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How Do Transposable Elements Activate Expression of Transcriptionally Silent Antibiotic Resistance Genes? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158063. [PMID: 35897639 PMCID: PMC9330008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapidly emerging phenomenon of antibiotic resistance threatens to substantially reduce the efficacy of available antibacterial therapies. Dissemination of resistance, even between phylogenetically distant bacterial species, is mediated mainly by mobile genetic elements, considered to be natural vectors of horizontal gene transfer. Transposable elements (TEs) play a major role in this process—due to their highly recombinogenic nature they can mobilize adjacent genes and can introduce them into the pool of mobile DNA. Studies investigating this phenomenon usually focus on the genetic load of transposons and the molecular basis of their mobility. However, genes introduced into evolutionarily distant hosts are not necessarily expressed. As a result, bacterial genomes contain a reservoir of transcriptionally silent genetic information that can be activated by various transposon-related recombination events. The TEs themselves along with processes associated with their transposition can introduce promoters into random genomic locations. Thus, similarly to integrons, they have the potential to convert dormant genes into fully functional antibiotic resistance determinants. In this review, we describe the genetic basis of such events and by extension the mechanisms promoting the emergence of new drug-resistant bacterial strains.
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Selvaraj GK, Wang H, Zhang Y, Tian Z, Chai W, Lu H. Class 1 In-Tn5393c array contributed to antibiotic resistance of non-pathogenic Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana isolated from a wastewater bioreactor treating streptomycin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153537. [PMID: 35101502 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance in retort to environmental pollutants during wastewater treatment still remains elusive. Here, we first to investigate the emergence of antibiotic resistance in an environmental non-pathogenic bacterium, Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana isolated from a lab-scale bioreactor treating wastewater containing streptomycin. The molecular mechanism of antibiotic resistance development was evaluated in its genomic, transcriptional, and proteomic levels. The streptomycin resistant (SR) strain showed strong resistance to streptomycin (MIC > 600 μg/mL) as well to sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and kanamycin (≥250 μg/mL). A 13.4 kb class-1-integron array consisting of a new arrangement of gene cassette (IS6100-sul1-aadA2-catB3-aacA1-2-aadB-int1-IS256-int) linked with Tn5393c transposon was identified in the SR strain, which has only been reported in clinical pathogens so far. iTRAQ-LC-MS/MS proteomics revealed 22 up-regulated proteins in the SR strain growing under 100 mg L-1 streptomycin, involving antibiotic resistance, toxin production, stress response, and ribosomal protein synthesis. At the mRNA level, elevated expressions of ARGs (strA, strB, and aadB) and 30S-ribosomal protein genes (rpsA and rpsU) were observed in the SR strain. The results highlighted the genomic plasticity and multifaceted regulatory mechanism employed by P. mexicana in adaptation to high-level streptomycin during biological wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh-Kumar Selvaraj
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Microbiology, St. Peter's Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600054, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hanqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhe Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenbo Chai
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Baseri Z, Dehghan A, Yaghoubi S, Razavi S. Prevalence of resistance genes and antibiotic resistance profile among Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates from hospitalized patients in Iran. New Microbes New Infect 2021; 44:100943. [PMID: 34631110 PMCID: PMC8488590 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen. Treatment of S. maltophilia infections is difficult due to increasing resistance to multiple antibacterial agents. In this 12-month cross-sectional study, from 2017 to 2018, 117 isolates were obtained from different clinical sources and identified by conventional biochemical methods. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed according to CLSI 2018. Minocycline disk (30 μg) and E-test strips for ceftazidime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol were used. PCR confirmed isolates. The frequency of different classes of integrons (I, II) and resistance gene cassettes (sul1, sul2, dfrA1, dfrA5 and aadB) were determined by PCR. The results showed the highest frequency of resistance to chloramphenicol and ceftazidime with 32 cases (27.11%). Among strains, 12 cases (10.25%) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (the lowest frequency of resistance), while 19 (16.1%) isolates were resistant to minocycline. Frequency of sul1, int1, aadB, sul2, dfrA5 genes were 64 (55.08%), 26 (22.3 %), 18 (15.25%) and 17 (14.4%), 14 (11.86%), respectively. int2 and dfrA1 were not detected. Although we have not yet reached a high level of resistance to effective antibiotics such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, as these resistances can be carried by a plasmid, greater precision should be given to the administration of these antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Baseri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Dehghan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Yaghoubi
- Department of Microbiology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Sh Razavi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Asghari B, Goodarzi R, Mohammadi M, Nouri F, Taheri M. Detection of mobile genetic elements in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from different infection sites in Hamadan, west of Iran. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:330. [PMID: 34446103 PMCID: PMC8394604 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of most opportunistic pathogens that can be related to nosocomial infections. Increased acquisitions of multidrug resistance in this bacterium as well as the transfer of genes to other strains have caused concern. Integrons play key role in the acquisition and the spread of resistance genes. The aim of this study was evaluated the frequency of resistance genes sulI, sulII, tetA, tetB, class I (intI gene), class II integrons (intII gene) and the association between multidrug resistance and the presence of integrons in K. pneumoniae. Results Antibiotics susceptibility test was performed on 126 of K. pneumoniae isolates. Also, DNA extraction was done and genes were detected using PCR method. In this study, 67 isolates (53%), carrying both the sulI and sulII genes. Forty-five percent tetracycline-resistant isolates were tetA or tetB positive. The prevalence of intI gene was 96%, while only sixteen isolate harboring intII gene (12.5%). Our results showed the high prevalence of integrons in MDR K. pneumoniae, indicating the important role of these genes in the transmission of antibiotic resistance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05748-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Asghari
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rezvan Goodarzi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Milad Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Yakout MA, Ali GH. Multidrug Resistance in Integron Bearing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from Alexandria University Hospitals, Egypt. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:3897-3902. [PMID: 32975642 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is by far one of the most common Enterobacteriaceae associated with hospital-acquired infections. The dissemination of multi drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is causing difficulty to treat infections worldwide. Of additional concern, multi drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae acquires and transfers antibiotic resistance genes among other bacterial isolates. Integrons have the main role in the acquisition as well as dissemination of resistance genes. Accordingly we aimed to investigate the frequency of resistance genes sul1, sul2, tetA, tetB and aac (3) IIa, class one (int1 gene) and class two integrons(int2 gene) in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from four major hospitals in Alexandria, Egypt using Polymerase Chain Reaction. In addition we aimed to evaluate the association between multidrug resistance and presence of integrons in hospital-acquired Klebsiella pneumoniae in our hospitals. To the best of our knowledge, there is little information about integrons and acquisition of multiple antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae in hospitals in Alexandria, Egypt. In this study 76 isolates were resistant to sulphamethoxazole /trimethoprim. Of these 38 isolates (50%) harbored both genes sul1 and sul2 genes. 42 isolates out of the 60 (70%) isolates that showed resistance to tetracycline were tetA or tetB positive. The prevalence of int1 gene among all isolates tested was 90%, while only one isolate harbored the int2 gene (1%). Our results were indicative of the high prevalence of multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae as well as integrons that were found to play an essential role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in our hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Atef Yakout
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria, Smouha, Mahmoudeya Canal, Alexandria, 21311, Egypt.
