1
|
Ahlén L, Holmøy IH, Sogstad ÅM, Jensen TK, Frosth S, Rosander A, Fjeldaas T. Bovine Digital Dermatitis: Treponema spp. on trimming equipment and chutes - effect of washing and disinfection. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:261. [PMID: 38890626 PMCID: PMC11184789 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digital dermatitis (DD) is a contagious bovine foot disease causing reduced animal welfare and negative economic consequences for the farmer. Treponema spp. are the most important causative agents. Studies indicate that trimming equipment can transfer DD-associated treponemes between cows. The aim of this observational study in 22 DD-positive Norwegian dairy herds was to investigate the risk of transferring Treponema spp. with trimming equipment and chutes after claw trimming, and after washing and disinfection. Swabs from the trimming equipment and chutes were collected from nine different locations, at five different time points. Bacterial DNA was extracted from 647 swabs and analysed by qPCR for Treponema spp. In addition, 172 swabs taken immediately after trimming, were analysed by a multiplex qPCR targeting T. phagedenis, T. pedis and T. medium/vincentii. Biopsy sampling from DD lesions was performed on cows in the same herds during trimming. Altogether 109 biopsies were analysed by FISH for confirmation of the DD diagnosis and identification of Treponema phylotypes (PTs). RESULTS High numbers of Treponema spp. were detected from all nine locations on the trimming equipment and chutes immediately after trimming, and T. phagedenis was detected on two or more locations in all but two herds, 1 and 19. There was a decline in the amount of Treponema spp. after washing and disinfection. The belly belt, the cuff, and the footrest on the chute had the highest proportion of positive samples after disinfection. The belly belt had the highest copy numbers of all nine locations (median = 7.9, max = 545.1). No Treponema spp. was detected on the hoof knives after disinfection. Treponema phagedenis, T. pedis, and Treponema phylotype 3 (T. refringens) were detected by FISH analysis of the biopsies. Treponema phagedenis was detected in biopsies from all herds except 1 and 19. CONCLUSION This study shows that DD-associated Treponema spp. were present on the trimming equipment and chutes after trimming cows in DD-positive herds. Washing and disinfection reduced the load of Treponema spp. However, large differences in Treponema spp. between different locations were documented. High copy numbers on the grinder and the chute after disinfection, indicates that sufficient cleaning and disinfection of these locations is difficult, and that passive transfer of DD-associated treponemes (viable or not) is possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ahlén
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås, 1432, Norway.
| | - Ingrid Hunter Holmøy
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås, 1432, Norway
| | | | - Tim Kåre Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, Frederiksberg C, 1870, Denmark
| | - Sara Frosth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7036, Uppsala, SE- 750 07, Sweden
| | - Anna Rosander
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7036, Uppsala, SE- 750 07, Sweden
| | - Terje Fjeldaas
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Ås, 1432, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gillespie A, Vanhoudt A, Benedictus L, McAloon CG, Logan F, Spaninks M, Viora L. A survey of foot disinfection practices for control of bovine digital dermatitis; evaluating solution depth, footbath hygiene, and the potential of footbaths as infection reservoirs for Treponema species. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00828-2. [PMID: 38825105 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Bovine digital dermatitis remains a widespread endemic disease of dairy cattle worldwide. Footbathing is commonly used as a control measure and has significant economic and environmental impact. There are few studies documenting footbathing practices on dairy farms, or evaluating their suitability for achieving foot disinfection. This study describes footbathing practices on 32 farms observed in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the Netherlands. We measured solution depth throughout footbathing and observed levels below 7cm on 9/32 farms, which leads to inadequate foot coverage. Solution depth was associated with the number of cow passages, decreasing by 1.2cm for every 100 cow passages. We also describe levels of organic matter content (g/L) throughout footbathing as a proxy for footbath hygiene. Our data indicates that almost half of footbaths (15/32) became contaminated above the 20g/L threshold to which veterinary biocides are tested for efficacy, and that organic matter content is associated with the number of cow passages per liter of footbathing solution provided. A multivariable mixed model predicted that one liter of footbathing solution per cow should be sufficient to prevent excess contamination. As a further measure of hygiene, we tested a subset of footbath samples to quantify the amount of DNA present from the Treponema species which are considered instrumental in the etiology of digital dermatitis. We did not detect Treponema DNA in footbath samples, suggesting they are unlikely to act as infection reservoirs for this disease. Multivariable mixed models including farm identity as a random effect demonstrated that for both change in solution depth and organic matter content the effect of farm-level factors was large. Because of the magnitude of this farm effect, applying model predictions will not translate to adequate solution depth and hygiene on all farms. Our data highlights the importance of footbath auditing on individual farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gillespie
