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Qiao F, Binkowski TA, Broughan I, Chen W, Natarajan A, Schiltz GE, Scheidt KA, Anderson WF, Bergan R. Protein Structure Inspired Discovery of a Novel Inducer of Anoikis in Human Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:3177. [PMID: 39335149 PMCID: PMC11429909 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16183177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug discovery historically starts with an established function, either that of compounds or proteins. This can hamper discovery of novel therapeutics. As structure determines function, we hypothesized that unique 3D protein structures constitute primary data that can inform novel discovery. Using a computationally intensive physics-based analytical platform operating at supercomputing speeds, we probed a high-resolution protein X-ray crystallographic library developed by us. For each of the eight identified novel 3D structures, we analyzed binding of sixty million compounds. Top-ranking compounds were acquired and screened for efficacy against breast, prostate, colon, or lung cancer, and for toxicity on normal human bone marrow stem cells, both using eight-day colony formation assays. Effective and non-toxic compounds segregated to two pockets. One compound, Dxr2-017, exhibited selective anti-melanoma activity in the NCI-60 cell line screen. In eight-day assays, Dxr2-017 had an IC50 of 12 nM against melanoma cells, while concentrations over 2100-fold higher had minimal stem cell toxicity. Dxr2-017 induced anoikis, a unique form of programmed cell death in need of targeted therapeutics. Our findings demonstrate proof-of-concept that protein structures represent high-value primary data to support the discovery of novel acting therapeutics. This approach is widely applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Qiao
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | | | - Irene Broughan
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Weining Chen
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Amarnath Natarajan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Gary E Schiltz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Karl A Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Wayne F Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Raymond Bergan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
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Moreno-Ceballos A, Caballero NA, Castro ME, Perez-Aguilar JM, Mammino L, Melendez FJ. In Silico Approach: Anti-Tuberculosis Activity of Caespitate in the H37Rv Strain. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:6489-6507. [PMID: 39057029 PMCID: PMC11275643 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46070387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a highly lethal bacterial disease worldwide caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Caespitate is a phytochemical isolated from Helichrysum caespititium, a plant used in African traditional medicine that shows anti-tubercular activity, but its mode of action remains unknown. It is suggested that there are four potential targets in Mtb, specifically in the H37Rv strain: InhA, MabA, and UGM, enzymes involved in the formation of Mtb's cell wall, and PanK, which plays a role in cell growth. Two caespitate conformational structures from DFT conformational analysis in the gas phase (GC) and in solution with DMSO (CS) were selected. Molecular docking calculations, MM/GBSA analysis, and ADME parameter evaluations were performed. The docking results suggest that CS is the preferred caespitate conformation when interacting with PanK and UGM. In both cases, the two intramolecular hydrogen bonds characteristic of caespitate's molecular structure were maintained to achieve the most stable complexes. The MM/GBSA study confirmed that PanK/caespitate and UGM/caespitate were the most stable complexes. Caespitate showed favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics, suggesting rapid absorption, permeability, and high bioavailability. Additionally, it is proposed that caespitate may exhibit antibacterial and antimonial activity. This research lays the foundation for the design of anti-tuberculosis drugs from natural sources, especially by identifying potential drug targets in Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Moreno-Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Centro de Investigación, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edif. FCQ10, 22 Sur y San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, Puebla C.P. 72570, Mexico; (A.M.-C.); (J.M.P.-A.)
| | - Norma A. Caballero
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edif. BIO1, 22 Sur y San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, Puebla C.P. 72570, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia Castro
- Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Complejo de Ciencias, ICUAP, Edif. IC10, 22 Sur y San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, Puebla C.P. 72570, Mexico;
| | - Jose Manuel Perez-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Centro de Investigación, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edif. FCQ10, 22 Sur y San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, Puebla C.P. 72570, Mexico; (A.M.-C.); (J.M.P.-A.)
| | - Liliana Mammino
- School of Mathematical and Natural Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa;
| | - Francisco J. Melendez
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Centro de Investigación, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edif. FCQ10, 22 Sur y San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, Puebla C.P. 72570, Mexico; (A.M.-C.); (J.M.P.-A.)
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Qiao F, Binknowski TA, Broughan I, Chen W, Natarajan A, Schiltz GE, Scheidt KA, Anderson WF, Bergan R. Protein Structure Inspired Drug Discovery. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.17.594634. [PMID: 38826221 PMCID: PMC11142055 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.17.594634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Drug discovery starts with known function, either of a compound or a protein, in-turn prompting investigations to probe 3D structure of the compound-protein interface. As protein structure determines function, we hypothesized that unique 3D structural motifs represent primary information denoting unique function that can drive discovery of novel agents. Using a physics-based protein structure analysis platform developed by us, designed to conduct computationally intensive analysis at supercomputing speeds, we probed a high-resolution protein x-ray crystallographic library developed by us. We selected 3D structural motifs whose function was not otherwise established, that offered environments supporting binding of drug-like chemicals and were present on proteins that were not established therapeutic targets. For each of eight potential binding pockets on six different proteins we accessed a 60 million compound library and used our analysis platform to evaluate binding. Using eight-day colony formation assays acquired compounds were screened for efficacy against human breast, prostate, colon and lung cancer cells and toxicity against human bone marrow stem cells. Compounds selectively inhibiting cancer growth segregated to two pockets on separate proteins. The compound, Dxr2-017, exhibited selective activity against human melanoma cells in the NCI-60 cell line screen, had an IC50 of 19 nM against human melanoma M14 cells in our eight-day assay, while over 2100-fold higher concentrations inhibited stem cells by less than 30%. We show that Dxr2-017 induces anoikis, a unique form of programmed cell death in need of targeted therapeutics. The predicted target protein for Dxr2-017 is expressed in bacteria, not in humans. This supports our strategy of focusing on unique 3D structural motifs. It is known that functionally important 3D structures are evolutionarily conserved. Here we demonstrate proof-of-concept that protein structure represents high value primary data to support discovery of novel therapeutics. This approach is widely applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Qiao
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | | | - Irene Broughan
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Weining Chen
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Amarnath Natarajan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Gary E. Schiltz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Karl A. Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Wayne F. Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Raymond Bergan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
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Medha, Joshi H, Sharma S, Sharma M. Elucidating the function of hypothetical PE_PGRS45 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as an oxido-reductase: a potential target for drug repurposing for the treatment of tuberculosis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:10009-10025. [PMID: 36448553 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2151514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) encodes a total of 67 PE_PGRS proteins and definite functions of many of them are still unknown. This study reports PE_PGRS45 (Rv2615c) protein from Mtb as NADPH dependent oxido-reductase having substrate specificity for fatty acyl Coenzyme A. Computational studies predicted PE_PGRS45 to be an integral membrane protein of Mtb. Expression of PE_PGRS45 in non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis, which does not possess PE_PGRS genes, confirmed its membrane localization. This protein was observed to have NADPH binding motif. Experimental validation confirmed its NADPH dependent oxido-reductase activity (Km value = 34.85 ± 9.478 μM, Vmax = 96.77 ± 7.184 nmol/min/mg of protein). Therefore, its potential to be targeted by first line anti-tubercular drug Isoniazid (INH) was investigated. INH was predicted to bind within the active site of PE_PGRS45 protein and experiments validated its inhibitory effect on the oxido-reductase activity of PE_PGRS45 with IC50/Ki values of 5.66 μM. Mtb is resistant to first line drugs including INH. Therefore, to address the problem of drug resistant TB, docking and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation studies between PE_PGRS45 and three drugs (Entacapone, Tolcapone and Verapamil) which are being used in Parkinson's and hypertension treatment were performed. PE_PGRS45 bound the three drugs with similar or better affinity in comparison to INH. Additionally, INH and these drugs bound within the same active site of PE_PGRS45. This study discovered Mtb's PE_PGRS45 protein to have an oxido-reductase activity and could be targeted by drugs that can be repurposed for TB treatment. Furthermore, in-vitro and in-vivo validation will aid in drug-resistant TB treatment. HIGHLIGHTSIn-silico and in-vitro studies of hypothetical protein PE_PGRS45 (Rv2615c) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) reveals it to be an integral membrane proteinPE_PGRS45 protein has substrate specificity for fatty acyl Coenzyme A (fatty acyl CoA) and possess NADPH dependent oxido-reductase activityDocking and simulation studies revealed that first line anti-tubercular drug Isoniazid (INH) and other drugs with anti-TB property have strong affinity for PE_PGRS45 proteinOxido-reductase activity of PE_PGRS45 protein is inhibited by INHPE_PGRS45 protein could be targeted by drugs that can be repurposed for TB treatmentCommunicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha
- DSKC Bio Discovery Lab and Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Hemant Joshi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- DSKC Bio Discovery Lab and Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Monika Sharma
- DSKC Bio Discovery Lab and Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Exploring the Antitubercular Activity of Anthranilic Acid Derivatives: From MabA (FabG1) Inhibition to Intrabacterial Acidification. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030335. [PMID: 36986435 PMCID: PMC10057394 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen that causes tuberculosis, is responsible for the death of 1.5 million people each year and the number of bacteria resistant to the standard regimen is constantly increasing. This highlights the need to discover molecules that act on new M. tuberculosis targets. Mycolic acids, which are very long-chain fatty acids essential for M. tuberculosis viability, are synthesized by two types of fatty acid synthase (FAS) systems. MabA (FabG1) is an essential enzyme belonging to the FAS-II cycle. We have recently reported the discovery of anthranilic acids as MabA inhibitors. Here, the structure–activity relationships around the anthranilic acid core, the binding of a fluorinated analog to MabA by NMR experiments, the physico-chemical properties and the antimycobacterial activity of these inhibitors were explored. Further investigation of the mechanism of action in bacterio showed that these compounds affect other targets than MabA in mycobacterial cells and that their antituberculous activity is due to the carboxylic acid moiety which induces intrabacterial acidification.
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Dasoondi RS, Blundell TL, Pandurangan AP. In silico analyses of isoniazid and streptomycin resistance-associated mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1874-1884. [PMID: 36915381 PMCID: PMC10006719 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis is categorised by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a public health crisis. In silico techniques were used to probe the structural basis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to isoniazid and streptomycin. Isoniazid resistance-associated mutations in InhA were predicted to reduce the binding affinity of NADH to InhA, without affecting INH-NAD (competitive-inhibitor) binding. Perturbation of the mutated residues was predicted (with the AlloSigMA server) to modulate the free energy of allosteric modulation of key binding site residues F41, F149, Y158 and W222. These results suggest that allosteric modulation of the protein structure may be key to the mechanism by which isoniazid resistance-associated mutations act. Mutations in the methyltransferase glucose-inhibited division gene B (GidB) are associated with streptomycin resistance. Molecular docking was carried out to predict the structure of the GidB bound to its substrate (s-adenosyl methionine). The effects of streptomycin resistance-associated mutations in GidB on protein stability and substrate binding were predicted (using SDM and mCSM-lig). All GidB mutants were predicted to disfavour SAM binding.
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Raghu MS, Pradeep Kumar CB, Prasad KNN, Prashanth MK, Kumarswamy YK, Chandrasekhar S, Veeresh B. MoS 2-Calix[4]arene Catalyzed Synthesis and Molecular Docking Study of 2,4,5-Trisubstituted Imidazoles As Potent Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2020; 22:509-518. [PMID: 32806898 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.0c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A MoS2-supported-calix[4]arene (MoS2-CA4) nanocatalyst was used for efficient synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazole derivatives from 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethane-1,2-dione, aldehydes and ammonium acetate under solvent-free conditions. Reusability of the catalyst up to five cycles without any significant loss in the yields of the product is the unique feature of this heterogeneous solid catalysis. Furthermore, the noteworthy highlights of this method are safe reaction profiles, broad substrate scope, excellent yields, economical, solvent-free, and simple workup conditions. All synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antitubercular (TB) activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv. Among the screened compounds 3c, 3d, 3f, 3m, and 3r had MIC values of 2.15, 2.78, 5.75, 1.36, and 0.75 μM, respectively, and exhibited more potency than the reference drugs pyrazinamide (MIC: 3.12 μM), ciprofloxacin (MIC: 4.73 μM), and ethambutol (7.61 μM). Besides, potent compounds (3c, 3d, 3f, 3m, and 3r) have been tested for inhibition of MabA (β-ketoacyl-ACP reductase) enzyme and cytotoxic activity against mammalian Vero cell line. A molecular docking study was carried out on the MabA (PDB ID: 1UZN) enzyme to predict the interactions of the synthesized compounds. The results of the in vitro anti-TB activity and docking study showed that synthesized compounds have a strong anti-TB activity and can be adapted and produced more effectively as a lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madihalli S. Raghu
- Department of Chemistry, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bangalore 560 103, India
| | | | | | | | - Yogesh K. Kumarswamy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Technology, Jain University, Ramanagara, 562 112, India
| | | | - Bantal Veeresh
- Department of Pharmacology, G. Pullareddy College of Pharmacy, Mehdipatnam, Hyderabad 580 028, India
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Faïon L, Djaout K, Frita R, Pintiala C, Cantrelle FX, Moune M, Vandeputte A, Bourbiaux K, Piveteau C, Herledan A, Biela A, Leroux F, Kremer L, Blaise M, Tanina A, Wintjens R, Hanoulle X, Déprez B, Willand N, Baulard AR, Flipo M. Discovery of the first Mycobacterium tuberculosis MabA (FabG1) inhibitors through a fragment-based screening. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112440. [PMID: 32505086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the etiologic agent of tuberculosis, remains the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent worldwide. The emergence of drug-resistant M.tb strains stresses the need for drugs acting on new targets. Mycolic acids are very long chain fatty acids playing an essential role in the architecture and permeability of the mycobacterial cell wall. Their biosynthesis involves two fatty acid synthase (FAS) systems. Among the four enzymes (MabA, HadAB/BC, InhA and KasA/B) of the FAS-II cycle, MabA (FabG1) remains the only one for which specific inhibitors have not been reported yet. The development of a new LC-MS/MS based enzymatic assay allowed the screening of a 1280 fragment-library and led to the discovery of the first small molecules that inhibit MabA activity. A fragment from the anthranilic acid series was optimized into more potent inhibitors and their binding to MabA was confirmed by 19F ligand-observed NMR experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Faïon
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Kamel Djaout
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Rosangela Frita
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Catalin Pintiala
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Francois-Xavier Cantrelle
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, F-59000, Lille, France; CNRS, ERL9002 - Integrative Structural Biology, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Martin Moune
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Vandeputte
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Kevin Bourbiaux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Catherine Piveteau
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Adrien Herledan
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Biela
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Florence Leroux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, 34293, Montpellier, France; INSERM, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mickael Blaise
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Abdalkarim Tanina
- Unité Microbiologie, Chimie Bioorganique et Macromoléculaire (CP206/04), Département RD3, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - René Wintjens
- Unité Microbiologie, Chimie Bioorganique et Macromoléculaire (CP206/04), Département RD3, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Hanoulle
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, F-59000, Lille, France; CNRS, ERL9002 - Integrative Structural Biology, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Benoit Déprez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Willand
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Alain R Baulard
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Marion Flipo
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France.