| | - Ghada Hani Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria, Smouha, Mahmoudeya Canal, Alexandria, 21311, Egypt
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Monira S, Shabnam SA, Ali SI, Sadique A, Johura FT, Rahman KZ, Alam NH, Watanabe H, Alam M. Multi-drug resistant pathogenic bacteria in the gut of young children in Bangladesh. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:19. [PMID: 28439298 PMCID: PMC5399343 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut of human harbors diverse commensal microbiota performing an array of beneficial role for the hosts. In the present study, the major commensal gut bacteria isolated by culturing methods from 15 children of moderate income families, aged between 10 and 24 months, were studied for their response to different antibiotics, and the molecular basis of drug resistance. RESULTS Of 122 bacterial colonies primarily selected from Luria-Bertani agar, bacterial genera confirmed by analytical profile index (API) 20E® system included Escherichia as the predominant (52%) organism, followed by Enterobacter (16%), Pseudomonas (12%), Klebsiella (6%), Pantoea (6%), Vibrio (3%), and Citrobacter (3%); while Aeromonas and Raoultella were identified as the infrequently occurring genera. An estimated 11 and 22% of the E. coli isolates carried virulence marker genes stx-2 and eae, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility assay revealed 78% of the gut bacteria to be multidrug resistant (MDR) with highest resistance to erythromycin (96%), followed by ampicillin (63%), tetracycline (59%), azithromycin (53%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (43%), cefixime (39%), and ceftriaxone (33%). PCR assay results revealed 56% of the gut bacteria to possess gene cassette Class 1 integron; while 8, 17.5 and 6% of the strains carried tetracycline resistance-related genes tetA, tetB, and tetD, respectively. The macrolide (erythromycin and azithromycin) resistance marker genes mphA, ereB, and ermB were found in 28, 3 and 5% of bacterial isolates, respectively; while 26, 12, 17, 32, 7, 4 and 3% of the MDR bacterial isolates carried the extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-related genes e.g., blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCMY-9, blaCTX-M1, blaCTX-M2, blaCMY-2 and blaOXA respectively. Majority of the MDR gut bacteria harbored large plasmids [e.g., 140 MDa (43%), 105 MDa (30%), 90 MDa (14%)] carrying invasion and related antibiotic resistance marker genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest gut of young Bangladeshi children to be an important reservoir for multi-drug resistant pathogenic bacteria carrying ESBL related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirajum Monira
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Syeda Antara Shabnam
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Sk Imran Ali
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Abdus Sadique
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Fatema-Tuz Johura
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Zillur Rahman
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Nur Haque Alam
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | | | - Munirul Alam
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
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Vandecraen J, Chandler M, Aertsen A, Van Houdt R. The impact of insertion sequences on bacterial genome plasticity and adaptability. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 43:709-730. [PMID: 28407717 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1303661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transposable elements (TE), small mobile genetic elements unable to exist independently of the host genome, were initially believed to be exclusively deleterious genomic parasites. However, it is now clear that they play an important role as bacterial mutagenic agents, enabling the host to adapt to new environmental challenges and to colonize new niches. This review focuses on the impact of insertion sequences (IS), arguably the smallest TE, on bacterial genome plasticity and concomitant adaptability of phenotypic traits, including resistance to antibacterial agents, virulence, pathogenicity and catabolism. The direct consequence of IS transposition is the insertion of one DNA sequence into another. This event can result in gene inactivation as well as in modulation of neighbouring gene expression. The latter is usually mediated by de-repression or by the introduction of a complete or partial promoter located within the element. Furthermore, transcription and transposition of IS are affected by host factors and in some cases by environmental signals offering the host an adaptive strategy and promoting genetic variability to withstand the environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Vandecraen
- a Microbiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences , Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN) , Mol , Belgium.,b Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre , Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Michael Chandler
- c Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires, Centre national de la recherche scientifique , Toulouse , France
| | - Abram Aertsen
- b Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre , Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Rob Van Houdt
- a Microbiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences , Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN) , Mol , Belgium
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Bagheri-Nesami M, Rafiei A, Eslami G, Ahangarkani F, Rezai MS, Nikkhah A, Hajalibeig A. Assessment of extended-spectrum β-lactamases and integrons among Enterobacteriaceae in device-associated infections: multicenter study in north of Iran. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2016; 5:52. [PMID: 27980729 PMCID: PMC5134273 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-016-0143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Device-associated nosocomial infections (DA-NIs), due to MDR Enterobacteriaceae, are a major threat to patient safety in ICUs. We investigated on Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae and incidence of integrons in these bacteria isolated from ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) in 18 governmental hospitals in the north of Iran. METHODS In this cross-section study, the antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the MIC method; also, phenotypically detection of ESBL-producing bacteria was carried out by the double-disk synergy (DDS) test. Presence of ESBL-related genes and integron Classes 1 and 2 was evaluated by the PCR method. RESULTS Out of a total of 205 patients with DA-NIs, Enterobacteriaceae were responsible for (72.68%) of infections. The most common DA-NIs caused by Enterobacteriaceae were VAP (77.18%), CAUTI (19.46%), and sepsis due to VAP (3.35%). The most frequently Enterobacteriaceae were; Klebsiella pneumoniae 75 (24; 32% ESBL positive), E. coli 69 (6; 8.69% ESBL positive) and Enterobacter spp. 5 (5; 100% ESBL positive). Distribution of ESBL-related genes was as follows: bla-SHV (94.3%), bla-CTX (48.6%), bla-VEB (22.9%) and bla-GES (17.14%). The incidence rate of integron class 1 and class 2 was (82.92%) and (2.9%) respectively. Eight types of ESBL-producing bacteria were observed. CONCLUSIONS Due to the fact that the emergence rate of ESBL Enterobacteriaceae is increasing in DA-NIs, co-incidence of different types of ESBL genes with integrons in 75-100% of strains in our study is alarming for clinicians and healthcare safety managers. Therefore, regional and local molecular level estimations of ESBLs that are agents of DA-NIs are critical for better management of empiric therapy, especially for patients in ICUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Bagheri-Nesami
- Infection Diseases Research Center with Focus on Nosocomial Infection, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Alireza Rafiei
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Gohar Eslami
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahangarkani
- Student Research Committee, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Rezai
- Infection Diseases Research Center with Focus on Nosocomial Infection, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Attieh Nikkhah
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Azin Hajalibeig
- Infection Diseases Research Center with Focus on Nosocomial Infection, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Al-Marzooq F, Mohd Yusof MY, Tay ST. Molecular Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Determinants and Plasmids in Malaysian Isolates of Multidrug Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26203651 PMCID: PMC4512681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae have been increasingly reported in many parts of the world. A total of 93 Malaysian multidrug resistant K. pneumoniae isolated from patients attending to University of Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 2010-2012 were investigated for antibiotic resistance determinants including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), aminoglycoside and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance genes and plasmid replicons. CTX-M-15 (91.3%) was the predominant ESBL gene detected in this study. aacC2 gene (67.7%) was the most common gene detected in aminoglycoside-resistant isolates. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance (90.3%) was attributed to the presence of sul1 (53.8%) and dfrA (59.1%) genes in the isolates. Multiple plasmid replicons (1-4) were detected in 95.7% of the isolates. FIIK was the dominant replicon detected together with 13 other types of plasmid replicons. Conjugative plasmids (1-3 plasmids of ~3-100 kb) were obtained from 27 of 43 K. pneumoniae isolates. An ESBL gene (either CTX-M-15, CTX-M-3 or SHV-12) was detected from each transconjugant. Co-detection with at least one of other antibiotic resistance determinants [sul1, dfrA, aacC2, aac(6ˊ)-Ib, aac(6ˊ)-Ib-cr and qnrB] was noted in most conjugative plasmids. The transconjugants were resistant to multiple antibiotics including β-lactams, gentamicin and cotrimoxazole, but not ciprofloxacin. This is the first study describing the characterization of plasmids circulating in Malaysian multidrug resistant K. pneumoniae isolates. The results of this study suggest the diffusion of highly diverse plasmids with multiple antibiotic resistance determinants among the Malaysian isolates. Effective infection control measures and antibiotic stewardship programs should be adopted to limit the spread of the multidrug resistant bacteria in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Al-Marzooq
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yasim Mohd Yusof
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sun Tee Tay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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Domingues S, Nielsen KM, da Silva GJ. Global dissemination patterns of common gene cassette arrays in class 1 integrons. Microbiology (Reading) 2015; 161:1313-37. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Ashayeri-Panah M, Feizabadi MM, Eftekhar F. Correlation of Multi-drug Resistance, Integron and blaESBL Gene Carriage With Genetic Fingerprints of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e8747. [PMID: 25147670 PMCID: PMC4138679 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.8747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Some genetic and phenotypic variables are associated among distinct microbial populations. Objectives: The associations between multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotypes, prevalence of antibiotic resistance integrons (ARIs), blaSHV, blaTEM and blaCTX-M gene carriage and genetic fingerprints of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), confirmed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), were investigated among extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing nosocomial isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Materials and Methods: Susceptibility of 35 ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae nosocomial isolates to 22 antimicrobial agents was determined. Integron carriage was detected using specific primers for intI1, intI2 and intI3 genes by PCR. Results: All isolates were resistant to piperacillin and susceptible to imipenem. MDR phenotype was observed in 91.4% of the isolates. Class 1 integrons were detected in 21 (60%) and class 2 integrons in 3 (8.57%) of the isolates. Two of the isolates carried both classes and none harbored class 3 integrons. Significant correlations were observed between resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides, and between genotype groups with carriage of ARIs, MDR phenotype and blaSHV gene carriage. ARI carriage was also significantly associated with MDR phenotype. Conclusions: Our findings suggest the possible co-carriage of some blaSHV genes and ARIs on the same plasmids harboring the MDR genes. Possible role of integrons in dissemination of ESBL-encoding blaSHV genes among ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae nosocomial isolates may be inferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Ashayeri-Panah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, General Campus, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Feizabadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Fereshteh Eftekhar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, General Campus, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Fereshteh Eftekhar, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, General Campus, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2129903208; Fax: +98-2122431664; E-mail:
