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Pena-Fernández N, Ocejo M, van der Graaf-van Bloois L, Lavín JL, Kortabarria N, Collantes-Fernández E, Hurtado A, Aduriz G. Comparative pangenomic analysis of Campylobacter fetus isolated from Spanish bulls and other mammalian species. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4347. [PMID: 38388650 PMCID: PMC10884003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54750-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter fetus comprises two closely related mammal-associated subspecies: Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus (Cff) and Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis (Cfv). The latter causes bovine genital campylobacteriosis, a sexually-transmitted disease endemic in Spain that results in significant economic losses in the cattle industry. Here, 33 C. fetus Spanish isolates were whole-genome sequenced and compared with 62 publicly available C. fetus genomes from other countries. Genome-based taxonomic identification revealed high concordance with in silico PCR, confirming Spanish isolates as Cff (n = 4), Cfv (n = 9) and Cfv biovar intermedius (Cfvi, n = 20). MLST analysis assigned the Spanish isolates to 6 STs, including three novel: ST-76 and ST-77 for Cfv and ST-78 for Cff. Core genome SNP phylogenetic analysis of the 95 genomes identified multiple clusters, revealing associations at subspecies and biovar level between genomes with the same ST and separating the Cfvi genomes from Spain and other countries. A genome-wide association study identified pqqL as a Cfv-specific gene and a potential candidate for more accurate identification methods. Functionality analysis revealed variations in the accessory genome of C. fetus subspecies and biovars that deserve further studies. These results provide valuable information about the regional variants of C. fetus present in Spain and the genetic diversity and predicted functionality of the different subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Pena-Fernández
- SERIDA, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Carretera de Oviedo, s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Spain
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER - Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Medelin Ocejo
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER - Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Linda van der Graaf-van Bloois
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jose Luís Lavín
- Department of Applied Mathematics, NEIKER - Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Nekane Kortabarria
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER - Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Esther Collantes-Fernández
- Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, SALUVET, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Hurtado
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER - Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160, Derio, Spain.
| | - Gorka Aduriz
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER - Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160, Derio, Spain.
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2
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van der Graaf-van Bloois L, Chen H, Wagenaar JA, Zomer AL. Development of Kaptive databases for Vibrio parahaemolyticus O- and K-antigen genotyping. Microb Genom 2023; 9. [PMID: 37130055 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important food-borne human pathogen and presents immunogenic surface polysaccharides, which can be used to distinguish problematic and disease-causing lineages. V. parahaemolyticus is divided in 16 O-serotypes (O-antigen) and 71 K-serotypes (K-antigen). Agglutination tests are still the gold standard for serotyping, but many V. parahaemolyticus isolates are not typable by agglutination. An alternative for agglutination tests is genotyping using whole-genome sequencing data, by which K- and O- genotypes have been curated and identified previously for other clinically relevant organisms with the software tool Kaptive. In this study, V. parahaemolyticus isolates were serotyped and sequenced, and all known and several novel O- and K-loci were identified. We developed Kaptive databases for all O- and K-loci after manual curation of the loci. In our study, we could genotype the O- and K-loci of 98 and 93 % of the genomes, respectively, with a Kaptive confidence score higher than 'none'. The newly developed Kaptive databases with the identified V. parahaemolyticus O- and K-loci can be used to identify the O- and K-genotypes of V. parahaemolyticus isolates from genome sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda van der Graaf-van Bloois
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hongyou Chen
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert L Zomer
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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IJsseldijk LL, Begeman L, Duim B, Gröne A, Kik MJL, Klijnstra MD, Lakemeyer J, Leopold MF, Munnink BBO, Ten Doeschate M, van Schalkwijk L, Zomer A, der Graaf-van Bloois LV, Broens EM. Harbor Porpoise Deaths Associated with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, the Netherlands, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:835-838. [PMID: 36958025 PMCID: PMC10045706 DOI: 10.3201/eid2904.221698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In August 2021, a large-scale mortality event affected harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the Netherlands. Pathology and ancillary testing of 22 animals indicated that the most likely cause of death was Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection. This zoonotic agent poses a health hazard for cetaceans and possibly for persons handling cetacean carcasses.