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Bespyatykh J, Shitikov E, Bespiatykh D, Guliaev A, Klimina K, Veselovsky V, Arapidi G, Dogonadze M, Zhuravlev V, Ilina E, Govorun V. Metabolic Changes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during the Anti-Tuberculosis Therapy. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020131. [PMID: 32085490 PMCID: PMC7168336 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria, remains one of the most pressing health problems. Despite the general trend towards reduction of the disease incidence rate, the situation remains extremely tense due to the distribution of the resistant forms. Most often, these strains emerge through the intra-host microevolution of the pathogen during treatment failure. In the present study, the focus was on three serial clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing B0/W148 cluster from one patient with pulmonary tuberculosis, to evaluate their changes in metabolism during anti-tuberculosis therapy. Using whole genome sequencing (WGS), 9 polymorphisms were determined, which occurred in a stepwise or transient manner during treatment and were linked to the resistance (GyrA D94A; inhA t-8a) or virulence. The effect of the inhA t-8a mutation was confirmed on both proteomic and transcriptomic levels. Additionally, the amount of RpsL protein, which is a target of anti-tuberculosis drugs, was reduced. At the systemic level, profound changes in metabolism, linked to the evolution of the pathogen in the host and the effects of therapy, were documented. An overabundance of the FAS-II system proteins (HtdX, HtdY) and expression changes in the virulence factors have been observed at the RNA and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bespyatykh
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (A.G.); (K.K.); (V.V.); (G.A.); (E.I.); (V.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Egor Shitikov
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (A.G.); (K.K.); (V.V.); (G.A.); (E.I.); (V.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Dmitry Bespiatykh
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (A.G.); (K.K.); (V.V.); (G.A.); (E.I.); (V.G.)
| | - Andrei Guliaev
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (A.G.); (K.K.); (V.V.); (G.A.); (E.I.); (V.G.)
| | - Ksenia Klimina
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (A.G.); (K.K.); (V.V.); (G.A.); (E.I.); (V.G.)
| | - Vladimir Veselovsky
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (A.G.); (K.K.); (V.V.); (G.A.); (E.I.); (V.G.)
| | - Georgij Arapidi
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (A.G.); (K.K.); (V.V.); (G.A.); (E.I.); (V.G.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Marine Dogonadze
- Research Institute of Phtisiopulmonology, 191036 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.D.); (V.Z.)
| | - Viacheslav Zhuravlev
- Research Institute of Phtisiopulmonology, 191036 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.D.); (V.Z.)
| | - Elena Ilina
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (A.G.); (K.K.); (V.V.); (G.A.); (E.I.); (V.G.)
| | - Vadim Govorun
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (D.B.); (A.G.); (K.K.); (V.V.); (G.A.); (E.I.); (V.G.)
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Abstract
The nucleophilic addition of alkyl, benzyl, and allyl organozinc reagents to protected pyridinium riboses proceeds under mild conditions and with yields of >90% in several cases and complete regioselectivity for the 4-position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farbod Salahi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 305E McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, IN46556, USA
| | - Olaf Wiest
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 305E McCourtney Hall, Notre Dame, IN46556, USA
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11
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Puranik N, Srivastava P, Swami S, Choudhari A, Sarkar D. Molecular modeling studies and in vitro screening of dihydrorugosaflavonoid and its derivatives against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:10634-10643. [PMID: 35540494 PMCID: PMC9078922 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00636a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel drug regimens against tuberculosis (TB) are urgently needed and may be developed by targeting essential enzymes of Mtb that sustain the pathogenicity of tuberculosis. Dihydrorugosaflavonoid interacted with the active pocket of MabA and PanK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninad V. Puranik
- Bioprospecting Group
- Agharkar Research Institute
- Pune 411004
- India
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
| | - Pratibha Srivastava
- Bioprospecting Group
- Agharkar Research Institute
- Pune 411004
- India
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
| | - Sagar Swami
- Organic Chemistry Division
- National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
| | - Amit Choudhari
- Organic Chemistry Division
- National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
| | - Dhiman Sarkar
- Organic Chemistry Division
- National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
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12
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Saraav I, Pandey K, Misra R, Singh S, Sharma M, Sharma S. Characterization of MymA protein as a flavin-containing monooxygenase and as a target of isoniazid. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 89:152-160. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iti Saraav
- D S Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education; Miranda House; Delhi India
- Department of Zoology; Miranda House, University of Delhi; Delhi India
| | - Kirti Pandey
- D S Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education; Miranda House; Delhi India
- Department of Zoology; Miranda House, University of Delhi; Delhi India
| | - Richa Misra
- D S Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education; Miranda House; Delhi India
- Department of Zoology; Miranda House, University of Delhi; Delhi India
| | - Swati Singh
- D S Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education; Miranda House; Delhi India
- Department of Zoology; Miranda House, University of Delhi; Delhi India
| | - Monika Sharma
- D S Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education; Miranda House; Delhi India
- Department of Zoology; Miranda House, University of Delhi; Delhi India
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- D S Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education; Miranda House; Delhi India
- Department of Zoology; Miranda House, University of Delhi; Delhi India
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13
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Resistance to Isoniazid and Ethionamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Genes, Mutations, and Causalities. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 2:MGM2-0014-2013. [PMID: 26104204 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mgm2-0014-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoniazid (INH) is the cornerstone of tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy, used for both treatment and prophylaxis of TB. The antimycobacterial activity of INH was discovered in 1952, and almost as soon as its activity was published, the first INH-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains were reported. INH and its structural analog and second-line anti-TB drug ethionamide (ETH) are pro-drugs. INH is activated by the catalase-peroxidase KatG, while ETH is activated by the monooxygenase EthA. The resulting active species reacts with NAD+ to form an INH-NAD or ETH-NAD adduct, which inhibits the enoyl ACP reductase InhA, leading to mycolic acid biosynthesis inhibition and mycobacterial cell death. The major mechanism of INH resistance is mutation in katG, encoding the activator of INH. One specific KatG variant, S315T, is found in 94% of INH-resistant clinical isolates. The second mechanism of INH resistance is a mutation in the promoter region of inhA (c-15t), which results in inhA overexpression and leads to titration of the drug. Mutations in the inhA open reading frame and promoter region are also the major mechanism of resistance to ETH, found more often in ETH-resistant clinical isolates than mutations in the activator of ETH. Other mechanisms of resistance to INH and ETH include expression changes of the drugs' activators, redox alteration, drug inactivation, and efflux pump activation. In this article, we describe each known mechanism of resistance to INH and ETH and its importance in M. tuberculosis clinical isolates.
