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Manders T, Benedictus L, Spaninks M, Matthijs M. Enterococcus cecorum lesion strains are less sensitive to the hostile environment of albumen and more resistant to lysozyme compared to cloaca strains. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:106-114. [PMID: 38073364 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2286985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Egg albumen inhibits Enterococcus cecorum cloaca strains more than lesion strains.Enterococcus cecorum lesion strains are resistant to high concentrations of lysozyme.Lysozyme resistance could enhance survival in albumen and body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Manders
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lindert Benedictus
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mirlin Spaninks
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mieke Matthijs
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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2
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Dougherty D, Ralls MW, Imel SJ, Sack BS, van Leeuwen KD, Speck KE. History and new horizons in the management of cloaca: The convergence of cloaca and DSD. Am J Surg 2024; 227:239-240. [PMID: 37652831 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Dougherty
- University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine, Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 E. Hospital Dr. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4211, USA.
| | - Matthew W Ralls
- University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine, Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 E. Hospital Dr. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4211, USA.
| | - Sydni J Imel
- University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine, Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 E. Hospital Dr. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4211, USA.
| | - Bryan S Sack
- University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine, Department of Urology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 E. Hospital Dr. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4211, USA.
| | - Kathleen D van Leeuwen
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, 1919 E. Thomas Rd. Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA.
| | - K Elizabeth Speck
- University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine, Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 E. Hospital Dr. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4211, USA.
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3
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Taff CC, McNew SM, Zimmer C, Uehling JJ, Houtz JL, Ryan TA, Chang van Oordt D, Injaian AS, Vitousek MN. Social signal manipulation and environmental challenges have independent effects on physiology, internal microbiome, and reproductive performance in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). J Exp Zool A Ecol Integr Physiol 2023; 339:723-735. [PMID: 37306329 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The social environment that individuals experience appears to be a particularly salient mediator of stress resilience, as the nature and valence of social interactions are often related to subsequent health, physiology, microbiota, and overall stress resilience. Relatively few studies have simultaneously manipulated the social environment and ecological challenges under natural conditions. Here, we report the results of experiments in wild tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) in which we manipulated both ecological challenges (predator encounters and flight efficiency reduction) and social interactions (by experimental dulling of a social signal). In two experiments conducted in separate years, we reversed the order of these treatments so that females experienced either an altered social signal followed by a challenge or vice-versa. Before, during, and after treatments were applied, we tracked breeding success, morphology and physiology (mass, corticosterone, and glucose), nest box visits via an RFID sensor network, cloacal microbiome diversity, and fledging success. Overall, we found that predator exposure during the nestling period reduced the likelihood of fledging and that signal manipulation sometimes altered nest box visitation patterns, but little evidence that the two categories of treatment interacted with each other. We discuss the implications of our results for understanding what types of challenges and what conditions are most likely to result in interactions between the social environment and ecological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor C Taff
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Sabrina M McNew
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Cedric Zimmer
- Laboratoire d'Ethologie Expérimentale et Comparée, University Sorbonne Paris Nord, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer J Uehling
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer L Houtz
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Thomas A Ryan
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - David Chang van Oordt
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Maren N Vitousek
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Harikrishnan S, Sudarshan S, Sivasubramani K, Nandini MS, Narenkumar J, Ramachandran V, Almutairi BO, Arunkumar P, Rajasekar A, Jayalakshmi S. Larvicidal and anti-termite activities of microbial biosurfactant produced by Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 isolated from marine sponge Clathria sp. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15153. [PMID: 37704703 PMCID: PMC10499797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of synthetic pesticides has resulted in a number of issues, including a rise in insecticide-resistant organisms, environmental degradation, and a hazard to human health. As a result, new microbial derived insecticides that are safe for human health and the environment are urgently needed. In this study, rhamnolipid biosurfactants produced from Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 was used to evaluate the toxicity towards mosquito larvae (Culex quinquefasciatus) and termites (Odontotermes obesus). Results showed dose dependent mortality rate was observed between the treatments. The 48 h LC50 (median lethal concentration) values of the biosurfactant were determined for termite and mosquito larvae following the non-linear regression curve fit method. Results showed larvicidal activity and anti-termite activity of biosurfactants with 48 h LC50 value (95% confidence interval) of 26.49 mg/L (25.40 to 27.57) and 33.43 mg/L (31.09 to 35.68), respectively. According to a histopathological investigation, the biosurfactant treatment caused substantial tissue damage in cellular organelles of larvae and termites. The findings of this study suggest that the microbial biosurfactant produced by E. cloacae SJ2 is an excellent and potentially effective agent for controlling Cx. quinquefasciatus and O. obesus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekar Harikrishnan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, 608502, India.
| | - Shanmugam Sudarshan
- Department of Aquatic Environment Management, TNJFU- Dr. M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thalainayeru, Tamil Nadu, 614712, India
| | - Kandasamy Sivasubramani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M S Nandini
- Department of Microbiology, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jayaraman Narenkumar
- Department of Environmental & Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | - Vasudevan Ramachandran
- Department of Medical Sciences, University College of MAIWP International, Taman Batu Muda, 68100, Batu Caves, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Bader O Almutairi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paulraj Arunkumar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Aruliah Rajasekar
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632115, India
| | - Singaram Jayalakshmi
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, 608502, India
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Bennett W, Mende K, Campbell WR, Beckius M, Stewart L, Shaikh F, Rahman A, Tribble DR, Yabes JM. Enterobacter cloacae infection characteristics and outcomes in battlefield trauma patients. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290735. [PMID: 37643169 PMCID: PMC10464967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterobacter cloacae is a Gram-negative rod with multidrug-resistant potential due to chromosomally-induced AmpC β-lactamase. We evaluated characteristics, antibiotic utilization, and outcomes associated with battlefield-related E. cloacae infections (2009-2014). Single initial and serial E. cloacae isolates (≥24 hours from initial isolate from any site) associated with a clinical infection were examined. Susceptibility profiles of initial isolates in the serial isolation group were contrasted against last isolate recovered. Characteristics of 112 patients with E. cloacae infections (63 [56%] with single initial isolation; 49 [44%] with serial isolation) were compared to 509 patients with bacterial infections not attributed to E. cloacae. E. cloacae patients sustained more blast trauma (78%) compared to non-E. cloacae infections patients (75%; p<0.001); however, injury severity scores were comparable (median of 34.5 and 33, respectively; p = 0.334). Patients with E. cloacae infections had greater shock indices (median 1.07 vs 0.92; p = 0.005) and required more initial blood products (15 vs. 14 units; p = 0.032) compared to patients with non-E. cloacae infections. Although E. cloacae patients had less intensive care unit admissions (80% vs. 90% with non-E. cloacae infection patients; p = 0.007), they did have more operating room visits (5 vs. 4; p = 0.001), longer duration of antibiotic therapy (43.5 vs. 34 days; p<0.001), and lengthier hospitalizations (57 vs. 44 days; p<0.001). Patients with serial E. cloacae had isolation of infecting isolates sooner than patients with single initial E. cloacae (median of 5 vs. 8 days post-injury; p = 0.046); however, outcomes were not significantly different between the groups. Statistically significant resistance to individual antibiotics did not develop between initial and last isolates in the serial isolation group. Despite current combat care and surgical prophylaxis guidelines recommending upfront provision of AmpC-inducing antibiotics, clinical outcomes did not differ nor did significant antibiotic resistance develop in patients who experienced serial isolation of E. cloacae versus single initial isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bennett
- Brooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Katrin Mende
- Brooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wesley R. Campbell
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Miriam Beckius
- Brooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laveta Stewart
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Faraz Shaikh
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Azizur Rahman
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David R. Tribble
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Yabes
- Brooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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Taniguchi-Sugiura Y, Tanaka EM. Artificial Insemination in Axolotl. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2562:417-423. [PMID: 36272091 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2659-7_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum), fertilization takes place internally. After courtship, the male axolotl deposits spermatophores, which the female takes up into her cloaca in order to fertilize eggs internally. The success of axolotl breedings is subject to several poorly understood factors including age, pairing, and genotype. In some cases, individuals are unable to breed naturally despite having significant scientific value. Assisted reproductive technologies represent one approach to maintaining stocks of such individuals, as well as supplementing natural breedings of laboratory stocks.Here, we describe a protocol for artificial insemination--an assisted reproductive technology in which sperm is extracted from a male and transferred into the female cloaca, thus mimicking natural fertilization in axolotls. We believe that this simple method can be applied to other salamander species that have internal fertilization and also help restore endangered wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elly M Tanaka
- IMP (Research Institute of Molecular Pathology), Vienna, Austria.