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van der Graaf-van Bloois L, Duim B, Looft T, Veldman KT, Zomer AL, Wagenaar JA. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter fetus: emergence and genomic evolution. Microb Genom 2023; 9. [PMID: 36862577 PMCID: PMC10132061 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter fetus is a pathogen, which is primarily associated with fertility problems in sheep and cattle. In humans, it can cause severe infections that require antimicrobial treatment. However, knowledge on the development of antimicrobial resistance in C. fetus is limited. Moreover, the lack of epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFFs) and clinical breakpoints for C. fetus hinders consistent reporting about wild-type and non-wild-type susceptibility. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic susceptibility pattern of C. fetus and to determine the C. fetus resistome [the collection of all antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and their precursors] to describe the genomic basis of antimicrobial resistance in C. fetus isolates over time. Whole-genome sequences of 295 C. fetus isolates, including isolates that were isolated in the period 1939 till the mid 1940s, before the usage of non-synthetic antimicrobials, were analysed for the presence of resistance markers, and phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility was obtained for a selection of 47 isolates. C. fetus subspecies fetus (Cff) isolates showed multiple phenotypic antimicrobial resistances compared to C. fetus subspecies venerealis (Cfv) isolates that were only intrinsic resistant to nalidixic acid and trimethoprim. Cff isolates showed elevated minimal inhibitory concentrations for cefotaxime and cefquinome that were observed in isolates from 1943 onwards, and Cff isolates contained gyrA substitutions, which conferred resistance to ciprofloxacin. Resistances to aminoglycosides, tetracycline and phenicols were linked to acquired ARGs on mobile genetic elements. A plasmid-derived tet(O) gene in a bovine Cff isolate in 1999 was the first mobile genetic element observed, followed by detection of mobile elements containing tet(O)-aph(3')-III and tet(44)-ant(6)-Ib genes, and a plasmid from a single human isolate in 2003, carrying aph(3')-III-ant(6)-Ib and a chloramphenicol resistance gene (cat). The presence of ARGs in multiple mobile elements distributed among different Cff lineages highlights the risk for spread and further emergence of AMR in C. fetus. Surveillance for these resistances requires the establishment of ECOFFs for C. fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda van der Graaf-van Bloois
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective / WOAH Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht/Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective / WOAH Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht/Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Torey Looft
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kees T Veldman
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Aldert L Zomer
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective / WOAH Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht/Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective / WOAH Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht/Lelystad, Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
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5
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Naing SY, Duim B, Broens EM, Schweitzer V, Zomer A, van der Graaf-van Bloois L, van der Meer C, Stellingwerff L, Fluit AC, Wagenaar JA. Molecular Characterization and Clinical Relevance of Taxonomic Reassignment of Staphylococcus schleiferi Subspecies into Two Separate Species, Staphylococcus schleiferi and Staphylococcus coagulans. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0467022. [PMID: 36853031 PMCID: PMC10101015 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04670-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus schleiferi is an opportunistic pathogen in humans and dogs. Recent taxonomic reassignment of its subspecies (S. schleiferi subsp. schleiferi and S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans) into two separate species (S. schleiferi and S. coagulans) lacks supporting data for diagnostic implications and clinical relevance. We aimed to confirm the reclassification of S. schleiferi by using genomic and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) data for a large set of isolates from humans and animals to investigate their molecular epidemiology and clinical relevance. Routine MALDI-TOF analysis and Illumina sequencing were performed on 165 S. schleiferi isolates from the Netherlands. With 33 publicly available genomes, the study included 198 genomes from 149 dogs, 34 humans, and 15 other sources. The Type Strain Genome Server was used to identify species in the genomes, and the MALDI-TOF MS database was extended to improve species differentiation. MALDI-TOF did not discriminate between S. schleiferi and S. coagulans. Genome phylogeny distinguished the two species in two monophyletic clusters. S. schleiferi isolates originated from humans, while S. coagulans isolates were found in animals and three human isolates clustering with the animal isolates. The sialidase B gene (nanB) was a unique marker gene for S. schleiferi, whereas the chrA gene was exclusive for S. coagulans. The mecA gene was exclusively detected in S. coagulans, as were the lnu(A), blaZ, erm(B/C), tet(O/M), and aac(6')-aph(2'') genes. The MALDI-TOF database extension did not improve differentiation between the two species. Even though our whole-genome sequencing-based approach showed clear differentiation between these two species, it remains critical to identify S. schleiferi and S. coagulans correctly in routine diagnostics. IMPORTANCE This study clearly shows that S. schleiferi is a concern in human hospital settings, whereas S. coagulans predominantly causes infections in animals. S. coagulans is more resistant to antibiotics and can sometimes transmit to humans via exposure to infected dogs. Even though genome-based methods can clearly differentiate the two species, current diagnostic methods used routinely in clinical microbiology laboratories cannot distinguish the two bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soe Yu Naing
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Els M. Broens
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Valentijn Schweitzer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aldert Zomer
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Linda van der Graaf-van Bloois
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Coby van der Meer
- Certe Medical Microbiology Friesland and Noordoostpolder, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Luutsen Stellingwerff
- Certe Medical Microbiology Friesland and Noordoostpolder, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Ad C. Fluit
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap A. Wagenaar
