1
|
Redha MA, Al Sweih N, Albert MJ. Virulence and phylogenetic groups of Escherichia coli cultured from raw sewage in Kuwait. Gut Pathog 2022; 14:18. [PMID: 35473592 PMCID: PMC9044736 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-022-00490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In Kuwait, some untreated sewage is discharged into the sea which poses health risks. Therefore, we determined the virulence traits and the phylogenetic groups of E. coli cultured from raw sewage. Sewage was collected once every month for 12 months with culturing of a total of 140 E. coli isolates. E. coli was typed by the methods of Clermont. The five pathotypes of diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC), and extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) were detected by specific PCR assays. Four virulence genes which correlate with pathogenicity in animal models, were used for the first time for detection of ExPEC—vat (vacuolating auto-transporter toxin), fyuA (yersiniabactin receptor), chuA (heme-binding protein), and yfcV (major subunit of putative chaperon-usher fimbria). Most E. coli belonged to phylogenetic groups A (65[45%]) and B1 (34[24.3%]). Three (2.1%) isolates were DEC, while 14 (10%) isolates were ExPEC mostly in group B2 (57.1%). A relatively high prevalence of ExPEC in sewage has public health implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi A Redha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Noura Al Sweih
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - M John Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sirichokchatchawan W, Apiwatsiri P, Pupa P, Saenkankam I, Khine NO, Lekagul A, Lugsomya K, Hampson DJ, Prapasarakul N. Reducing the Risk of Transmission of Critical Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants From Contaminated Pork Products to Humans in South-East Asia. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:689015. [PMID: 34385984 PMCID: PMC8353453 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.689015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical challenge worldwide as it impacts public health, especially via contamination in the food chain and in healthcare-associated infections. In relation to farming, the systems used, waste management on farms, and the production line process are all determinants reflecting the risk of AMR emergence and rate of contamination of foodstuffs. This review focuses on South East Asia (SEA), which contains diverse regions covering 11 countries, each having different levels of development, customs, laws, and regulations. Routinely, here as elsewhere antimicrobials are still used for three indications: therapy, prevention, and growth promotion, and these are the fundamental drivers of AMR development and persistence. The accuracy of detection of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) depends on the laboratory standards applicable in the various institutes and countries, and this affects the consistency of regional data. Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are the standard proxy species used for indicating AMR-associated nosocomial infections and healthcare-associated infections. Pig feces and wastewater have been suspected as one of the hotspots for spread and circulation of ARB and ARG. As part of AMR surveillance in a One Health approach, clonal typing is used to identify bacterial clonal transmission from the production process to consumers and patients - although to date there have been few published definitive studies about this in SEA. Various alternatives to antibiotics are available to reduce antibiotic use on farms. Certain of these alternatives together with improved disease prevention methods are essential tools to reduce antimicrobial usage in swine farms and to support global policy. This review highlights evidence for potential transfer of resistant bacteria from food animals to humans, and awareness and understanding of AMR through a description of the occurrence of AMR in pig farm food chains under SEA management systems. The latter includes a description of standard pig farming practices, detection of AMR and clonal analysis of bacteria, and AMR in the food chain and associated environments. Finally, the possibility of using alternatives to antibiotics and improving policies for future strategies in combating AMR in a SEA context are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wandee Sirichokchatchawan
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogen Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prasert Apiwatsiri
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pawiya Pupa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Imporn Saenkankam
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nwai Oo Khine
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Angkana Lekagul
- International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Kittitat Lugsomya
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - David J. Hampson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogen Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Al-Rafyai HM, Alwash MS, Al-Khafaji NS. Quinolone resistance (qnrA) gene in isolates of Escherichia coli collected from the Al-Hillah River in Babylon Province, Iraq. PHARMACIA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.68.e57819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic environment contamination remains a foremost global public health hazards, and symbolizes a significant reservoir of releasing antibiotic resistant bacteria. The survival of Escherichia coli in aquatic environments serves as a potential reservoir of antibiotic resistance, encompassing but not restricted to a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) mechanism. The current study aimed to detect the presence of the PMQR-qnrA gene in quinolone-resistant E. coli isolates. Sixty-one waterborne E. coli with known phylogroups/subgroups isolated from the Al-Hillah River in Babylon Province, Iraq, were screened for the phenotypic resistance to third-generation quinolones (levofloxacin and ofloxacin) and were further analysed for the presence of the qnrA gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fifty-seven (93.4%) of 61 E. coli isolates were levofloxacin-resistant, and 55 (90.2%) were ofloxacin-resistant. Among the 57 quinolone-resistant E. coli, 40 (65.57%) isolates were found to carry the PMQR-qnrA gene. Among the 40 qnrA-positive E. coli, 22 (36.1%) isolates were in phylogroup B2, followed by 8 (13.1%) isolates in phylogroup D, 6 (9.8%) isolates in phylogroup B1, and 4 (6.6%) isolates in phylogroup A. The presence of the PMQR-qnrA gene in E. coli belonging to phylogroup B2 and D reflects the need for routine monitoring of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the Al-Hillah River.
Collapse
|
4
|
Finton MD, Meisal R, Porcellato D, Brandal LT, Lindstedt BA. Whole Genome Sequencing and Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Bacterial Strains Isolated From a Norwegian University Campus Pond. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1273. [PMID: 32625184 PMCID: PMC7311804 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria in environmental sources has been reported worldwide and constitutes a serious risk of community-acquired infections with limited treatment options. The current study aimed to explore the presence of these worrisome bacteria in a pond located at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences in Ås, Norway. A total of 98 bacterial isolates survived growth on selective chromogenic media and were identified by 16S rRNA Sanger sequencing. All strains were evaluated for the presence of the most commonly found β-lactamases and ESBLs in clinical settings (blaCTX–M groups 1, 2, and 9, blaCMY, blaSHV, and blaTEM) and carbapenemases (blaIMP, blaKPC, blaNDM, blaOXA, blaSFC1, blaVIM) through multiplex PCR. A total of eight strains were determined to contain one or more genes of interest. Phenotypic resistance to 18 antimicrobial agents was assessed and isolates were subjected to whole genome sequencing through a combination of Oxford Nanopore’s MinION and Illumina’s MiSeq. Results revealed the presence of β-lactamase and ESBL-producing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and a Paraburkholderia spp. Identified β-lactamases and ESBLs include blaCTX–M, blaTEM, blaCMY, blaSHV and a possible blaKPC-like gene, with both documented and novel sequences established. In addition, two inducible β-lactamases were found, a class A β-lactamase (L1) and a cephalosporinase (L2). All strains were determined to be multidrug resistant and numerous resistance genes to non-β-lactams were observed. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that environmental sources are a potential reservoir of clinically relevant ESBL-producing bacteria that may pose a health risk to humans upon exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misti D Finton
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Roger Meisal
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Davide Porcellato
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Lin T Brandal
- Department of Zoonotic, Food- and Waterborne Infections, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn-Arne Lindstedt
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cho S, Jackson C, Frye J. The prevalence and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of
Salmonella
,
Escherichia coli
and
Enterococcus
sp. in surface water. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 71:3-25. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Cho
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Athens GA United States of America
| | - C.R. Jackson
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Athens GA United States of America
| | - J.G. Frye
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Athens GA United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bessalah S, Fairbrother JM, Salhi I, Vanier G, Khorchani T, Seddik MM, Hammadi M. Characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from healthy farm animals in Tunisia. Anim Biotechnol 2020; 32:748-757. [PMID: 32293994 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1752702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Healthy animals can constitute a reservoir for Escherichia coli potentially dangerous for humans. Our objectives were to investigate virulence genes in E. coli isolated from healthy animals in southern Tunisia and to determine their resistance to antimicrobials of high importance in humans and animals. 126 fecal samples were collected from healthy animals (cattle, sheep, goats, chicken, camel, bustard and rabbit) and assayed by PCR for virulence genes and by disk diffusion for antimicrobial resistance. STEC were isolated most frequently from goats (27.7%), sheep (20%) and cattle (14.2%). ExPEC prevalence of iucD (41.6%), papC (27.7%), sfa (13.8%), afa8 (13.8%) and iron (72.2%) was highest in camels. Prevalence of the ExPEC associated genes iss and cnf and the EPEC defining gene eae was highest in rabbits (53.3, 13.3, and 53.3%, respectively). The genes defining enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive and enteroaggregative E. coli were not detected and faeG was found only in camels (5.5%). The most common phylogenetic groups were B1 (54.5%) and B2 (16.6%). Virulence gene profiles varied greatly between animal species. Overall, antimicrobial resistance was not highly prevalent, the highest resistance being observed against tetracycline, 43.9%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salma Bessalah
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, Médenine, Tunisia
| | - John Morris Fairbrother
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (EcL), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Imed Salhi
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, Médenine, Tunisia
| | - Ghyslaine Vanier
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (EcL), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Touhami Khorchani
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, Médenine, Tunisia
| | - Mabrouk-Mouldi Seddik
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, Médenine, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Hammadi
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, Médenine, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Iwu CD, Okoh AI. Characterization of antibiogram fingerprints in Listeria monocytogenes recovered from irrigation water and agricultural soil samples. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228956. [PMID: 32040533 PMCID: PMC7010277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is a foodborne pathogen and the etiologic agent of listeriosis, which can be disseminated within the agricultural environment particularly soil and irrigation water, contaminate farm produce and cause high mortality and morbidity among vulnerable individuals. This study assessed the incidence and antibiogram of L. monocytogenes recovered from irrigation water and agricultural soil samples collected from Chris Hani and Amathole District Municipalities (DMs) in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The distribution of presumptive L. monocytogenes in irrigation water and agricultural soil samples was done using the standard plate count method, while polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify the isolates. The confirmed isolates were screened for 9 key virulence markers using PCR after which they were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing against 18 antibiotics used for the alleviation of listeriosis using the disk diffusion method. Relevant putative antibiotic resistance genes in the resistant variants were screened for using PCR. The distribution of L. monocytogenes in irrigation water samples was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) and ranged from log10 1.00 CFU/100ml to log10 3.75 CFU/100 ml. In agricultural soil samples, the distribution ranged significantly (P ≤ 0.05) from log10 2.10 CFU/g to log10 3.51 CFU/g. Of the 117 presumptive L. monocytogenes recovered from irrigation water samples and 183 presumptive L. monocytogenes isolated from agricultural soil samples, 8 (6.8%) and 12 (6.6%) isolates were confirmed respectively. Nine virulence genes including inlA, inlB, inlC, inlJ, actA, hlyA, plcA, plcB, and iap were detected in all the isolates. The proportion of the isolates exhibiting phenotypic resistance against the test antimicrobials followed the order: tetracycline (90%), doxycycline (85%), cefotaxime (80%), penicillin (80%), chloramphenicol (70%), linezolid (65%), erythromycin (60%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (55%). The isolates exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance against 3 or more antibiotics and the MAR indices of all the multidrug isolates were ≥0.2. The isolates harboured antibiotic resistance genes including tetA, tetB, tetC, sulI, sulII, aadA, aac(3)-IIa and ESBLs including blaTEM, blaCTX-M group 9, blaVEBas well as AmpC. None of the isolates harboured the carbapenemases. We conclude that irrigation water and agricultural soil collected from Chris Hani and Amathole District Municipalities (DMs) in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa are reservoirs and potential transmission routes of multidrug-resistant L. monocytogenes to the food web and consequently threat to public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chidozie Declan Iwu
