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von Berg L, Stern D, Weisemann J, Rummel A, Dorner MB, Dorner BG. Optimization of SNAP-25 and VAMP-2 Cleavage by Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotypes A-F Employing Taguchi Design-of-Experiments. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100588. [PMID: 31614566 PMCID: PMC6832249 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of catalytically active botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) can be achieved by monitoring the enzymatic cleavage of soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor) attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins by the toxins’ light chains (LC) in cleavage-based assays. Thus, for sensitive BoNT detection, optimal cleavage conditions for the clinically relevant A–F serotypes are required. Until now, a systematic evaluation of cleavage conditions for the different BoNT serotypes is still lacking. To address this issue, we optimized cleavage conditions for BoNT/A–F using the Taguchi design-of-experiments (DoE) method. To this aim, we analyzed the influence of buffer composition (pH, Zn2+, DTT (dithiothreitol), NaCl) as well as frequently used additives (BSA (bovine serum albumin), Tween 20, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)) on BoNT substrate cleavage. We identified major critical factors (DTT, Zn2+, TMAO) and were able to increase the catalytic efficiency of BoNT/B, C, E, and F when compared to previously described buffers. Moreover, we designed a single consensus buffer for the optimal cleavage of all tested serotypes. Our optimized buffers are instrumental to increase the sensitivity of cleavage-based assays for BoNT detection. Furthermore, the application of the Taguchi DoE approach shows how the method helps to rationally improve enzymatic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura von Berg
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Daniel Stern
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jasmin Weisemann
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andreas Rummel
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Martin Bernhard Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Brigitte Gertrud Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Duracova M, Klimentova J, Fucikova A, Dresler J. Proteomic Methods of Detection and Quantification of Protein Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10030099. [PMID: 29495560 PMCID: PMC5869387 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological toxins are a heterogeneous group of compounds that share commonalities with biological and chemical agents. Among them, protein toxins represent a considerable, diverse set. They cover a broad range of molecular weights from less than 1000 Da to more than 150 kDa. This review aims to compare conventional detection methods of protein toxins such as in vitro bioassays with proteomic methods, including immunoassays and mass spectrometry-based techniques and their combination. Special emphasis is given to toxins falling into a group of selected agents, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, such as Staphylococcal enterotoxins, Bacillus anthracis toxins, Clostridium botulinum toxins, Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin, ricin from Ricinus communis, Abrin from Abrus precatorius or control of trade in dual-use items in the European Union, including lesser known protein toxins such as Viscumin from Viscum album. The analysis of protein toxins and monitoring for biological threats, i.e., the deliberate spread of infectious microorganisms or toxins through water, food, or the air, requires rapid and reliable methods for the early identification of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloslava Duracova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense in Brno, Třebešská 1575, CZ-500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Klimentova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense in Brno, Třebešská 1575, CZ-500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Alena Fucikova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense in Brno, Třebešská 1575, CZ-500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Dresler
- Military Health Institute, Military Medical Agency, Tychonova 1, CZ-160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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3
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Park S, Shin YM, Song JJ, Yang H. Facile electrochemical detection of botulinum neurotoxin type E using a two-step proteolytic cleavage. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 72:211-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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4
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Komarova E, Bogomolova A, Aldissi M. Conjugated fluorescent polymer sensor for proteolytic activity detection with designed specificity. POLYM INT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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5
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Kwon SJ, Jeong EJ, Yoo YC, Cai C, Yang GH, Lee JC, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ, Lee KB. High sensitivity detection of active botulinum neurotoxin by glyco-quantitative polymerase chain-reaction. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2279-84. [PMID: 24506443 PMCID: PMC3985614 DOI: 10.1021/ac500262d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
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The sensitive detection of highly
toxic botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)
from Clostridium botulinum is of critical importance
because it causes human illnesses if foodborne or introduced in wounds
and as an iatrogenic substance. Moreover, it has been recently considered
a possible biological warfare agent. Over the past decade, significant
progress has been made in BoNT detection technologies, including mouse
lethality assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and endopeptidase
assays and by mass spectrometry. Critical assay requirements, including
rapid assay, active toxin detection, sensitive and accurate detection,
still remain challenging. Here, we present a novel method to detect
active BoNTs using a Glyco-quantitative polymerase chain-reaction
(qPCR) approach. Sialyllactose, which interacts with the binding-domain
of BoNTs, is incorporated into a sialyllactose-DNA conjugate as a
binding-probe for active BoNT and recovered through BoNT-immunoprecipitation.