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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6
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Sips GJ, van Dijk MAM, van Westreenen M, van der Graaf-van Bloois L, Duim B, Broens EM. Evidence of cat-to-human transmission of Staphylococcus felis. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 36763079 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Staphylococcus felis is a coagulase-negative staphylococcal species that is commonly isolated from healthy cats. Like other commensal staphylococci, S. felis can cause opportunistic infections, e.g. otitis externa, skin and urinary tract infections, in cats.Gap Statement. Several studies have reported within-household transmission between humans and pets and human infections caused by coagulase-positive staphylococci. However, human infections with coagulase-negative staphylococci of zoonotic origin are relatively rare.Methodology. Culture of a surgical site infection in a 58-year-old woman who underwent a laminectomy revealed dominant growth of S. felis. The three cats owned by the patient were sampled to investigate potential within-household transmission. S. felis isolates were sequenced to investigate the relatedness of the isolates and to look for virulence factors and host specific genes.Results. All cats were colonized with S. felis. Comparative genomics of the isolates showed that each cat was colonized with a distinct genotype. The patient's isolate clustered with isolates of one of the cats. Sequence analysis of the studied isolates together with 29 publicly available S. felis genomes detected putative virulence factors that can be crucial in potential interspecies transmission.Conclusion. The current case is the first reported human infection caused by S. felis and highlights the zoonotic potential of this bacterial species. Evidence of cat-to-human transmission was shown by comparative genomics of isolates from the patient with isolates of her cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorius J Sips
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Present address: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Marloes A M van Dijk
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mireille van Westreenen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Els M Broens
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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7
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Wegener A, Duim B, van der Graaf-van Bloois L, Zomer AL, Visser CE, Spaninks M, Timmerman AJ, Wagenaar JA, Broens EM. Within-Household Transmission and Bacterial Diversity of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080850. [PMID: 36014971 PMCID: PMC9415945 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius can be transmitted between dogs and their owners and can cause opportunistic infections in humans. Whole genome sequencing was applied to identify the relatedness between isolates from human infections and isolates from dogs in the same households. Genome SNP diversity and distribution of plasmids and antimicrobial resistance genes identified related and unrelated isolates in both households. Our study shows that within-host bacterial diversity is present in S. pseudintermedius, demonstrating that multiple isolates from each host should preferably be sequenced to study transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Wegener
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.W.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (A.L.Z.); (A.J.T.); (J.A.W.); (E.M.B.)
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.W.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (A.L.Z.); (A.J.T.); (J.A.W.); (E.M.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Linda van der Graaf-van Bloois
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.W.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (A.L.Z.); (A.J.T.); (J.A.W.); (E.M.B.)
| | - Aldert L. Zomer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.W.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (A.L.Z.); (A.J.T.); (J.A.W.); (E.M.B.)
| | - Caroline E. Visser
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Mirlin Spaninks
- Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Arjen J. Timmerman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.W.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (A.L.Z.); (A.J.T.); (J.A.W.); (E.M.B.)
| | - Jaap A. Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.W.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (A.L.Z.); (A.J.T.); (J.A.W.); (E.M.B.)
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Els M. Broens
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.W.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (A.L.Z.); (A.J.T.); (J.A.W.); (E.M.B.)
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8
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Naing SY, Hordijk J, Duim B, Broens EM, van der Graaf-van Bloois L, Rossen JW, Robben JH, Leendertse M, Wagenaar JA, Zomer AL. Genomic Investigation of Two Acinetobacter baumannii Outbreaks in a Veterinary Intensive Care Unit in The Netherlands. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020123. [PMID: 35215067 PMCID: PMC8875366 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial pathogen that frequently causes healthcare-acquired infections. The global spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains with its ability to survive in the environment for extended periods imposes a pressing public health threat. Two MDR A. baumannii outbreaks occurred in 2012 and 2014 in a companion animal intensive care unit (caICU) in the Netherlands. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on dog clinical isolates (n = 6), environmental isolates (n = 5), and human reference strains (n = 3) to investigate if the isolates of the two outbreaks were related. All clinical isolates shared identical resistance phenotypes displaying multidrug resistance. Multi-locus Sequence Typing (MLST) revealed that all clinical isolates belonged to sequence type ST2. The core genome MLST (cgMLST) results confirmed that the isolates of the two outbreaks were not related. Comparative genome analysis showed that the outbreak isolates contained different gene contents, including mobile genetic elements associated with antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). The time-measured phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that the outbreak isolates diverged approximately 30 years before 2014. Our study shows the importance of WGS analyses combined with molecular clock investigations to reduce transmission of MDR A. baumannii infections in companion animal clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soe Yu Naing
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.Y.N.); (J.H.); (B.D.); (E.M.B.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (M.L.); (J.A.W.)
| | - Joost Hordijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.Y.N.); (J.H.); (B.D.); (E.M.B.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (M.L.); (J.A.W.)