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Edelstein MV, Skleenova EN, Shevchenko OV, D'souza JW, Tapalski DV, Azizov IS, Sukhorukova MV, Pavlukov RA, Kozlov RS, Toleman MA, Walsh TR. Spread of extensively resistant VIM-2-positive ST235 Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia: a longitudinal epidemiological and clinical study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2013; 13:867-76. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sun J, Zheng F, Wang F, Wu K, Wang Q, Chen Q, Yu S, Rui Y. Class 1 integrons in urinary isolates of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Southern China during the past five years. Microb Drug Resist 2013; 19:289-94. [PMID: 23573964 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2012.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (226) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (53) collected from urine specimens during 2005-2009 for the presence of ESBL genes, class 1 integrons, and characterization of gene cassettes. TEM and CTX-M β-lactamase genes were the most prevalent. One hundred and forty-four E. coli and 35 K. pneumoniae were positive for the class 1 integrase gene; among them, 99 E. coli and 14 K. pneumoniae detected gene cassettes. Gene cassette regions were identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequencing analysis. Eleven distinct gene cassette arrays were found in E. coli isolates, and seven distinct gene cassette arrays were found in K. pneumoniae isolates. The cassette array aacA4-catB8-aadA1 was first found in E. coli and dfrA1-orfC was first reported in K. pneumoniae. Most of the gene cassettes found in this class 1 integrons were for aminoglycoside resistance. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction fingerprint patterns revealed the isolates carrying gene cassettes were genetically unrelated. In conclusion, we studied the class 1 integrons among urinary isolates of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae in Southern China during the past 5 years and found that class 1 integrons were widely disseminated and played a major role in antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Sun
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Class 1 Integron in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates From Different Places and Devices of ICU in Babol, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.4850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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15
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Chroma M, Kolar M. Genetic methods for detection of antibiotic resistance: focus on extended-spectrum β-lactamases. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2011; 154:289-96. [PMID: 21293539 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2010.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 1928, the first antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered. That was the beginning of a great era in the development and prescription of antibiotics. However, the introduction of these antimicrobial agents into clinical practice was accompanied by the problem of antibiotic resistance. Currently, bacterial resistance to antibiotics poses a major problem in both hospital and community settings throughout the world. METHODS AND RESULTS This review provides examples of modern genetic methods and their practical application in the field of extended-spectrum β-lactamase detection. Since extended-spectrum β-lactamases are the main mechanism of Gram-negative bacterial resistance to oxyimino-cephalosporins, rapid and accurate detection is requested in common clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS Currently, the detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases is primarily based on the determination of bacterial phenotypes rather than genotypes. This is because therapeutic decisions are based on assessing the susceptibility rather than presence of resistance genes. One of the main disadvantages of genetic methods is high costs, including those of laboratory equipment. On the other hand, if these modern methods are introduced into diagnostics, they often help in rapid and accurate detection of certain microorganisms or their resistance and pathogenic determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Chroma
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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16
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Prevalence of the bla (SHV) gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates obtained from hospital and community infections and from the microbiota of healthy individuals in Recife, Brazil. Curr Microbiol 2011; 62:1610-6. [PMID: 21359845 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-9899-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the bla (SHV) gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from hospital and community infections and from the normal microbiota of healthy individuals in Recife, PE, Brazil. Fifty-two K. pneumoniae isolates were analyzed regarding the presence of the bla (SHV) gene, using PCR, and eight isolates were analyzed by DNA sequencing. This gene was detected in 16 isolates from hospital infections, four from community infections, and nine from the normal microbiota. This was the first study to find the bla (SHV) gene in K. pneumoniae isolates from the normal microbiota. Through DNA sequencing of eight K. pneumoniae isolates from hospital and community infections, with a resistance phenotype indicative of extended-spectrum β-lactamase production, a new SHV variant named SHV-122 was found. We also detected the presence of bla (SHV-1), bla (SHV-11), bla (SHV-28), and bla (SHV-108). The results show that in Recife, Brazil, K. pneumoniae isolates that presented resistance to oxyimino-β-lactams had high prevalence and diversity of the bla (SHV) gene. We also conclude that there was a high presence of the bla (SHV) gene among isolates from the normal microbiota of healthy individuals.
