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Manders T, Benedictus L, Spaninks M, Matthijs M. Enterococcus cecorum lesion strains are less sensitive to the hostile environment of albumen and more resistant to lysozyme compared to cloaca strains. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:106-114. [PMID: 38073364 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2286985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Egg albumen inhibits Enterococcus cecorum cloaca strains more than lesion strains.Enterococcus cecorum lesion strains are resistant to high concentrations of lysozyme.Lysozyme resistance could enhance survival in albumen and body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Manders
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lindert Benedictus
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mirlin Spaninks
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mieke Matthijs
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Exel CE, Geus YD, Spaninks M, Koop G, Benedictus L. Colonization of Extramammary Sites with Mastitis-Associated S. aureus Strains in Dairy Goats. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040515. [PMID: 37111401 PMCID: PMC10140999 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a major mastitis pathogen in dairy goats, is classified as a contagious pathogen. Although previous research has shown that extramammary body sites can be colonized with S. aureus, it is unknown whether these sites are reservoirs for intramammary infections. The aim of this research was to determine whether extramammary sites can be colonized with mastitis-associated S. aureus strains in dairy goats. Milk samples were collected from 207 primiparous goats and from 120 of these goats, extramammary site samples (hock, groin, nares, vulva and udder) were collected from a large commercial dairy goat herd in the Netherlands during four sampling visits. Extramammary site swabs and milk samples were (selectively) cultured and S. aureus isolates were spa genotyped. The prevalence of colonization of the extramammary sites at goat level was 51.7% and the prevalence of S. aureus intramammary infections was 7.2%. The nares were colonized most frequently (45%), while the groin area was colonized the least (2.5%). Six spa genotypes were identified in this herd and there was no significant difference in the distribution of spa genotypes between the milk or the extramammary sites (p = 0.141). Both in the extramammary sites and in the milk, spa genotypes t544 (82.3% and 53.3%) and t1236 (22.6% and 33.3%) were the dominant genotypes. These results show that in goats, extramammary sites, particularly the nares, are frequently colonized with mastitis-associated S. aureus strains. Extramammary sites may, thus, be a source of S. aureus intramammary infections that are not targeted by the intervention measures aimed at preventing transmission from infected udder glands.
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Exel CE, Gerritsen K, Spaninks M, Duim B, Koop G, Benedictus L. Association of Staphylococcus aureus genotypes with milk or colonization of extramammary sites in Dutch dairy cattle indicates strain variation in reservoirs for intramammary infections. Res Vet Sci 2023; 154:138-144. [PMID: 36592563 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major mastitis pathogen with a detrimental impact on udder health in dairy cattle. Although S. aureus is generally classified as a contagious mastitis pathogen, control measures aimed at preventing contagious transmission are not always effective. Previous studies showed that various extramammary sites can be colonized with S. aureus and could be a reservoir for S. aureus intramammary infections (IMI). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus extramammary site colonization in Dutch dairy cattle and to compare the spa genotypes of S. aureus isolates from IMI to spa genotypes of isolates from extramammary sites. Six herds were visited and from cows with a composite milk somatic cell count ≥200,000 cells/mL quarter milk samples and swabs from various extramammary sites (hock, groin, udder cleft, nares, and feces) were taken. Extramammary site samples were processed by a two-step high salt selective culture and presence of S. aureus was confirmed by femA PCR. S. aureus isolates from milk and extramammary sites were compared by spa typing. The cow level colonization varied from 0% to 73%, and the prevalence of IMI in the sampled cows varied from 0% to 61% between herds. The extramammary site with the highest prevalence of colonization was the hock (23%) and the lowest prevalence of colonization was found for the nares (5%) and feces (5%). Spa typing of S. aureus isolates from either extramammary sites or milk showed that in most herds there were one or two predominant S. aureus spa genotypes present. Different S. aureus spa genotypes could be categorized into three groups based on the distribution between milk or extramammary sites: i) predominantly milk associated, ii) associated with both milk and extramammary sites, and iii) associated with extramammary sites. In conclusion, we showed that the prevalence of extramammary site colonization differed significantly between herds and extramammary sites and that specific S. aureus spa genotypes were associated with milk (IMI) or extramammary site colonization. Extramammary S. aureus reservoirs could be a source for IMI that cannot be eradicated by intervention measures aimed at contagious mastitis pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina E Exel
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Kim Gerritsen
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Mirlin Spaninks
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerrit Koop
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Lindert Benedictus
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Wegener A, Duim B, van der Graaf-van Bloois L, Zomer AL, Visser CE, Spaninks M, Timmerman AJ, Wagenaar JA, Broens EM. Within-Household Transmission and Bacterial Diversity of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080850. [PMID: 36014971 PMCID: PMC9415945 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius can be transmitted between dogs and their owners and can cause opportunistic infections in humans. Whole genome sequencing was applied to identify the relatedness between isolates from human infections and isolates from dogs in the same households. Genome SNP diversity and distribution of plasmids and antimicrobial resistance genes identified related and unrelated isolates in both households. Our study shows that within-host bacterial diversity is present in S. pseudintermedius, demonstrating that multiple isolates from each host should preferably be sequenced to study transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Wegener
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.W.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (A.L.Z.); (A.J.T.); (J.A.W.); (E.M.B.)
