1
|
Bijalwan M, Young CR, Tingling J, Zhou XJ, Rimmelin AR, Leibowitz JL, Welsh CJ. Characterization of Plaque-Sized Variants of Daniel's (DA) Strain in Theiler's Virus-Induced Epilepsy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3444. [PMID: 30837498 PMCID: PMC6401140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38967-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures. Patients with viral encephalitis have a 16-fold increased risk of developing epilepsy, and this risk can persist for about 15 years after the occurrence of initial viral infection. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection induces a well-characterized experimental model of epilepsy in C57BL/6 mice. In response to intracerebral (I.C.) injection of Daniel's (DA) strain of TMEV, there is vigorous immune response, which is detrimental to neurons and contributes to acute seizures, rendering mice susceptible to epilepsy. A comparative in vivo challenge study with either one of the two variants of the DA strain, small (DA-DS) or large (DA-CL) plaque forming variants, revealed differences in the diseases they induced in C57BL/6 mice. Compared to DA-CL-, DA-DS-infected mice exhibited significantly more seizures, higher clinical scores, neuroinflammation, and neuronal damage (mainly in the CA1-CA2 regions of hippocampus). Moreover, the brains of DA-DS infected mice contained approximately five-fold higher virus than those of DA-CL infected mice. A sequence comparison of the DA-CL and DA-DS genome sequences showed mutations in the leader (L) and L* proteins of DA-CL variant, which may be the cause of attenuating phenotype of DA-CL variant in the C57BL/6 mouse model of epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bijalwan
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - C R Young
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - J Tingling
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - X J Zhou
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
- College Station High School, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - A R Rimmelin
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - J L Leibowitz
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - C J Welsh
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA.
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ali T, Castro J, Young CR, Burnand KG. Complications of Reperfusion in Acute Aortic Artery Occlusion Following Saddle Embolization Originating from an Atrial Myxoma. Vascular 2016; 12:202-5. [PMID: 15586530 DOI: 10.1258/rsmvasc.12.3.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A 58-year-old man presented to the hospital with an 8-hour history of acute-onset bilateral lower limb ischemia. A large saddle embolus had occluded the aorta and could not be removed by balloon endarterectomy through the femoral arteries. Successful open aortic and femoral thromboembolectomy followed by extensive fasciotomies was accompanied by severe reperfusion injury. Life-threatening hyperkalemia was associated with three episodes of intraoperative ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia requiring cardiac massage and defibrillation. A dextrose-insulinbicarbonate infusion was required to correct the hyperkalemia. Rhabdomyolysis developed at 24 hours, causing marked myoglobinuria and acute renal failure, which required hemofiltration. Histology of the recovered embolus confirmed an atrial myxoma, and when the patient had fully recovered, open cardiac surgery was carried out to resect the tiny stump of residual myxoma. Rhabdomyolysis associated with a myxomatous saddle embolus has not been previously reported. This case highlights the need for pre- and perioperative measures to be taken to overcome hyperkalemia and acute renal failure when revascularizing acute, massive, prolonged ischemia of the lower body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Ali
- Academic Department of Surgery, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Linsenbardt HR, Cook JL, Young EE, Vichaya EG, Young CR, Reusser NM, Storts R, Welsh CJ, Meagher MW. Social disruption alters pain and cognition in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 288:56-68. [PMID: 26531695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although pain and cognitive deficits are widespread and debilitating symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS), they remain poorly understood. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection is an animal model of MS where disease course is exacerbated by prior stressors. Here chronic infection coupled with prior social stress increased pain behavior and impaired hippocampal-dependent memory consolidation during the demyelinating phase of disease in SJL mice. These results suggest that the TMEV model may be useful in investigating pain and cognitive impairments in MS. However, in contrast to prior Balb/cJ studies, stress failed to consistently alter behavioral and physiological indicators of disease course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H R Linsenbardt
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - J L Cook
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - E E Young
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - E G Vichaya
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - C R Young
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - N M Reusser
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - R Storts
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - C J Welsh