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Shan T, Yang S, Wang H, Wang H, Zhang J, Gong G, Xiao Y, Yang J, Wang X, Lu J, Zhao M, Yang Z, Lu X, Dai Z, He Y, Chen X, Zhou R, Yao Y, Kong N, Zeng J, Ullah K, Wang X, Shen Q, Deng X, Zhang J, Delwart E, Tong G, Zhang W. Virome in the cloaca of wild and breeding birds revealed a diversity of significant viruses. Microbiome 2022; 10:60. [PMID: 35413940 PMCID: PMC9001828 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wild birds may harbor and transmit viruses that are potentially pathogenic to humans, domestic animals, and other wildlife. RESULTS Using the viral metagenomic approach, we investigated the virome of cloacal swab specimens collected from 3182 birds (the majority of them wild species) consisting of > 87 different species in 10 different orders within the Aves classes. The virus diversity in wild birds was higher than that in breeding birds. We acquired 707 viral genomes from 18 defined families and 4 unclassified virus groups, with 265 virus genomes sharing < 60% protein sequence identities with their best matches in GenBank comprising new virus families, genera, or species. RNA viruses containing the conserved RdRp domain with no phylogenetic affinity to currently defined virus families existed in different bird species. Genomes of the astrovirus, picornavirus, coronavirus, calicivirus, parvovirus, circovirus, retrovirus, and adenovirus families which include known avian pathogens were fully characterized. Putative cross-species transmissions were observed with viruses in wild birds showing > 95% amino acid sequence identity to previously reported viruses in domestic poultry. Genomic recombination was observed for some genomes showing discordant phylogenies based on structural and non-structural regions. Mapping the next-generation sequencing (NGS) data respectively against the 707 genomes revealed that these viruses showed distribution pattern differences among birds with different habitats (breeding or wild), orders, and sampling sites but no significant differences between birds with different behavioral features (migratory and resident). CONCLUSIONS The existence of a highly diverse virome highlights the challenges in elucidating the evolution, etiology, and ecology of viruses in wild birds. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shixing Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoning Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Harbin University, Harbin, 150886, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Wildlife diseases and Biosecurity Management of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150886, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, 223002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ga Gong
- Animal Science College, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, 860000, Tibet, China
| | - Yuqing Xiao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Wildlife and Protected Area College/Center of Conservation Medicine and Ecological Safety Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150006, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Juan Lu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zijun Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziyuan Dai
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yumin He
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxin Yao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Kong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kalim Ullah
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quan Shen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xutao Deng
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China.
- International Center for Genomics Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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Haney NM, Gearhart JP. Commentary on long-term active problems in patients with cloacal exstrophy: A systematic review. J Pediatr Surg 2022; 57:348-349. [PMID: 34563356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This is a commentary on the manuscript entitled "Long-term active problems in patients with cloacal exstrophy: a systematic review" by Musleh L, Privitera L, Paraboschi I, et al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora M Haney
- Department of Urology, Robert D. Jeffs Division of Pediatric Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institutions, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans Street, Suite 7304, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - John P Gearhart
- Department of Urology, Robert D. Jeffs Division of Pediatric Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institutions, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans Street, Suite 7304, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
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Sharma MK, McDaniel CD, Kiess AS, Loar RE, Adhikari P. Effect of housing environment and hen strain on egg production and egg quality as well as cloacal and eggshell microbiology in laying hens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101595. [PMID: 34933221 PMCID: PMC8703072 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of housing environment and laying hen strain on performance, egg quality, and microbiology of the cloaca and eggshell. A total of 1,152 Hy-Line Brown (HB) and Hy-Line W-36 White Leghorn (W-36) hens were used. All hens were kept in conventional cages (CC) from 18 to 32 wk of age and then moved to either enriched colony cages (EC) or free-range (FR) pens or continued in CC. Hens were randomly allocated into a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of 2 laying hen strains (brown and white) and 3 housing environments (CC, EC, and FR) in a split plot in time (hen age) design. The experiment was conducted from 32 to 85 wk of age. The experiment was divided into 2 phases: early phase (32-51 wk of age) and late phase (52-85 wk of age). A 3-way interaction was observed for hen day egg production (HDEP) among housing environments, hen strain, and bird age in the early phase (P = 0.004) as well as in the late phase (P < 0.0001). In both of the phases, HDEP was higher in CC and FR than in EC. Hy-Line W-36 hens raised in EC had the lowest HDEP compared to other treatments. A 3-way interaction was observed for feed intake (FI; P = 0.017) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the late phase (P < 0.0001). The lowest FI and highest FCR were observed in EC for W-36 hens. Free-range hens performed in-between for eggshell quality when compared to CC and EC while HB had better egg quality than W-36. Free-range hens had higher cloacal bacterial counts for aerobes, anaerobes, and coliforms than CC and EC. Higher eggshell bacterial contamination was observed in eggs from FR versus eggs from CC and EC. These results indicate that both housing environment and laying hen strain affect performance and egg quality as well as cloacal and eggshell microbiology. Further studies should be conducted to determine food safety and economic impacts when using different hen strains and housing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan K Sharma
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | | | - Aaron S Kiess
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | | | - Pratima Adhikari
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
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Li X, Bi R, Xiao K, Roy A, Zhang Z, Chen X, Peng J, Wang R, Yang R, Shen X, Irwin DM, Shen Y. Hen raising helps chicks establish gut microbiota in their early life and improve microbiota stability after H9N2 challenge. Microbiome 2022; 10:14. [PMID: 35074015 PMCID: PMC8785444 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early gut microbial colonization is important for postnatal growth and immune development of the chicken. However, at present, commercial chickens are hatched and raised without adult hens, thus are cut off from the microbiota transfer between hens and chicks. In this study, we compared the gut microbiota composition between hen-reared and separately reared chicks, and its impact on the resistance to H9N2 avian influenza virus, with the motive of investigating the impact of this cutoff in microbiota transfer. RESULTS We used the 16SrRNA sequencing method to assess the composition of the gut microbiota in chicks represented by three hen-reared groups and one separately reared group. We found that the diversity of gut microbes in the chicks from the three hen-reared groups was more abundant than in the separately reared group, both at the phylum and genus levels. Our findings highlight the importance of early parental care in influencing the establishment of gut microbiota in the early life of chicks. SourceTracker analysis showed that the feather and cloaca microbiota of hens are the main sources of gut microbiota of chicks. After H9N2 exposure, the viral infection lasted longer in the separately reared chicks, with the viral titers in their oropharyngeal swabs being higher compared to the hen-reared chicks at day 5 post-infection. Interestingly, our results revealed that the gut microbiota of the hen-reared chicks was more stable after H9N2 infection in comparison to that of the separately reared chicks. CONCLUSIONS Microbiota transfer between the hens and their chicks promotes the establishment of a balanced and diverse microbiota in the early life of the chicks and improves microbiota stability after H9N2 challenge. These findings advance our understanding of the protective role of gut microbiota in the early life of chicks and should be instrumental in improving chick rearing in the commercial poultry industry. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ran Bi
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Kangpeng Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ayan Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Bengaluru, India
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jinyu Peng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ruichen Wang
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Rou Yang
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xuejuan Shen
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526238, China
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S1A8, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Yongyi Shen
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526238, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.