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.W.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (A.L.Z.); (A.J.T.); (J.A.W.); (E.M.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Linda van der Graaf-van Bloois
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.W.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (A.L.Z.); (A.J.T.); (J.A.W.); (E.M.B.)
| | - Aldert L. Zomer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.W.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (A.L.Z.); (A.J.T.); (J.A.W.); (E.M.B.)
| | - Caroline E. Visser
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Mirlin Spaninks
- Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Arjen J. Timmerman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.W.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (A.L.Z.); (A.J.T.); (J.A.W.); (E.M.B.)
| | - Jaap A. Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.W.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (A.L.Z.); (A.J.T.); (J.A.W.); (E.M.B.)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Els M. Broens
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.W.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (A.L.Z.); (A.J.T.); (J.A.W.); (E.M.B.)
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Deng Z, Lam T, Hogeveen H, Spaninks M, Heij N, Postema M, van Werven T, Koop G. Antimicrobial use and farmers' attitude toward mastitis treatment on dairy farms with automatic or conventional milking systems. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7302-7314. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wegener A, Broens EM, Zomer A, Spaninks M, Wagenaar JA, Duim B. Comparative genomics of phenotypic antimicrobial resistances in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius of canine origin. Vet Microbiol 2018; 225:125-131. [PMID: 30322524 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an important pathogen in dogs. Since 2004, methicillin- resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) isolates, often multidrug resistant, have been observed in dogs in the Netherlands. This study aims to link the observed resistance phenotypes in canine MRSP to genotypic antimicrobial resistance markers, and to study the phylogeny of MRSP by genomic comparisons. The genomes of fifty clinical isolates of MRSP from dogs from the Netherlands were sequenced. The resistance genes were identified, and for twenty one different antimicrobials their presence and sequence were associated with the resistance phenotypes. In case of observed discrepancies, the genes were aligned with reference genes. Of the phenotypic resistances, 98.3% could be explained by the presence of an associated resistance gene or point mutation. Discrepancies were mainly resistance genes present in susceptible isolates; 43.8% (7/16) were explained by an insertion, deletion or mutation in the gene. In relation with the resistance gene presence or absence, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based phylogeny was constructed to define the population dynamics. The resistance gene content differed according to clonal complex, from very conserved (CC45), to partly conserved (CC71) to highly diverse (CC258) resistance gene patterns. In conclusion, this study shows that the antimicrobial genotype from whole genome sequencing is highly predictive of the resistance phenotype in MRSP. Interestingly, the observed clonal complexes of MRSP isolates were linked with resistance gene patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Wegener
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Els M Broens
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Aldert Zomer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Mirlin Spaninks
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands.
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
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Hoekstra J, Rutten V, Sommeling L, van Werven T, Spaninks M, Duim B, Benedictus L, Koop G. High Production of LukMF' in Staphylococcus aureus Field Strains Is Associated with Clinical Bovine Mastitis. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10050200. [PMID: 29762488 PMCID: PMC5983256 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10050200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a major cause of bovine mastitis, produces a wide range of immune-evasion molecules. The bi-component leukocidin LukMF’ is a potent killer of bovine neutrophils in vitro. Since the role of LukMF’ in development of bovine mastitis has not been studied in natural infections, we aimed to clarify whether presence of the lukM-lukF’ genes and production levels of LukMF’ are associated with clinical severity of the disease. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from mastitis milk samples (38 clinical and 17 subclinical cases) from 33 different farms. The lukM-lukF’ genes were present in 96% of the isolates. Remarkably, 22% of the lukM-lukF’-positive S. aureus isolates displayed a 10-fold higher in vitro LukMF’ production than the average of the lower-producing ones. These high producing isolates were cultured significantly more frequently from clinical than subclinical mastitis cases. Also, the detection of LukM protein in milk samples was significantly associated with clinical mastitis and high production in vitro. The high producing LukMF’ strains all belonged to the same genetic lineage, spa-type t543. Analysis of their global toxin gene regulators revealed a point mutation in the Repressor of toxins (rot) gene which results in a non-functional start codon, preventing translation of rot. This mutation was only identified in high LukMF’ producing isolates and not in low LukMF’ producing isolates. Since rot suppresses the expression of various toxins including leukocidins, this mutation is a possible explanation for increased LukMF’ production. Identification of high LukMF’ producing strains is of clinical relevance and can potentially be used as a prognostic marker for severity of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurriaan Hoekstra
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Victor Rutten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
| | - Laura Sommeling
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tine van Werven
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- University Farm Animal Practice, 3481 LZ Harmelen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mirlin Spaninks
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lindert Benedictus
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Gerrit Koop
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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