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17
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Camp C, Tatum OL. A Review ofAcinetobacter baumanniias a Highly Successful Pathogen in Times of War. Lab Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1309/lm90ijndddwri3re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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18
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Bhattacharjee A, Sen MR, Prakash P, Gaur A, Anupurba S, Nath G. Observation on integron carriage among clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Indian J Med Microbiol 2010; 28:207-10. [PMID: 20644307 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.66472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Klebsiella pneumoniae is considered an important pathogen causing nosocomial and community-acquired infections and is often associated with the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) belonging to SHV and CTX-M families, which are frequently described as a part of complex integrons, facilitate their horizontal transfer to other related as well as unrelated microbes. The present study was undertaken to investigate the occurrence and characterization of integrons among K pneumoniae isolates producing ESBL in a tertiary referral hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 136 clinical isolates of K pneumoniae were investigated for the presence of ESBL. Their ESBL genes were characterized by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Integrase gene PCR was performed to detect the presence of integron. The isolates were further typed by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). RESULT Out of 136 K pneumoniae isolates, 63 (46%) were confirmed to be ESBL producers. SHV (68%) and CTX-M (67%) ESBL genes were the most common in our study. Of the 63 ESBL-positive isolates, 58 (92%) strains carried integrons; 52 strains (82%) carried only class 1 integron, whereas 6 (9%) isolates harboured both class 2 integrons and the class 1 gene. However, in ESBL negatives, only 29 (40%) strains were positive for class 1 integron and none for class 2 integron. CONCLUSION The presence of class 2 integron amongst ESBL-producing K pneumoniae is being described for the first time in this part of the world. The findings of this study strongly suggest that integrons have a role in the dissemination of ESBL-mediated resistance among the nosocomial isolates of K pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bhattacharjee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
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19
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Sharma A, Thakur IS. Identification and characterization of integron mediated antibiotic resistance in pentachlorophenol degrading bacterium isolated from the chemostat. J Environ Sci (China) 2009; 21:858-864. [PMID: 19803095 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A bacterial consortium was developed by continuous enrichment of microbial population isolated from sediment core of pulp and paper mill effluent in mineral salts medium (MSM) supplemented with pentachlorophenol (PCP) as sole source of carbon and energy in the chemostat. The consortia contained three bacterial strains. They were identified as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter sp. by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Acinetobacter sp. readily degraded PCP through the formation of tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone (TecH), 2-chloro-1,4-benzenediol and products of ortho ring cleavage detected by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Out of the three acclimated PCP degrading bacterial strains only one strain, Acinetobacter sp. showed the presence of integron gene cassette as a marker of its stability and antibiotic resistance. The strain possessed a 4.17 kb amplicon with 22 ORF's. The plasmid isolated from the Acinetobacter sp. was subjected to shotgun cloning through restriction digestion by BamHI, HindIII and SalI, ligated to pUC19 vector and transformed into E. coli XLBlue1alpha, and finally selected on MSM containing PCP as sole source of carbon and energy with ampicillin as antibiotic marker. DNA sequence analysis of recombinant clones indicated homology with integron gene cassette and multiple antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Sharma
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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20
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Rao S, Maddox CW, Hoien-Dalen P, Lanka S, Weigel RM. Diagnostic accuracy of class 1 integron PCR method in detection of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella isolates from swine production systems. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:916-20. [PMID: 18174294 PMCID: PMC2268369 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01597-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 11/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic accuracy of an integron PCR method (Int-PCR) for detecting class 1 integrons (1,000, 1,200, and 1,600 bp) in the identification of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella strains was evaluated using 730 Salmonella isolates from pen floor samples collected from four swine production systems in Illinois. Three integron groupings were detected: 1,000 bp only, 1,600 bp only, and both 1,000 and 1,200 bp. The presence of any of the three class 1 integron groupings was associated with four-drug resistance (streptomycin, spectinomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline [St Spc Su Tet]). In addition, the presence of both the 1,000- and 1,200-bp integrons added resistance to ampicillin (Amp) and chloramphenicol (Cm), and the 1,600-bp integron added resistance to gentamicin (Gen) and kanamycin (Kan). DNA sequencing of integrons confirmed the presence of the aminoglycoside adenyl transferase (aadA) gene, conferring St Spc resistance in the 1,000-bp integron; the beta-lactamase gene, conferring Amp resistance in the 1,200-bp integron; and the aadA and aadB genes, conferring St Spc Gen Kan resistance in the 1,600-bp integron. The 1,600-bp integron appears to have the 1,000-bp intergron as its core, with additional genetic material conferring additional antibiotic resistance. The diagnostic accuracy of Int-PCR in detecting resistance to individual antibiotics was limited by the presence of phenotypic resistance in isolates without integrons. However, Int-PCR had high diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) in detecting multidrug resistance: 0.98 and 0.92, respectively, for St Spc Su Tet; 0.95 and 1.0 for Amp Cm St Spc Su Tet; and 1.0 and 0.99 for Gen Kan St Spc Su Tet. Thus, Int-PCR can be valuable in epidemiological surveys as a screening tool for the detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Rao
- Division of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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21
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Machado E, Ferreira J, Novais A, Peixe L, Cantón R, Baquero F, Coque TM. Preservation of integron types among Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in a Spanish hospital over a 15-year period (1988 to 2003). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:2201-4. [PMID: 17404002 PMCID: PMC1891394 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01389-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The variable presence of integrons among extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae species (0 to 66%) is described. Association between bla(ESBL) and integrons occurred when these are linked to specific ESBL-type genes (In60 bearing ISCR1 and bla(CTX-M-9)) or when ESBL genes were superimposed onto selected plasmids carrying integrons. Some integrons were identical to those found during decades worldwide, illustrating the preservation of the genetic elements carrying them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Machado
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Carretera de Colmenar, km. 9.1. Madrid 28034, Spain
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22
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Zienkiewicz M, Kern-Zdanowicz I, Gołebiewski M, Zyliñska J, Mieczkowski P, Gniadkowski M, Bardowski J, Cegłowski P. Mosaic structure of p1658/97, a 125-kilobase plasmid harboring an active amplicon with the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene blaSHV-5. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:1164-71. [PMID: 17220406 PMCID: PMC1855452 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00772-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli isolates recovered from patients during a clonal outbreak in a Warsaw, Poland, hospital in 1997 produced different levels of an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) of the SHV type. The beta-lactamase hyperproduction correlated with the multiplication of ESBL gene copies within a plasmid. Here, we present the complete nucleotide sequence of plasmid p1658/97 carried by the isolates recovered during the outbreak. The plasmid is 125,491 bp and shows a mosaic structure in which all modules constituting the plasmid core are homologous to those found in plasmids F and R100 and are separated by segments of homology to other known regions (plasmid R64, Providencia rettgeri genomic island R391, Vibrio cholerae STX transposon, Klebsiella pneumoniae or E. coli chromosomes). Plasmid p1658/97 bears two replication systems, IncFII and IncFIB; we demonstrated that both are active in E. coli. The presence of an active partition system (sopABC locus) and two postsegregational killing systems (pemIK and hok/sok) indicates that the plasmid should be stably maintained in E. coli populations. The conjugative transfer is ensured by the operons of the tra and trb genes. We also demonstrate that the plasmidic segment undergoing amplification contains the blaSHV-5 gene and is homologous to a 7.9-kb fragment of the K. pneumoniae chromosome. The amplicon displays the structure of a composite transposon of type I.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zienkiewicz
- Department of Microbial Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, and Biophysics of Polish Academy Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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Rao AN, Barlow M, Clark LA, Boring JR, Tenover FC, McGowan JE. Class 1 integrons in resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp., US hospitals. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:1011-4. [PMID: 16707065 PMCID: PMC3373057 DOI: 10.3201/eid1206.051596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. from US hospitals for class 1 integrons. Of 320 isolates, 181 (57%) were positive; association of integrons with resistance varied by drug and organism. Thus, determining integron epidemiology will improve understanding of how antibacterial resistance determinants spread in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leigh Ann Clark
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Fred C. Tenover
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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