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Arregui L, Martinez-Pastor F, Arroyo F, Gosálvez J. Determining the effects of sperm activation in anuran cloaca on motility and DNA integrity in Epidalea calamita (Bufonidae). Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 34:438-446. [PMID: 34399881 DOI: 10.1071/rd21063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of time inside the animal's cloaca on sperm quality after hormone-induced spermiation is unknown. However, this knowledge is critical for the development of assisted reproductive biotechnologies in amphibians. Out-of-season spermatozoa were collected from Epidalea calamita for 4h after injection of 10IU g-1 human chorionic gonadotrophin either hourly (Group I (n=10); four samples per male) or every 2h (Group II (n=9); two samples per male). Sperm samples were assessed for motility and DNA integrity using the sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test and the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA). The collection strategy affected total motility (mean (±s.e.m.) 84.4±9.9% vs 73.6±16.7% in Group I and II respectively; P=0.014) and the sperm motility index (67.6±17.7% vs 57.6±16.3% in Group I and II respectively; P=0.034). There was a significant effect of the male in Group II, but not in Group I. In Group I, the quality of the first samples collected was lower than that of samples collected thereafter (P ≤ 0.032). No significant correlations were found between the results of the SCD test and SCSA, showing that these techniques provide different information in this species. In conclusion, collecting spermatozoa every hour resulted in better sperm quality and may be more efficient. However, the between-male differences were considerable and collection of spermatozoa at just 1h after hormone treatment produced lower-quality spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Arregui
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, Madrid 28049, Spain; and Corresponding author
| | - Felipe Martinez-Pastor
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León 24071, Spain; and Department of Molecular Biology (Cell Biology), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León 24071, Spain
| | - Francisca Arroyo
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Jaime Gosálvez
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, Madrid 28049, Spain
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He SR, Deng WH, Yang L, Yang K, Cui D, Liu DG. Cloacogenic adenocarcinoma of the vulva: one new case and literature review. EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL 2017; 38:296-302. [PMID: 29953800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary adenocarcinoma of the vulva is uncommon, and cloacogenic adenocarcinoma of the vulva is extremely rare. Here the authors report a vulvar neoplasm, arising in continuity with the epidermis, characterized by villoglandular architecture, and mucinous-type ep- ithelium with intestinal differentiation (goblet cells). Histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and gene mutation analysis revealed a colon-like pattern, except for CK7 expression. Extensive workup failed to reveal other primary cancers. In order to provide a much bet- ter experience for diagnosis, the authors compared the previously published cases with the present case regarding clinical presentation and histopathologic aspect. They believe that the notion of the tumor arising from cloacal remnants is a more acceptable viewpoint, and its behavior is mostly indolent. In the present case, a wide local excision was sufficient for radical cure.
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Wang C, Liu S, Chen Z, Li L, Zheng W. [Efficacy evaluation of laparoscopic surgery for children with persistent cloaca]. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi 2016; 19:1389-1394. [PMID: 28000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the feasibility and efficacy of laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of children with persistent cloaca. METHODS Clinical data of 26 female children with high type persistent cloaca undergoing operation in the Capital Pediatric Institution between November 2005 and February 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Mean age of these children was (1.4±1.6) years old. Distal end of rectum locating in the superior border of pubis was the standard of diagnosis. Laparoscopy-assisted anorectoplasty (LAARP), vaginoplasty and urethroplasty were performed in 17 cases (LAARP group), including 3-port laparoscopy in 12 cases and single-port laparoscopy in 5 cases. Abdominoperineal pull through (APPT), vaginoplasty and urethroplasty were performed in the other 9 cases (APPT group). Sacral ratio (SR), length of common channel, intraoperative blood loss, operation time, postoperative hospital stay, postoperative complications and bowel function were compared between two groups. Postoperative defecation was evaluated by the Krickenbeck standard. RESULTS Operations were successfully performed in all patients and no case in LAARP group was transferred to open abdominal operation. There were no significant differences in SR value, length of common channel and age at operation between the two groups. As compared to APPT group, the mean operative time was shorter [(124.1±4.9) minutes vs. (131.8±3.2) minutes, P=0.000], the intraoperative blood loss was less [(10.5±2.1) ml vs. (16.2±2.7) ml, P=0.000], and the postoperative hospital stay was shorter [(5.7±0.5) days vs. (9.2±0.4) days, P=0.000] in LAARP group. In LAARP group, there were no significant differences in operation time, intraoperative blood loss and postoperative hospital stay between 3-port and single-port laparoscopic surgery (all P>0.05). The mean follow-up period was (4.0±2.8) months in LAARP group and (6.0±2.3) months of APPT group. There is one case have wound infection in ARRT patients. The rates of voluntary bowel movement, soiling, constipation (grade 1, 2, 3) were similar in both groups, however, the overall bowel function after LAARP was better than that of ARRT according to the Krickenbeck classification (10.7±0.2 vs. 9.7±1.2, P=0.047). Postoperative rectal mucosa prolapse was found in 2 cases of LAARP group and 1 case in APPT group. One case of APPT group developed wound infection. No urethrovaginal fistula relapse, anal stenosis or urethral stricture was found in all the cases. CONCLUSIONS The LAARP is safe and feasible in the treatment of persistent cloaca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Colorectum Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, China
| | - Shuli Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
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14
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Liu X, Chen L, Li L. [Chronic urogenital sinus expansion in reconstruction of high persistent cloaca]. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi 2015; 18:1220-1223. [PMID: 26704003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical efficacy of the chronic balloon expansion in urethral and vaginal reconstruction for high persistent cloaca. METHODS Clinical data of 21 children with high persistent cloaca undergoing chronic balloon expansion technique in Cangzhou Central Hospital and Capital Pediatric Institute from December 1996 to August 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. The balloon was continuously expand for 3 to 4 weeks. Balloon was filled with water, maintaining the internal pressure at 30 to 50 mmHg. When the diameter of the common channel was 3 cm, the plastic operations of bladder neck, urethra and vagina were performed. RESULTS All the 21 patients underwent primary posterior sagital urethro-vaginoplasty by using the expanded urogenital sinus. The average duration of expansion was (26.8±3.1) days and the average diameter of the urogenital sinus was increased up to (2.8±0.2) cm. Infection of urinary tract and common channel wall was not found. Histological examination demonstrated the expanded tissue consisted of a dense fibrous wall lined by a stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium, which was characterized by active cell mitoses and angiogenesis. Patients were followed up for 0.5 to 11.0 years. Efficacy was satisfactory, and no death occurred. After the operation, 9 cases reached grade I( urinary incontinence, 8 cases reached grade II( among the 17 cases with grade IIII( urinary incontinence. One patient had distal urethral dehiscence, and the secondary urethroplasty was employed six months after the operation. Urethral diameter of another 1 case dilated 9 years later, and a tighten urethral angioplasty was performed, then the urine dripping disappeared. All the children were not treated with vaginal dilatation. CONCLUSION Chronic balloon expansion allows the creation of adequate tissue similar in appearance and type to vagina and urethra, and provides a valuable surgical alternative for managing high persistent cloaca.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiangYang Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.