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.Y.N.); (J.H.); (B.D.); (E.M.B.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (M.L.); (J.A.W.)
| | - Els M. Broens
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.Y.N.); (J.H.); (B.D.); (E.M.B.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (M.L.); (J.A.W.)
| | - Linda van der Graaf-van Bloois
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.Y.N.); (J.H.); (B.D.); (E.M.B.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (M.L.); (J.A.W.)
| | - John W. Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Joris H. Robben
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Masja Leendertse
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.Y.N.); (J.H.); (B.D.); (E.M.B.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (M.L.); (J.A.W.)
| | - Jaap A. Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.Y.N.); (J.H.); (B.D.); (E.M.B.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (M.L.); (J.A.W.)
| | - Aldert L. Zomer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.Y.N.); (J.H.); (B.D.); (E.M.B.); (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (M.L.); (J.A.W.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistance (AMR) genes in bacteria are often carried on plasmids and these plasmids can transfer AMR genes between bacteria. For molecular epidemiology purposes and risk assessment, it is important to know whether the genes are located on highly transferable plasmids or in the more stable chromosomes. However, draft whole-genome sequences are fragmented, making it difficult to discriminate plasmid and chromosomal contigs. Current methods that predict plasmid sequences from draft genome sequences rely on single features, like k-mer composition, circularity of the DNA molecule, copy number or sequence identity to plasmid replication genes, all of which have their drawbacks, especially when faced with large single-copy plasmids, which often carry resistance genes. With our newly developed prediction tool RFPlasmid, we use a combination of multiple features, including k-mer composition and databases with plasmid and chromosomal marker proteins, to predict whether the likely source of a contig is plasmid or chromosomal. The tool RFPlasmid supports models for 17 different bacterial taxa, including Campylobacter, Escherichia coli and Salmonella, and has a taxon agnostic model for metagenomic assemblies or unsupported organisms. RFPlasmid is available both as a standalone tool and via a web interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda van der Graaf-van Bloois
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from an One Health Perspective/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from an One Health Perspective/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert L Zomer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from an One Health Perspective/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Mulder AC, Franz E, de Rijk S, Versluis MAJ, Coipan C, Buij R, Müskens G, Koene M, Pijnacker R, Duim B, Bloois LVDGV, Veldman K, Wagenaar JA, Zomer AL, Schets FM, Blaak H, Mughini-Gras L. Tracing the animal sources of surface water contamination with Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Water Res 2020; 187:116421. [PMID: 32992147 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli, the primary agents of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, are widespread in surface water. Several animal sources contribute to surface water contamination with Campylobacter, but their relative contributions thus far remained unclear. Here, the prevalence, genotype diversity, and potential animal sources of C. jejuni and C. coli strains in surface water in the Netherlands were investigated. It was also assessed whether the contribution of the different animal sources varied according to surface water type (i.e. agricultural water, surface water at discharge points of wastewater treatment plants [WWTPs], and official recreational water), season, and local livestock (poultry, pig, ruminant) density. For each surface water type, 30 locations spread over six areas with either high or low density of poultry, ruminants, or pigs, were sampled once every season in 2018-2019. Campylobacter prevalence was highest in agricultural waters (77%), and in autumn and winter (74%), and lowest in recreational waters (46%) and in summer (54%). In total, 76 C. jejuni and 177 C. coli water isolates were whole-genome sequenced. Most C. coli water isolates (78.5%) belonged to hitherto unidentified clones when using the seven-locus sequence type (ST) scheme, while only 11.8% of the C. jejuni isolates had unidentified STs. The origin of these isolates, as defined by core-genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST), was inferred by comparison with Campylobacter strain collections from meat-producing poultry, laying hens, adult cattle, veal calves, small ruminants, pigs, and wild birds. Water isolates were mainly attributed to wild birds (C. jejuni: 60.0%; C. coli: 93.7%) and meat-producing poultry (C. jejuni: 18.9%; C. coli: 5.6%). Wild bird contribution was high among isolates from recreational waters and WWTP discharge points, and in areas with low poultry (C. coli) or high ruminant (C. jejuni) densities. The contribution of meat-producing poultry was high in areas with high density of poultry, springtime, agricultural waters and WWTP discharge points. While wild birds and poultry were the main contributors to Campylobacter contamination in surface water, their contribution differed significantly by water type, season, and local poultry and ruminant densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke C Mulder
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven Bilthoven, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Eelco Franz
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven Bilthoven, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sharona de Rijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven Bilthoven, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Moyke A J Versluis
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, De Uithof, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Coipan
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven Bilthoven, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph Buij
- Wageningen Environmental Research (WENR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Droevendaalsesteeg 3-3 A, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Müskens
- Wageningen Environmental Research (WENR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Droevendaalsesteeg 3-3 A, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Koene
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Roan Pijnacker
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven Bilthoven, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (I&I), Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, De Uithof, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands; WHO Collaborating Centre for Campylobacter / OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Yalelaan 1, De Uithof, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda van der Graaf-van Bloois
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (I&I), Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, De Uithof, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands; WHO Collaborating Centre for Campylobacter / OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Yalelaan 1, De Uithof, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Veldman