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Arne Vanhoudt
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; *Current affiliation Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Lindert Benedictus
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; *Current affiliation Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Conor G McAloon
- School of Veterinary medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Finnian Logan
- School of Veterinary medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Mirlin Spaninks
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; *Current affiliation Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Viora
- School of Biodiversity, One health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dias AP, Orsel K, De Buck J. Quantifying and mapping digital dermatitis-associated bacteria in lesion and nonlesion body sites and dairy farm environment. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:3252-3268. [PMID: 38135044 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The source of infection of digital dermatitis (DD), an infectious lameness condition, is still uncertain. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to identify potential reservoirs of DD bacteria in dairy cattle body sites with different stages of the disease and farm environments. We collected skin swabs from 85 dairy cows from 5 herds, 3 with and 2 without DD, from foot, hock, and udder cleft skin (with lesions or not), saliva, urine, and feces. We also obtained environmental samples. Real-time quantitative PCR targeted Treponema phagedenis, Treponema medium, Treponema pedis, Porphyromonas levii, Bacteroides pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Fusobacterium mortiferum. Digital dermatitis-associated Treponema spp. were exclusively detected in DD-affected herds in DD-foot and other skin lesions, healthy skin, saliva, and environmental samples. In contrast, the non-Treponema spp. were found in samples from both DD-negative and affected herds. As expected, DD lesions had higher bacterial loads than healthy skin. Interestingly, similar counts were observed in udder cleft lesions, indicating a potential opportunistic behavior on compromised skin. None of the targeted species were detected in fecal samples, but P. levii, B. pyogenes, and F. necrophorum were detected in urine. All 7 species were detected in saliva, although in low quantities. No associations were observed between the presence of each bacterial species in DD lesions and urine; however, there was an association between the presence of DD-Treponema spp. in lesions and saliva, hock, and udder skin. Feces and urine do not seem to be a DD bacteria primary source, but saliva and other skin lesions may play a role. Longitudinal studies would improve our understanding of DD-associated bacteria's transient or persistent presence in these sites. Investigating the sources of DD-associated bacteria will guide future interventions to minimize bacterial shedding and transmission, ultimately more effectively reducing bacterial load, transmission, and sources of infection in dairy herds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P Dias
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - K Orsel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - J De Buck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Erickson S, Booker C, Song J, Janzen E, Jelinski M, Schwartzkopf-Genswein K. Epidemiology of Digital Dermatitis in Western Canadian Feedlot Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1040. [PMID: 38612279 PMCID: PMC11011063 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Digital dermatitis (DD) is an emerging disease in feedlot cattle. Our objective was to identify animal- and feedlot-level risk factors for DD by analyzing individual animal health records (n = 1,209,883) and feedlot-level records from western Canadian feedlots (n = 28) between 2014 and 2018, inclusive. The risk of a DD diagnosis was higher (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 2.08, 95% CI 1.52 to 2.86) in cattle sourced from confined background operations (CB) versus cattle sourced from auction markets (AM). Conversely, ranch direct (RD) cattle were (IRR = 0.02, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.30) lower risk than AM cattle of being diagnosed with DD. The risk of being diagnosed with DD was higher in females than in males. The magnitude of the risk in females over males was influenced by annual DD incidence in low morbidity years (2014, 2017, and 2018) (IRR = 2.02, 95% CI 1.27 to 3.19), medium morbidity years (2016) (IRR = 2.95, 95% CI 1.64 to 5.33), and high morbidity years (2015) (IRR = 5.41, 95% CI 3.27 to 8.95). At the feedlot-level, the risk of a diagnosis of DD was lower in small capacity (SCF) versus large capacity feedlots (LCF) (IRR = 0.24, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.76). Future research should focus on identifying factors that may propagate disease transmission between cattle of different sexes and from different acquisition sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Erickson
- TELUS Agriculture and Consumer Goods, Okotoks, AB T1S 2A2, Canada; (S.E.); (C.B.); (J.S.); (E.J.)
| | - Calvin Booker
- TELUS Agriculture and Consumer Goods, Okotoks, AB T1S 2A2, Canada; (S.E.); (C.B.); (J.S.); (E.J.)