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14
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Shilpi JA, Ali MT, Saha S, Hasan S, Gray AI, Seidel V. Molecular docking studies on InhA, MabA and PanK enzymes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis of ellagic acid derivatives from Ludwigia adscendens and Trewia nudiflora. In Silico Pharmacol 2015; 3:10. [PMID: 26820895 PMCID: PMC4671986 DOI: 10.1186/s40203-015-0014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose There is an urgent need to discover and develop new drugs to combat Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) in humans. In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in the discovery of new anti-TB agents from natural sources. In the present investigation, molecular docking studies were carried out on two ellagic acid derivatives, namely pteleoellagic acid (1) isolated from Ludwigia adscendens, and 3,3′-di-O-methyl ellagic acid 4-O-α-rhamnopyranoside (2) isolated from Trewia nudiflora, to investigate their binding to two enzymes involved in M. tuberculosis cell wall biogenesis, namely 2-trans-enoyl-ACP reductase (InhA) and β-ketoacyl-ACP reductase (MabA), and to pantothenate kinase (PanK type I) involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A, essential for the growth of M. tuberculosis. Methods Molecular docking experiments were performed using AutoDock Vina. The crystal structures of InhA, MabA and PanK were retrieved from the RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB). Isonicotinic-acyl-NADH for InhA and MabA, and triazole inhibitory compound for PanK, were used as references. Results Pteleoellagic acid showed a high docking score, estimated binding free energy of −9.4 kcal/mol, for the MabA enzyme comparable to the reference compound isonicotinic-acyl-NADH. Conclusions Knowledge on the molecular interactions of ellagic acid derivatives with essential M. tuberculosis targets could prove a useful tool for the design and development of future anti-TB drugs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40203-015-0014-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil A Shilpi
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.,Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Tuhin Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sanjib Saha
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Shihab Hasan
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alexander I Gray
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Véronique Seidel
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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15
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Duan X, Xiang X, Xie J. Crucial components of mycobacterium type II fatty acid biosynthesis (Fas-II) and their inhibitors. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 360:87-99. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangke Duan
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region; Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Southwest University; Beibei Chongqing China
| | - Xiaohong Xiang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region; Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Southwest University; Beibei Chongqing China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region; Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Southwest University; Beibei Chongqing China
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16
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Kalaria PN, Satasia SP, Raval DK. Synthesis, characterization and biological screening of novel 5-imidazopyrazole incorporated fused pyran motifs under microwave irradiation. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj01327h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Banerjee DR, Dutta D, Saha B, Bhattacharyya S, Senapati K, Das AK, Basak A. Design, synthesis and characterization of novel inhibitors against mycobacterial β-ketoacyl CoA reductase FabG4. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:73-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41676c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Shafreen RB, Pandian SK. Molecular modeling and simulation of FabG, an enzyme involved in the fatty acid pathway of Streptococcus pyogenes. J Mol Graph Model 2013; 45:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Alonso M, Martínez-Lirola M, Palacios JJ, Menéndez Á, Herranz M, Martínez S, Bouza E, García-de-Viedma D. Evaluation of the potential role of a new mutation in mabA in modifying the response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to isoniazid. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2013; 93:664-7. [PMID: 23973657 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A new mutation in mabA, Thr4Ile, was identified in a Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate from a patient whose culture remained positive after treatment. The same mutation was found in another 5 patients infected by different strains. A putative role for this mutation in the process of diminishing susceptibility to isoniazid is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alonso
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES06/06/0058), Spain
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20
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Discovery of novel InhA reductase inhibitors: application of pharmacophore- and shape-based screening approach. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:249-59. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: InhA is a promising and attractive target in antimycobacterial drug development. InhA is involved in the reduction of long-chain trans-2-enoyl-ACP in the type II fatty acid biosynthesis pathway of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that InhA is one of the targets for the second line antitubercular drug ethionamide. Results: In the current study, we have generated quantitative pharmacophore models using known InhA inhibitors and validated using a large test set. The validated pharmacophore model was used as a query to screen an in-house database of 400,000 compounds and retrieved 25,000 hits. These hits were further ranked based on its shape and feature similarity with potent InhA inhibitor using rapid overlay of chemical structures (OpenEye™) and subsequent hits were subjected for docking. Based on the pharmacophore, rapid overlay of chemical structures model and docking interactions, 32 compounds with more than eight chemotypes were selected, purchased and assayed for InhA inhibitory activity. Out of the 32 compounds, 28 demonstrated 10–38% inhibition against InhA at 10 µM. Conclusion: Further optimization of these analogues is in progress and will update in due course.