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA, Lelystad, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (I&I), Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, De Uithof, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands; WHO Collaborating Centre for Campylobacter / OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Yalelaan 1, De Uithof, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert L Zomer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (I&I), Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, De Uithof, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands; WHO Collaborating Centre for Campylobacter / OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Yalelaan 1, De Uithof, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Franciska M Schets
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven Bilthoven, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty Blaak
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven Bilthoven, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lapo Mughini-Gras
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven Bilthoven, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, De Uithof, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Mughini-Gras L, Pijnacker R, Coipan C, Mulder AC, Fernandes Veludo A, de Rijk S, van Hoek AHAM, Buij R, Muskens G, Koene M, Veldman K, Duim B, van der Graaf-van Bloois L, van der Weijden C, Kuiling S, Verbruggen A, van der Giessen J, Opsteegh M, van der Voort M, Castelijn GAA, Schets FM, Blaak H, Wagenaar JA, Zomer AL, Franz E. Sources and transmission routes of campylobacteriosis: A combined analysis of genome and exposure data. J Infect 2020; 82:216-226. [PMID: 33275955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the contributions of several animal and environmental sources of human campylobacteriosis and identify source-specific risk factors. METHODS 1417 Campylobacter jejuni/coli isolates from the Netherlands in 2017-2019 were whole-genome sequenced, including isolates from human cases (n = 280), chickens/turkeys (n = 238), laying hens (n = 56), cattle (n = 158), veal calves (n = 49), sheep/goats (n = 111), pigs (n = 110), dogs/cats (n = 100), wild birds (n = 62), and surface water (n = 253). Questionnaire-based exposure data was collected. Source attribution was performed using core-genome multilocus sequence typing. Risk factors were determined on the attribution estimates. RESULTS Cases were mostly attributed to chickens/turkeys (48.2%), dogs/cats (18.0%), cattle (12.1%), and surface water (8.5%). Of the associations identified, never consuming chicken, as well as frequent chicken consumption, and rarely washing hands after touching raw meat, were risk factors for chicken/turkey-attributable infections. Consuming unpasteurized milk or barbecued beef increased the risk for cattle-attributable infections. Risk factors for infections attributable to environmental sources were open water swimming, contact with dog faeces, and consuming non-chicken/turkey avian meat like game birds. CONCLUSIONS Poultry and cattle are the main livestock sources of campylobacteriosis, while pets and surface water are important non-livestock sources. Foodborne transmission is only partially consistent with the attributions, as frequency and alternative pathways of exposure are significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lapo Mughini-Gras
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Roan Pijnacker
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Coipan
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Annemieke C Mulder
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Sharona de Rijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Angela H A M van Hoek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ralph Buij
- Wageningen Environmental Research (WER), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Muskens
- Wageningen Environmental Research (WER), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Miriam Koene
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Kees Veldman
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (I&I), Utrecht University & WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Linda van der Graaf-van Bloois
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (I&I), Utrecht University & WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Coen van der Weijden
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Kuiling
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Anjo Verbruggen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Joke van der Giessen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Opsteegh
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Menno van der Voort
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Greetje A A Castelijn
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Franciska M Schets
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Hetty Blaak
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (I&I), Utrecht University & WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aldert L Zomer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (I&I), Utrecht University & WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eelco Franz
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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12
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Flipse J, Duim B, Wallinga JA, de Wijkerslooth LRH, van der Graaf-van Bloois L, Timmerman AJ, Zomer AL, Veldman KT, Wagenaar JA, Bloembergen P. A Case of Persistent Diarrhea in a Man with the Molecular Detection of Various Campylobacter species and the First Isolation of candidatus Campylobacter infans. Pathogens 2020; 9:E1003. [PMID: 33265947 PMCID: PMC7761484 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A man with a well-controlled HIV infection, previously diagnosed with lymphogranuloma venereum and treated for Hodgkin's lymphoma, was suffering from chronic diarrhea. He travelled to Indonesia in the month prior to the start of complaints. Over a 15-month period, sequences related to Campylobactertroglodytis/upsaliensis, C. pinnepediorum/mucosalis/concisus and C. hominis were detected by 16S rRNA qPCR-based assays in various stool samples and in a colon biopsy. Culture revealed the first isolation of "candidatus Campylobacter infans", a species identified recently by molecular methods only. The patient was treated with azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. To identify potential continuous exposure of the patient to Campylobacter, stool samples of the partner and the cat of the patient were analyzed and C. pinnepediorum/mucosalis/concisus and C. helveticus, respectively, were detected. The diversity in detected species in this immunocompromised patient with a lack of repeatedly consistent findings resulted in the conclusion that not any of the Campylobacter species was the primary cause of the clinical condition. This study shows the challenges in detection and interpretation of diagnostic results regarding Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Flipse
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Isala Clinics, 8025 AB Zwolle, The Netherlands; (J.A.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (A.J.T.); (A.L.Z.); (J.A.W.)
- WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Janny A. Wallinga
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Isala Clinics, 8025 AB Zwolle, The Netherlands; (J.A.W.); (P.B.)
| | | | - Linda van der Graaf-van Bloois
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (A.J.T.); (A.L.Z.); (J.A.W.)
- WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen J. Timmerman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (A.J.T.); (A.L.Z.); (J.A.W.)
- WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert L. Zomer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (A.J.T.); (A.L.Z.); (J.A.W.)
- WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kees T. Veldman
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands;
| | - Jaap A. Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.v.d.G.-v.B.); (A.J.T.); (A.L.Z.); (J.A.W.)
- WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands;
| | - Peter Bloembergen
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Isala Clinics, 8025 AB Zwolle, The Netherlands; (J.A.W.); (P.B.)
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Castellanos LR, van der Graaf-van Bloois L, Donado-Godoy P, Veldman K, Duarte F, Acuña MT, Jarquín C, Weill FX, Mevius DJ, Wagenaar JA, Hordijk J, Zomer AL. Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B Variant Java in Poultry from Europe and Latin America. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:1164-1173. [PMID: 32441616 PMCID: PMC7258445 DOI: 10.3201/eid2606.191121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B variant Java sequence type 28 is prevalent in poultry and poultry meat. We investigated the evolutionary relatedness between sequence type 28 strains from Europe and Latin America using time-resolved phylogeny and principal component analysis. We sequenced isolates from Colombia, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and the Netherlands and complemented them with publicly available genomes from Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Phylogenetic time trees and effective population sizes (Ne) showed separate clustering of strains from Latin America and Europe. The separation is estimated to have occurred during the 1980s. Ne of strains increased sharply in Europe around 1995 and in Latin America around 2005. Principal component analysis on noncore genes showed a clear distinction between strains from Europe and Latin America, whereas the plasmid gene content was similar. Regardless of the evolutionary separation, similar features of resistance to β-lactams and quinolones/fluoroquinolones indicated parallel evolution of antimicrobial resistance in both regions.
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14
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Castellanos LR, van der Graaf-van Bloois L, Donado-Godoy P, León M, Clavijo V, Arévalo A, Bernal JF, Mevius DJ, Wagenaar JA, Zomer A, Hordijk J. Genomic Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Salmonella enterica in the Colombian Poultry Chain. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2431. [PMID: 30459720 PMCID: PMC6232905 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars have been isolated from Colombian broilers and broiler meat. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of ESBL/pAmpC genes in extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistant Salmonella enterica and the phylogeny of ESBL/pAmpC-carrying Salmonella using Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS). A total of 260 cefotaxime resistant Salmonella isolates, obtained between 2008 and 2013 from broiler farms, slaughterhouses and retail, were included. Isolates were screened by PCR for ESBL/pAmpC genes. Gene and plasmid subtyping and strain Multi Locus Sequence Typing was performed in silico for a selection of fully sequenced isolates. Core-genome-based analyses were performed per ST encountered. bla CMY-2-like was carried in 168 isolates, 52 carried bla CTX-M-2 group, 7 bla SHV, 5 a combination of bla CMY-2-like-bla SHV and 3 a combination of bla CMY-2-like-bla CTX-M-2 group. In 25 isolates no ESBL/pAmpC genes that were screened for were found. WGS characterization of 36 selected strains showed plasmid-encoded bla CMY-2 in 21, bla CTX-M-165 in 11 and bla SHV-12 in 7 strains. These genes were mostly carried on IncI1/ST12, IncQ1, and IncI1/ST231 plasmids, respectively. Finally, 17 strains belonged to S. Heidelberg ST15, 16 to S. Paratyphi B variant Java ST28, 1 to S. Enteritidis ST11, 1 to S. Kentucky ST152 and 1 to S. Albany ST292. Phylogenetic comparisons with publicly available genomes showed separate clustering of Colombian S. Heidelberg and S. Paratyphi B var. Java. In conclusion, resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in Salmonella from Colombian poultry is mainly encoded by bla CMY-2 and bla CTX-M-165 genes. These genes are mostly associated with IncI1/ST12 and IncQ1 plasmids, respectively. Evolutionary divergence is observed between Colombian S. Heidelberg and S. Paratyphi B var. Java and those from other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ricardo Castellanos
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance – Coipars, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Linda van der Graaf-van Bloois
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Pilar Donado-Godoy
- Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance – Coipars, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Maribel León
- Dirección Técnica de Inocuidad e Insumos Veterinarios, Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario - ICA, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Viviana Clavijo
- Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance – Coipars, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica, Mosquera, Colombia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Los Andes University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Arévalo
- Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance – Coipars, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Johan F. Bernal
- Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance – Coipars, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Dik J. Mevius
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Jaap A. Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Aldert Zomer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joost Hordijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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15