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States; Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - M W Meagher
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gasier HG, Hughes LM, Young CR, Richardson AM. The assessment of bone mineral content and density of the lumbar spine and proximal femur in US submariners. Osteoporos Int 2014; 25:2225-34. [PMID: 24866394 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-014-2753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The submarine environment is unique in that there is limited space and no sunlight, which may negatively affect skeletal health and lead to accelerated bone loss, osteoporosis, and fractures. INTRODUCTION The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether there was an association with submarine service, specifically time spent at sea, and bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and dual proximal femur (total hip and femoral neck) measured by DXA. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of 462 submariners 20-91 years old. Variables included in the analysis were age, height, race, alcohol intake, tobacco use, fracture history, conditions, and medications known to cause bone loss and osteoporosis and submarine service. RESULTS Of the submarine service predictors, only serving onboard a diesel submarine was determined to be independently associated with a reduction in BMD of the total hip and femur neck, while no submarine service predictor increased the odds of having low BMD. In submariners 50+ years old, the age-adjusted prevalence of osteopenia was 15.7 % (lumbar spine) and 40.4 % (femur neck), while the prevalence of osteoporosis was 4.8 % (lumbar spine) and 4.2 % (femur neck), rates that did not differ from NHANES 2005-2008. In submariners <50 years old, 3.1 % was below the expected range for age. The proportion of submariners 50+ years old that met the FRAX criteria for pharmacological treatment was 12 %. CONCLUSIONS Intermittent periods of submergence that can range from a few days to 3+ months do not appear to compromise skeletal health differently than the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H G Gasier
- Center for Hyperbaric Medicine & Environmental Physiology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3823 Bldg. CR II, Durham, NC, 27710, USA,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Johnson RR, Maldonado Bouchard S, Prentice TW, Bridegam P, Rassu F, Young CR, Steelman AJ, Welsh TH, Welsh CJ, Meagher MW. Neonatal experience interacts with adult social stress to alter acute and chronic Theiler's virus infection. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 40:110-20. [PMID: 24632225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that neonatal handling has prolonged protective effects associated with stress resilience and aging, yet little is known about its effect on stress-induced modulation of infectious disease. We have previously demonstrated that social disruption stress exacerbates the acute and chronic phases of the disease when applied prior to Theiler's virus infection (PRE-SDR) whereas it attenuates disease severity when applied concurrently with infection (CON-SDR). Here, we asked whether neonatal handling would protect adult mice from the detrimental effects of PRE-SDR and attenuate the protective effects of CON-SDR on Theiler's virus infection. As expected, handling alone decreased IL-6 and corticosterone levels, protected the non-stressed adult mice from motor impairment throughout infection and reduced antibodies to myelin components (PLP, MBP) during the autoimmune phase of disease. In contrast, neonatal handling X PRE/CON-SDR elevated IL-6 and reduced corticosterone as well as increased motor impairment during the acute phase of the infection. Neonatal handling X PRE/CON-SDR continued to exacerbate motor impairment during the chronic phase, whereas only neonatal handling X PRE-SDR increased in antibodies to PLP, MOG, MBP and TMEV. Together, these results imply that while handling reduced the severity of later Theiler's virus infection in non-stressed mice, brief handling may not be protective when paired with later social stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R R Johnson
- Advanced brain Monitoring, Inc, Carlsbad, CA 92008, United States
| | - S Maldonado Bouchard
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, United States; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - T W Prentice
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, United States
| | - P Bridegam
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, United States
| | - F Rassu
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, United States
| | - C R Young
- Departments of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, United States
| | - A J Steelman
- Departments of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, United States
| | - T H Welsh
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, United States
| | - C J Welsh
- Departments of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, United States
| | - M W Meagher
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Young CR, Koleng JJ, McGinity JW. Properties of drug-containing spherical pellets produced by a hot-melt extrusion and spheronization process. J Microencapsul 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/02652040309178350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Young
- Drug Dynamics Institute, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - J. J. Koleng
- Pharmaform, L.L.C., 1006 East Yager Lane, Building D Suite 101, Austin, TX, 78753, USA
| | - J. W. McGinity