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15
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JESSEN O. PURULENT MENINGITIS CAUSED BY MICRO-ORGANISMS OF THE CLOACA GROUP. Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica 2009; 43:219-24. [PMID: 13544940 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1958.tb04889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Yoneta H, Dzialowski EM, Burggren WW, Tazawa H. Endothermic heart rate response in broiler and White Leghorn chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) during the first two days of post-hatch life. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 147:529-35. [PMID: 17347002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The embryonic modal value of heart rate (MHR) differs between broiler and White Leghorn chickens, but the initial development of cholinergic chronotropic control of embryonic heart rate (HR) does not. Thus, we hypothesized that hatchling MHR should also differ between broiler and White Leghorn strains, while the development of a physiological regulation, such as the endothermic HR response, should not be different between hatchlings of the two strains. To test this, we measured the response of HR and cloaca temperature (Tb) to alteration of ambient temperature (Ta); i.e., 35 degrees C-25 degrees C-35 degrees C, in four groups of hatchlings on Days 0 and 1 post-hatch. Fertile eggs of both strains with similar mass were incubated simultaneously in the same incubator. Eggs of broiler chickens hatched approximately 7 h earlier than White Leghorn chicken eggs. Chick mass at hatching was identical in both strains, but diverged during 2 days after hatching. Tb measured at the initial Ta of 35 degrees C was identical in both strains. MHR at the same Ta was approximately 30 bpm lower in broiler chicks than in White Leghorn chicks, but the difference was reversed to that observed in the embryos. The endothermic HR response was advanced by approximately 1 day in broiler chicks compared with White Leghorn chicks. As a result, eggs of similar mass in both strains produced chicks with similar mass and Tb at hatching, but during 2 days of post-hatch life their masses diverged and regulation of the endothermic HR response developed earlier in broiler than in White Leghorn hatchlings. This physiological heterochrony between strains is most likely due to genetic selection for fast growth in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yoneta
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran 050-8585, Japan
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17
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Blomqvist A, Berg C, Holm L, Brandt I, Ridderstråle Y, Brunström B. Defective Reproductive Organ Morphology and Function in Domestic Rooster Embryonically Exposed to o,p′-DDT or Ethynylestradiol1. Biol Reprod 2006; 74:481-6. [PMID: 16280416 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.105.045104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollutants with estrogenic activity have a potential to disrupt estrogen-dependent developmental processes. The objective of this study was to investigate if embryonic exposure to the environmental estrogens o,p'-DDT (1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane; 37, 75, 150 or 300 microg/g egg) and EE2 (17alpha-ethynyl estradiol; 60 ng/g egg) affects the reproductive system in domestic roosters. Following egg injection on Embryonic Day 4, the newly hatched chicks were sexed by cloacal inspection. A skewed phenotypic sex ratio with overrepresentation of chicks deemed as females was observed in the groups exposed to the three highest doses of o,p'-DDT but not in the EE2-exposed group. Normal sex ratios were observed in all groups at adulthood. However, a cloacal deformation seemed to remain in the adult roosters, causing an abnormal semen flow upon semen collection. Semen yield was significantly reduced in both o,p'-DDT-exposed and EE2- exposed birds, whereas semen quality was unaffected. When killed, deformations of the left testis were found in all treatment groups. Image analysis revealed a reduced seminiferous tubular area in the roosters exposed to the two highest doses of o,p'-DDT. Embryonic exposure to o,p'-DDT caused decreased comb weight and right-spur diameter, while EE2 only affected right-spur diameter. In conclusion, this study shows that embryonic exposure to estrogenic compounds can induce permanent effects in male birds. The effects of the two studied compounds were partly similar but o,p'-DDT also induced alterations not seen in the EE2-treated birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blomqvist
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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18
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Chaturvedi CM, Tiwari AC, Kumar P. Effect of temporal synergism of neural oscillations on photorefractoriness in Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 305:3-12. [PMID: 16358267 DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in many metabolic functions including neural (transmitters) and hormonal secretion appear to change with physiological condition. It is also reported that seasonal changes in photoperiodism/reproduction and other metabolic conditions may result from a temporal interaction of circadian neural oscillations that change seasonally. To test this hypothesis, the present study was designed to study the effect of temporal synergism of two neural oscillations (serotonin and dopamine) on relative photorefractoriness of Japanese quail. Serotonin and dopamine precursor drugs (5-HTP, 5-hydroxytryptophan and L-DOPA, L-dihydroxyphenylalanine) were administered (intraperitonially 5 mg/100 g body weight) at six different time intervals of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 hr in sexually mature quail (>12 weeks old). The birds of control group received two daily injections of normal saline. The treatment was given for 13 days in continuous condition of light and then the quail were shifted to intermediate daylength (LD 13.5:10.5 for experiment 1) and short daylength (LD 8:16 for experiment 2). Six weeks following treatment, birds in intermediate daylength showed regressed cloacal gland and testicular activity except in 12-hr group, which exhibited gonadostimulatory condition. But birds of all the groups in short daylength showed complete regression of cloacal gland after 4 weeks of the treatment. In experiment 3, reproductively quiescent relative photorefractory quail maintained under intermediate daylength (LD 13.5:10.5) received 13 daily injections of 5-HTP and L-DOPA at the interval of 12 hr. At 6 weeks post-treatment, it was observed that unlike cloacal gland of control quail, which remained regressed, that of 12-hr quail showed significant development. These findings indicate that 12-hr temporal interaction of 5-HTP and L-DOPA administration maintained reproductive system in stimulated condition and prevented reproductive regression in photorefractory quail, but did not prevent the onset of scotosensitivity. It is concluded that the 12-hr temporal relationship of circadian serotonergic and dopaminergic oscillations not only eliminates photorefractoriness but may also re-establish photosensitivity in relative photorefractory quail. These findings suggest the regulatory role of neural oscillations and their temporal interaction in the regulation of neuroendocrine-gonadal axis with special reference to photosensitivity/refractoriness.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Chaturvedi
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, UP, India.
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19
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de Haan CC. Extrabuccal infralabial secretion outlets in Dromophis, Mimophis and Psammophis species (Serpentes, Colubridae, Psammophiini). A probable substitute for 'self-rubbing' and cloacal scent gland functions, and a cue for a taxonomic account. C R Biol 2003; 326:275-86. [PMID: 12806835 DOI: 10.1016/s1631-0691(03)00073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extrabuccal infralabial secretion outlets (ILOs), periodically absent and heretofore non-described, have been found in nineteen species representing three of the eight psammophine snake genera. These infralabial outlets are thought to be non-existent in the other five genera. A few psammophines representing four genera, among which three of the five without ILOs, are characterised by their 'self-rubbing' behaviour, for which they employ an external narial valve bearing a secretion outlet of a special nasal gland. Such a valve is here reported for representatives of all eight genera. It is proposed that all psammophines perform self-rubbing to enable subsequent chemical marking of substrate and conspecific individuals. The newly found infralabial outlets, however, serve for direct chemical marking of conspecifics. This direct marking seems to substitute for a function of both the special nasal gland and the cloacal scent glands during social activity of the snakes in trees or shrubs. This hypothesis and the relationship of the observed traits with the presumed advantages of a thin and short hemipenis are discussed. A taxonomic implication is suggested.