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cho S, Nguyen HAT, McDonald JM, Woodley TA, Hiott LM, Barrett JB, Jackson CR, Frye JG. Genetic Characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from a Mixed-Use Watershed in Northeast Georgia, USA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193761. [PMID: 31591305 PMCID: PMC6801870 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the role of surface water in the development and spread of antibiotic-resistant (AR) bacteria, water samples were collected quarterly from 2015 to 2016 from a mixed-use watershed in Georgia. In our previous study, 496 Escherichia coli were isolated from surface water, out of which, 34 isolates were resistant to antimicrobials. For the current study, these 34 AR E. coli were characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, AR gene detection, plasmid replicon typing, class I integron detection, and multi-locus sequence typing. Genes were identified as conferring resistance to azithromycin (mph(A)); β-lactams (blaCMY, blaCTX, blaTEM); chloramphenicol (floR); streptomycin (strA, strB); sulfisoxazole (sul1, sul2); tetracycline (tetA, tetB, tetC); and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (dhfr5, dhfr12). Five ciprofloxacin- and/or nalidixic-resistant isolates contained point mutations in gyrA and/or parC. Most of the isolates (n = 28) carried plasmids and three were positive for class I integrons. Twenty-nine sequence types (ST) were detected, including three epidemic urinary-tract-infection-associated ST131 isolates. One of the ST131 E. coli isolates exhibited an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype and carried blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM-1. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the emergence of an ESBL-producing E. coli ST131 from environmental water in the USA, which poses a potential risk to human health through the recreational, agricultural, or municipal use of this natural resource. This study identified E. coli with AR mechanisms to commonly used antimicrobials and carrying mobile genetic elements, which could transfer AR genes to other bacteria in the aquatic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Cho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Hoang Anh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
- (Present) Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jacob M McDonald
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
- Southeast Coast Network, National Park Service, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Tiffanie A Woodley
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Lari M Hiott
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - John B Barrett
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Charlene R Jackson
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Jonathan G Frye
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Swedan S, Abu Alrub H. Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Factors, and Pathotypes of Escherichia coli Isolated from Drinking Water Sources in Jordan. Pathogens 2019; 8:E86. [PMID: 31242579 PMCID: PMC6630504 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the prevalence of potentially pathogenic and drug resistant Escherichia coli among drinking water sources in Jordan. A total of 109 confirmed E. coli isolates were analyzed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Phenotypic identification of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase production was done using the double disk synergy test and the modified Hodge test, respectively. Isolates' plasmid profiles were determined by gel electrophoresis. PCR was used for detection of virulence and resistance genes. Overall, 22.0% of the isolates were potentially intestinal pathogenic E. coli (IPEC); namely enteroaggregative E. coli (16.5%), enteropathogenic E. coli (2.8%), enteroinvasive E. coli (1.8%), and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (0.9%). A third of the isolates were multi-drug resistant. The highest rates of antimicrobials resistance were observed against ampicillin (93.6%) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (41.3%). All isolates were susceptible to imipenem, meropenem, doripenem and tigecycline. The prevalence of ESBL and carbapenemase producers was 54.1% and 2.8%, respectively. BlaVIM was the most prevalent resistance gene (68.8%), followed by blaCTX (50.5%), blaTEM (45.9%), blaNDM (11%), blaKPC (4.6%), and blaSHV (0.9%). Fifty-eight (53.2%) isolates contained one or more plasmid ranging from 1.0 to 8.0 kbp. Overall, high prevalence of potentially pathogenic and resistant isolates was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samer Swedan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Heba Abu Alrub
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Adesiyan IM, Bisi-Johnson MA, Ogunfowokan AO, Okoh AI. Incidence and antimicrobial susceptibility fingerprints of Plesiomonas shigelliodes isolates in water samples collected from some freshwater resources in Southwest Nigeria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:632-640. [PMID: 30776635 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plesiomonas shigelloides, is an emerging and significant enteric pathogen in water having implication in both localised and gastrointestinal infections with characteristic of displaying high resistance against commonly used antibiotics. This study evaluated the prevalence of Plesiomonas shigelloides and their antibiogram fingerprints in water sample collected from four rivers in South-western Nigeria. In all, 148 presumptive Plesiomonas shigelloides isolates was recovered from the rivers out of which 66 (44.6%) were confirmed positive for the organism using polymerase chain reaction techniques. Confirmed isolates were evaluated for their antibiogram profiles against a panel of 20 antimicrobials using the disc diffusion method and further screened for relevant antibiotic resistance genes. Resistance of the isolates against the antimicrobials followed the order: sulphamethoxazole (100%), erythromycin (93%), ampicillin (90%), cephalotin (82%), streptomycin (64%), and chloramphenicol (58%), amoxicillin (53%), cefotaxime (50%), tetracycline (49%), neomycin (38%) and trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole (38%). Conversely, all the isolates were susceptible against netilmicin, and susceptibility against the other antibiotics follows the order: meropenem (94%), gentamicin (88%), imipenem (79%), amikacin (70%), ciprofloxacin (70%), norfloxacin (59%), trimethoprim (56%) and ceftazidine (56%). The multiple antibiotic resistance indices of the organism were higher than the accepted threshold of 0.2. The incidence of 11 antimicrobial resistance determinants were obtained as follows: [sulphonamides; (sulI (18%), sulII (20%), dfr1 (70%), dfr(18) (5%)), [beta-lactams; (ampC 37%)], [tetracyclines; (tetA (78%), tetE (57%)], [phenicols; (catII (16%), cmlA1 (11%)] and [aminoglycosides; (aphA2 (36%) and strA (67%)]. Pearson chi-square exact test revealed positive associations among tetA, tetE, sullI and catII and tetA genes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the incidence and antibiogram fingerprint of P. shigelloides in these freshwater resources and we conclude that these rivers are important reservoirs of multiple antimicrobial resistant biotypes of this organism, and consequently a threat to public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibukun M Adesiyan
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria; South Africa Medical Research Council, Water Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, South Africa.
| | | | - Aderemi O Ogunfowokan
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, The Technical University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- South Africa Medical Research Council, Water Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Riedel S, Boire N, Carson KA, Vadlamudi A, Khuvis J, Vadlamudi V, Atukorale V, Riedel VAA, Parrish NM. A survey of antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the Chesapeake Bay and adjacent upper tributaries. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00839. [PMID: 30950215 PMCID: PMC6741119 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the rise in antimicrobial resistance (AR) in the healthcare setting as well as the environment has been recognized as a growing public health problem. The Chesapeake Bay (CB) and its upper tributaries (UT) is a large and biologically diverse estuary. This pilot study evaluated the presence of AR of gram‐negative bacteria isolated from water samples collected at various sites of the Chesapeake Bay. Bacterial organisms were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Ninety‐two distinctly different gram‐negative bacteria were identified; Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, and Escherichia coli were most often isolated. Serratia marcescens was more frequently isolated in samples from the UT compared to the CB. Antimicrobial resistance was more frequently detected in organisms from the CB by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin, imipenem, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol were the most frequently observed resistance patterns. ACT‐1, CMY, and SHV genes were the most frequently detected resistance genes, with predominance in organism isolated from the CB. The results from this study emphasize the importance for further developing comprehensive surveillance programs of AR in bacterial isolates in the various environments, such as recreational and other water systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Riedel
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicholas Boire
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathryn A Carson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Aravinda Vadlamudi
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joshua Khuvis
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vivek Vadlamudi
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vajini Atukorale
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Victoria A A Riedel
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicole M Parrish
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gu J, Zhang L, Wang X, Lu C, Liu J, Liu Y, Li L, Peng J, Xue M. High-throughput analysis of the effects of different fish culture methods on antibiotic resistance gene abundances in a lake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:5445-5453. [PMID: 30607848 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater lakes are important reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this study, we determined the ARG profiles in water samples from Ying Lake, China, using high-throughput quantitative PCR. The high prevalence of ARGs suggested significant pollution with ARGs in the study area, where the ARG diversity and abundance were greater in an area with box-type fish farming than an area with fenced fish farming. Network analysis indicated the widespread co-occurrence of ARGs and mobile genetic elements. cphA-01, blalMP02, and blaCMY202 were identified as adequate indicator genes for estimating the total ARG abundances. Redundancy analysis indicated that changes in the microbial communities caused by variations in the physicochemical parameters with different fish culture methods mainly determined the ARGs in the lake system. Thus, analyzing the factors that affect ARGs provided novel insights into the mechanisms responsible for the maintenance and propagation of ARGs in a lake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Research Center of Recycle Agricultural Engineering and Technology of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chunya Lu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiayao Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lichan Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiayuan Peng
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingming Xue
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Screening of tropical estuarine water in south-west coast of India reveals emergence of ARGs-harboring hypervirulent Escherichia coli of global significance. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 222:235-248. [PMID: 30497989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the involvement of a tropical Indian estuary in the emergence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)-harboring hypervirulent E. coli of global significance. A total of 300 E. coli isolates was tested for antibiotic susceptibility to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, quinolones, sulphonamides, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim. The E. coli isolates were screened for the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, tetA, tetB, sul1, sul2, strA, aphA2, catI, dhfr1, and dhfr7), integrase (int1, int2, and int3), Shiga toxin genes (stx1 and stx2) and extraintestinal virulence genes (papAH, papC, sfa/focDE, kpsMT II, and iutA). The highest prevalence of antibiotic resistance was observed for ampicillin, followed by tetracycline, and nalidixic acid. Among E. coli isolates, 64% were resistant to at least one of the 15 antibiotics tested, and approximately 40% were multiple antibiotic-resistant (MAR). More than 40% (n = 122) of E. coli isolates had ARGs. Integrase 1 (int1) was found in 7.6% of E. coli isolates. Among E. coli isolates, 16.3% (n = 49) were extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), and approximately 34.6% (n = 17) of ExPEC had ARGs. A hypervirulent ARGs-harboring STEC was isolated. The prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) was low (n = 1). The prevalence of ARGs-harboring pathogenic E. coli isolates was higher in stations close to the City (urban area), than that of other stations. ERIC-PCR (enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence polymerase chain reaction) analysis revealed a high degree of genetic diversity among the ARGs-harboring E. coli isolates. The results demonstrate a high prevalence of ARGs-harboring E. coli in estuarine water and confirm the need for a better wastewater treatment facility and proper control measures to reduce the discharge of sewage and wastewater into the aquatic environments.