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Cantaloube S, Veyron-Churlet R, Haddache N, Daffé M, Zerbib D. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis FAS-II dehydratases and methyltransferases define the specificity of the mycolic acid elongation complexes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29564. [PMID: 22216317 PMCID: PMC3245277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has the originality of possessing a multifunctional mega-enzyme FAS-I (Fatty Acid Synthase-I), together with a multi-protein FAS-II system, to carry out the biosynthesis of common and of specific long chain fatty acids: the mycolic acids (MA). MA are the main constituents of the external mycomembrane that represents a tight permeability barrier involved in the pathogenicity of Mtb. The MA biosynthesis pathway is essential and contains targets for efficient antibiotics. We have demonstrated previously that proteins of FAS-II interact specifically to form specialized and interconnected complexes. This finding suggested that the organization of FAS-II resemble to the architecture of multifunctional mega-enzyme like the mammalian mFAS-I, which is devoted to the fatty acid biosynthesis. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Based on conventional and reliable studies using yeast-two hybrid, yeast-three-hybrid and in vitro Co-immunoprecipitation, we completed here the analysis of the composition and architecture of the interactome between the known components of the Mtb FAS-II complexes. We showed that the recently identified dehydratases HadAB and HadBC are part of the FAS-II elongation complexes and may represent a specific link between the core of FAS-II and the condensing enzymes of the system. By testing four additional methyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids, we demonstrated that they display specific interactions with each type of complexes suggesting their coordinated action during MA elongation. SIGNIFICANCE These results provide a global update of the architecture and organization of a FAS-II system. The FAS-II system of Mtb is organized in specialized interconnected complexes and the specificity of each elongation complex is given by preferential interactions between condensing enzymes and dehydratase heterodimers. This study will probably allow defining essential and specific interactions that correspond to promising targets for Mtb FAS-II inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Cantaloube
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Veyron-Churlet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Nabila Haddache
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Zerbib
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
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Brossier F. Mécanismes d’action et de résistance de l’isoniazide, un antituberculeux de première ligne. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antinf.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Deraeve C, Dorobantu IM, Rebbah F, Le Quéméner F, Constant P, Quémard A, Bernardes-Génisson V, Bernadou J, Pratviel G. Chemical synthesis, biological evaluation and structure–activity relationship analysis of azaisoindolinones, a novel class of direct enoyl-ACP reductase inhibitors as potential antimycobacterial agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6225-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Lou Z, Zhang X. Protein targets for structure-based anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug discovery. Protein Cell 2010; 1:435-42. [PMID: 21203958 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which belongs to the genus Mycobacterium, is the pathogenic agent for most tuberculosis (TB). As TB remains one of the most rampant infectious diseases, causing morbidity and death with emergence of multi-drug-resistant and extensively-drug-resistant forms, it is urgent to identify new drugs with novel targets to ensure future therapeutic success. In this regards, the structural genomics of M. tuberculosis provides important information to identify potential targets, perform biochemical assays, determine crystal structures in complex with potential inhibitor(s), reveal the key sites/residues for biological activity, and thus validate drug targets and discover novel drugs. In this review, we will discuss the recent progress on novel targets for structure-based anti-M. tuberculosis drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Lou
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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25
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Cade CE, Dlouhy AC, Medzihradszky KF, Salas-Castillo SP, Ghiladi RA. Isoniazid-resistance conferring mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis KatG: catalase, peroxidase, and INH-NADH adduct formation activities. Protein Sci 2010; 19:458-74. [PMID: 20054829 DOI: 10.1002/pro.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase (KatG) is a bifunctional hemoprotein that has been shown to activate isoniazid (INH), a pro-drug that is integral to frontline antituberculosis treatments. The activated species, presumed to be an isonicotinoyl radical, couples to NAD(+)/NADH forming an isoniazid-NADH adduct that ultimately confers anti-tubercular activity. To better understand the mechanisms of isoniazid activation as well as the origins of KatG-derived INH-resistance, we have compared the catalytic properties (including the ability to form the INH-NADH adduct) of the wild-type enzyme to 23 KatG mutants which have been associated with isoniazid resistance in clinical M. tuberculosis isolates. Neither catalase nor peroxidase activities, the two inherent enzymatic functions of KatG, were found to correlate with isoniazid resistance. Furthermore, catalase function was lost in mutants which lacked the Met-Tyr-Trp crosslink, the biogenic cofactor in KatG which has been previously shown to be integral to this activity. The presence or absence of the crosslink itself, however, was also found to not correlate with INH resistance. The KatG resistance-conferring mutants were then assayed for their ability to generate the INH-NADH adduct in the presence of peroxide (t-BuOOH and H(2)O(2)), superoxide, and no exogenous oxidant (air-only background control). The results demonstrate that residue location plays a critical role in determining INH-resistance mechanisms associated with INH activation; however, different mutations at the same location can produce vastly different reactivities that are oxidant-specific. Furthermore, the data can be interpreted to suggest the presence of a second mechanism of INH-resistance that is not correlated with the formation of the INH-NADH adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Cade
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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The essential mycobacterial genes, fabG1 and fabG4, encode 3-oxoacyl-thioester reductases that are functional in yeast mitochondrial fatty acid synthase type 2. Mol Genet Genomics 2009; 282:407-16. [PMID: 19685079 PMCID: PMC2746893 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-009-0474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis represents a severe threat to human health worldwide. Therefore, it is important to expand our knowledge of vital mycobacterial processes, such as that effected by fatty acid synthase type 2 (FASII), as well as to uncover novel ones. Mycobacterial FASII undertakes mycolic acid biosynthesis, which relies on a set of essential enzymes, including 3-oxoacyl-AcpM reductase FabG1/Rv1483. However, the M. tuberculosis genome encodes four additional FabG homologs, designated FabG2–FabG5, whose functions have hitherto not been characterized in detail. Of the four candidates, FabG4/Rv0242c was recently shown to be essential for the survival of M. bovis BCG. The present work was initiated by assessing the suitability of yeast oar1Δ mutant cells lacking mitochondrial 3-oxoacyl-ACP reductase activity to act as a surrogate system for expressing FabG1/MabA directed to the mitochondria. Mutant yeast cells producing this targeted FabG1 variant were essentially wild type for all of the chronicled phenotype characteristics, including respiratory growth on glycerol medium, cytochrome assembly and lipoid acid production. This indicated that within the framework of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in yeast mitochondria, FabG1 was able to act on shorter (C4) acyl substrates than was previously proposed (C8–20) during mycolic acid biosynthesis in M. tuberculosis. Thereafter, FabG2–FabG5 were expressed as mitochondrial proteins in the oar1Δ strain, and FabG4 was found to complement the mutant phenotype and contain high levels of 3-oxoacyl-thioester reductase activity. Hence, like FabG1, FabG4 is also an essential, physiologically functional 3-oxoacyl-thioester reductase, albeit the latter’s involvement in mycobacterial FASII remains to be explored.