| | - Jiming Song
- TELUS Agriculture and Consumer Goods, Okotoks, AB T1S 2A2, Canada; (S.E.); (C.B.); (J.S.); (E.J.)
| | - Eugene Janzen
- TELUS Agriculture and Consumer Goods, Okotoks, AB T1S 2A2, Canada; (S.E.); (C.B.); (J.S.); (E.J.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Murray Jelinski
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jeppsson KH, Magnusson M, Nilsson SB, Ekman L, Winblad von Walter L, Jansson LE, Landin H, Rosander A, Bergsten C. Comparisons of recycled manure solids and wood shavings/sawdust as bedding material -implications for animal welfare, herd health, milk quality and bedding costs in Swedish dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00630-1. [PMID: 38554829 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Increasing shortages and costs of common bedding materials have led dairy farmers in Sweden to consider using recycled manure solids (RMS), which are readily available and low-cost, as an alternative bedding material. The main risks are effects on udder health and milk quality, but RMS could also affect animal welfare and claw health. The advantages and disadvantages of using RMS bedding have not been fully investigated, and findings in other countries cannot be directly applied to Swedish conditions and climate. This observational cross-sectional study investigated the use of RMS as bedding regarding associations with certain aspects of animal welfare, herd health, milk quality, and bedding costs in Swedish dairy herds. Thirty-four dairy farms using RMS or wood shavings/sawdust (each n = 17) were compared. Each farm was visited 2 times during the housing period 2020-2021, once in October-December and once in March-May. Dairy barns were observed, animal welfare was assessed, and free-stall dimensions were measured. Farm owners were interviewed about housing system characteristics, herd performance, and herd management. Data on milk production and herd health were obtained from the Swedish official milk recording scheme for the indoor period October-March. The prevalence of claw disorders and abnormal claw conformation were collected from the national claw health database for the period, October-May. On each farm visit, composite samples of unused bedding outside the barn and used bedding material from the free stalls, respectively, were taken for total bacterial count and dry matter analysis. Samples of bulk tank milk for determination of total bacterial count were taken in connection to the visits. In addition, samples of unused and used bedding material and manure from alleys for analysis of 3 Treponema species associated with digital dermatitis (DD) were gathered and analyzed. Total bacterial count was significantly higher in unused (8.50 log10 cfu/g) and used RMS bedding (9.75 log10 cfu/g) than in wood shavings/sawdust (used 4.74; unused 8.63 log10 cfu/g), but there were no significant differences in bulk milk total bacterial count (median 4.07 versus 3.89 log10 cfu/mL) or somatic cell count (median 243,800 versus 229,200 cells /mL). The aspects of animal welfare that were assessed did not differ significantly between the 2 bedding systems, while the prevalence of total claw disorders (25.9 versus 38.0% of trimmed cows), dermatitis (6.9 versus 16.2% of trimmed cows) and sole ulcers (2.0 versus 4.0% of trimmed cows) were significantly lower in the RMS herds. Treponema spp. were not detected in unused RMS material, but all RMS herds had presence of DD recorded at foot trimming. An economic assessment based on the interview results and price level from winter 2021 revealed that the costs of RMS bedding varied with amount of RMS produced. Thus, RMS is a potential alternative bedding material for dairy cows in Sweden and can be a profitable option for large dairy herds. However, the high level of total bacteria in the material requires attention to bedding and milking routines as well as regular monitoring of herd health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K-H Jeppsson
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden.