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Liu SH, Ho CM, Huang SH, Shih BY, Lee FK. Cloacogenic adenocarcinoma of the vulva presenting as recurrent Bartholin's gland infection. J Formos Med Assoc 2003; 102:49-51. [PMID: 12684613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary adenocarcinoma of the vulva of the cloacogenic type is extremely rare. We report the case of a 49-year-old patient with a 6-year history of recurrent left Bartholin's gland infection and a 1-year history of an ulcerated tumor on the similar lower aspect of the left labium majus. Fine needle biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma and wide local excision with bilateral superficial inguinal lymph node dissection was performed. The patient was well and disease-free at 24 months after the operation. This case provides a good example of why an early biopsy should be performed for any persistent anogenital lesion. Although the reported data on cloacogenic adenocarcinoma are limited, a wide local excision appears to be the most widely used treatment strategy for any vulvar cancer of 2 cm or less in diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Haei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Johne R, Konrath A, Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Kaleta EF, Gerlach H, Müller H. Herpesviral, but no papovaviral sequences, are detected in cloacal papillomas of parrots. Arch Virol 2002; 147:1869-80. [PMID: 12376750 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-002-0858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Internal papillomatosis of parrots (IPP) is a tumour disease with unknown etiology, characterised by progressive development of papillomas in the oral and cloacal mucosa. Based on epidemiologic data, infectious agents, particularly DNA tumour viruses, are considered to be involved. In this study, cloacal papillomas were investigated by PCR for the presence of herpesvirus, papillomavirus and avian polyomavirus genomes, respectively. Using consensus and specific primers, 5 out of 12 papillomas were tested positive for herpesvirus; all papillomas were tested negative for papillomavirus and avian polyomavirus. The DNA sequence of one of the PCR products showed 86.5% homology to the corresponding region of the psittacine herpesvirus 1 DNA polymerase gene. Using a PCR with primers based on this sequence, additional 4 papillomas were tested positive. By in situ hybridisation, herpesviral sequences were detected in epithelial cells of the papilloma, but not in surrounding tissues. As 75% of the tumours proved to be positive, these data suggest an involvement of a herpesvirus in the etiology of IPP; the distinct role, however, needs to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Johne
- Institute for Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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22
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García-Rubio S, Attygalle AB, Weldon PJ, Meinwald J. Reptilian chemistry: volatile compounds from para cloacal glands of the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus). J Chem Ecol 2002; 28:769-81. [PMID: 12035925 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015288726605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The secretion of the paracloacal glands of the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) contains over 80 lipophilic compounds, including saturated and unsaturated long-chain alcohols along with their formic, acetic, and butyric acid esters, and several isoprenoids. Most of these compounds were identified on the basis of mass spectra, obtained by GC-MS. In addition, identification of the major components was supported by infrared spectra obtained by GC-FTIR. Major differences are indicated in the composition of the paracloacal gland secretion of C. acutus and that of another crocodylid, the African dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina García-Rubio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
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López Alvarez-Buhilla P, Torres Piedra C, Blanco Bruned J, Emparan G De Salazar C, Castro Laiz C. [Total mobilization of the urogenital sinus in the treatment of cloaca]. An Esp Pediatr 2001; 55:573-5. [PMID: 11730596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Persistent cloaca is one of the most complex forms of anorectal malformation in girls. Surgical treatment is complicated and laborious especially when the common channel is long. The aim of this report was to emphasize the importance of the joint mobilization of the urogenital sinus after separation from the rectum. This maneuver avoids separation of the urinary tract from the genital tract and reduces operating time by more than 60 %. This is only possible when the common channel of the cloaca is less than 3 cm. We present the cases of two girls treated in the last 2 years with this technique. Operating time was significantly shortened to approximately 4 hours and the procedure was considerably simplified. The functional and cosmetic results were excellent. To obtain good results in the treatment of cloaca, a precise clinical and radiologist diagnosis must be made, surgical needs should be prioritized and the appropriate technique chosen. The best procedure for patients whose common channel is less than 3 cm is total mobilization of the urogenital sinus, subsequently sutured to the perineum, and placement the rectum within the anorectal sphincter complex.
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Zaidi SN, Conner MG. Primary vulvar adenocarcinoma of cloacogenic origin. South Med J 2001; 94:744-6. [PMID: 11531187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
A 43-year-old woman who had a vulvar mass associated with mild discomfort was found to have a rare primary vulvar adenocarcinoma of probable cloacal origin. The tumor was contiguous with the surface epithelium of the vulva and was a well to moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of colonic type. Stains of the neoplastic cells were positive for both acid and neutral mucin, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) was positive after diastase reaction. The neoplastic cells were strongly positive for carcinoembryonic antigen, broad spectrum cytokeratin, and p-53 antigen. Clinical evaluation failed to show any primary tumor in colon, lung, or breast. The patient was disease free 18 months after operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Zaidi
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35233, USA
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Abstract
The adrenocortical response to stress has been shown to be important in energy management of vertebrates. Although hummingbirds (Trochilidae) are useful models for studying energy balance, they are not amenable to traditional methods of studying hormones. In this study we report noninvasive methods for measuring and manipulating corticosterone (CORT), the principal stress glucocorticoid in birds. CORT was measured in cloacal fluid (CF) collected from unrestrained rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus). We demonstrate that CF CORT can be measured by radioimmunoassay without extraction. CF creatinine, when used as a reference measure for CF CORT, corrects for changes in hydration state. As in other birds, CORT in both plasma and CF rose in response to capture and handling stress and decreased after the termination of that stress, except that changes in CF concentration were delayed with respect to changes in plasma. When CORT, complexed with cyclodextrin to improve solubility, was added to artificial nectar, CF CORT concentrations changed in a predictable, dose-dependent fashion. Measuring CORT in CF is advantageous because it allows frequent and repeated sampling without itself provoking a detectable stress response and because baseline samples need not be obtained within the very short time between the onset of a stressor and the appearance of CORT in the plasma, as is true for blood sampling. Administration of exogenous CORT in the food offers a noninvasive, nonstressful, temporally sensitive method for experimentally manipulating hormone levels in an avian model that has already been used extensively for studies of energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Hiebert
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, 19081, USA
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Abstract
The effects of Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the physiology of 3-wk-old broiler chickens were studied at 12, 24, and 48 h after a single intravenous injection of saline or LPS. Lipopolysaccharide elevated cloacal temperature by 3 h after injection, induced a diuretic response, and decreased BW gain. An increase in the relative liver weight was evident in LPS-treated birds at all time intervals, whereas a decrease in the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius was observed only at the 48-h time point. The plasma interleukin (IL)-6 and the blood heterophil concentrations were elevated at 12 and 24 h following LPS administration. These changes were not observed in control chickens or in LPS-treated chickens at 48 h. A decrease in the blood glucose concentration in LPS-treated birds at 12 h was accompanied by an elevation in the blood phosphate level. An increase in total plasma protein concentration was observed only at 24 and 48 h after LPS treatment. Comparative SDS-PAGE analysis of plasma proteins from these birds under nonreducing conditions showed some quantitative differences in four bands of proteins between saline and LPS-treated chickens. A protein corresponding to an approximate molecular weight (MW) of 65 kDa increased in LPS-treated chickens, and three other proteins with MW of approximately 39, 49, and 56 kDa showed reductions in concentration compared with saline-treated controls. These results show that LPS induces a number of physiological changes that may be responsible for the regulation of the acute phase response in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Xie
- USDA-ARS-PPPSRU and Department of Poultry Science, Poultry Science Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA
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27
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Abstract
Plethodon cinereus, the red-backed salamander, is a small territorial vertebrate that defends refugia located on the forest floor. As a component of territorial defense, these animals use scent marks to advertise their refugia. Behavioral evidence indicates that scent marks are produced by the postcloacal glands located on the ventral surface of the tail just posterior to the cloaca. We placed animals on unmarked substrates and recorded changes in serous acini from the postcloacal and shoulder region over a 48-h period. Within the first hour there was an increase in the number of acini filled with secretory product in the postcloacal region. At 12 h the number of full acini decreased and the number of empty acini increased. By 24 h the number of empty acini had decreased and the number of renewing acini containing secretory cells producing product had increased. By 48 h the ratio of full to empty to renewing acini was similar to those observed at the start of the study. In the shoulder region, no significant changes in the ratio of full to empty to renewing acini were observed. Observations of the serous acini within the postcloacal region and the shoulder region indicate that the mode of secretory production is holocrine. These findings are additional evidence that the postcloacal glands are the site of scent mark production.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Simons
- Department of Biology, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70122, USA.