Collapse
|
14
|
Muraleedharan C, Talreja D, Kanwar M, Kumar A, Walia SK. Occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria in urban Clinton River habitat. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 16:225-235. [PMID: 30316964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether Clinton River water is contaminated with antibiotics and is a reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. METHODS Water samples were taken from two sites of Clinton River. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria were enumerated on agar plates supplemented with six commonly used antibiotics. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria were identified using a BD Phoenix™ System and by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antimicrobial resistance gene transfer was performed by conjugation studies and the location of genes was determined by Southern hybridisation. Virulence properties of ESBL-producing isolates were determined by assessing their biofilm-forming ability, cellular toxicity, and induction of an inflammatory response in intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. RESULTS 16S rRNA analysis of water samples showed the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas punctata and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Among 64 biochemically identified bacterial isolates tested, 42% were resistant to cefotaxime, 34% to chloramphenicol, 9% to tetracycline, 11% to ciprofloxacin and 9% to gentamicin. Of 27 cefotaxime-resistant isolates, 11 (41%) were ESBL-positive and possessed either blaCTX-M (n=9), blaTEM (n=1) or blaKPC (n=1). Comparative analysis of ESBL gene sequences from Clinton River water bacteria showed 98-100% identity with clinical isolates. ESBL-producing isolates from Clinton River water were found to form biofilms, induced inflammatory cytokines and caused toxicity to epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Clinton River water contains isolates with ESBL genes identical to clinical isolates and possessing virulence properties, thus it could be a potential reservoir in causing human infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepa Talreja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mamta Kanwar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Satish K Walia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu H, Zhou H, Li Q, Peng Q, Zhao Q, Wang J, Liu X. Molecular characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from the rivers and lakes in Northwest China. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:125. [PMID: 30286725 PMCID: PMC6172723 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates in environment water become progressively a potential threat to public health, while the detailed information about the ESBL-producing E. coli isolates in the rivers and lakes in Northwest China is scarce. In the present study, it was aimed to characterize the ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from the surface waters in Northwest China. RESULTS A total of 2686 E. coli isolates were obtained from eleven rivers and lakes in Northwest China to screen for ESBL producers. Seventy-six (2.8%) isolates were classified as ESBL producers, and phylogenic groups D and A accounted for 59.2% of the ESBL producers. CTX-Ms were the predominant ESBLs genotype, and they were represented by seven blaCTX-M subtypes. blaCTX-M-14 was the most prevalent specific CTX-M gene, followed by blaCTX-M-9, blaCTX-M-123, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-1 and blaCTX-M-65. Moreover, 54 of the 76 ESBL producers carried at least one plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) gene, and aac(6')-Ib-cr was predominant. The overall occurrence of virulence factors ranged from 1.3% (eae) to 48.7% (traT). Thirty-seven sequence types (STs) were confirmed among the 76 ESBL producers, and the predominant was ST10, which was represented by 10 isolates; importantly, clone B2-ST131, associated with severe infections in humans and animals, was detected three times. CONCLUSION The prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli from the rivers and lakes in Northwest China was low (2.8%), and the extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) pathotype was the most commonly detected on the basis of the virulence factor profiles. 76.3% of ESBL producers harbored more than one β-lactamase gene, and blaCTX-M-14 was the predominant genotype. Notably, one ST131 isolate from Gaogan Canal simultaneously harbored blaCTX-M-9, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-123, blaKPC-2, blaNDM-1, blaOXA-2 as well as the PMQR genes qnrA, qnrS and aac(6')-Ib-cr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongchao Zhou
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinfan Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Taggar G, Rehman MA, Yin X, Lepp D, Ziebell K, Handyside P, Boerlin P, Diarra MS. Antimicrobial-Resistant E. coli from Surface Waters in Southwest Ontario Dairy Farms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:1068-1078. [PMID: 30272802 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2018.04.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Untreated surface waters can be contaminated with a variety of bacteria, including , some of which can be pathogenic for both humans and animals. Therefore, such waters need to be treated before their use in dairy operations to mitigate risks to dairy cow health and milk safety. To understand the molecular ecology of , this study aimed to assess antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in recovered from untreated surface water sources of dairy farms. Untreated surface water samples ( = 240) from 15 dairy farms were collected and processed to isolate . A total of 234 isolates were obtained and further characterized for their serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility. Of the 234 isolates, 71.4% were pan-susceptible, 23.5% were resistant to one or two antimicrobial classes, and 5.1% were resistant to three or more antimicrobial classes. Whole genome sequence analysis of 11 selected multidrug-resistant isolates revealed AMR genes including and that confer resistance to the critically important extended-spectrum cephalosporins, as well as a variety of plasmids (mainly of the replicon type) and class 1 integrons. Phylogenetic and comparative genome analysis revealed a genetic relationship between some of the sequenced and Shiga toxin-producing O157:H7 (STEC), which warrants further investigation. This study shows that untreated surface water sources contain antimicrobial-resistant which may serve as a reservoir of AMR that could be disseminated through horizontal gene transfer. This is another reason why effective water treatment before usage should be routinely done on dairy farm operations.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ramírez-Castillo FY, Moreno-Flores AC, Avelar-González FJ, Márquez-Díaz F, Harel J, Guerrero-Barrera AL. An evaluation of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates in urinary tract infections from Aguascalientes, Mexico: cross-sectional study. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2018; 17:34. [PMID: 30041652 PMCID: PMC6057003 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-018-0286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are one of the main bacteria causing urinary tract infections (UTIs). The rates of UPEC with high resistance towards antibiotics and multidrug-resistant bacteria have increased dramatically in recent years and could difficult the treatment. METHODS The aim of the study was to determine multidrug-resistant bacteria, antibiotic resistance profile, virulence traits, and genetic background of 110 E. coli isolated from community (79 isolates) and hospital-acquired (31 isolates) urinary tract infections. The plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes presence was also investigated. A subset of 18 isolates with a quinolone-resistance phenotype was examined for common virulence genes encoded in diarrheagenic and extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli by a specific E. coli microarray. RESULTS Female children were the group most affected by UTIs, which were mainly community-acquired. Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and ampicillin-sulbactam was most prevalent. A frequent occurrence of resistance toward ciprofloxacin (47.3%), levofloxacin (43.6%) and cephalosporins (27.6%) was observed. In addition, 63% of the strains were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Almost all the fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant strains showed MDR-phenotype. Isolates from male patients were associated to FQ-resistant and MDR-phenotype. Moreover, hospital-acquired infections were correlated to third generation cephalosporin and nitrofurantoin resistance and the presence of kpsMTII gene. Overall, fimH (71.8%) and fyuA (68.2%), had the highest prevalence as virulence genes among isolates. However, the profile of virulence genes displayed a great diversity, which included the presence of genes related to diarrheagenic E. coli. Out of 110 isolates, 25 isolates (22.7%) were positive to qnrA, 23 (20.9%) to qnrB, 7 (6.4%) to qnrS1, 7 (6.4%) to aac(6')lb-cr, 5 (4.5%) to qnrD, and 1 (0.9%) to qnrC genes. A total of 12.7% of the isolates harbored blaCTX-M genes, with blaCTX-M-15 being the most prevalent. CONCLUSIONS Urinary tract infection due to E. coli may be difficult to treat empirically due to high resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Continuous surveillance of multidrug resistant organisms and patterns of drug resistance are needed in order to prevent treatment failure and reduce selective pressure. These findings may help choosing more suitable treatments of UTI patients in this region of Mexico.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flor Y. Ramírez-Castillo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Col. Cd. Universitaria, 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Adriana C. Moreno-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Col. Cd. Universitaria, 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Francisco J. Avelar-González
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Ambientales, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Col. Cd. Universitaria, 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Francisco Márquez-Díaz
- Departamento de Infectología, Centenario Hospital Miguel Hidalgo, Galeana Sur 495, Obraje, 20000 Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Josée Harel
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Centre de Recherche en Infectologíe Porcine et Aviaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200, rue Sicott, Saint-Hyacinthe, Montreal, QC J2S 2M2 Canada
| | - Alma L. Guerrero-Barrera
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Col. Cd. Universitaria, 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang Y, Song W, Lin H, Wang W, Du L, Xing W. Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in global lakes: A review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 116:60-73. [PMID: 29653401 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lakes are an important source of freshwater, containing nearly 90% of the liquid surface fresh water worldwide. Long retention times in lakes mean pollutants from discharges slowly circulate around the lakes and may lead to high ecological risk for ecosystem and human health. In recent decades, antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been regarded as emerging pollutants. The occurrence and distribution of antibiotics and ARGs in global freshwater lakes are summarized to show the pollution level of antibiotics and ARGs and to identify some of the potential risks to ecosystem and human health. Fifty-seven antibiotics were reported at least once in the studied lakes. Our meta-analysis shows that sulfamethoxazole, sulfamerazine, sulfameter, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, and roxithromycin were found at high concentrations in both lake water and lake sediment. There is no significant difference in the concentration of sulfonamides in lake water from China and that from other countries worldwide; however, there was a significant difference in quinolones. Erythromycin had the lowest predicted hazardous concentration for 5% of the species (HC5) and the highest ecological risk in lakes. There was no significant difference in the concentration of sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1 and sul2) in lake water and river water. There is surprisingly limited research on the role of aquatic biota in propagation of ARGs in freshwater lakes. As an environment that is susceptible to cumulative build-up of pollutants, lakes provide an important environment to study the fate of antibiotics and transport of ARGs with a broad range of niches including bacterial community, aquatic plants and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.