| | - M Magnusson
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
| | | | - L Ekman
- Växa Sverige, R&D Animal Health, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - A Rosander
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
| | - C Bergsten
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Robinson ZB, Shah DH, Taylor KR, Wild MA. Transmission and lesion progression of treponeme-associated hoof disease in captive elk (Cervus canadensis). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289764. [PMID: 37561744 PMCID: PMC10414667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Treponeme-associated hoof disease (TAHD) is a debilitating disease of free-ranging elk (Cervus canadensis) in the northwestern U.S. While treponemes are associated with lesions, the etiology and transmissibility between elk are unknown. Our objective was to determine whether the disease can be environmentally transmitted to captive elk. Four individually housed treatment elk and 2 control elk were challenged with soil mixed with inoculum prepared from free-ranging elk hooves from TAHD-positive elk or autoclaved hooves from normal elk, respectively. The inoculum for each group was applied to the interdigital space and added to pre-existing soil in each pen. Eight challenges were conducted at 1-4-week intervals and lesion development was assessed during a 138-day challenge period that was followed by a 170-day monitoring period to document lesion progression. All treatment elk, but no control elk, developed gross and histologic lesions consistent with TAHD. Treponema phylotypes similar to those in bovine digital dermatitis in cattle were detected using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing from lesions in all treatment elk, but no control elk, during the challenge period. Lesions progressed from ulcerations in the interdigital space to extensive ulceration and underrunning of the hoof capsule by 35 and 173 days following the initial inoculation, respectively. Lameness in treatment elk was correlated with lesion development (R = 0.702, p≤0.001), and activity of infected elk was reduced during the challenge (p≤0.001) and monitoring periods (p = 0.004). Body condition was significantly lower in treatment than control elk 168 days following the initial inoculation (p = 0.05) and at each individual elk's study endpoint (p = 0.006). Three of 4 treatment elk were euthanized when they reached humane endpoints, and one elk recovered. These results provide direct evidence that TAHD is a transmissible infectious disease in elk. As such, actions that reduce transmission risk can support disease management and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary B. Robinson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Devendra H. Shah
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kyle R. Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Wild
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bell J, Crosby-Durrani HE, Blowey RW, Carter SD, Evans NJ. Survival of bovine digital dermatitis treponemes in conditions relevant to the host and farm environment. Anaerobe 2023; 82:102766. [PMID: 37479021 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bovine digital dermatitis (BDD), a painful infectious foot disease in dairy cattle, endemic in many countries worldwide, causes substantial economic and welfare impacts. Treponema spp. are considered key to BDD pathogenesis. To aid infection reservoir identification and control measure development, survival of BDD treponemes was investigated in different temperatures (4, 12, 20, 37, 45 and 60 °C), pH values (5-9.0), dairy cattle faeces and bedding types: straw shavings, sand, sand containing 5% lime (w/w) and recycled manure solids (RMS). METHODS A turbidity microplate methodology was adapted to measure pH impact on growth. Survival of BDD treponemes for the different conditions were assessed by sub-cultures of microcosms over different time points. RESULTS BDD treponemes remained viable between 4 and 37 °C and pH 5.5 and 9.0 under anaerobic conditions. In sterile faecal microcosms, incubated aerobically at 12 °C, BDD treponemes remained viable for a median of 1 day (15 min - 6 day range). Variation in duration of survival and ability to grow was observed between phylogroups and strains. In aerobic microcosms, T. phagedenis T320A remained viable for the full 7 days in sand, 6 days in sawdust, 5 days in RMS, but was not viable after 15 min in straw or sand containing 5% (w/w) lime. CONCLUSIONS Treponeme survival conditions identified here should enhance future BDD infection reservoir surveys and enable control measures. Of note, straw or sand containing 5% (w/w) lime should be assessed in BDD field trials. Finally, these data indicate BDD treponemes exhibit characteristics of facultative anaerobes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bell
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley E Crosby-Durrani
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Roger W Blowey
- Gloucester Veterinary Consultancy Ltd, Appithorne, Minsterworth, Gloucester, GL2 8JG, UK
| | - Stuart D Carter
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Evans
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jucker S, Alsaaod M, Steiner A, Zingre T, Kaessmeyer S, Gurtner C, Friker B, Brandt S, Jensen TK, Hoby S. Treatment of digital dermatitis using salicylic acid in European bison (Bison bonasus) reveals promising results. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1012226. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1012226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital dermatitis (DD) associated with the presence of multiple Treponema spp. was recently described for the first time in European bison (Bison bonasus). DD is characterized by skin inflammation in the distal foot area in various ungulates. The objective of this proof of concept study was to test a treatment protocol adopted from cattle for its applicability in this wildlife species using five animals. Keratolytic salicylic acid paste was administered topically under bandages for seven days to enable removal of the affected skin. All interventions were performed under general anesthesia. To evaluate the treatment efficacy, photographs and biopsies were taken pre- and post-treatment. The biopsies were examined histologically, by PCR for the presence of different bacterial species, by Treponema-specific fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and by transmission electron microscopy. Based on photographs, complete clinical healing of the 15 feet with macroscopical DD lesions was achieved. Histological examination showed mild to moderate dermatitis in 17/20 feet before, and in 12/20 feet after treatment. 17/20 feet were Treponema spp. PCR positive before, and none was positive after treatment. Dichelobacter nodosus, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Porphyromonas levii could not be detected in any of the samples. By FISH and electron microscopy, Treponema spp. could be visualized in the stratum corneum before, but not after treatment. These results suggest that this treatment method can be applied as standard practice prior to transporting DD affected European bison to prevent the spread of this contagious disease.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wenner B, Park T, Mitchell K, Kvidera S, Griswold K, Horst E, Baumgard L. Effect of zinc source (zinc sulfate or zinc hydroxychloride) on relative abundance of fecal Treponema spp. in lactating dairy cows. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:334-338. [PMID: 36340900 PMCID: PMC9623701 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cows (n = 24) were fed typical lactating diets that only differed in zinc source inclusion. Fecal samples collected from cows were extracted for prokaryotic 16S gene DNA. Feeding zinc hydroxychloride decreased the Treponema spp. recovered from fecal samples compared with cows fed zinc sulfate.