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28
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Young CR, Ziprin RL, Hume ME, Stanker LH. Dose response and organ invasion of day-of-hatch Leghorn chicks by different isolates of Campylobacter jejuni. Avian Dis 1999; 43:763-7. [PMID: 10611992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Colonization of the ceca and organ invasion by different isolates of Campylobacter jejuni were investigated in day-of-hatch leghorn chicks. This model of Campylobacter colonization of the ceca demonstrates that 1) day-of-hatch birds do not naturally contain cecal Campylobacter, 2) ceca can be colonized with C. jejuni by oral gavage and not by cloacal inoculation; 3) C. jejuni can be recovered from the ceca up until at least 7 days postinoculation, 4) cecal colonization occurs when as little as 10(2) colony-forming units is orally inoculated into chicks, and 5) different C. jejuni isolates vary both in their ability to colonize the ceca and in their ability to invade the liver. These studies demonstrate that we have a working animal model for Campylobacter colonization for day-of-hatch chicks. This animal model is being used to examine intervention strategies such as vaccines by which Campylobacter can be reduced or removed from the food animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Young
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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29
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Abstract
The femoral or cloacal region of many species of lizards and amphisbaenians exhibits epidermal glands. The pores of these glands are plugged with holocrine solid secretions that serve as semiochemical sources. Many authors assume that these glands are mainly associated with reproduction and demarcation of territory. The structure of precloacal glands in Amphisbaena alba was previously studied by Antoniazzi et al. (Zoomorphology 113:199-203, 1993; J. Morphol. 221:101-109, 1994). These authors suggested that as the animal moves inside tunnels, the secretion plugs are abraded against the substrate, releasing a secretion trail. Some aspects of the plug were difficult to interpret in fine sections due to the dense and brittle nature of the plug. The morphology of the trail, and the manner of deposition on the substrate, have never been reported. This study presents a primarily scanning electron microscopic description of A. alba precloacal glands and of the secretion plugs. It also demonstrates experimentally the formation of the trail and its fine morphology. The results show that when the plugs scrape against the substrate, their constitution helps them to fragment into tiny pieces, which are spread on the ground, thus forming a trail. Each one of the fragments corresponds to a secretion granule of the precloacal gland's secretory cells. In this way, the trail might have an extensive area for volatilization of semiochemicals, constituting an efficient means of intraspecific communication inside the tunnels.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jared
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.
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30
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Abstract
Primary adenocarcinoma of the vulva is rare, and cloagocenic adenocarcinoma of the vulva is extremely rare. Here we report a vulvar tumor characterized by columnar cells with prominent brush border and the presence of goblet cells and endocrine cells, presenting the tubulovillous pattern and mucin histochemistry of enteric adenocarcinoma. Electron microscopy verified a colon-like pattern. We suggest that cloacogenic carcinoma of the vulva arises from embryonic tissue, normally present in the vulvar introital area. In our case, a wide local excision was sufficient for radical cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Willén
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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31
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Gunnarsson S, Keeling LJ, Svedberg J. Effect of rearing factors on the prevalence of floor eggs, cloacal cannibalism and feather pecking in commercial flocks of loose housed laying hens. Br Poult Sci 1999; 40:12-8. [PMID: 10405030 DOI: 10.1080/00071669987773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
1. Effects of rearing conditions on behavioural problems were investigated in a cohort study of commercial flocks of laying hens housed in 2 different loose housing systems. The sample population was 120 385 laying hens from 59 flocks of various hybrids at 21 different farms. 2. Logistic regression modelling was used to test the effects of selected factors on floor eggs, cloacal cannibalism and feather pecking. In addition to early access to perches or litter, models included hybrid, stocking density, group size, housing system, age at delivery, identical housing system at the rearing farm and at the production farm and, in models for floor eggs and cloacal cannibalism, nest area per hen. Odds ratios were calculated from the results of the models to allow risk assessment. 3. No significant correlations were found between the prevalence of floor eggs, cloacal cannibalism and feather pecking. 4. Access to perches from not later than the 4th week of age decreased the prevalence of floor eggs during the period from start-of-lay until 35 weeks of age, odds ratio 0-30 (P<0-001). Furthermore, early access to perches decreased the prevalence of cloacal cannibalism during the production period, odds ratio 0-46 (P=0.03). 5. No other factor had a significant effect in these models. Although it was not significant, early access to litter had a non-significant tendency to reduce the prevalence of feather pecking.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gunnarsson
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skara.
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32
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a follow-up of 195 patients with cloacal malformations seen by the author from 1959 to 1998. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Cloaca, which occurs in approximately 1 of 50,000 births, is the most complex type of imperforate anus with confluence of the rectum, vagina, and bladder in a urogenital sinus. Functional results for the bowel, the genital tract, and the urinary tract were formerly poor. Cloacal exstrophy, which is an even more complex spectrum of malformations, was uniformly fatal until 1960. In addition to imperforate anus, these babies have an omphalocele, two exstrophic bladders, between which there is an open cecum, and a blindly ending colon hanging down in the pelvis from the cecum. Although both of these diagnoses contain the word "cloaca," which is Latin for sewer, they are really two separate entities in terms of surgical management. Cloaca and cloacal exstrophy in most cases are very different anatomic problems. However, there are variants that are like a hybrid, which is the rationale for reporting together an experience with both entities. METHODS Records were reviewed of 154 patients with cloaca and 41 patients with cloacal exstrophy to assess anorectal function, urinary continence, and sexual function where available. RESULTS Follow-up was available in 141 cloaca patients: 82 have spontaneous bowel movements and satisfactory control, 38 use enemas to evacuate, 9 have a colostomy, 7 have fecal soiling, and 5 are too recently operated to evaluate. Regarding urinary control, 83 void spontaneously, 40 catheterize to empty, 4 have urinary diversion, 1 has a continent diversion, 5 patients are wet, and 8 are too recently operated to judge. Twenty-four patients are now adults, 17 of who have experienced coitus and 7 have not. Seven have had babies, all except one by cesarean section. Results of surgery for cloacal exstrophy are not as good, but are encouraging nonetheless for an anomaly that was uniformly fatal before 1960. Of the 41 cloacal exstrophy patients being followed, 7 have not undergone surgery. Fifteen have a colostomy; 19 had pull-through of the colon, but 3 were subsequently reversed for fecal incontinence. Most depend on enemas to evacuate. Urinary dryness was attained in 30 patients, usually by intermittent catheterization of the bladder, which was augmented with small bowel or stomach or both. Only three void voluntarily. Fifteen of the completed long-term patients wear no bag. Only three of the completed patients wear two bags. The rest have one bag. CONCLUSIONS Imperforate anus and associated malformations in cloaca and cloacal exstrophy are not hopeless problems. A reasonable lifestyle can be achieved for most of these children with comprehensive surgical planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Hendren
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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33
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Abstract
Hypothermia may limit asphyxic damages to the brain, and many small homeotherms have been shown to use anapyrexic strategies when exposed to asphyxic conditions. Larger homeotherms do not seem to use the same strategy, but could save oxygen and prevent hypoxic brain damage by employing selective brain cooling (SBC) in connection with asphyxia. To test the hypothesis that selective brain cooling may take place in connection with asphyxia, we have recorded brain [hypothalamic (THyp)] and body [colonic (TC)] temperatures and heart rates in four Pekin ducks during 5-min simulated (head submersion) diving in cold water (10 degrees C). Diving resulted in a drop in THyp (3.1 +/- 1.4 degrees C) that continued into the recovery period (P < 0.001). Restricting heat loss from the buccal cavity and eyes during diving compromised brain cooling in an additive manner. TC was not influenced by diving. Control cooling of the head with crushed ice during a 5-min period of undisturbed breathing had no effect on THyp. Warm water (35 degrees C) markedly reduced brain cooling, and dive capacity was reduced by approximately 14% (P < 0.05) compared with diving in water at 10 degrees C. The data suggest that SBC is used in ducks during diving, and we propose that this mechanism may enable the bird to save oxygen for prolonged aerobic submergence and to protect the brain from asphyxic damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caputa
- Department of Animal Physiology, N. Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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34
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Abstract
Contemporary psychoanalytic theory about feminine genital anxieties has shifted our focus away from some essential developmental realities of the little girl prior to the oedipal phase. Anal phase experience has recently been reemphasized as contributing significantly to the girl's developing body image, her mastery modes, and her psychological experience of gender. This paper proposes that associated with this phase is a specific anxiety described as the girl's fear that her genital is dirty, messy, and repellent to the love object, and that her sexuality is out of control and dangerously explosive. This is an important anxiety for the girl, a specific feminine version of anxiety around loss of love and approval. It derives from her bodily experience and is typically incorporated into the feminine genital anxieties of the oedipal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gilmore
- Child Psychoanalysis Division, Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research, USA.