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Gilbert MJ, Duim B, van der Graaf-van Bloois L, Wagenaar JA, Zomer AL. Homologous Recombination between Genetically Divergent Campylobacter fetus Lineages Supports Host-Associated Speciation. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:716-722. [PMID: 29608720 PMCID: PMC5830970 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination is a major driver of bacterial speciation. Genetic divergence and host association are important factors influencing homologous recombination. Here, we study these factors for Campylobacter fetus, which shows a distinct intraspecific host dichotomy. Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus (Cff) and venerealis are associated with mammals, whereas C. fetus subsp. testudinum (Cft) is associated with reptiles. Recombination between these genetically divergent C. fetus lineages is extremely rare. Previously it was impossible to show whether this barrier to recombination was determined by the differential host preferences, by the genetic divergence between both lineages or by other factors influencing recombination, such as restriction-modification, CRISPR/Cas, and transformation systems. Fortuitously, a distinct C. fetus lineage (ST69) was found, which was highly related to mammal-associated C. fetus, yet isolated from a chelonian. The whole genome sequences of two C. fetus ST69 isolates were compared with those of mammal- and reptile-associated C. fetus strains for phylogenetic and recombination analysis. In total, 5.1–5.5% of the core genome of both ST69 isolates showed signs of recombination. Of the predicted recombination regions, 80.4% were most closely related to Cft, 14.3% to Cff, and 5.6% to C. iguaniorum. Recombination from C. fetus ST69 to Cft was also detected, but to a lesser extent and only in chelonian-associated Cft strains. This study shows that despite substantial genetic divergence no absolute barrier to homologous recombination exists between two distinct C. fetus lineages when occurring in the same host type, which provides valuable insights in bacterial speciation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten J Gilbert
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.,Reptile, Amphibian and Fish Conservation Netherlands (RAVON), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.,WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda van der Graaf-van Bloois
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.,WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.,WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert L Zomer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.,WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Gilbert MJ, Miller WG, Yee E, Zomer AL, van der Graaf-van Bloois L, Fitzgerald C, Forbes KJ, Méric G, Sheppard SK, Wagenaar JA, Duim B. Comparative Genomics of Campylobacter fetus from Reptiles and Mammals Reveals Divergent Evolution in Host-Associated Lineages. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:2006-19. [PMID: 27333878 PMCID: PMC4943207 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter fetus currently comprises three recognized subspecies, which display distinct host association. Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus and C fetus subsp. venerealis are both associated with endothermic mammals, primarily ruminants, whereas C fetus subsp. testudinum is primarily associated with ectothermic reptiles. Both C. fetus subsp. testudinum and C. fetus subsp. fetus have been associated with severe infections, often with a systemic component, in immunocompromised humans. To study the genetic factors associated with the distinct host dichotomy in C. fetus, whole-genome sequencing and comparison of mammal- and reptile-associated C fetus was performed. The genomes of C fetus subsp. testudinum isolated from either reptiles or humans were compared with elucidate the genetic factors associated with pathogenicity in humans. Genomic comparisons showed conservation of gene content and organization among C fetus subspecies, but a clear distinction between mammal- and reptile-associated C fetus was observed. Several genomic regions appeared to be subspecies specific, including a putative tricarballylate catabolism pathway, exclusively present in C fetus subsp. testudinum strains. Within C fetus subsp. testudinum, sapA, sapB, and sapAB type strains were observed. The recombinant locus iamABC (mlaFED) was exclusively associated with invasive C fetus subsp. testudinum strains isolated from humans. A phylogenetic reconstruction was consistent with divergent evolution in host-associated strains and the existence of a barrier to lateral gene transfer between mammal- and reptile-associated C fetus Overall, this study shows that reptile-associated C fetus subsp. testudinum is genetically divergent from mammal-associated C fetus subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten J Gilbert
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - William G Miller
- US Department of Agriculture, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California
| | - Emma Yee
- US Department of Agriculture, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California
| | - Aldert L Zomer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Linda van der Graaf-van Bloois
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Collette Fitzgerald
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ken J Forbes
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Méric
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, United Kingdom MRC Cloud-Based Infrastructure for Microbial Bioinformatics (CLIMB) Centre, Swansea University, United Kingdom Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, the Netherlands Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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van der Graaf-van Bloois L, van Bergen MA, van der Wal FJ, de Boer AG, Duim B, Schmidt T, Wagenaar JA. Evaluation of molecular assays for identification Campylobacter fetus species and subspecies and development of a C. fetus specific real-time PCR assay. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 95:93-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
We isolated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from cows with subclinical mastitis and from a person who worked with these animals. The bovine and human strains were indistinguishable by phenotyping and genotyping methods and were of a low frequency spa type. To our knowledge, this finding indicates the first documented case of direct transmission of MRSA between cows and humans.