Previous research revealed a potential effect of dietary trace mineral source on both ruminal and fecal microbiota. However, the effect of Zn source, specifically, has not previously been considered. Based on reported postruminal solubility, we hypothesized that Zn hydroxychloride would decrease Treponema spp. fecal excretion relative to cows fed Zn sulfate. To test this hypothesis, lactating Holstein cows (n = 24; 685 ± 9 kg of body weight; 159 ± 8 d in milk; parity 3 ± 0.2) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments: control (75 mg/kg Zn from ZnSO4) or Zn hydroxychloride (HYD; 75 mg/kg IntelliBond Z; Micronutrients USA LLC). Single fecal grab samples were collected on d 1 before dietary treatments and on d 27 after dietary treatments were applied. Fecal microbial DNA was extracted and sequenced to establish taxonomy using a universal primer for the 16S rRNA gene. Supplementation of HYD decreased the relative abundance of Treponema 2 by 3-fold (14.7% vs. 4.9%). Poor sequencing resolution at the species level limited inference of Treponema spp. toward management or gut health implications of HYD supplementation. However, the inclusion of pathogenic species among Treponema spp. indicates a potential implication of HYD feeding to reduce environmental exposure of the dairy cow to Treponema spp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B.A. Wenner
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
- Corresponding author
| | - T. Park
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - K. Mitchell
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | | | | | - E.A. Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - L.H. Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ahlén L, Holmøy IH, Nødtvedt A, Sogstad ÅM, Fjeldaas T. A case-control study regarding factors associated with digital dermatitis in Norwegian dairy herds. Acta Vet Scand 2022; 64:19. [PMID: 35964105 PMCID: PMC9375421 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-022-00635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Digital dermatitis (DD) is a contagious bovine foot disease causing painful lesions, lameness, and reduced animal welfare. Previous studies indicate a complex aetiology of the disease. The aim of this study was to compare DD negative and DD positive herds to identify factors associated with DD in Norwegian dairy herds by analysing data obtained in a questionnaire and data recorded in the Norwegian Dairy Herd Recording System (NDHRS). The questionnaire was e-mailed to the owners of all 380 herds recorded with DD in 2019 and to 1530 randomly selected herds with no recordings of DD. Altogether 559 dairy herds were included in the final study population, of which 113 was classified as DD positive (≥ one cow recorded with DD in NDHRS) and 446 as DD negative. When stratified by housing system, the ratio between DD positive and negative herds was 108/281 in free stalls and 5/165 in tie stalls. Multilevel logistic regression was used to model the association between potential risk factors and variables related to the detection and diagnosis of DD, and the outcome in the free-stall population. Geographical area (county) was included in the model as a random effect. Results In the final study population 108/113 (96%) of the DD positive herds were housed in free stalls versus 5/113 (4%) in tie stalls. The free-stall herds’ DD status was associated with purchase of cattle during the last 5 years (baseline: 0 animals, OR = 2.30 for category 12–27 animals, OR = 4.34 for 28–52 animals, and OR = 5.39 for ≥ 53 animals). The DD status was also associated with claw trimming frequency (Baseline: 1 < 2/year, OR = 0.41 for category < 1/year, and OR = 4.09 for ≥ 3/year), whether the claw trimming was done by a certified professional trimmer or not (baseline: ≤ 90% of the cows, OR = 3.98 for category ≥ 90% of the cows), cleaning of feet in the chute before trimming (baseline: no cleaning, OR = 1.98 for category cleaning), and alley flooring (baseline: slatted floor, OR = 2.36 for category solid floor). Conclusions Digital dermatitis was far more frequent in Norwegian dairy herds housed in free stalls versus those housed in tie stalls. In the free-stall herds purchase of cattle, increasing trimming frequency, use of certified professional trimmer, cleaning of the feet in the chute, and solid flooring in the alleys were associated with increased odds of recorded DD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13028-022-00635-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ahlén
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Ingrid Hunter Holmøy
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Ane Nødtvedt
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Terje Fjeldaas