- Drug Dynamics Institute, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Robins-Browne RM, Young CR, Levine MM, Craig JP. Microtiter enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin g cholera antitoxin in humans: sensitivity and specificity. Infect Immun 2010; 27:497-500. [PMID: 16558121 PMCID: PMC550793 DOI: 10.1128/iai.27.2.497-500.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum samples were obtained from 92 informed, community volunteers before and 10, 21, and 28 days after they ingested 10(3) to 10(6)Vibrio cholerae of Inaba or Ogawa serotype and classical or El Tor biotype as part of a cholera vaccine development program. Pre- and postchallenge sera were examined for neutralizing antibody to cholera toxin by the rabbit skin permeability factor and adrenal cell techniques. Immunoglobulin G-binding antibodies to cholera toxin were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum diluted 1:200. The results obtained in these cholera volunteers were compared with a negative control population comprising 30 people who ingested enteropathogenic Escherichia coli or E. coli which produced heat-stable but not heat-labile enterotoxin. Although all three antitoxin assays correlated closely with each other in both groups of volunteers, ELISA was more sensitive than either neutralization assay in detecting both subclinical and overt cholera infections. Seroconversion was demonstrated by ELISA in 58 of 66 (88%) volunteers who excreted V. cholerae, including 50 of 54 (93%) with clinical cholera, compared with 47 of 66 (71%) and 52 of 66 (79%) by the rabbit skin permeability factor and adrenal cell techniques, respectively. Although ELISA does not measure the toxin-neutralizing activity of antibodies directly, it provides a practical alternative to the rabbit skin permeability factor and adrenal cell assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Robins-Browne
- The Center for Vaccine Development, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
This study examined relationships between bathymetrically induced deep-ocean currents and the dispersal of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae along the northeast Pacific ridge system. A robust diagnostic model of deep-ocean circulation in this region predicted strong southeasterly currents following contours of the Blanco Transform Fault, a 450-km lateral offset that separates the Gorda and Juan de Fuca ridge systems. Such currents should facilitate the southward dispersal of R. piscesae larvae. Immigration rates for populations north and south of the Blanco Transform Fault were estimated from molecular population genetic data. Mitochondrial DNA evidence revealed population subdivision across the Blanco Transform Fault, and a strong directional bias in gene flow that was consistent with predictions of the circulation model. The distribution of mitochondrial diversity between the northern and southern populations of R. piscesae suggests that the Gorda Ridge tubeworms have maintained larger effective population sizes than the northern populations, a pattern that also exists in co-occurring limpets. Together, these data suggest that the northern vent fields may experience a higher frequency of habitat turnover and consequently more rapid losses of genetic diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Young
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039-9644, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Villarreal D, Young CR, Storts R, Ting JW, Welsh CJR. A comparison of the neurotropism of Theiler's virus and poliovirus in CBA mice. Microb Pathog 2006; 41:149-56. [PMID: 16935465 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) and poliovirus infect the central nervous system (CNS) and cause neurological damage. The exact route by which TMEV and polioviruses enter the CNS remains, for the most part, unknown, although the neural and/or the hematogenous pathway have both been postulated. To explore these hypotheses, this research focuses on both the site of entry and the pathway used to invade the CNS. Following different inoculation sites of the GDVII strain of Theiler's virus or Lansing Type 2 poliovirus in CBA mice, the incidence of paralysis and/or encephalitis was evaluated on the basis of clinical signs and histopathology. The forms of paralysis displayed corresponded to the site of viral inoculation. Following intramuscular (i.m.), intraperitoneal (i.p.), and footpad routes of injection, bilateral and or contralateral paralyses were observed for both TMEV and poliovirus. In mice injected intratongue and in the hypoglossal nerve, tongue paralysis or paralysis of the forelimb, which progressed to bilateral forelimb paralysis, was observed, additionally the penis of most infected males was protruded. Intracranial (i.c.) injections with type II poliovirus strain resulted in forelimb paralysis. Intravenous (i.v.), injections with TMEV also resulted in forelimb paralysis. Thus Lansing Type II poliovirus and TMEV infections of CBA mice, result in similar incidence of paralysis and histopathological findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Villarreal