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Singh V, Somvanshi P. Homology modelling of 3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase II from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and molecular docking for exploration of drugs. J Mol Model 2008; 15:453-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-008-0426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ventura C, Martins F. Application of quantitative structure-activity relationships to the modeling of antitubercular compounds. 1. The hydrazide family. J Med Chem 2008; 51:612-24. [PMID: 18176999 DOI: 10.1021/jm701048s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A QSAR/QSPR methodology was used to analyze a set of 173 hydrazides, a great part of which are isoniazid (INH) derivatives. Nineteen molecular descriptors of various types (physicochemical, steric, geometrical, and electronic) have been systematically tested through a careful application of MLR. The analysis revealed that the biological activity of these compounds against M. tuberculosis does not depend on lipophilicity, as measured by log P. Properties that account for the biological response of isoniazid and related compounds, consistent with a mechanism involving the formation of radical species, were identified. The role of substituents in the stabilization of the intermediate species that gives rise to the active agent, the acyl radical, is discussed. It is postulated that the activation of INH derivatives' prodrugs (hydrazines and hydrazones) occurs near the surface of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ventura
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa and Centro de Química e Bioquímica (CQB), Ed C8, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
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Tomioka H. Development of new antituberculous agents based on new drug targets and structure–activity relationship. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 3:21-49. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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30
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Barry CE, Crick DC, McNeil MR. Targeting the formation of the cell wall core of M. tuberculosis. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2007; 7:182-202. [PMID: 17970228 PMCID: PMC4747060 DOI: 10.2174/187152607781001808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteria have a unique cell wall, which is rich in drug targets. The cell wall core consists of a peptidoglycan layer, a mycolic acid layer, and an arabinogalactan polysaccharide connecting them. The detailed structure of the cell wall core is largely, although not completely, understood and will be presented. The biosynthetic pathways of all three components reveal significant drug targets that are the basis of present drugs and/or have potential for new drugs. These pathways will be reviewed and include enzymes involved in polyisoprene biosynthesis, soluble arabinogalactan precursor production, arabinogalactan polymerization, fatty acid synthesis, mycolate maturation, and soluble peptidoglycan precursor formation. Information relevant to targeting all these enzymes will be presented in tabular form. Selected enzymes will then be discussed in more detail. It is thus hoped this chapter will aid in the selection of targets for new drugs to combat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifton E. Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Host Defense, NIAID, NIH, Twinbrook 2, Room 239, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Dean C. Crick
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1682 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682
| | - Michael R. McNeil
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1682 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682
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Bonnac L, Gao GY, Chen L, Felczak K, Bennett EM, Xu H, Kim T, Liu N, Oh H, Tonge PJ, Pankiewicz KW. Synthesis of 4-phenoxybenzamide adenine dinucleotide as NAD analogue with inhibitory activity against enoyl-ACP reductase (InhA) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4588-91. [PMID: 17560106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of 4-phenoxybenzamide adenine dinucleotide (3), a NAD analogue which mimics isoniazid-NAD adduct and inhibits Mycobacterium tuberculosis NAD-dependent enoyl-ACP reductase (InhA), is reported. The 4-phenoxy benzamide riboside (1) has been prepared as a key intermediate, converted into its 5'-mononucleotide (2), and coupled with AMP imidazolide to give the desired NAD analogue 3. It inhibits InhA with IC50 = 27 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bonnac
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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32
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Delaine T, Bernardes-Génisson V, Stigliani JL, Gornitzka H, Meunier B, Bernadou J. Ring–Chain Tautomerism of Simplified Analogues of Isoniazid–NAD(P) Adducts: an Experimental and Theoretical Study. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Delaine T, Bernardes-Génisson V, Meunier B, Bernadou J. Synthesis of the isonicotinoylnicotinamide scaffolds of the naturally occurring isoniazid-NAD(P) adducts. J Org Chem 2007; 72:675-8. [PMID: 17221997 DOI: 10.1021/jo062100e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first syntheses of the 1-hydroxy-1-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyridin-3-one heterocycle and the 3-aminocarbonyl-4-isonicotinoyl-1,4-dihydropyridine framework present in the isoniazid-NAD(P) adducts are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Delaine
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France
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34
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Parish T, Roberts G, Laval F, Schaeffer M, Daffé M, Duncan K. Functional complementation of the essential gene fabG1 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Mycobacterium smegmatis fabG but not Escherichia coli fabG. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:3721-8. [PMID: 17337570 PMCID: PMC1913321 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01740-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycolic acids are a key component of the mycobacterial cell wall, providing structure and forming a major permeability barrier. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis mycolic acids are synthesized by type I and type II fatty acid synthases. One of the enzymes of the type II system is encoded by fabG1. We demonstrate here that this gene can be deleted from the M. tuberculosis chromosome only when another functional copy is provided elsewhere, showing that under normal culture conditions fabG1 is essential. FabG1 activity can be replaced by the corresponding enzyme from the closely related species Mycobacterium smegmatis but not by the enzyme from Escherichia coli. M. tuberculosis carrying FabG from M. smegmatis showed no phenotypic changes, and both the mycolic acids and cell wall permeability were unchanged. Thus, M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis enzymes are interchangeable and do not control the lengths and types of mycolic acids synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Parish
- Centre for Infectious Disease, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom.
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35
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Troshkina OA, Salina EG, Sorokoumova GM, Kaprelyants AS, Selishcheva AA. The effect of liposomes on the growth and sensitivity of Mycobacterium smegmatis to isoniazide. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683807010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Zar HJ, Cotton MF, Strauss S, Karpakis J, Hussey G, Schaaf HS, Rabie H, Lombard CJ. Effect of isoniazid prophylaxis on mortality and incidence of tuberculosis in children with HIV: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2007; 334:136. [PMID: 17085459 PMCID: PMC1779846 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39000.486400.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of isoniazid prophylaxis on mortality and incidence of tuberculosis in children with HIV. DESIGN Two centre prospective double blind placebo controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS Children aged > or =8 weeks with HIV. INTERVENTIONS Isoniazid or placebo given with co-trimoxazole either daily or three times a week. SETTING Two tertiary healthcare centres in South Africa. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mortality, incidence of tuberculosis, and adverse events. RESULTS Data on 263 children (median age 24.7 months) were available when the data safety monitoring board recommended discontinuing the placebo arm; 132 (50%) were taking isoniazid. Median follow-up was 5.7 (interquartile range 2.0-9.7) months. Mortality was lower in the isoniazid group than in the placebo group (11 (8%) v 21 (16%), hazard ratio 0.46, 95% confidence interval 0.22 to 0.95, P=0.015) by intention to treat analysis. The benefit applied across Centers for Disease Control clinical categories and in all ages. The reduction in mortality was similar in children on three times a week or daily isoniazid. The incidence of tuberculosis was lower in the isoniazid group (5 cases, 3.8%) than in the placebo group (13 cases, 9.9%) (hazard ratio 0.28, 0.10 to 0.78, P=0.005). All cases of tuberculosis confirmed by culture were in children in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS Prophylaxis with isoniazid has an early survival benefit and reduces incidence of tuberculosis in children with HIV. Prophylaxis may offer an effective public health intervention to reduce mortality in such children in settings with a high prevalence of tuberculosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials NCT00330304.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Zar