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wilson-Welder JH, Mansfield K, Han S, Bayles DO, Alt DP, Olsen SC. Lesion Material From Treponema-Associated Hoof Disease of Wild Elk Induces Disease Pathology in the Sheep Digital Dermatitis Model. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:782149. [PMID: 35097043 PMCID: PMC8790030 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.782149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A hoof disease among wild elk (Cervus elaphus) in the western United States has been reported since 2008. Now present in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and California, this hoof disease continues to spread among elk herds suggesting an infectious etiology. Causing severe lesions at the hoof-skin junction, lesions can penetrate the hoof-horn structure causing severe lameness, misshapen hooves, and in some cases, sloughed hooves leaving the elk prone to infection, malnutrition, and premature death. Isolated to the feet, this disease has been termed treponeme-associated hoof disease due to the numerous Treponema spp. found within lesions. In addition to the Treponema spp., treponeme-associated hoof disease shares many similarities with digital dermatitis of cattle and livestock including association with several groups of anaerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides, Clostridia, and Fusobacterium, neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate, and restriction of the disease to the foot and hoof tissues. To determine if there was a transmissible infectious component to this disease syndrome, elk lesion homogenate was used in a sheep model of digital dermatitis. Ten animals were inoculated with lesion material and lesion development was followed over 7 weeks. Most inoculated feet developed moderate to severe lesions at 2- or 4-weeks post-inoculation timepoints, with 16 of 18 feet at 4 weeks also had spirochetes associated within the lesions. Histopathology demonstrated spirochetes at the invading edge of the lesions along with other hallmarks of elk hoof disease, neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrates, and keratinocyte erosion. Treponema-specific PCR demonstrated three phylotypes associated with elk hoof disease and digital dermatitis were present. Serum of infected sheep had increased anti-Treponema IgG when compared to negative control sheep and pre-exposure samples. Analysis of the bacterial microbiome by sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene showed a community structure in sheep lesions that was highly similar to the elk lesion homogenate used as inoculum. Bacteroidies, Fusobacterium, and Clostridia were among the bacterial taxa overrepresented in infected samples as compared to negative control samples. In conclusion, there is a highly transmissible, infectious bacterial component to elk treponeme-associated hoof disease which includes several species of Treponema as well as other bacteria previously associated with digital dermatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H. Wilson-Welder
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jennifer H. Wilson-Welder
| | - Kristin Mansfield
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Spokane Valley, WA, United States
| | - Sushan Han
- Colorado State University Diagnostic Medicine Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Darrell O. Bayles
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
| | - David P. Alt
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
| | - Steven C. Olsen
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Khemgaew R, Omachi M, Takesada T, Vetchapitak T, Sato H, Taniguchi T, Misawa N. Transcellular penetration of Treponema phagedenis isolated from papillomatous digital dermatitis in polarized normal human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:889-897. [PMID: 33853987 PMCID: PMC8267188 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) is a polymicrobial infection causing lameness in
dairy cattle. Culture-independent analysis has shown that Treponema
phagedenis is present consistently and predominantly in the lesions. However,
the pathogenesis of PDD, especially the tissue penetration pathway, has not been examined.
In the present study, we investigated whether T. phagedenis strains
isolated from PDD produce proteolytic enzyme (s) for disruption of the epithelial cell
barrier and have the ability to translocate in polarized normal human epidermal
keratinocytes (NHEK) in vitro. Ten strains of T.
phagedenis isolated from lesions did not show proteolytic activity on modified
skim milk agar, although a human strain of T. denticola used as a control
showed such activity. The integrity of tight junctions was monitored by measurement of
transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). The TER values after inoculation of the
T. phagedenis strains examined did not change during the experimental
period; however, apical to basolateral translocation of T. phagedenis was
confirmed after 24 hr by microscopy and Treponema-specific PCR. We
further confirmed that translocation of T. phagedenis was accelerated by
co-inoculation with live T. denticola, but not with heat-killed
organisms. Furthermore, tight junction ZO-1 protein was not lost intensity after
inoculation with T. phagedenis and the organism was observed in NHEK
cells using a florescence microscope. These results suggest that T.