Glyco-qPCR analysis of the bound sialyllactose-DNA is then used to
detect low attomolar concentrations of BoNT and attomolar to femtomolar
concentrations of BoNT in honey, the most common foodborne source
of infant botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Joon Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
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6
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7
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Luo S, Li T, Wang Q, Tian R, Liu H, Fang H, Chen F, Wang H. Development of a fusion protein SNVP as substrate for assaying multi-serotype botulinum neurotoxins. Anal Biochem 2013; 463:75-81. [PMID: 23851341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The SNARE super family has three core members, namely SNAP-25, VAMP-2, and syntaxin. SNAP-25 is cleaved by botulinum toxins (BoNTs)/A, /C, and /E, whereas VAMP-2 is the substrate for proteolytic BoNTs/B, /D, /F, and /G. In this study, we constructed a hybrid gene encoding the fusion protein SNVP that encompasses SNAP-25 residues Met1 to Gly206 and VAMP-2 residues Met1 to Lys94. The hybrid gene was cloned in a prokaryotic vector carrying an N-terminal pelB signal sequence and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) Rosetta. To easily purify the protein, 6× His double-affinity tags were designed as the linker and C terminus of the fusion protein. SNVP was purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography on a HisTrap FF column and determined to be more than 97% pure by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. N-terminal sequencing of the purified protein showed that signal peptide was successfully removed. The fusion protein SNVP contained the protease cleavage sites of all seven serotypes of BoNTs. SNVP was also proved to be recognized and cleaved by the endopeptidase of BoNTs (BoNT/A-LC, BoNT/B-LC, BoNT/E-LC, and BoNT/G-LC). The novel fusion substrate SNVP exhibited high biological activity under the optimal conditions, suggesting its potential use as a reagent for BoNT assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China; Department of Microbiology, An Hui Medical University, An Hui 230032, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Renmao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Huali Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Fanghong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China.
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Lévêque C, Ferracci G, Maulet Y, Grand-Masson C, Blanchard MP, Seagar M, El Far O. A substrate sensor chip to assay the enzymatic activity of Botulinum neurotoxin A. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 49:276-81. [PMID: 23787358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) induces muscle paralysis by enzymatically cleaving the presynaptic SNARE protein SNAP-25, which results in lasting inhibition of acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. A rapid and sensitive in vitro assay for BoNT/A is required to replace the mouse lethality assay (LD50) in current use. We have developed a fully automated sensor to assay the endoprotease activity of BoNT/A. We produced monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that recognize SNAP-25 neo-epitopes specifically generated by BoNT/A action. Recombinant SNAP-25 was coupled to the sensor surface of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) system and samples containing BoNT/A were injected over the substrate sensor. Online substrate cleavage was monitored by measuring binding of mAb10F12 to a SNAP-25 neo-epitope. The SNAP-25-chip assay was toxin serotype-specific and detected 55 fM BoNT/A (1 LD50/ml) in 5 min and 0.4 fM (0.01 LD50/ml) in 5h. Time-course and dose-response curves were linear, yielding a limit of quantification of 0.03 LD50/ml. This label-free method is 100 times more sensitive than the mouse assay, potentially providing rapid read-out of small amounts of toxin for environmental surveillance and the quality control of pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lévêque
- INSERM, UMR_S 1072, 13015 Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, 13015 Marseille, France.
