through the consumption of contaminated food of animal origin. The study reported the first isolation of two Salmonella enterica serovar Oranienburg strains from pork in China with concurrent resistance to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Both isolates also showed resistance to norfloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol, and an elevated minimal inhibitory concentraton of azithromycin; one strain was also resistant to amikacin, gentamicin, tetracycline, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Salmonella ceftriaxone resistance was due to the production of IncN plasmidborne CTX-M-14 ESBL, and their ciprofloxacin resistance was mediated by target mutations and efflux pump activity. This is the first time that ceftriaxone- and ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella was reported in meat products, which may be due to the uses of antibiotics in animal production. The study warrants the continuous surveillance of multidrug-resistant Salmonella in meat products and cautious use of antibiotics in food animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Ho Yin Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Wong MH, Chan EW, Liu LZ, Chen S. PMQR genes oqxAB and aac(6')Ib-cr accelerate the development of fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella typhimurium. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:521. [PMID: 25324840 PMCID: PMC4183184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium strains, especially the ACSSuT and nalidixic acid R types, has significantly compromised the effectiveness of current strategies to control Salmonella infections, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Clinical S. typhimurium isolates recovered in Hong Kong during the period of 2005–2011 were increasingly resistant to ciprofloxacin (CIP) and antibiotics of the ACSSuT group. Our data revealed that oqxAB and aac(6′)Ib-cr were encoded on plasmids of various sizes and the presence of these two elements together with a single gyrA mutation in S. typhimurium were sufficient to mediate resistance to CIP. Acquisition of the oqxAB and aac(6′)Ib-cr encoding plasmids by S. typhimurium caused a fourfold increase in CIP minimal inhibitory concentration. Furthermore, the presence of oqxAB and aac(6′)Ib-cr in Salmonella dramatically increased the mutation prevention concentration of CIP which may due to mutational changes in the drug target genes. In conclusion, possession of oqxAB and aac(6′)Ib-cr encoding plasmid facilitate the selection of CIP resistant S. typhimurium, thereby causing a remarkable increase of CIP resistance among clinical Salmonella strains in Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus H Wong
- Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Hong Kong Polytechnic University - Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen, China ; State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon, China
| | - Edward W Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Prince of Wales Hospital - The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, China
| | - Li Z Liu
- Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Hong Kong Polytechnic University - Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen, China ; State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Hong Kong Polytechnic University - Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen, China ; State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon, China
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40
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Leite-Martins L, Meireles D, Bessa LJ, Mendes Â, de Matos AJ, Martins da Costa P. Spread of Multidrug-ResistantEnterococcus faecalisWithin the Household Setting. Microb Drug Resist 2014; 20:501-7. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2013.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Leite-Martins
- Veterinary Clinics Department–UPVET, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Microbiology and Food Technology Laboratory, ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Meireles
- Microbiology and Food Technology Laboratory, ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucinda J. Bessa
- Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângelo Mendes
- Microbiology and Food Technology Laboratory, ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Augusto J. de Matos
- Veterinary Clinics Department–UPVET, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Martins da Costa
- Microbiology and Food Technology Laboratory, ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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41
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Zhang Z, Meng X, Wang Y, Xia X, Wang X, Xi M, Meng J, Shi X, Wang D, Yang B. Presence ofqnr,aac(6′)-Ib,qepA,oqxAB, and Mutations in Gyrase and Topoisomerase in Nalidixic Acid–ResistantSalmonellaIsolates Recovered from Retail Chicken Carcasses. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:698-705. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zengfeng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaofeng Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Meili Xi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jianghong Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | | | - Dapeng Wang
- Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baowei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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42
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Mezzatesta ML, Gona F, Stefani S. Enterobacter cloacae complex: clinical impact and emerging antibiotic resistance. Future Microbiol 2014; 7:887-902. [PMID: 22827309 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of the Enterobacter cloacae complex are widely encountered in nature, but they can act as pathogens. The biochemical and molecular studies on E. cloacae have shown genomic heterogeneity, comprising six species: Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter asburiae, Enterobacter hormaechei, Enterobacter kobei, Enterobacter ludwigii and Enterobacter nimipressuralis, E. cloacae and E. hormaechei are the most frequently isolated in human clinical specimens. Phenotypic identification of all species belonging to this taxon is usually difficult and not always reliable; therefore, molecular methods are often used. Although the E. cloacae complex strains are among the most common Enterobacter spp. causing nosocomial bloodstream infections in the last decade, little is known about their virulence-associated properties. By contrast, much has been published on the antibiotic-resistance features of these microorganisms. In fact, they are capable of overproducing AmpC β-lactamases by derepression of a chromosomal gene or by the acquisition of a transferable ampC gene on plasmids conferring the antibiotic resistance. Many other resistance determinants that are able to render ineffective almost all antibiotic families have been recently acquired. Most studies on antimicrobial susceptibility are focused on E. cloacae, E. hormaechei and E. asburiae; these studies reported small variations between the species, and the only significant differences had no discriminating features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lina Mezzatesta
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy.