phagedenis strains may translocate via a transcellular route in
vitro and that the invasion is accelerated by other bacteria, such as
T. denticola, producing proteolytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rathanon Khemgaew
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara-Kiyotakecho, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Mari Omachi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Tomoe Takesada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Torrung Vetchapitak
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Takako Taniguchi
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Naoaki Misawa
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara-Kiyotakecho, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li H, Wang X, Wu Y, Zhang D, Xu H, Xu H, Xing X, Qi Z. Relationships among bedding materials, bedding bacterial composition and lameness in dairy cows. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:1559-1568. [PMID: 33171032 PMCID: PMC8495337 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Bedding materials directly contact hooves of dairy cows and they may serve as environmental sources of lameness-associated pathogen. However, the specific composition of bacteria hidden in bedding materials is still not clear. The aim of this study was to determine the effect bedding material and its bacterial composition has on lameness of Holstein heifers. Methods Forty-eight Holstein heifers with similar body weights were randomly assigned into three groups including sand bedding (SB), concrete floor (CF), and compost bedding (CB). Hock injuries severity and gait performance of dairy cows were scored individually once a week. Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment and bedding material samples were collected once a week for Illumina sequencing. Results The CF increased visible hock injuries severity and serum biomarkers of joint damage in comparison to SB and CB groups. Besides, Illumina sequencing and analysis showed that the bacterial community of CB samples had higher similarity to that of SB samples than CF samples. Bacteria in three bedding materials were dominated by gastrointestinal bacteria and organic matter-degrading bacteria, such as Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and norank JG30-KF-cM45. Lameness-associated Spirochaetaceae and Treponeme were only detected in SB and CB samples with a very low relative abundance (0% to 0.08%). Conclusion The bacterial communities differed among bedding materials. However, the treponemes pathogens involved in the pathogenesis of lameness may not be a part of microbiota in bedding materials of dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangming Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dingran Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongyang Xu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongrun Xu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoguang Xing
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhili Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lubinza CKC, Lueert S, Hallmaier-Wacker LK, Ngadaya E, Chuma IS, Kazwala RR, Mfinanga SGM, Failing K, Roos C, Knauf S. Serosurvey of Treponema pallidum infection among children with skin ulcers in the Tarangire-Manyara ecosystem, northern Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:392. [PMID: 32493291 PMCID: PMC7268494 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first yaws eradication campaign reduced the prevalence of yaws by 95%. In recent years, however, yaws has reemerged and is currently subject to a second, ongoing eradication campaign. Yet, the epidemiological status of Tanzania and 75 other countries with a known history of human yaws is currently unknown. Contrary to the situation in humans in Tanzania, recent infection of nonhuman primates (NHPs) with the yaws bacterium Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue (TPE) have been reported. In this study, we consider a One Health approach to investigate yaws and describe skin ulcers and corresponding T. pallidum serology results among children living in the Tarangire-Manyara ecosystem, an area with increasing wildlife-human interaction in northern Tanzania. METHODS To investigate human yaws in Tanzania, we conducted a cross-sectional study to screen and interview skin-ulcerated children aged 6 to 15 years, who live in close proximity to two national parks with high numbers of naturally TPE-infected monkeys. Serum samples from children with skin ulcers were tested for antibodies against the bacterium using a treponemal (Treponema pallidum Particle Agglutination assay) and a non-treponemal (Rapid Plasma Reagin) test. RESULTS A total of 186 children aged between 6 and 15 years (boys: 10.7 ± 2.1 (mean ± SD), N = 132; girls: 10.9 ± 2.0 (mean ± SD), N = 54) were enrolled. Seven children were sampled at health care facilities and 179 at primary schools. 38 children (20.4%) reported active participation in bushmeat hunting and consumption and 26 (13.9%) reported at least one physical contact with a NHP. None of the lesions seen were pathognomonic for yaws. Two children tested positive for treponemal antibodies (1.2%) in the treponemal test, but remained negative in the non-treponemal test. CONCLUSIONS We found no serological evidence of yaws among children in the Tarangire-Manyara ecosystem. Nevertheless, the close genetic relationship of human and NHPs infecting TPE strains should lead to contact prevention with infected NHPs. Further research investigations are warranted to study the causes and possible prevention measures of spontaneous chronic ulcers among children in rural Tanzania and to certify that the country is free from human yaws.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara K C Lubinza
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, P.O. Box 3436, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Simone Lueert
- Work Group Neglected Tropical Diseases, Infection Biology Unit, Deutsches Primatezentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.,Primate Genetics Laboratory, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Luisa K Hallmaier-Wacker