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9
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Bagramyan K, Kaplan BE, Cheng LW, Strotmeier J, Rummel A, Kalkum M. Substrates and controls for the quantitative detection of active botulinum neurotoxin in protease-containing samples. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5569-76. [PMID: 23656526 DOI: 10.1021/ac4008418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are used in a wide variety of medical applications, but there is limited pharmacokinetic data on active BoNT. Monitoring BoNT activity in the circulation is challenging because BoNTs are highly toxic and are rapidly taken up by neurons and removed from the bloodstream. Previously we reported a sensitive BoNT "Assay with a Large Immunosorbent Surface Area" that uses conversion of fluorogenic peptide substrates to measure the intrinsic endopeptidase activity of bead-captured BoNT. However, in complex biological samples, protease contaminants can also cleave the substrates, reducing sensitivity and specificity of the assay. Here, we present a novel set of fluorogenic peptides that serve as BoNT-specific substrates and protease-sensitive controls. BoNT-cleavable substrates contain a C-terminal Nle, while BoNT-noncleavable controls contain its isomer ε-Ahx. The substrates are cleaved by BoNT subtypes A1-A3 and A5. Substrates and control peptides can be cleaved by non-BoNT proteases (e.g., trypsin, proteinase K, and thermolysin) while obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Using this novel substrate/control set, we studied BoNT/A1 activity in two mouse models of botulism. We detected BoNT/A serum activities ranging from ~3600 to 10 amol/L in blood of mice that had been intravenously injected 1 h prior with BoNT/A1 complex (100 to 4 pg/mouse). We also detected the endopeptidase activity of orally administered BoNT/A1 complex (1 μg) in blood 5 h after administration; activity was greatest 7 h after administration. Redistribution and elevation rates for active toxin were measured and are comparable to those reported for inactive toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Bagramyan
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Department of Immunology, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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10
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Ouimet T, Duquesnoy S, Poras H, Fournié-Zaluski MC, Roques BP. Comparison of Fluorigenic Peptide Substrates PL50, SNAPtide, and BoTest A/E for BoNT/A Detection and Quantification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:726-35. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057113476089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Detection and quantification of low doses of botulinum toxin serotype A (BoNT/A) in medicinal preparations require precise and sensitive methods. With mounting pressure from governmental authorities to replace the mouse LD50 assay, interest in alternative methods such as the endopeptidase assay, quantifying the toxin active moiety, is growing. Using internal collision-induced fluorescence quenching, Pharmaleads produced peptides encompassing the SNAP-25 cleavage site: a 17-mer (PL63) and a 48-mer (PL50) reaching the previously identified α-exosite, with PL50 showing higher apparent affinity for BoNT/A. Peptide mapping experiments revealed that this increased affinity is mainly due to a connecting peptide sequence between the N-terminus of PL63 and the α-exosite, identifying a new cooperative exosite on BoNT/A. Other endopeptidase substrates available, including SNAPTide and BoTest A/E, are both based on fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology. To compare these assays, their limits of detection and quantification were determined using light chain or 150-kDa BoNT/A. Detection limits of PL50 and BoTest were over 100 times better than those using SNAPtide in standard conditions. Although the BoTest possessed a detection limit around 0.2 pM for either BoNT/A form, its quantification limit (9.7 pM) using purified BoNT/A was 12 times inferior to PL50, estimated at 0.8 pM, suitable for medicinal preparation quantification.
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11
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Liu YY, Rigsby P, Sesardic D, Marks JD, Jones RG. A functional dual-coated (FDC) microtiter plate method to replace the botulinum toxin LD50 test. Anal Biochem 2012; 425:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Couesnon A, Molgó J, Connan C, Popoff MR. Preferential entry of botulinum neurotoxin A Hc domain through intestinal crypt cells and targeting to cholinergic neurons of the mouse intestine. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002583. [PMID: 22438808 PMCID: PMC3305446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulism, characterized by flaccid paralysis, commonly results from botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) absorption across the epithelial barrier from the digestive tract and then dissemination through the blood circulation to target autonomic and motor nerve terminals. The trafficking pathway of BoNT/A passage through the intestinal barrier is not yet fully understood. We report that intralumenal administration of purified BoNT/A into mouse ileum segment impaired spontaneous muscle contractions and abolished the smooth muscle contractions evoked by electric field stimulation. Entry of BoNT/A into the mouse upper small intestine was monitored with fluorescent HcA (half C-terminal domain of heavy chain) which interacts with cell surface receptor(s). We show that HcA preferentially recognizes a subset of neuroendocrine intestinal crypt cells, which probably represent the entry site of the toxin through the intestinal barrier, then targets specific neurons in the submucosa and later (90–120 min) in the musculosa. HcA mainly binds to certain cholinergic neurons of both submucosal and myenteric plexuses, but also recognizes, although to a lower extent, other neuronal cells including glutamatergic and serotoninergic neurons in the submucosa. Intestinal cholinergic neuron targeting by HcA could account for the inhibition of intestinal peristaltism and secretion observed in botulism, but the consequences of the targeting to non-cholinergic neurons remains to be determined. Botulism is a severe and often fatal disease in man and animals characterized by flaccid