- School of Child and Adolescent Health, Red Cross Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
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37
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Janin YL. Antituberculosis drugs: ten years of research. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2479-513. [PMID: 17291770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is today amongst the worldwide health threats. As resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have slowly emerged, treatment failure is too often a fact, especially in countries lacking the necessary health care organisation to provide the long and costly treatment adapted to patients. Because of lack of treatment or lack of adapted treatment, at least two million people will die of tuberculosis this year. Due to this concern, this infectious disease was the focus of renewed scientific interest in the last decade. Regimens were optimized and much was learnt on the mechanisms of action of the antituberculosis drugs used. Moreover, the quest for original drugs overcoming some of the problems of current regimens also became the focus of research programmes and many new series of M. tuberculosis growth inhibitors were reported. This review presents the drugs currently used in antituberculosis treatments and the most advanced compounds undergoing clinical trials. We then provide a description of their mechanism of action along with other series of inhibitors known to act on related biochemical targets. This is followed by other inhibitors of M. tuberculosis growth, including recently reported compounds devoid of a reported mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves L Janin
- URA 2128 CNRS-Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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38
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Argyrou A, Jin L, Siconilfi-Baez L, Angeletti RH, Blanchard JS. Proteome-wide profiling of isoniazid targets in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochemistry 2006; 45:13947-53. [PMID: 17115689 PMCID: PMC2519606 DOI: 10.1021/bi061874m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isoniazid (INH) is an essential drug used to treat tuberculosis. The mycobactericidal agents are INH adducts [INH-NAD(P)] of the pyridine nucleotide coenzymes, which are generated in vivo after INH activation and which bind to, and inhibit, essential enzymes. The NADH-dependent enoyl-ACP reductase (InhA) and the NADPH-dependent dihydrofolate reductase (DfrA) have both been shown to be inhibited by INH-NAD(P) adducts with nanomolar affinity. In this paper, we profiled the Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteome using both the INH-NAD and INH-NADP adducts coupled to solid supports and identified, in addition to InhA and DfrA, 16 other proteins that bind these adducts with high affinity. The majority of these are predicted to be pyridine nucleotide-dependent dehydrogenases/reductases. They are involved in many cellular processes, including S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyl transfer reactions, pyrimidine and valine catabolism, the arginine degradative pathway, proton and potassium transport, stress response, lipid metabolism, and riboflavin biosynthesis. The targeting of multiple enzymes could, thus, account for the pleiotropic effects of, and powerful mycobactericidal properties of, INH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrides Argyrou
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Lianji Jin
- Laboratory for Macromolecular Analysis & Proteomics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Linda Siconilfi-Baez
- Laboratory for Macromolecular Analysis & Proteomics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ruth H. Angeletti
- Laboratory for Macromolecular Analysis & Proteomics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - John S. Blanchard
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: John S. Blanchard Department of Biochemistry Albert Einstein College of Medicine 1300 Morris Park Avenue Bronx, NY 10461 USA Tel: (718) 430-3096; Fax: (718) 430-8565; E-mail:
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39
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Abstract
For decades after its introduction, the mechanisms of action of the front-line antituberculosis therapeutic agent isoniazid (INH) remained unclear. Recent developments have shown that peroxidative activation of isoniazid by the mycobacterial enzyme KatG generates reactive species that form adducts with NAD(+) and NADP(+) that are potent inhibitors of lipid and nucleic acid biosynthetic enzymes. A direct role for some isoniazid-derived reactive species, such as nitric oxide, in inhibiting mycobacterial metabolic enzymes has also been shown. The concerted effects of these activities - inhibition of cell wall lipid synthesis, depletion of nucleic acid pools and metabolic depression - drive the exquisite potency and selectivity of this agent. To understand INH action and resistance fully, a synthesis of knowledge is required from multiple separate lines of research - including molecular genetic approaches, in vitro biochemical studies and free radical chemistry - which is the intent of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Timmins
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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40
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Broussy S, Bernardes-Génisson V, Quémard A, Meunier B, Bernadou J. The first chemical synthesis of the core structure of the benzoylhydrazine-NAD adduct, a competitive inhibitor of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl reductase. J Org Chem 2006; 70:10502-10. [PMID: 16323864 DOI: 10.1021/jo051901z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] An isoniazid-NAD adduct has been recently proposed as the ultimate metabolite responsible for the antituberculous activity of isoniazid (INH). Its structure results from binding of the isonicotinoyl radical at C4 position of the nicotinamide ring of NAD with further possible and debated cyclization to form a cyclic hemiamidal derivative. Replacing the pyridine cycle of INH in INH-NAD adduct by a phenyl cycle (BH-NAD adduct) was shown previously to still retain the activity. On these bases, the core structure (4-benzoyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide ribonucleoside) of the BH-NAD adduct and a series of analogues have been synthesized by using 3,4-pyridinedicarboximide as starting material. Depending on the nature of the substituent (pyridine or aryl) and on the oxidized or the reduced state of the nicotinamide nucleus, they were found either in a cyclized hemiamidal or an opened form or were shown to exist in equilibrium under cyclized or opened forms. Although none of these compounds could significantly inhibit activity of the InhA or MabA reductases (two possible targets of isoniazid), they represent attractive targets to develop potential second-generation inhibitors, including the total chemical synthesis of the bioactive BH-NAD adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Broussy
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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41
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Cohen-Gonsaud M, Ducasse-Cabanot S, Quemard A, Labesse G. Ligand-induced fit in mycobacterial MabA: the sequence-specific C-terminus locks the conformational change. Proteins 2006; 60:392-400. [PMID: 15977159 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The protein MabA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a beta-ketoacyl reductase (KAR) and catalyses one of the four steps of the fatty acid elongation system FAS-II. The crystal structures of different KARs revealed a significant rearrangements of the active site between a "closed" inactive conformation and an "open" and active form in presence of the cofactor. MabA is a potential therapeutic target. However, only the structure of the "closed" form was obtained and rational drug design requires the structure of the active form. Here we described the sequences and structures analysis of the KARs to stabilize the "open form" in MabA. The crystal structure of a mutated MabA protein was then solved in both inactive and active form. The crystal structure of the wild-type MabA in the presence of NADP was also solved and showing a mixture of the two mutually exclusive conformations. This new structure of MabA is analyzed in view of its distinctive enzymatic and structural properties and those of related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Cohen-Gonsaud
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale INSERM U554, CNRS UMR5048, UM1, Montpellier cedex, France.