| | - Wenjuan Song
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Weibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Linna Du
- Department of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325006, China
| | - Wei Xing
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Michael Dunne W, Pouseele H, Monecke S, Ehricht R, van Belkum A. Epidemiology of transmissible diseases: Array hybridization and next generation sequencing as universal nucleic acid-mediated typing tools. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 63:332-345. [PMID: 28943408 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude of interest in the epidemiology of transmissible human diseases is reflected in the vast number of tools and methods developed recently with the expressed purpose to characterize and track evolutionary changes that occur in agents of these diseases over time. Within the past decade a new suite of such tools has become available with the emergence of the so-called "omics" technologies. Among these, two are exponents of the ongoing genomic revolution. Firstly, high-density nucleic acid probe arrays have been proposed and developed using various chemical and physical approaches. Via hybridization-mediated detection of entire genes or genetic polymorphisms in such genes and intergenic regions these so called "DNA chips" have been successfully applied for distinguishing very closely related microbial species and strains. Second and even more phenomenal, next generation sequencing (NGS) has facilitated the assessment of the complete nucleotide sequence of entire microbial genomes. This technology currently provides the most detailed level of bacterial genotyping and hence allows for the resolution of microbial spread and short-term evolution in minute detail. We will here review the very recent history of these two technologies, sketch their usefulness in the elucidation of the spread and epidemiology of mostly hospital-acquired infections and discuss future developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Michael Dunne
- Data Analytics Unit, bioMerieux, 100 Rodolphe Street, Durham, NC 27712, USA.
| | - Hannes Pouseele
- Data Analytics Unit, bioMerieux, 100 Rodolphe Street, Durham, NC 27712, USA; Applied Maths NV, Keistraat 120, 9830 Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium.
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany; InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany; Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany; InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany.
| | - Alex van Belkum
- Data Analytics Unit, bioMérieux, 3, Route de Port Michaud, 38390 La Balme Les Grottes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
RANJBAR R, FARAHANI O. The Prevalence of Plasmid-mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli Isolated from Hospital Wastewater Sources in Tehran, Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 46:1285-1291. [PMID: 29026795 PMCID: PMC5632331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the importance of hospital wastewaters as potential reservoirs for the dissemination of bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli and antibiotic resistance genes in the environment, the need for such information becomes imperative. METHODS E. coli strains were isolated from hospital wastewater sources in Tehran, Iran, over a 24-month sampling period (Jun 2014- Jun 2016) and identified using standard bacteriological methods. Quinolone resistance among the strains was determined using Kirby-Bauer method and the frequency of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS) was investigated by PCR. RESULTS In total, 80 E. coli strains were isolated during the study period, of which 51 (63.8%) isolates were resistant to tested antibiotics. Of note, 13 isolates were resistant to all the antibiotics employed. The highest rates of antibiotic resistance were obtained for nalidixic acid (60%), followed by norfloxacin (30%), and ciprofloxacin (25%). Of the 51 quinolone-resistant strains, 24 (47.1%) isolates harbored qnr genes. None of the isolates harboured the qnrA gene, while 11 (45.8%) and 7 (29.2%) isolates contained qnrB and qnrS, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings showed high rates of quinolone resistance (63.8%) and qnr genes, underlining the importance of hospital wastewaters as reservoirs for dissemination of potentially pathogenic E. coli and horizontal gene transfer between other waterborne bacterial species. Other possible mechanisms of resistance should also be investigated for better characterization of quinolone-resistant E. coli isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza RANJBAR
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid FARAHANI
- Dept. of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ahmed S, Olsen JE, Herrero-Fresno A. The genetic diversity of commensal Escherichia coli strains isolated from non-antimicrobial treated pigs varies according to age group. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178623. [PMID: 28558003 PMCID: PMC5448805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first report on the genetic diversity of commensal E. coli from pigs reared in an antibiotic free production system and belonging to different age groups. The study investigated the genetic diversity and relationship of 900 randomly collected commensal E. coli strains from non-antimicrobial treated pigs assigned to five different age groups in a Danish farm. Fifty-two unique REP profiles were detected suggesting a high degree of diversity. The number of strains per pig ranged from two to 13. The highest and the lowest degree of diversity were found in the early weaners group (Shannon diversity index, H' of 2.22) and piglets (H' of 1.46) respectively. The REP profiles, R1, R7 and R28, were the most frequently observed in all age groups. E. coli strains representing each REP profile and additional strains associated with the dominant profiles were subjected to PFGE and were assigned to 67 different genotypes. Whole genome sequence analysis of 52 isolates leading to unique REP profiles identified a high level of sequence variation. Six and six strains were assigned to sequence type ST10 and sequence type ST58, respectively. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, as well as, genes associated with mobile genetic elements were commonly found among these commensal E. coli strains. Interestingly, strains yielding the three most common REP profiles clustered together in the SNPs phylogenetic tree, and such strains may represent the archetypal commensal E. coli in Danish pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahana Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - John E. Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ana Herrero-Fresno
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Devarajan N, Köhler T, Sivalingam P, van Delden C, Mulaji CK, Mpiana PT, Ibelings BW, Poté J. Antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas spp. in the aquatic environment: A prevalence study under tropical and temperate climate conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 115:256-265. [PMID: 28284092 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial populations which are resistant to antibiotics are an emerging environmental concern with potentially serious implications for public health. Thus, there is a growing concern in exploring the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in the environment with no limitations to the factors that contribute to their emergence. The aquatic environment is considered to be a hot-spot for the acquisition and spread of antibiotic resistance due to pollution with emerging contaminants derived from anthropogenic activities. In this study, we report on the isolation and characterization of 141 Pseudomonas spp. from aquatic sediments receiving partially (un)treated hospital and communal effluents from three distinct geographical locations: Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), India (IN), and Switzerland (CH). P. putida (42%) and P. aeruginosa (39%) were the dominant Pseudomonas species. The highest frequency of antibiotic resistance against eight anti-pseudomonas agents was found among IN isolates (35-60%), followed by DRC (18-50%) and CH (12-54%). CTX-M was the most frequent β-lactamase found in CH (47% of isolates), while VIM-1 was dominant in isolates from DRC (61%) and IN (29%). NDM-1 was found in 29% of the total IN isolates and surprisingly also in 6% of CH isolates. Chromosomally-encoded efflux mechanisms were overexpressed in P. aeruginosa isolates from all three geographic locations. In vitro conjugative transfers of antibiotic resistance plasmids occurred more frequently under tropical temperatures (30 and 37 °C) than under temperate conditions (10 °C). The presence of Extended Spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and Metallo β-lactamases (MBLs) in the isolates from environmental samples has important implications for humans who depend on public water supply and sanitation facilities. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a comparison between treated/untreated effluents from urban and hospital settings as a source of microbial resistance by evaluating the aquatic ecosystems sediments from tropical and temperate climate conditions. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a widespread occurrence of antibiotic resistance in aquatic ecosystems sediments receiving untreated/treated wastewater and how these contemporary sources of contamination, contribute to the spread of microbial resistance in the aquatic environment. This research presents also useful tools to evaluate sediment quality in the receiving river/reservoir systems which can be applied to similar environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Devarajan
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Section of Earth and Environmental Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences and Institute of Environmental Sciences, Blvd Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Köhler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1, rue Michel Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Transplant Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospitals Geneva, 4, rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Periyasamy Sivalingam
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Section of Earth and Environmental Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences and Institute of Environmental Sciences, Blvd Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian van Delden
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1, rue Michel Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Transplant Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospitals Geneva, 4, rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Crispin K Mulaji
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pius T Mpiana
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Bastiaan W Ibelings
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Section of Earth and Environmental Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences and Institute of Environmental Sciences, Blvd Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John Poté
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Section of Earth and Environmental Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences and Institute of Environmental Sciences, Blvd Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland; University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Several potential reservoirs for the Escherichia coli strains that cause most human extraintestinal infections (extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli; ExPEC) have been identified, including the human intestinal tract and various non-human reservoirs, such as companion animals, food animals, retail meat products, sewage, and other environmental sources. Understanding ExPEC reservoirs, chains of transmission, transmission dynamics, and epidemiologic associations will assist greatly in finding ways to reduce the ExPEC-associated disease burden. The need to clarify the ecological behavior of ExPEC is all the more urgent because environmental reservoirs may contribute to acquisition of antimicrobial resistance determinants and selection for and amplification of resistant ExPEC. In this chapter, we review the evidence for different ExPEC reservoirs, with particular attention to food and food animals, and discuss the public health implications of these reservoirs for ExPEC dissemination and transmission.