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43
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Azmi IJ, Khajanchi BK, Akter F, Hasan TN, Shahnaij M, Akter M, Banik A, Sultana H, Hossain MA, Ahmed MK, Faruque SM, Talukder KA. Fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms of Shigella flexneri isolated in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102533. [PMID: 25028972 PMCID: PMC4100904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence and mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance in Shigella species isolated in Bangladesh and to compare with similar strains isolated in China. METHODS A total of 3789 Shigella isolates collected from Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of icddr,b, during 2004-2010 were analyzed for antibiotic susceptibility. Analysis of plasmids, plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistance genes, PFGE, and sequencing of genes of the quinolone-resistance-determining regions (QRDR) were conducted in representative strains isolated in Bangladesh and compared with strains isolated in Zhengding, China. In addition, the role of efflux-pump was studied by using the efflux-pump inhibitor carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). RESULTS Resistance to ciprofloxacin in Shigella species increased from 0% in 2004 to 44% in 2010 and S. flexneri was the predominant species. Of Shigella spp, ciprofloxacin resistant (CipR) strains were mostly found among S. flexneri (8.3%), followed by S. sonnei (1.5%). Within S. flexneri (n = 2181), 14.5% were resistance to ciprofloxacin of which serotype 2a was predominant (96%). MIC of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin were 6-32 mg/L, 8-32 mg/L, and 8-24 mg/L, respectively in S. flexneri 2a isolates. Sequencing of QRDR genes of resistant isolates showed double mutations in gyrA gene (Ser83Leu, Asp87Asn/Gly) and single mutation in parC gene (Ser80Ile). A difference in amino acid substitution at position 87 was found between strains isolated in Bangladesh (Asp87Asn) and China (Asp87Gly) except for one. A novel mutation at position 211 (His→Tyr) in gyrA gene was detected only in the Bangladeshi strains. Susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was increased by the presence of CCCP indicating the involvement of energy dependent active efflux pumps. A single PFGE type was found in isolates from Bangladesh and China suggesting their genetic relatedness. CONCLUSIONS Emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in Shigella undermines a major challenge in current treatment strategies which needs to be followed up by using empirical therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishrat J. Azmi
- Centre for Food and Water Borne Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bijay K. Khajanchi
- Centre for Food and Water Borne Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fatema Akter
- Centre for Food and Water Borne Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Trisheeta N. Hasan
- Centre for Food and Water Borne Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shahnaij
- Centre for Food and Water Borne Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmuda Akter
- Centre for Food and Water Borne Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Atanu Banik
- Centre for Food and Water Borne Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Halima Sultana
- Centre for Food and Water Borne Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad A. Hossain
- Centre for Food and Water Borne Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad K. Ahmed
- Drug Testing Laboratory, Institute of Public Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shah M. Faruque
- Centre for Food and Water Borne Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kaisar A. Talukder
- Centre for Food and Water Borne Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
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Xie R, Huo S, Li Y, Chen L, Zhang F, Wu X. Molecular epidemiological survey on quinolone resistance genotype and phenotype of Escherichia coli in septicemic broilers in Hebei, China. Poult Sci 2014; 93:335-9. [PMID: 24570454 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the quinolone-resistant determining region (QRDR) of gyrA of Escherichia coli and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, qnr(qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS), and aac(6 ')-Ib-cr were detected, sequenced, and analyzed. In addition, antimicrobial susceptibility tests (using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method) were performed for all 111 E. coli isolates from septicemic broilers in Hebei, China. The results show that the resistance rates were as follows: ofloxacin 99.10%, ciprofloxacin 93.69%, levofloxacin 91.89%, norfloxacin 90.09%, and gatifloxacin 76.58%. Of the PMQR genes examined, aac(6 ')-Ib-cr (36.04%) was the most frequently identified gene in all isolates, followed by qnrS (8.11%), qnrB (0.90%), and qnrA (0%). Of the QRDR examined in the 40 phenotypic quinolone-resistant isolates, compared with the gyrA(+) gene of E. coli K-12, 4 amino acid exchanges were found, namely Ser-83→Asp, Asp-87→Asn, Asp-87→Tyr, and Asp-87→Ala, and all 40 isolates had 1 or 2 exchanges in QRDR. It was concluded that quinolone-resistance in E. coli remains a serious problem in Hebei, China. Therefore, there is considerable local surveillance of quinolone resistance. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance of the qnr type remains rare in Hebei, China, and mutation in QRDR may be the main problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University; North China Research Center of Animal Epidemic Pathogen Biology, China Agriculture Ministry, Baoding, 071001, China
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Emergence of clinical Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates with concurrent resistance to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3752-6. [PMID: 24752251 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02770-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infection is an important public health issue for which the needs of antimicrobial treatment are increasing. A total of 546 human clinical S. enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates were recovered from patients in hospitals in China during the period of 2005 to ∼ 2011. Twenty percent of the isolates exhibited resistance to ciprofloxacin, and 4% were resistant to ceftriaxone. Importantly, for the first time, 12 (2%) S. Typhimurium isolates resistant to both ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone were recovered; among these 12 isolates, two were also resistant to azithromycin, and one was resistant to all other drugs tested. The combined effects of various transferrable extended-spectrum β-lactamase determinants and a novel efflux-based ciprofloxacin resistance mechanism encoded by the mobile efflux gene oqxAB were responsible for the emergence of these extremely (highly) drug-resistant (XDR) S. Typhimurium isolates. The dissemination of resistance genes, such as those encoding ESBLs and the OqxAB pump, among Salmonella organisms will speed up the selection of XDR Salmonella, posing a huge threat to public health and Salmonella infection control.