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van Bergen MA, Simons G, van der Graaf-van Bloois L, van Putten JP, Rombout J, Wesley I, Wagenaar JA. Amplified fragment length polymorphism based identification of genetic markers and novel PCR assay for differentiation of Campylobacter fetus subspecies. J Med Microbiol 2006; 54:1217-1224. [PMID: 16278437 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of Campylobacter fetus into C. fetus subsp. fetus (Cff) and C. fetus subsp. venerealis (Cfv) is important for both clinical and economic reasons. In the past, several molecular typing methods have been used for differentiation, including amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). In this study, AFLP was employed to identify C. fetus subspecies specific markers that can serve as a basis for design of novel PCR primer sets for Cfv. Four groups of C. fetus strains with different phenotypic or genotypic traits were examined by AFLP using 22 different DdeI/MboI primer combinations. Specific AFLP fragments were deduced and sequenced resulting in 41 sequences. Based on the obtained sequences, five potential subspecies-specific PCR assays were developed. Extensive evaluation of the five selected PCRs with a set of 65 diverse C. fetus strains identified primer set Cf C05 as subspecies Cfv-specific. This newly developed PCR is fully consistent with the AFLP subspecies differentiation results. The data indicate AFLP as a powerful tool for comparing closely related genomes and for exploiting this information to develop a specific PCR with extensive typing potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Ap van Bergen
- Animal Sciences Group, Division of Infectious Diseases, and OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, PO Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands 2Keygene N.V., Department of Microbial Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands 3Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands 4Pre-Harvest Food Safety and Enteric Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Guus Simons
- Animal Sciences Group, Division of Infectious Diseases, and OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, PO Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands 2Keygene N.V., Department of Microbial Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands 3Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands 4Pre-Harvest Food Safety and Enteric Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Linda van der Graaf-van Bloois
- Animal Sciences Group, Division of Infectious Diseases, and OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, PO Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands 2Keygene N.V., Department of Microbial Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands 3Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands 4Pre-Harvest Food Safety and Enteric Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jos Pm van Putten
- Animal Sciences Group, Division of Infectious Diseases, and OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, PO Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands 2Keygene N.V., Department of Microbial Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands 3Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands 4Pre-Harvest Food Safety and Enteric Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jeroen Rombout
- Animal Sciences Group, Division of Infectious Diseases, and OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, PO Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands 2Keygene N.V., Department of Microbial Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands 3Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands 4Pre-Harvest Food Safety and Enteric Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Irene Wesley
- Animal Sciences Group, Division of Infectious Diseases, and OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, PO Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands 2Keygene N.V., Department of Microbial Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands 3Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands 4Pre-Harvest Food Safety and Enteric Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Animal Sciences Group, Division of Infectious Diseases, and OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, PO Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands 2Keygene N.V., Department of Microbial Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands 3Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands 4Pre-Harvest Food Safety and Enteric Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
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van Bergen MAP, van der Graaf-van Bloois L, Visser IJR, van Putten JPM, Wagenaar JA. Molecular epidemiology of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus on bovine artificial insemination stations using pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Vet Microbiol 2005; 112:65-71. [PMID: 16289638 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus (Cff) on bovine artificial insemination (AI)-stations can have major economical consequences. More knowledge on the epidemiology of C. fetus is needed to control Cff infections at AI-stations. We assessed the epidemiology of Cff on AI-stations and the molecular relationship between Cff strains isolated from outbreaks on AI-stations. Thirteen Cff strains (two Cff strains per outbreak and one sporadic case) isolated from bulls housed on different AI-stations were selected and compared with ten unrelated bovine and ovine Cff isolates from different geographical regions. Molecular typing by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with the restriction enzymes SmaI, SalI and KpnI, yielded unique profiles for most unrelated strains but indistinguishable profiles for all isolates from the same outbreak. Computer aided analysis using a composite data set of SmaI, SalI and KpnI restriction profiles revealed separate clusters for outbreak strains. Thus, PFGE profiling of Cff strains is a valuable tool to discriminate between strains derived from separate outbreaks and to identify routes of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A P van Bergen
- Animal Sciences Group, Division of Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
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