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35
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Mattern DL, Scott WD, McDaniel CA, Weldon PJ, Graves DE. Cembrene A and a congeneric ketone isolated from the para cloacal glands of the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis). J Nat Prod 1997; 60:828-831. [PMID: 9287418 DOI: 10.1021/np970129v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A diterpene hydrocarbon and diterpene ketone isolated from the paracloacal gland secretions of the Chinese alligator (alligator sinensis) were examined by GC-MS and 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and IR spectroscopy, and identified as 4,8,12-trimethyl-1-(1-methylethenyl)-3,7,11-cyclotetradecatrien e (cembrene A, 1) and its congeneric ketone, 4,8,12-trimethyl-1-(1-methylethenyl)-3,7-cyclotetradecadien- 10-one (2), respectively. This is the first report of cembrene A from a vertebrate; the ketone has not been described previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Mattern
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mississippi 38677, USA
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36
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Abstract
The applicability of stomach lavage and cloacal swab techniques for diagnosis of subclinical cryptosporidiosis were tested in eight captive snakes subclinically infected with Cryptosporidium serpentis. Two feeding regimes were employed. The snakes were first fed 7 days prior to stomach and cloaca sampling, and then 3 days prior to sampling, and the oocysts were detected by fluorescein labeled monoclonal antibody (mAb) and by acid-fast stained (AFS) direct wet smear (DWS). The overall sensitivity of AFS DWS was 95% for stomach samples and 57% for cloacal samples, with false-negativity of 5% and 43%, respectively. A significant relationship (P < 0.01) was found between stomach and cloacal samples when mAb were used for oocyst detection. Stomach sampling was diagnostically superior to cloacal sampling for identifying snake subclinical cryptosporidiosis. Based on gastric aspirates, cryptosporidial infection was diagnosed in all eight animals, and only in two or four snakes when cloacal swab material was processed by AFS or by mAb, respectively. Feeding snakes 3 days prior to sampling facilitated diagnosis based on stomach samples; however, it did not improve diagnosis when cloacal samples were used. The fraction of oocyst-positive stomach samples was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for snakes fed 3 days prior to gastric lavage when compared with the fraction of positive samples of snakes fed 7 days prior to lavage. If subclinical cryptosporidiosis is suspected in a non-eating snake patient, force-feeding and stomach lavage, 3 days after the meal, is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Graczyk
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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37
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Abstract
The purpose of this report is to discuss the use of vesicostomy in the treatment of cloacal anomalies. In 4 years, the authors have performed primary reconstruction in four children who had cloacal anomalies. Three children had hydrocolpos, which in two cases failed to decompress with tube vaginostomy or clean intermittent catheterization. In both cases, cutaneous vesicostomy effectively prevented urinary sepsis, which allowed the children to thrive before definitive reconstruction was performed. Vesicostomy is technically simple to perform and is easily reversed without loss of bladder volume. Further, it lends itself well to definitive reconstruction of cloacal anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Alexander
- Department of General Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44106
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38
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Kennedy JC, Majmudar B. Primary adenocarcinoma of the vulva, possibly cloacogenic. A report of two cases. J Reprod Med 1993; 38:113-6. [PMID: 8445601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Primary adenocarcinoma of the vulva, arising in continuity with the epidermis and unrelated to the underlying mucus glands, is a distinctly uncommon neoplasm. The origin of such an unusual tumor, although attributed to cloacal remnants, remains speculative. We describe two patients with this rare lesion. No other primary tumor was found in either of the two after a thorough investigation. One patient was treated with radical vulvectomy and was free of disease for 10 years, until her death from unrelated causes. The second patient was treated with wide local excision and was free of disease four years postoperatively. Our experience indicates the need to recognize this tumor as a primary and not metastatic neoplasm of the vulva. We also noticed that in both cases, despite its histologic malignancy and ulceration, the tumor was superficial in its extent and without any tendency for deeper invasion. It can therefore be treated effectively with wide local excision, thus eliminating the need for radical vulvectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Kennedy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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39
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Akita K. An anatomical investigation of the muscles of the pelvic outlet in iguanas (Iguanidae Iguana iguana) and varanus (Varanidae Varanus (dumerillii)) with special reference to their nerve supply. Ann Anat 1992; 174:119-29. [PMID: 1616132 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-9602(11)80328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Five pelvic halves from three male iguanas (Iguanidae Iguana iguana) and two pelvic halves from one male varanus (Varanidae Varanus (dumerillii)), were dissected in order to obtain detailed data on the relationship of the lumbosacral plexus and the muscles of the pelvic outlet. According to the positions of the passage of the metazonal nerves, the nerves can be divided into three groups: 1) the nerves passing dorsal to the caudofemoralis muscle, 2) the nerves passing between the caudofemoralis and the caudoischiadicus major, 3) the nerves passing ventral to the caudoischiadicus major. In consideration of the sites of origin from the lumbosacral plexus, a stratificational analysis can be proposed; group 1 arises craniodorsal to group 2, and group 3 caudoventral to group 2. It is suggested that the pelvic outlet muscles (caudofemoralis, quadratus caudae, obliquus cloacae, transversus cloacae profundus, retractor penis, caudoischiadicus major, and the caudoischiadicus minor) are derived from the ventral muscles of the posterior limb, and have moved caudally concomitant with the caudal migration of the cloaca.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Akita
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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40
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Abstract
Of 15 patients with cloacal exstrophy currently under management 11 have undergone procedures for the establishment of urinary continence. There were 8 genetic female subjects, 6 genetic male subjects raised as girls and 1 genetic male subject raised as a boy. The genetic female subjects had all undergone urethral reconstruction. In 4 patients urethral reconstruction was done with local tissues and they have subsequently undergone bladder neck reconstruction: 1 is continent and voids through the urethra, 2 are dry on intermittent catheterization and 1 is dry on intermittent catheterization after augmentation with a hindgut patch. One girl underwent a Kropp procedure along with bladder augmentation, and she is dry on intermittent catheterization, in 1 urethral reconstruction was done with an ileal nipple through which she performs intermittent catheterization and 2 await a continence procedure. The urethral reconstructions in the genetic male subjects were more difficult. Of the 6 genetic male subjects raised as girls 5 have undergone continence procedures and 1 awaits establishment of urinary continence. In only 1 patient was urethral reconstruction possible from local tissues to allow intermittent catheterization. In the other 4 the perineal urethra was closed in favor of an abdominal stoma for intermittent catheterization. Ileal plication with nipple formation of the stoma was done in 3 patients and a Benchekroun stoma was used in 1. The genetic male subject raised as a boy underwent exstrophy reclosure plus epispadias repair and subsequent bladder neck reconstruction and augmentation. Augmentation was performed in 5 patients with hindgut segments in 3 and ileum in 2. All 5 patients are currently dry on intermittent catheterization, although 1 required revision of the ileal nipple to a Benchekroun stoma. Staged reconstruction can produce acceptable urinary continence in this complex anomaly. An innovative approach is required to find the most suitable solution for each patient anatomy, bladder size and function, and mental, neurological and orthopedic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Gearhart