Collapse
|
24
|
Vittecoq M, Godreuil S, Prugnolle F, Durand P, Brazier L, Renaud N, Arnal A, Aberkane S, Jean-Pierre H, Gauthier-Clerc M, Thomas F, Renaud F. Antimicrobial resistance in wildlife. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Vittecoq
- Centre de recherche de la Tour du Valat; Arles France
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Sylvain Godreuil
- Département de Bactériologie-Virologie; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Montpellier; Montpellier France
- Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
- U 1058; INSERM; Montpellier France
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Patrick Durand
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Lionel Brazier
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Nicolas Renaud
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Audrey Arnal
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Salim Aberkane
- Département de Bactériologie-Virologie; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Montpellier; Montpellier France
- U 1058; INSERM; Montpellier France
| | - Hélène Jean-Pierre
- Département de Bactériologie-Virologie; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Montpellier; Montpellier France
- Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
- UMR 5119 (UM2, CNRS, IRD, IFREMER, UM); Equipe Pathogènes et Environnements; U.F.R. Pharmacie; Montpellier France
| | - Michel Gauthier-Clerc
- Centre de recherche de la Tour du Valat; Arles France
- Département Chrono-Environnement; UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 USC INRA; Université de Franche-Comté; Besançon France
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - François Renaud
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Corsi SR, Borchardt MA, Carvin RB, Burch TR, Spencer SK, Lutz MA, McDermott CM, Busse KM, Kleinheinz GT, Feng X, Zhu J. Human and Bovine Viruses and Bacteria at Three Great Lakes Beaches: Environmental Variable Associations and Health Risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:987-95. [PMID: 26720156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne pathogens were measured at three beaches in Lake Michigan, environmental factors for predicting pathogen concentrations were identified, and the risk of swimmer infection and illness was estimated. Waterborne pathogens were detected in 96% of samples collected at three Lake Michigan beaches in summer, 2010. Samples were quantified for 22 pathogens in four microbial categories (human viruses, bovine viruses, protozoa, and pathogenic bacteria). All beaches had detections of human and bovine viruses and pathogenic bacteria indicating influence of multiple contamination sources at these beaches. Occurrence ranged from 40 to 87% for human viruses, 65-87% for pathogenic bacteria, and 13-35% for bovine viruses. Enterovirus, adenovirus A, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, bovine polyomavirus, and bovine rotavirus A were present most frequently. Variables selected in multiple regression models used to explore environmental factors that influence pathogens included wave direction, cloud cover, currents, and water temperature. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment was done for C. jejuni, Salmonella spp., and enteroviruses to estimate risk of infection and illness. Median infection risks for one-time swimming events were approximately 2 × 10(-5), 8 × 10(-6), and 3 × 10(-7) [corrected] for C. jejuni, Salmonella spp., and enteroviruses, respectively. Results highlight the importance of investigating multiple pathogens within multiple categories to avoid underestimating the prevalence and risk of waterborne pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Corsi
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center , 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Mark A Borchardt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, United States
| | - Rebecca B Carvin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center , 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Tucker R Burch
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center , 2615 Yellowstone Drive, Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, United States
| | - Susan K Spencer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, United States
| | - Michelle A Lutz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center , 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Colleen M McDermott
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh , 800 Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901, United States
| | - Kimberly M Busse
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh , 800 Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901, United States
| | - Gregory T Kleinheinz
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh , 800 Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901, United States
| | - Xiaoping Feng
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1300 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1300 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jahandeh N, Ranjbar R, Behzadi P, Behzadi E. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli virulence genes: invaluable approaches for designing DNA microarray probes. Cent European J Urol 2015; 68:452-8. [PMID: 26855801 PMCID: PMC4742438 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2015.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pathotypes of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) cause different types of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The presence of a wide range of virulence genes in UPEC enables us to design appropriate DNA microarray probes. These probes, which are used in DNA microarray technology, provide us with an accurate and rapid diagnosis and definitive treatment in association with UTIs caused by UPEC pathotypes. The main goal of this article is to introduce the UPEC virulence genes as invaluable approaches for designing DNA microarray probes. Material and methods Main search engines such as Google Scholar and databases like NCBI were searched to find and study several original pieces of literature, review articles, and DNA gene sequences. In parallel with in silico studies, the experiences of the authors were helpful for selecting appropriate sources and writing this review article. Results There is a significant variety of virulence genes among UPEC strains. The DNA sequences of virulence genes are fabulous patterns for designing microarray probes. The location of virulence genes and their sequence lengths influence the quality of probes. Conclusions The use of selected virulence genes for designing microarray probes gives us a wide range of choices from which the best probe candidates can be chosen. DNA microarray technology provides us with an accurate, rapid, cost-effective, sensitive, and specific molecular diagnostic method which is facilitated by designing microarray probes. Via these tools, we are able to have an accurate diagnosis and a definitive treatment regarding UTIs caused by UPEC pathotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Jahandeh
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Behzadi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Titilawo Y, Obi L, Okoh A. Occurrence of virulence gene signatures associated with diarrhoeagenic and non-diarrhoeagenic pathovars of Escherichia coli isolates from some selected rivers in South-Western Nigeria. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:204. [PMID: 26449767 PMCID: PMC4599032 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhoeal diseases are attributable to unsafe water stemming from improper sanitation and hygiene and are reportedly responsible for extensive morbidity and mortality particularly among children in developed and developing countries. METHODS Water samples from selected rivers in Osun State, South-Western Nigeria were collected and analyzed using standard procedures. Escherichia coli isolates (n=300) were screened for 10 virulence genes using polymerase chain reaction for pathotyping. RESULTS While the virulence gene (VG) lt for enterotoxigenic E. coli had the highest prevalence of 45%, the enteropathogenic E. coli genes eae and bfp were detected in 6 and 4% of the isolates respectively. The VGs stx1 and stx2 specific for the enterohemorrhagic E. coli pathotypes were detected in 7 and 1% of the isolates respectively. Also, the VG eagg harboured by enteroaggregative pathotype and diffusely-adherent E. coli VG daaE were detected in 2 and 4% of the isolates respectively and enteroinvasive E. coli VG ipaH was not detected. In addition, the VGs papC for uropathogenic and ibeA for neonatal meningitis were frequently detected in 19 and 3% of isolates respectively. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal the presence of diarrhoeagenic and non-diarrhoeagenic E. coli in the selected rivers and a potential public health risk as the rivers are important resources for domestic, recreational and livelihood usage by their host communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinka Titilawo
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa. .,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
| | - Larry Obi
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa. .,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
| | - Anthony Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa. .,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Titilawo Y, Obi L, Okoh A. Antimicrobial resistance determinants of Escherichia coli isolates recovered from some rivers in Osun State, South-Western Nigeria: Implications for public health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 523:82-94. [PMID: 25862994 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The inevitable development of resistance has sunk the great success achieved in the discovery of antimicrobial agents and dashed the hope of man in the recovery from infections and illnesses, as diseases and disease agents that were once thought to be controlled by antimicrobials are now re-emerging in new leagues resistance to therapy. A total of 300 PCR confirmed Escherichia coli isolates recovered from different river sources in Osun State, Nigeria were evaluated for their antibiogram profiling by the disc diffusion method and the resistant isolates were further profiled for their genotypic antimicrobial resistance determinants by polymerase chain reaction assays. Among the 20 antimicrobials selected from 10 families, resistance among sulfonamides, β-lactams and tetracyclines were found to be most frequent than phenicols and aminoglycosides with a noticeable increase in the number of multi-drug resistance ranging from three to nine antimicrobials. A total of 19 resistance determinants were assessed with their prevalence and distributions obtained as follows; [sulfonamides sulI (8%), sulII (41%)], [β-lactams; ampC 22%; blaTEM, (21%), and blaZ (18%),], [tetracyclines tetA (24%), tetB (23%), tetC (18%), tetD (78%), tetK (15%), and tetM, (10%)], [phenicols; catI (37%), catII (28%), and cmIA1 (19%)] and [aminoglycosides; aacC2 (8%), aphA1 (80%), aphA2 (80%), aadA (79%) and strA (38%)]. The Pearson chi-square exact test revealed many strong significant associations among ampC, blaTEM, blaZ and tetA genes with some determinants screened. The findings signify high increase in the prevalence of multidrug resistant E. coli isolates and resistance determinants indicating increased public health risks associated with the ingestion of waters from untreated sources. Hence, a necessity for safe water supply, provision of proper sanitation facilities and good surveillance programmes to monitor antimicrobial resistance patterns in water bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinka Titilawo
- SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Larry Obi
- SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Anthony Okoh
- SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Titilawo Y, Sibanda T, Obi L, Okoh A. Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of Escherichia coli to identify high-risk sources of faecal contamination of water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:10969-10980. [PMID: 25779106 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the antibiogram profile of Escherichia coli (n = 300) isolated from selected rivers in Osun State, Nigeria. The identities of the E. coli isolates were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Susceptibility of the isolates to 20 antibiotics conventionally used in clinical cases was assessed in vitro by the standardized agar disc-diffusion method. All the isolates were susceptible to imipenem, meropenem, amikacin and gatilofloxacin. The isolates were variously susceptible to the other antibiotics as follows: ciprofloxacin (96 %), kanamycin (95 %), neomycin (92 %), streptomycin (84 %), chloramphenicol (73 %), nalidixic acid (66 %), nitrofurantoin (64 %), gentamycin (63 %), doxycycline (58 %), cefepime (57 %), tetracycline (49 %) and cephalothin (42 %). The multiple antibiotic resistance indexing ranged from 0.50 to 0.80 for all the sampling locations and exceeded the threshold value of 0.2, suggesting the origin of the isolates to be of high antimicrobial usage. Our findings signify an increase in the incidence of antimicrobial resistance of E. coli towards conventionally used antibiotics necessitating proper surveillance programmes towards the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance determinants in water bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinka Titilawo
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Herrero-Fresno A, Larsen I, Olsen JE. Genetic relatedness of commensal Escherichia coli from nursery pigs in intensive pig production in Denmark and molecular characterization of genetically different strains. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:342-53. [PMID: 25963647 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the genetic relatedness and the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in commensal Escherichia coli from nursery pigs in Danish intensive production. METHODS AND RESULTS The genetic diversity of 1000 E. coli strains randomly picked (N = 50 isolates) from cultured faecal samples (N = 4 pigs) from five intensive Danish pigs farms was analysed by repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR (REP-PCR) and 42 unique REP-profiles were detected (similarity <92%). One profile was dominant (67.2% of strains) but farms differed significantly in the diversity of commensal E. coli: between eight and 21 different profiles per farm were detected. One to three strains representing each REP-profile were characterized by multilocus typing scheme-typing, as well as for presence of antimicrobial and virulence genes and serogrouping through microarray analysis. The 42 REP-profiles were classified into 22 different sequence types (ST) with ST10 being the most common, encompassing 10 REP-profiles. Resistance and virulence genes were detected in most of the isolates. Genes encoding AmpC-β-lactamases and quinolone resistance were found in one and three isolates, respectively. Toxin-producing genes were observed in 20 isolates. CONCLUSIONS A low genetic diversity was found in commensal gut E. coli from nursery pigs in Denmark. No correlation was observed between REP-profiles, ST-types and resistance/virulence patterns. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study analysing in depth the genetic variability of commensal E. coli from pigs in Danish intensive pig production. A tendency for higher diversity was observed with in nursery pigs that were treated with zinc oxide only, in absence of other antimicrobials. Strains with potential to disseminate virulence and antibiotic resistance genes to pathogenic subgroups of E. coli were found to be wide-spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Herrero-Fresno
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - I Larsen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - J E Olsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gomi R, Matsuda T, Fujimori Y, Harada H, Matsui Y, Yoneda M. Characterization of Pathogenic Escherichia coli in River Water by Simultaneous Detection and Sequencing of 14 Virulence Genes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:6800-6807. [PMID: 25919763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of pathogenic Escherichia coli in environmental waters increases the risk of waterborne disease. In this study, 14 virulence genes in 669 E. coli isolates (549 isolates from the Yamato River in Japan, and 30 isolates from each of the following hosts: humans, cows, pigs, and chickens) were simultaneously quantified by multiplex PCR and dual index sequencing to determine the prevalence of potentially pathogenic E. coli. Among the 549 environmental isolates, 64 (12%) were classified as extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) while eight (1.5%) were classified as intestinal pathogenic E. coli (InPEC). Only ExPEC-associated genes were detected in human isolates and pig isolates, and 11 (37%) and five (17%) isolates were classified as ExPEC, respectively. A high proportion (63%) of cow isolates possessed Shiga-toxin genes (stx1 or stx2) and they were classified as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) or enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). Among the chicken isolates, 14 (47%) possessed iutA, which is an ExPEC-associated gene. This method can determine the sequences as well as the presence/absence of virulence genes. By comparing the sequences of virulence genes, we determined that sequences of iutA were different among sources and may be useful for discriminating isolates, although further studies including larger numbers of isolates are needed. Results indicate that humans are a likely source of ExPEC strains in the river.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Gomi
- †Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, 615-8540, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomonari Matsuda
- ‡Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, 520-0811, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujimori
- §Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenori Harada
- §Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuto Matsui
- †Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, 615-8540, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoneda
- †Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, 615-8540, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Koczura R, Krysiak N, Taraszewska A, Mokracka J. Coliform bacteria isolated from recreational lakes carry class 1 and class 2 integrons and virulence-associated genes. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:594-603. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Koczura
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań; Poznań Poland
| | - N. Krysiak
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań; Poznań Poland
| | - A. Taraszewska
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań; Poznań Poland
| | - J. Mokracka
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań; Poznań Poland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Impact of UV and peracetic acid disinfection on the prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in uropathogenic Escherichia coli in wastewater effluents. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 80:3656-66. [PMID: 24727265 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00418-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Wastewater discharges may increase the populations of pathogens, including Escherichia coli, and of antimicrobial-resistant strains in receiving waters. This study investigated the impact of UV and peracetic acid (PAA) disinfection on the prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the most abundant E. coli pathotype in municipal wastewaters. Laboratory disinfection experiments were conducted on wastewater treated by physicochemical, activated sludge, or biofiltration processes; 1,766 E. coli isolates were obtained for the evaluation. The target disinfection level was 200 CFU/100 ml, resulting in UV and PAA doses of 7 to 30 mJ/cm(2) and 0.9 to 2.0 mg/liter, respectively. The proportions of UPECs were reduced in all samples after disinfection, with an average reduction by UV of 55% (range, 22% to 80%) and by PAA of 52% (range, 11% to 100%). Analysis of urovirulence genes revealed that the decline in the UPEC populations was not associated with any particular virulence factor. A positive association was found between the occurrence of urovirulence and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). However, the changes in the prevalence of ARGs in potential UPECs were different following disinfection, i.e., UV appears to have had no effect, while PAA significantly reduced the ARG levels. Thus, this study showed that both UV and PAA disinfections reduced the proportion of UPECs and that PAA disinfection also reduced the proportion of antimicrobial resistance gene-carrying UPEC pathotypes in municipal wastewaters.
Collapse
|
34
|
Mbehang Nguema PP, Tsuchida S, Ushida K. Bacteria culturing and isolation under field conditions of Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon, and preliminary survey on bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes. TROPICS 2015. [DOI: 10.3759/tropics.23.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayaka Tsuchida
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University
| | - Kazunari Ushida
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pathogenic potential, genetic diversity, and population structure of Escherichia coli strains isolated from a forest-dominated watershed (Comox Lake) in British Columbia, Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:1788-98. [PMID: 25548059 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03738-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli isolates (n = 658) obtained from drinking water intakes of Comox Lake (2011 to 2013) were screened for the following virulence genes (VGs): stx1 and stx2 (Shiga toxin-producing E. coli [STEC]), eae and the adherence factor (EAF) gene (enteropathogenic E. coli [EPEC]), heat-stable (ST) enterotoxin (variants STh and STp) and heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) genes (enterotoxigenic E. coli [ETEC]), and ipaH (enteroinvasive E. coli [EIEC]). The only genes detected were eae and stx2, which were carried by 37.69% (n = 248) of the isolates. Only eae was harbored by 26.74% (n = 176) of the isolates, representing potential atypical EPEC strains, while only stx2 was detected in 10.33% (n = 68) of the isolates, indicating potential STEC strains. Moreover, four isolates were positive for both the stx2 and eae genes, representing potential EHEC strains. The prevalence of VGs (eae or stx2) was significantly (P < 0.0001) higher in the fall season, and multiple genes (eae plus stx2) were detected only in fall. Repetitive element palindromic PCR (rep-PCR) fingerprint analysis of 658 E. coli isolates identified 335 unique fingerprints, with an overall Shannon diversity (H') index of 3.653. Diversity varied among seasons over the years, with relatively higher diversity during fall. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed that the majority of the fingerprints showed a tendency to cluster according to year, season, and month. Taken together, the results indicated that the diversity and population structure of E. coli fluctuate on a temporal scale, reflecting the presence of diverse host sources and their behavior over time in the watershed. Furthermore, the occurrence of potentially pathogenic E. coli strains in the drinking water intakes highlights the risk to human health associated with direct and indirect consumption of untreated surface water.