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46
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Analysis of the structure of bacteria communities and detection of resistance genes of quinolones from pharmaceutical wastewater. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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47
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Kulková N, Babálová M, Brňová J, Krčméry V. Transferable Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated from Hemocultures. Cent Eur J Public Health 2014; 22:60-3. [DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a3884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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48
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Martínez-Martínez L, Eliecer Cano M, Manuel Rodríguez-Martínez J, Calvo J, Pascual Á. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 6:685-711. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.6.5.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Characterization of Klebsiella sp. strain 10982, a colonizer of humans that contains novel antibiotic resistance alleles and exhibits genetic similarities to plant and clinical Klebsiella isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:1879-88. [PMID: 24395222 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01605-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique Klebsiella species strain, 10982, was cultured from a perianal swab specimen obtained from a patient in the University of Maryland Medical Center intensive care unit. Klebsiella sp. 10982 possesses a large IncA/C multidrug resistance plasmid encoding a novel FOX AmpC β-lactamase designated FOX-10. A novel variant of the LEN β-lactamase was also identified. Genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis demonstrated that this isolate contains genes associated with nitrogen fixation, allantoin metabolism, and citrate fermentation. These three gene regions are typically present in either Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates or Klebsiella nitrogen-fixing endophytes but usually not in the same organism. Phylogenomic analysis of Klebsiella sp. 10982 and sequenced Klebsiella genomes demonstrated that Klebsiella sp. 10982 is present on a branch that is located intermediate between the genomes of nitrogen-fixing endophytes and K. pneumoniae clinical isolates. Metabolic features identified in the genome of Klebsiella sp. 10982 distinguish this isolate from other Klebsiella clinical isolates. These features include the nitrogen fixation (nif) gene cluster, which is typically present in endophytic Klebsiella isolates and is absent from Klebsiella clinical isolates. Additionally, the Klebsiella sp. 10982 genome contains genes associated with allantoin metabolism, which have been detected primarily in K. pneumoniae isolates from liver abscesses. Comparative genomic analysis of Klebsiella sp. 10982 demonstrated that this organism has acquired genes conferring new metabolic strategies and novel antibiotic resistance alleles, both of which may enhance its ability to colonize the human body.
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Papp-Wallace KM, Mallo S, Bethel CR, Taracila MA, Hujer AM, Fernández A, Gatta JA, Smith KM, Xu Y, Page MGP, Desarbre E, Bou G, Bonomo RA. A kinetic analysis of the inhibition of FOX-4 β-lactamase, a plasmid-mediated AmpC cephalosporinase, by monocyclic β-lactams and carbapenems. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:682-90. [PMID: 24235094 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Class C β-lactamases are prevalent among Enterobacteriaceae; however, these enzymes are resistant to inactivation by commercially available β-lactamase inhibitors. In order to find novel scaffolds to inhibit class C β-lactamases, the comparative efficacy of monocyclic β-lactam antibiotics (aztreonam and the siderophore monosulfactam BAL30072), the bridged monobactam β-lactamase inhibitor BAL29880, and carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem, doripenem and ertapenem) were tested in kinetic assays against FOX-4, a plasmid-mediated class C β-lactamase (pmAmpC). METHODS The FOX-4 β-lactamase was purified. Steady-state kinetics, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and ultraviolet difference (UVD) spectroscopy were conducted using the β-lactam scaffolds described. RESULTS The K(i) values for the monocyclic β-lactams against FOX-4 β-lactamase were 0.04 ± 0.01 μM (aztreonam) and 0.66 ± 0.03 μM (BAL30072), and the Ki value for the bridged monobactam BAL29880 was 8.9 ± 0.5 μM. For carbapenems, the Ki values ranged from 0.27 ± 0.05 μM (ertapenem) to 2.3 ± 0.3 μM (imipenem). ESI-MS demonstrated the formation of stable covalent adducts when the monocyclic β-lactams and carbapenems were reacted with FOX-4 β-lactamase. UVD spectroscopy suggested the appearance of different chromophoric intermediates. CONCLUSIONS Monocyclic β-lactam and carbapenem antibiotics are effective mechanism-based inhibitors of FOX-4 β-lactamase, a clinically important pmAmpC, and provide stimulus for the development of new inhibitors to inactivate plasmidic and chromosomal class C β-lactamases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina M Papp-Wallace
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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