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Fernández
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Granada, Spain
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42
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Abstract
The internal anatomy of the pelvis in the patient with cloacal exstrophy has not been described in detail previously. We present in detail the pelvic anatomical relationships of a patient with cloacal exstrophy who died 72 days after birth and whose body subsequently was perfused with a formalin-based anatomical fluid. Microdissection of the pelvis with histological confirmation of the identity of structures dissected was performed. The vascular supply to the urinary hemibladders arises from the internal iliac arteries, which pass along the lateral portion of the pelvis and enter each hemibladder. The autonomic innervation to the bladder and corporeal bodies arises from a pelvic plexus that lies on the anterior surface of the sacrum. The innervation to the hemibladders then travels in the midline along the posteroinferior surface of the pelvis before extending laterally to communicate with each hemibladder. Autonomic innervation to the duplicated corporeal bodies arises from the sacral pelvic plexus and travels in the midline to pierce the inferior portion of the pelvic floor posterior and medial to the hemibladders. These nerves then enter the crural region of the corpora. Sensory innervation to the corporeal bodies arises from the sacral trunk and passes posterior to the pelvic floor muscles, traveling just medial to the widely separated ischial spines and then laterally along the corporeal bodies. Illustrations of the anatomy and implications for management of the exstrophy patient are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Schlegel
- Division of Pediatric Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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43
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Norris DO, Austin HB, Hijazi AS. Induction of cloacal and dermal skin glands of tiger salamander larvae, (Ambystoma tigrinum): effects of testosterone and prolactin. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1989; 73:194-204. [PMID: 2707581 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(89)90092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of male and female tiger salamander larvae with testosterone (0.3 micrograms/g body weight/day) induced precocious formation of ventral cloacal glands and stimulated proliferation and differentiation of mucous and granular (serous) glands in the ventral dermis of the skin. Lower doses of testosterone produced no visible glandular effects but did cause hyperemia and edema in the cloacal region. Prolactin (0.5 micrograms/g body weight/day) enhanced the action of testosterone on the cloacal glands, increasing both the amount of gland induced and the degree of glandular secretion. There was no apparent effect of prolactin alone on cloacal glands or any effect of prolactin with or without testosterone on the dermal glands. The possible homology of the amphibian ventral cloacal gland to the mammalian prostate gland is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Norris
- Department of Environmental, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0334
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44
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Abstract
In spite of the progress in the field of surgical treatment of anorectal malformations, faecal incontinence is, in variable degrees, still an unpleasant and frequent postoperative sequela. Postoperative CT demonstrate the location of the pulled-through intestine, including whether it had been correctly placed through the levator ani and in the spincteric muscular complex. In our nine patients we discovered a correlation between the CT findings and the clinical picture. The cases of incontinence whether associated with sacral anomalies or not were characterized either by marked hypoplasia of musculature or by the pull-through having missed the sphincteric musculature. CT scans could be of use in planning further surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Taccone
- Department of Radiology, G. Gaslini Children's Hospital, Genova, Italy
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45
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Simpson JT, Weldon PJ, Sharp TR. Identification of major lipids from the scent gland secretions of Dumeril's ground boa (Acrantophis dumerili Jan) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Z NATURFORSCH C 1988; 43:914-7. [PMID: 3245880 DOI: 10.1515/znc-1988-11-1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The scent gland secretions of Dumeril's ground boa (Acrantophis dumerili), pooled from two adult males and a female, were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 2-Hydroxy-propanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, cis-9-octadecenoic acid, octadecanoic acid, cholesterol, and 5-cholesten-3-one were indicated. These results are compared with those obtained in analyses of the scent gland secretions of other snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, College Station 77843
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46
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Petrikovsky BM, Walzak MP, D'Addario PF. Fetal cloacal anomalies: prenatal sonographic findings and differential diagnosis. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 72:464-9. [PMID: 3043295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Serial sonographic findings are presented in three cases of cloacal anomalies. The following sonographic signs were noted: transient fetal ascites, bicystic intra-abdominal structure arising from the fetal pelvis, and oligohydramnios and impaired interval growth. This sequence of sonographic findings may help clarify the natural history of the developing cloacal anomaly: In the early state of its formation, urine enters the abdominal cavity via the fallopian tubes, causing ascites; later, chronic urinary and meconium irritation of tubal mucosa may cause tubal obstruction, which in turn may lead to the formation of genitourinary tract distention, hydronephrosis, and oligohydramnios. Timely diagnosis of cloacal anomalies improves the outcome of pregnancies (delivery in the tertiary care center, early operative correction).
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Petrikovsky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington
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47
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Abstract
Spontaneous, continuous release of morphologically normal spermatozoa occurs in males of species of passerine (order Passeriformes) birds that were examined. It was demonstrated and studied quantitatively in temporarily captive and isolated house sparrows and house finches by means of repetitive cloacal lavages and extraction of excreta. It is suggested that this phenomenon could be exploited to facilitate comparative and quantitative evaluations of release of spermatozoa in relation to diverse environmental, physiological, and social factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Quay
- Department of Physiology-Anatomy, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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48
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Franzoni R, Scalercio A. [Rare multiple congenital malformations with atresia of the colon, persistent cloaca and other abnormalities]. Minerva Pediatr 1986; 38:497-502. [PMID: 3736530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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49
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Fleming SE, Hall R, Gysler M, McLorie GA. Imperforate anus in females: frequency of genital tract involvement, incidence of associated anomalies, and functional outcome. J Pediatr Surg 1986; 21:146-50. [PMID: 3950852 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3468(86)80068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Of 162 female patients with imperforate anus, 21% had a noncommunicating and 79% a communicating anomaly of the rectum or anus. Associated anatomical abnormalities were found in the lower urinary tract (15%), upper urinary tract (25%), lower genital tract (27%), upper genital tract (35%), and additional organ systems (51%). Death occurred in 26 patients and in 19, this was attributed to the associated abnormalities. Functional outcome was assessed in those patients 13 years of age or older. Bowel function was normal or near normal in 85%, as was urinary and renal function. In 44% of patients evaluated, there was persistent vaginal abnormality or scarring and in 25%, this was severe enough to require future surgery.
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Abstract
Four of five patients with cloacal exstrophy seen at the Massachusetts General Hospital since 1978 have had pelvic kidneys. This association is discussed and a possible embryological explanation considered.
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