Collapse
|
36
|
Rebello RCDL, Regua-Mangia AH. Potential enterovirulence and antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from aquatic environments in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:19-27. [PMID: 24840276 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli contamination in aquatic ecosystems has emerged as a relevant concern of public health impact, especially in developing areas. In this study, E. coli isolates were recovered from residential, industrial, agricultural, hospital wastewaters and recreational waters and, further characterized according to diarrheagenic potential, phylotyping and antimicrobial resistance phenotype. Among the total 178 E. coli isolates, antimicrobial resistance was detected in 37% to at least one of the 11 antimicrobials tested. The highest percentage of resistant E. coli was recovered from agricultural wastewaters (57.7%) followed by recreational waters (56.4%), hospital (34.5%), residential (22.7%) and industrial wastewaters (22.2%). Twenty-three resistance profiles (I-XXIII) were detected and 17 isolates exhibited the MDR phenotype. 11.2% of the total E. coli isolates carried diarrheagenic markers: astA (7.3%, 13/178), stx1 (2.8%, 05/178), escV (2.2%, 04/178) and estIa (0.6%, 01/178). All isolates harbored the uidA gene. E. coli isolates were mostly found in phylogenetic groups A (91.6%, 163/178) followed by groups D (5%, 09/178) and B2 (3.4%, 06/178). Specific gene combinations characterized E. coli pathotypes as ETEC (01/20), ATEC (04/20) and STEC (05/20) which belonged to A (75%, 15/20), D (15%, 03/20) and B2 (10%, 02/20) phylogroups. Our results revealed the widespread distribution of E. coli in aquatic systems in Rio de Janeiro. The circulation of pathogenic E. coli and antimicrobial resistance within bacterial population represents high risk to ecosystem and human health and highlights epidemiological surveillance and sanitary improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Costa de Luca Rebello
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca (ENSP), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Hamond Regua-Mangia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca (ENSP), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Alm EW, Zimbler D, Callahan E, Plomaritis E. Patterns and persistence of antibiotic resistance in faecal indicator bacteria from freshwater recreational beaches. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:273-85. [PMID: 24698413 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study was conducted to determine antibiotic susceptibility patterns among the faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), Escherichia coli and enterococci, and to determine the potential for freshwater beaches to serve as reservoirs of resistance genes where transfer of resistant phenotypes takes place or de novo resistance may evolve. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred and forty-seven E. coli and 150 enterococci collected from sand and water at recreational beaches along Lake Huron, Michigan, USA were screened against commonly used antibiotics. Resistance was apparent in both E. coli (19% resistant) and enterococci (65% resistant). Antibiotic-resistant E. coli were capable of growing in beach sand microcosms and were able to transfer a plasmid-encoded kanamycin-resistance gene in sand microcosms. Furthermore, resistant phenotypes were stable in the sand environment even in the absence of the corresponding antibiotic. CONCLUSIONS Antibiotic-resistant FIB were prevalent and persistent in the beach habitat. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Active populations of FIB at beaches express antibiotic resistance phenotypes and have the ability to transfer antibiotic resistance. These human-associated bacteria may be intermediaries in the movement of resistance between environmental and clinical reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E W Alm
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Limayem A, Martin EM. Quantitative risk analysis for potentially resistant E. coli in surface waters caused by antibiotic use in agricultural systems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:124-133. [PMID: 24328545 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.847220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are frequently used in agricultural systems to promote livestock health and to control bacterial contaminants. Given the upsurge of the resistant fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in the surface waters, a novel statistical method namely, microbial risk assessment (MRA) was performed, to evaluate the probability of infection by resistant FIB on populations exposed to recreational waters. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, except E. coli O157:H7, were selected for their prevalence in aquatic ecosystem. A comparative study between a typical E. coli pathway and a case scenario aggravated by antibiotic use has been performed via Crystal Ball® software in an effort to analyze a set of available inputs provided by the US institutions including E. coli concentrations in US Great Lakes through using random sampling and probability distributions. Results from forecasting a possible worst-case scenario dose-response, accounted for an approximate 50% chance for 20% of the exposed human populations to be infected by recreational water in the U.S. However, in a typical scenario, there is a 50% chance of infection for only 1% of the exposed human populations. The uncertain variable, E. coli concentration accounted for approximately 92.1% in a typical scenario as the major contributing factor of the dose-response model. Resistant FIB in recreational waters that are exacerbated by a low dose of antibiotic pollutants would increase the adverse health effects in exposed human populations by 10 fold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alya Limayem
- a Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bibbal D, Kérourédan M, Loukiadis E, Scheutz F, Oswald E, Brugère H. Slaughterhouse effluent discharges into rivers not responsible for environmental occurrence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol 2013; 168:451-4. [PMID: 24388632 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains were responsible for a massive outbreak in Europe in 2011, and had been previously isolated from French patients. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) in slaughterhouse effluents (wastewater, slurry, sludge and effluents), and in river waters near these slaughterhouses. A total of 10,618 E. coli isolates were screened by PCR for the presence of EAEC-associated genetic markers (aggR, aap and aatA). None of these markers was detected in E. coli isolated from slaughterhouse samples. A unique enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) O126:H8 was detected in river water sampled upstream from slaughterhouse effluent discharge. These results confirmed that animals might not be reservoirs of EAEC, and that further studies are required to evaluate the role of the environment in the transmission of EAEC to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Bibbal
- INSERM UMR1043, INRA USC1360, Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, Toulouse, France.
| | - Monique Kérourédan
- INSERM UMR1043, INRA USC1360, Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Estelle Loukiadis
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, LMAP Laboratory, National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli including VTEC, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Flemming Scheutz
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Escherichia and Klebsiella, Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric Oswald
- INSERM UMR1043, INRA USC1360, CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Hubert Brugère
- INSERM UMR1043, INRA USC1360, Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pereira A, Santos A, Tacão M, Alves A, Henriques I, Correia A. Genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli from Tagus estuary (Portugal). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 461-462:65-71. [PMID: 23714246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fecal pollution of surface waters is a current world-wide public health concern and may contribute for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. The Tagus estuary located in the south of Portugal is one of the largest wetlands in the west coast of Europe. In this study, water samples were collected from seven stations with different anthropic pressures along the estuary and evaluated for water quality indicator bacteria. Escherichia coli isolates (n=350) were typed by REP-PCR. Representatives of each REP profile (n=220) were evaluated phenotypically for resistance to 17 antibiotics and characterized in terms of phylogenetic group. Resistant isolates were screened for the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), sul1, sul2, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, aacA4-cr, bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(CTX-M), bla(CMY-like), bla(IMP), bla(VIM)) and integrase genes (intI1 and intI2). The highest antibiotic resistance prevalence was observed for streptomycin and tetracycline followed by β-lactams and sulphonamides. Among E. coli isolates, 65.16% were resistant to at least one of the 17 antibiotics tested and approximately 19% were multiresistant. In our E. coli population phylo-groups A and D were predominant and characterized by higher prevalence of the antibiotic resistance. intI1 and intI2 genes were found in 12% of the isolates with prevalence of class 1 integrons. A strong correlation between the prevalence of integrons and multiresistance was observed. Differences in terms of antibiotic resistance between phylogenetic groups and between sampling sites were statistically significant. The results demonstrate a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance among E. coli circulating in the Tagus estuary with emphasis on the occurrence of resistance to last-resort antibiotics and on the high incidence of multiresistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Pereira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Diallo AA, Brugère H, Kérourédan M, Dupouy V, Toutain PL, Bousquet-Mélou A, Oswald E, Bibbal D. Persistence and prevalence of pathogenic and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in municipal wastewater treatment plant receiving slaughterhouse wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:4719-4729. [PMID: 23774186 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We compared the prevalence of pathogenic and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) - producing Escherichia coli in effluents of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) receiving wastewater from a slaughterhouse. A total of 1248 isolates were screened for the presence of virulence genes associated with enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) (stx1, stx2, and eae) and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) (sfa/focDE, kpsMT K1, hlyA, papEF, afa/draBC, clbN, f17A and cnf). The prevalence of atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) was 0.7%, 0.2% and 0.5% in city wastewater, slaughterhouse wastewater and in the treated effluent, respectively. One stx1a and stx2b-positive E. coli isolate was detected in city wastewater. The prevalence of ExPEC was significantly higher in city wastewater (8.4%), compared to slaughterhouse wastewater (1.2%). Treatment in the WWTP did not significantly impact the prevalence of ExPEC in the outlet effluent (5.0%) compared to city wastewater. Moreover, the most potentially pathogenic ExPEC were isolated from city wastewater and from the treated effluent. ESBL-producing E. coli was also mainly detected in city wastewater (1.7%), compared to slaughterhouse wastewater (0.2%), and treated effluent (0.2%). One ESBL-producing E. coli, isolated from city wastewater, was eae-β1 positive. These results showed that pathogenic and/or ESBL-producing E. coli were mainly detected in human wastewater, and at a lesser extend in animal wastewater. Treatment failed to eliminate these strains which were discharged into the river, and then these strains could be transmitted to animals and humans via the environment.
Collapse
|
42
|
Ramírez Castillo FY, Avelar González FJ, Garneau P, Márquez Díaz F, Guerrero Barrera AL, Harel J. Presence of multi-drug resistant pathogenic Escherichia coli in the San Pedro River located in the State of Aguascalientes, Mexico. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:147. [PMID: 23785356 PMCID: PMC3683621 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of surface waters in developing countries is a great concern. Treated and untreated wastewaters have been discharged into rivers and streams, leading to possible waterborne infection outbreaks and may represent a significant dissemination mechanism of antibiotic resistance genes. In this study, the water quality of San Pedro River, the main river and pluvial collector of the Aguascalientes State, Mexico was assessed. Thirty sample locations were tested throughout the River. The main physicochemical parameters of water were evaluated. Results showed high levels of fecal pollution as well as inorganic and organic matter abundant enough to support the heterotrophic growth of microorganisms. These results indicate poor water quality in samples from different locations. One hundred and fifty Escherichia coli were collected and screened by PCR for several virulence genes. Isolates were classified as either pathogenic (n = 91) or commensal (n = 59). The disc diffusion method was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility to 13 antibiotics. Fifty-two percent of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent and 30.6% were multi-resistant. Eighteen E. coli strains were quinolone resistant of which 16 were multi-resistant. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes were detected in 12 isolates. Mutations at the Ser-83→Leu and/or Asp-87→Asn in the gyrA gene were detected as well as mutations at the Ser-80→Ile in parC. An E. coli microarray (Maxivirulence V 3.1) was used to characterize the virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes profiles of the fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates. Antimicrobial resistance genes such as bla TEM, sulI, sulII, dhfrIX, aph3 (strA), and tet (B) as well as integrons were found in fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance E. coli strains. The presence of potential pathogenic E. coli and antibiotic resistance in San Pedro River such as FQ resistant E. coli could pose a potential threat to human and animal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flor Y Ramírez Castillo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes Aguascalientes, México
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in public beach waters in Quebec. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2013; 23:e20-5. [PMID: 23730315 DOI: 10.1155/2012/378602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria may result in the transfer of resistance to commensal or pathogenic microbes present in the gastrointestinal tract, which may lead to severe health consequences and difficulties in treatment of future bacterial infections. It was hypothesized that the recreational waters from beaches represent a source of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli for people engaging in water activities. OBJECTIVE To describe the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant E coli in the recreational waters of beaches in southern Quebec. METHODS Sampling occurred over two summers; in 2004, 674 water samples were taken from 201 beaches, and in 2005, 628 water samples were taken from 177 beaches. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the antimicrobial-resistant E coli isolates against a panel of 16 antimicrobials were determined using microbroth dilution. RESULTS For 2004 and 2005, respectively, 28% and 38% of beaches sampled had at least one water sample contaminated by E coli resistant to one or more antimicrobials, and more than 10% of the resistant isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial of clinical importance for human medicine. The three antimicrobials with the highest frequency of resistance were tetracycline, ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole. DISCUSSION The recreational waters of these beaches represent a potential source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria for people engaging in water activities. Investigations relating the significance of these findings to public health should be pursued.