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42
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Argyrou A, Vetting MW, Aladegbami B, Blanchard JS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis dihydrofolate reductase is a target for isoniazid. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2006; 13:408-13. [PMID: 16648861 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Isoniazid is a key drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis. Isoniazid is a pro-drug, which, after activation by the katG-encoded catalase peroxidase, reacts nonenzymatically with NAD(+) and NADP(+) to generate several isonicotinoyl adducts of these pyridine nucleotides. One of these, the acyclic 4S isomer of isoniazid-NAD, targets the inhA-encoded enoyl-ACP reductase, an enzyme essential for mycolic acid biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here we show that the acyclic 4R isomer of isoniazid-NADP inhibits the M. tuberculosis dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), an enzyme essential for nucleic acid synthesis. This biologically relevant form of the isoniazid adduct is a subnanomolar bisubstrate inhibitor of M. tuberculosis DHFR. Expression of M. tuberculosis DHFR in Mycobacterium smegmatis mc(2)155 protects cells against growth inhibition by isoniazid by sequestering the drug. Thus, M. tuberculosis DHFR is the first new target for isoniazid identified in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrides Argyrou
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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43
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Leung ETY, Ho PL, Yuen KY, Woo WL, Lam TH, Kao RY, Seto WH, Yam WC. Molecular characterization of isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: identification of a novel mutation in inhA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:1075-8. [PMID: 16495272 PMCID: PMC1426451 DOI: 10.1128/aac.50.3.1075-1078.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiplex allele-specific PCRs detecting katG codon 315 and mabA (bp -15) mutations could specifically identify 77.5% of isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in the South China region. One clinical isolate harboring InhA Ile194Thr was characterized to show strong association with isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Y Leung
- Department of Microbiology, 4/F, University Pathology Bldg., Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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44
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Hughes MA, Silva JC, Geromanos SJ, Townsend CA. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Drug-Induced Changes in Mycobacteria. J Proteome Res 2005; 5:54-63. [PMID: 16396495 DOI: 10.1021/pr050248t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new approach for qualitative and quantitative proteomic analysis using capillary liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to study the protein expression response in mycobacteria following isoniazid treatment is discussed. In keeping with known effects on the fatty acid synthase II pathway, proteins encoded by the kas operon (AcpM, KasA, KasB, Accd6) were significantly overexpressed, as were those involved in iron metabolism and cell division suggesting a complex interplay of metabolic events leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva A Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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45
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Ghiladi RA, Medzihradszky KF, Rusnak FM, Ortiz de Montellano PR. Correlation between Isoniazid Resistance and Superoxide Reactivity inMycobacterium tuberculosisKatG. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:13428-42. [PMID: 16173777 DOI: 10.1021/ja054366t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isoniazid is an antituberculosis prodrug that requires activation by the catalase-peroxidase (KatG) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The activated species, presumed to be an isonicotinoyl radical, couples to NADH forming an isoniazid-NADH adduct that ultimately confers antitubercular activity. We have compared the catalytic properties of three KatGs associated with isoniazid resistance (resistance mutation KatGs, (RM)KatGs: R104L, H108Q, S315T) to wild-type enzyme and two additional lab mutations (wild-type phenotype KatGs, (WTP)KatGs: WT KatG, Y229F, R418L). Neither catalase nor peroxidase activities, nor the presence/absence of the Met-Tyr-Trp cross-link (as probed by LC/MS on tryptic digests of the protein), exhibited any correlation with isoniazid resistance. The yields of isoniazid-NADH adduct formed were determined to be 1-5, 4-12, and 20-70-fold greater for the (WTP)KatGs than the (RM)KatGs for the compound I, II, and III pathways, respectively, strongly suggesting a role for oxyferrous KatG (supported by superoxide consumption measurements) that correlates with drug resistance. Stopped-flow UV-visible spectroscopic studies revealed that all KatGs were capable of forming both compound II and III intermediates. Rates of compound II decay were accelerated 4-12-fold in the presence of isoniazid (vs absence) for the (WTP)KatGs but were unaffected by the drug for the (RM)KatGs. A mechanism for isoniazid resistance which accounts for the observed reactivity for each of the compound I, II, and III intermediates is proposed and suggests that the compound III pathway may be the primary factor in determining overall isoniazid resistance by specific KatG mutants, with secondary contributions arising from the compound I and II pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza A Ghiladi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-2280, USA
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46
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Veyron-Churlet R, Guerrini O, Mourey L, Daffé M, Zerbib D. Protein-protein interactions within the Fatty Acid Synthase-II system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are essential for mycobacterial viability. Mol Microbiol 2005; 54:1161-72. [PMID: 15554959 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite the existence of efficient chemotherapy, tuberculosis remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide. New drugs are urgently needed to reduce the potential impact of the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The front-line antibiotic isoniazid (INH), and several other drugs, target the biosynthesis of mycolic acids and especially the Fatty Acid Synthase-II (FAS-II) elongation system. This biosynthetic pathway is essential and specific for mycobacteria and still represents a valuable system for the search of new anti-tuberculous agents. Several data, in the literature, suggest the existence of protein-protein interactions within the FAS-II system. These interactions themselves might serve as targets for a new generation of drugs directed against Mtb. By using an extensive in vivo yeast two-hybrid approach and in vitro co-immunoprecipitation, we have demonstrated the existence of both homotypic and heterotypic interactions between the known components of FAS-II. The condensing enzymes KasA, KasB and mtFabH interact with each other and with the reductases MabA and InhA. Furthermore, we have designed and constructed point mutations of the FAS-II reductase MabA, able to disrupt its homotypic interactions and perturb the interaction pattern of this protein within FAS-II. Finally, we showed by a transdominant genetic approach that these mutants are dominant negative in both non-pathogenic and pathogenic mycobacteria. These data allowed us to draw a dynamic model of the organization of FAS-II. They also represent an important step towards the design of a new generation of anti-tuberculous agents, as being inhibitors of essential protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Veyron-Churlet
- Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
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47
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Broussy S, Bernardes-Génisson V, Coppel Y, Quémard A, Bernadou J, Meunier B. 1H and 13C NMR characterization of pyridinium-type isoniazid-NAD adducts as possible inhibitors of InhA reductase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:670-3. [PMID: 15703806 DOI: 10.1039/b417698g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative activation of the antituberculous drug isoniazid (INH) in the presence of the NADH cofactor gives a pool of INH-NAD adducts proposed to be involved in the mechanism of action of this drug through inhibition of the reductase InhA. Among these adducts and besides dihydropyridine derivatives, two pyridinium-type isoniazid-NAD adducts were shown to be formed in solution and have been fully characterized by 1H/13C NMR and MS. One of them results from the oxidation of dihydropyridine-type INH-NAD adducts. The spectral data strongly support its existence under two epimeric structures. These epimers arise from a cyclization process between the carboxamide group and the ketone function with the creation of a new chiral center at C-7. The second pyridinium-type adduct was formed in acidic solution by dehydration of the cyclized dihydropyridine-type INH-NAD adducts and also exists as a cyclized structure. Both of these pyridinium-type compounds were inactive as inhibitors of InhA activity and can be considered as deactivated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Broussy
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France
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48
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Zhang YM, Lu YJ, Rock CO. The reductase steps of the type II fatty acid synthase as antimicrobial targets. Lipids 2004; 39:1055-60. [PMID: 15726819 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-004-1330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The increasing of multidrug resistance of clinically important pathogens calls for the development of novel antibiotics with unexploited cellular targets. FA biosynthesis in bacteria is catalyzed by a group of highly conserved proteins known as the type II FA synthase (FAS II) system. Bacterial FAS II organization is distinct from its mammalian counterpart; thus the FAS II pathway offers several unique steps for selective inhibition by antibacterial agents. Some known antibiotics that target the FAS II system include triclosan, isoniazid, and thiolactomycin. Recent years have seen remarkable progress in the understanding of the genetics, biochemistry, and regulation of the FAS II system with the availability of the complete genome sequence for many bacteria. Crystal structures of the FAS II pathway enzymes have been determined for not only the Escherichia coli model system but also other gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens. The protein structures have greatly facilitated structure-based design of novel inhibitors and the improvement of existing antibacterial agents. This review discusses new developments in the discovery of inhibitors that specifically target the two reductase steps of the FAS II system, beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier potein (ACP) reductase and enoyl-ACP reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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