paralysis. Clostridium botulinum produces a potent neurotoxin (botulinum neurotoxin) responsible for all the symptoms of botulism. Botulism is most often acquired by ingesting preformed botulinum neurotoxin in contaminated food or after intestinal colonization by C. botulinum under certain circumstances, such as in infant botulism, and toxin production in the intestine. The first step of the disease consists in the passage of the botulinum neurotoxin through the intestinal barrier, which is still poorly understood. We investigated the trafficking of the botulinum neurotoxin in a mouse intestinal loop model, using fluorescent HcA (half C-terminal domain of the heavy chain). We observed that HcA preferentially recognizes neuroendocrine intestinal crypt cells, which likely represent the entry site of the toxin through the intestinal barrier, then targets specific neurons, mainly cholinergic neurons, in the submucosa, and later (90–120 min) in the musculosa leading to local paralytic effects such as inhibition of intestinal peristaltism. These results represent an important advance in the understanding of the initial steps of botulism intoxication and can be the basis for the development of new specific countermeasures against botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Couesnon
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Paris, France
| | - Jordi Molgó
- CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard – FRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie– et Développement UPR3294, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Chloé Connan
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Paris, France
| | - Michel R. Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Antibodies against a synthetic peptide designed to mimic a surface area of the H chain of botulinum neurotoxin A. Immunol Lett 2012; 142:20-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Dorner MB, Schulz KM, Kull S, Dorner BG. Complexity of Botulinum Neurotoxins: Challenges for Detection Technology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45790-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Pluripotentialities of a quenched fluorescent peptide substrate library: enzymatic detection, characterization, and isoenzymes differentiation. Anal Biochem 2011; 419:95-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rajkovic A, El Moualij B, Fikri Y, Dierick K, Zorzi W, Heinen E, Uner A, Uyttendaele M. Detection of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins A and B in milk by ELISA and immuno-PCR at higher sensitivity than mouse bio-assay. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-011-9300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Depolarization after resonance energy transfer (DARET): A sensitive fluorescence-based assay for botulinum neurotoxin protease activity. Anal Biochem 2011; 413:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Ruge DR, Dunning FM, Piazza TM, Molles BE, Adler M, Zeytin FN, Tucker WC. Detection of six serotypes of botulinum neurotoxin using fluorogenic reporters. Anal Biochem 2011; 411:200-9. [PMID: 21216216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Hakami RM, Ruthel G, Stahl AM, Bavari S. Gaining ground: assays for therapeutics against botulinum neurotoxin. Trends Microbiol 2010; 18:164-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Sensitive and rapid detection of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), the most poisonous substances known to date, is essential for studies of medical applications of BoNTs and detection of poisoned food, as well as for response to potential bioterrorist threats. Currently, the most common method of BoNT detection is the mouse bioassay. While this assay is sensitive, it is slow, quite expensive, has limited throughput and requires sacrificing animals. Herein, we discuss and compare recently developed alternative in vitro detection methods and assess their ability to supplement or replace the mouse bioassay in the analysis of complex matrix samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Čapek
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Tobin J. Dickerson
- Department of Chemistry and Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-858-784-2522; Fax: +1-858-784-2590
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Čapek P, Dickerson TJ. Sensing the deadliest toxin: technologies for botulinum neurotoxin detection. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:24-53. [PMID: 22069545 PMCID: PMC3206617 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive and rapid detection of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), the most poisonous substances known to date, is essential for studies of medical applications of BoNTs and detection of poisoned food, as well as for response to potential bioterrorist threats. Currently, the most common method of BoNT detection is the mouse bioassay. While this assay is sensitive, it is slow, quite expensive, has limited throughput and requires sacrificing animals. Herein, we discuss and compare recently developed alternative in vitro detection methods and assess their ability to supplement or replace the mouse bioassay in the analysis of complex matrix samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Čapek
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Tobin J. Dickerson
- Department of Chemistry and Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Kim YJ, Baek JH, Kim JH, Kim BS, Rhie GE, Yoo CK, Shin NR. Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A by In Vitro Bioassay Based on Endopeptidase Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2010.40.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jeong Kim
- Division of High-risk Pathogen Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joung Hee Baek
- Division of High-risk Pathogen Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hee Kim
- Division of High-risk Pathogen Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong Su Kim
- Division of High-risk Pathogen Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi-eun Rhie
- Division of High-risk Pathogen Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheon-Kwon Yoo
- Division of High-risk Pathogen Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Na-Ri Shin
- Division of High-risk Pathogen Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea
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