Collapse
|
44
|
Evaluating the pathogenic potential of environmental Escherichia coli by using the Caenorhabditis elegans infection model. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:2435-45. [PMID: 23377948 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03501-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection and abundance of Escherichia coli in water is used to monitor and mandate the quality of drinking and recreational water. Distinguishing commensal waterborne E. coli isolates from those that cause diarrhea or extraintestinal disease in humans is important for quantifying human health risk. A DNA microarray was used to evaluate the distribution of virulence genes in 148 E. coli environmental isolates from a watershed in eastern Ontario, Canada, and in eight clinical isolates. Their pathogenic potential was evaluated with Caenorhabditis elegans, and the concordance between the bioassay result and the pathotype deduced by genotyping was explored. Isolates identified as potentially pathogenic on the basis of their complement of virulence genes were significantly more likely to be pathogenic to C. elegans than those determined to be potentially nonpathogenic. A number of isolates that were identified as nonpathogenic on the basis of genotyping were pathogenic in the infection assay, suggesting that genotyping did not capture all potentially pathogenic types. The detection of the adhesin-encoding genes sfaD, focA, and focG, which encode adhesins; of iroN2, which encodes a siderophore receptor; of pic, which encodes an autotransporter protein; and of b1432, which encodes a putative transposase, was significantly associated with pathogenicity in the infection assay. Overall, E. coli isolates predicted to be pathogenic on the basis of genotyping were indeed so in the C. elegans infection assay. Furthermore, the detection of C. elegans-infective environmental isolates predicted to be nonpathogenic on the basis of genotyping suggests that there are hitherto-unrecognized virulence factors or combinations thereof that are important in the establishment of infection.
Collapse
|
45
|
Frigon D, Biswal BK, Mazza A, Masson L, Gehr R. Biological and physicochemical wastewater treatment processes reduce the prevalence of virulent Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:835-44. [PMID: 23160132 PMCID: PMC3568565 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02789-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Effluents discharged from wastewater treatment plants are possible sources of pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, in the freshwater environment, and determining the possible selection of pathogens is important. This study evaluated the impact of activated sludge and physicochemical wastewater treatment processes on the prevalence of potentially virulent E. coli. A total of 719 E. coli isolates collected from four municipal plants in Québec before and after treatment were characterized by using a customized DNA microarray to determine the impact of treatment processes on the frequency of specific pathotypes and virulence genes. The percentages of potentially pathogenic E. coli isolates in the plant influents varied between 26 and 51%, and in the effluents, the percentages were 14 to 31%, for a reduction observed at all plants ranging between 14 and 45%. Pathotypes associated with extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) were the most abundant at three of the four plants and represented 24% of all isolates, while intestinal pathogenic E. coli pathotypes (IPEC) represented 10% of the isolates. At the plant where ExPEC isolates were not the most abundant, a large number of isolates were classified as both ExPEC and IPEC; overall, 6% of the isolates were classified in both groups, with the majority being from the same plant. The reduction of the proportion of pathogenic E. coli could not be explained by the preferential loss of one virulence gene or one type of virulence factor; however, the quinolone resistance gene (qnrS) appears to enhance the loss of virulence genes, suggesting a mechanism involving the loss of pathogenicity islands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Frigon
- Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Evaluating targets for control of plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance in enteric commensals of beef cattle: a modelling approach. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141:2294-312. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812002993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYEnteric commensal bacteria of food animals may serve as a reservoir of genes encoding antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The genes are often plasmidic. Different aspects of bacterial ecology can be targeted by interventions to control plasmid-mediated AMR. The field efficacy of interventions remains unclear. We developed a deterministic mathematical model of commensalEscherichia coliin its animate and non-animate habitats within a beef feedlot's pen, with someE. colihaving plasmid-mediated resistance to the cephalosporin ceftiofur. We evaluated relative potential efficacy of within- or outside-host biological interventions delivered throughout rearing depending on the targeted parameter of bacterial ecology. Most instrumental in reducing the fraction of resistant entericE. coliat steer slaughter age were interventions acting on the entericE. coliand capable of either ‘plasmid curing’E. coli, or lowering maximumE. colinumbers or the rate of plasmid transfer in this habitat. Also efficient was to increase the regular replacement of entericE. coli. Lowering replication rate of resistantE. colialone was not an efficient intervention target.
Collapse
|
47
|
Maal-Bared R, Bartlett KH, Bowie WR, Hall ER. Phenotypic antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli and E. coli O157 isolated from water, sediment and biofilms in an agricultural watershed in British Columbia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:315-323. [PMID: 23202379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the distribution of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli and E. coli O157 isolated from water, sediment and biofilms in an intensive agricultural watershed (Elk Creek, British Columbia) between 2005 and 2007. It also examined physical and chemical water parameters associated with antibiotic resistance. Broth microdilution techniques were used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for E. coli (n=214) and E. coli O157 (n=27) recovered isolates for ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin and tetracycline. Both E. coli and E. coli O157 isolates showed highest frequency of resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin and nalidixic acid; respectively. For E. coli, the highest frequency of resistance was observed at the most agriculturally-impacted site, while the lowest frequency of resistance was found at the headwaters. Sediment and river rock biofilms were the most likely to be associated with resistant E. coli, while water was the least likely. While seasonality (wet versus dry) had no relationship with resistance frequency, length of biofilm colonization of the substratum in the aquatic environment only affected resistance frequency to nalidixic acid and tetracycline. Multivariate logistic regressions showed that water depth, nutrient concentrations, temperature, dissolved oxygen and salinity had statistically significant associations with frequency of E. coli resistance to nalidixic acid, streptomycin, ampicillin and tetracycline. The results indicate that antibiotic resistant E. coli and E. coli O157 were prevalent in an agricultural stream. Since E. coli is adept at horizontal gene transfer and prevalent in biofilms and sediment, where ample opportunities for genetic exchange with potential environmental pathogens present themselves, resistant isolates may present a risk to ecosystem, wildlife and public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Maal-Bared
- Resource Management and Environmental Studies, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Haack SK, Fogarty LR, Stelzer EA, Fuller LM, Brennan AK, Isaacs NM, Johnson HE. Geographic setting influences Great Lakes beach microbiological water quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:12054-63. [PMID: 24073635 DOI: 10.1021/es402299a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of factors that influence Escherichia coli (EC) and enterococci (ENT) concentrations, pathogen occurrence, and microbial sources at Great Lakes beaches comes largely from individual beach studies. Using 12 representative beaches, we tested enrichment cultures from 273 beach water and 22 tributary samples for EC, ENT, and genes indicating the bacterial pathogens Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC), Shigella spp. , Salmonella spp , Campylobacter jejuni/coli , and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , and 108-145 samples for Bacteroides human, ruminant, and gull source-marker genes. EC/ENT temporal patterns, general Bacteroides concentration, and pathogen types and occurrence were regionally consistent (up to 40 km), but beach catchment variables (drains/creeks, impervious surface, urban land cover) influenced exceedances of EC/ENT standards and detections of Salmonella and STEC. Pathogen detections were more numerous when the EC/ENT Beach Action Value (but not when the Geometric Mean and Statistical Threshold Value) was exceeded. EC, ENT, and pathogens were not necessarily influenced by the same variables. Multiple Bacteroides sources, varying by date, occurred at every beach. Study of multiple beaches in different geographic settings provided new insights on the contrasting influences of regional and local variables, and a broader-scale perspective, on significance of EC/ENT exceedances, bacterial sources, and pathogen occurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheridan K Haack
- U.S. Geological Survey, Michigan Water Science Center , Lansing, Michigan 48911, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Jafari Koshki T, Hajizadeh E, Karimi M. A comparison of selective classification methods in DNA microarray data of cancer: some recommendations for application in health promotion. Health Promot Perspect 2013; 3:129-34. [PMID: 24688961 DOI: 10.5681/hpp.2013.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to apply a new method for selecting a few genes, out of thousands, as plausible markers of a disease. METHODS Hierarchical clustering technique was used along with Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Naïve Bayes (NB) classifiers to select marker-genes of three types of breast cancer. In this method, at each step, one subject is left out and the algorithm iteratively selects some clusters of genes from the remainder of subjects and selects a representative gene from each cluster. Then, classifiers are constructed based on these genes and the accuracy of each classifier to predict the class of leftout subject is recorded. The classifier with higher precision is considered superior. RESULTS Combining classification techniques with clustering method resulted in fewer genes with high degree of statistical precision. Although all classifiers selected a few genes from pre-determined highly ranked genes, the precision did not decrease. SVM precision was 100% with 22 genes instead of 50 genes while the NB resulted in higher precision of 97.95% in this case. When 20 highly ranked genes selected to be fed to the algorithm, same precision was obtained using 6 and 5 genes with SVM and NB classifiers respectively. CONCLUSION Using hybrid method could be effective in choosing fewer number of plausible marker genes so that the classification precision of these markers is increased. In addition, this method enables detecting new plausible markers that their association to disease under study is not biologically proved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tohid Jafari Koshki
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Hajizadeh
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Karimi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Occurrence of virulence genes associated with Diarrheagenic pathotypes in Escherichia coli isolates from surface water. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 79:328-35. [PMID: 23124225 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02888-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli isolates (n = 300) collected from six sites in subtropical Brisbane, Australia, prior to and after storm events were tested for the presence of 11 virulence genes (VGs) specific to diarrheagenic pathotypes. The presence of eaeA, stx(1), stx(2), and ehxA genes specific for the enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) pathotype was detected in 56%, 6%, 10%, and 13% of isolates, respectively. The VGs astA (69%) and aggR (29%), carried by enteroaggregative (EAEC) pathotypes, were frequently detected in E. coli isolates. The enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) gene bfp was detected in 24% of isolates. In addition, enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) VG ipaH was also detected in 14% of isolates. During dry periods, isolates belonging to the EAEC pathotype were most commonly detected (23%), followed by EHEC (11%) and EPEC (11%). Conversely, a more uniform prevalence of pathotypes, EPEC (14%), EAEC (12%), EIEC (10%), EHEC (7%), and ETEC (7%), was observed after the storm events. The results of this study highlight the widespread occurrence of potentially diarrheagenic pathotypes in the urban aquatic ecosystems. While the presence of VGs in E. coli isolates alone is insufficient to determine pathogenicity, the presence of diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes in high frequency after the storm events could lead to increased health risks if untreated storm water were to be used for nonpotable purposes and recreational activities.
Collapse
|