- Work Group Neglected Tropical Diseases, Infection Biology Unit, Deutsches Primatezentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.,Primate Genetics Laboratory, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Esther Ngadaya
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, P.O. Box 3436, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Idrissa S Chuma
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Rudovick R Kazwala
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Sayoki G M Mfinanga
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, P.O. Box 3436, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Roos
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.,Gene Bank of Primates, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sascha Knauf
- Work Group Neglected Tropical Diseases, Infection Biology Unit, Deutsches Primatezentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Goettingen, Germany. .,Division Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Department for Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University, Burkhardtweg 2, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sobhy NM, Mahmmod YS, Refaai W, Awad A. Molecular detection of Treponema species organisms in foremilk and udder cleft skin of dairy cows with digital dermatitis. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:815-821. [PMID: 31520339 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Identification of reservoirs and transmission routes of digital dermatitis (DD)-associated Treponema spp. is considered an effective means for controlling DD infection in dairy cows. The objective of this study is to identify and characterize the potential reservoir niches for DD-associated Treponema spp. from healthy udder cleft skin and foremilk in lactating dairy cows. A large dairy farm was visited weekly from March to July 2015. Clinical investigation revealed that a total of 25 lame cows had DD lesions located at the plantar aspect of the interdigital cleft. A total of 75 samples, three per cow, were collected including deep swabs from DD lesions (n = 25), non-aseptically collected foremilk samples (n = 25) and skin swabs from udder cleft (n = 25). Treponema spp. were identified using nested PCR assays and confirmed by DNA sequencing. Results revealed that Treponema phagedenis (T. phagedenis)-like was the most identified species in the foremilk 40% (10/25), in comparison with DD lesions and udder cleft skin samples with 32% (8/25) and 20% (5/25), respectively. On the other hand, Treponema pedis (T. pedis) was the most identified species in the udder cleft skin 80% (20/25), in comparison with DD lesions and foremilk samples with 68% (17/25) and 60% (15/25), respectively. None of the examined samples were identified by PCR as containing DNA from Treponema medium (T. medium) or Treponema vincentii (T. vincentii)-like. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report for detection of T. phagedenis-like and T. pedis from healthy skin of udder cleft and foremilk samples. Detection of DD Treponema spp. from udder cleft skin and foremilk samples indicates that these sites could be potential reservoirs for spirochetes involved in DD. Udder cleft skin and foremilk may have a role in transmission routes of DD Treponema in dairy farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nader Maher Sobhy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia Province, 44511, Egypt
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Yasser S Mahmmod
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia Province, 44511, Egypt.
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Walid Refaai
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia Province, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Awad
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia Province, 44511, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Orsel K, Plummer P, Shearer J, De Buck J, Carter SD, Guatteo R, Barkema HW. Missing pieces of the puzzle to effectively control digital dermatitis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:186-198. [PMID: 29124910 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the first report of bovine digital dermatitis (DD) in 1974, there is a large body of the literature published; however, effective prevention and control of the disease remain elusive. Although many aspects of the pathogenesis of DD have been investigated, even some of the most basic questions such as the aetiology of this disease remain under debate. Treponema spp. have been strongly associated with DD lesions and occur in abundance in advanced lesions; however, efforts to induce disease with pure cultures of these organisms have been largely underwhelming and inconsistent. Furthermore, although the disease has been presented for several decades, there is limited scientific evidence regarding effective treatment of DD. Apparent discrepancies between effectiveness in vitro and in vivo have challenged the scientific community to identify new potential treatment options. With no treatment resulting in a 100% cure rate, the current expectation is manageable control, but prospects for the eradication of the disease are unlikely using current approaches. In order to develop more effective approaches to control DD on-farm, there is a critical need for a deeper understanding regarding the causation, ecology, transmission and treatment of this disease. In this article, we attempt to provide insights into specific research needs related to DD in order to assist the industry, researchers, pharmaceutical companies and research sponsors with decision-making and identified research gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - P Plummer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - J Shearer
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - J De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S D Carter
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - R Guatteo
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Nantes, France
| | - H W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|