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mi W, Prentice TW, Young CR, Johnson RR, Sieve AN, Meagher MW, Welsh CJR. Restraint stress decreases virus-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression during acute Theiler's virus infection. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 178:49-61. [PMID: 16828879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 05/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stressful life events have been associated with the onset and/or exacerbation of multiple sclerosis (MS). Our previous studies have indicated that restraint stress (RS) reduces inflammation and virus-induced chemokine expression in the Theiler's virus-induced demyelination (TVID) model of MS. Here we report that RS significantly reduced the virus-induced interferon-gamma mRNA levels in the brain. Additionally, mRNA levels of lymphotoxin-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma in the brain were negatively correlated with viral titers in the brain. These results indicated an immunosuppressive effect of stress during early TVID causing impaired viral clearance, which may be a potential exacerbating factor for later demyelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Mi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Merritt TJS, Young CR, Vogt RG, Wilkerson RC, Quattro JM. Intron retention identifies a malaria vector within the Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitaris complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005; 35:719-24. [PMID: 15878139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T J S Merritt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Program in Marine Science, Baruch Institute and School of the Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Young CR, Koleng JJ, McGinity JW. Properties of drug-containing spherical pellets produced by a hot-melt extrusion and spheronization process. J Microencapsul 2003; 20:613-25. [PMID: 12909545 DOI: 10.1080/0265204031000148004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the particle size distribution, morphology and dissolution properties of spherical pellets produced by hot-melt extrusion and spheronization and to compare the properties of hot-melt extruded pellets with beads manufactured by a traditional wet-mass extrusion and spheronization method. Spherical pellets were produced by hot-melt extrusion without the use of water or other solvents. A powder blend of theophylline, Eudragit Preparation 4135 F, microcrystalline cellulose and polyethylene glycol 8000 was hot melt-extruded and the resulting composite rod was cut into cylindrical pellets. The pellets were then spheronized in a traditional spheronizer at an elevated temperature. The same powder blend was processed using conventional wet-mass techniques. Unlike wet-mass extruded pellets, pellets prepared from hot-melt extrusion displayed both a narrow particle size distribution and controlled drug release in dissolution media less than pH 7.4. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and porosity measurements were employed to explain the differences in drug release rates of theophylline from pellets produced by the two processing techniques. Theophylline release from the hot-melt extruded pellets was described using the Higuchi diffusion model, and drug release rates from wet-granulated and melt-extruded pellets did not change after post-processing thermal treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Young
- Drug Dynamics Institute, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Won Y, Young CR, Lutz RA, Vrijenhoek RC. Dispersal barriers and isolation among deep-sea mussel populations (Mytilidae: Bathymodiolus) from eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents. Mol Ecol 2003; 12:169-84. [PMID: 12492886 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Deep-sea hydrothermal vent species are widely dispersed among habitat islands found along the global mid-ocean ridge system. We examine factors that affect population structure, gene flow and isolation in vent-endemic mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Mussels were sampled from localities including the Galapagos Rift (GAR, 0 degrees 48' N; 86 degrees 10' W) and the East Pacific Rise (EPR, 13 degrees N to 32 degrees S latitude) across a maximum distance of 4900 km. The sampled range crossed a series of topographical features that interrupt linear aspects of the ridge system, and it encompassed regions of strong cross-axis currents that could impede along-axis dispersal of mussel larvae. Examinations of mitochondrial DNA sequences and allozyme variation revealed significant barriers to gene flow along the ridge axis. All populations from the GAR and EPR from 13 degrees N to 11 degrees S were homogeneous genetically and appeared to experience unimpeded high levels of interpopulational gene flow. In contrast, mussels from north and south of the Easter Microplate were highly divergent (4.4%), possibly comprising sister-species that diverged after formation of the microplate approximately 4.5 Ma. Strong cross-axis currents associated with inflated bathymetry of the microplate region may reinforce isolation across this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Won
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039-0628, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Van Dover CL, Humphris SE, Fornari D, Cavanaugh CM, Collier R, Goffredi SK, Hashimoto J, Lilley MD, Reysenbach AL, Shank TM, Von Damm KL, Banta A, Gallant RM, Gotz D, Green D, Hall J, Harmer TL, Hurtado LA, Johnson P, McKiness ZP, Meredith C, Olson E, Pan IL, Turnipseed M, Won Y, Young CR, Vrijenhoek RC. Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents. Science 2001; 294:818-23. [PMID: 11557843 DOI: 10.1126/science.1064574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Within the endemic invertebrate faunas of hydrothermal vents, five biogeographic provinces are recognized. Invertebrates at two Indian Ocean vent fields (Kairei and Edmond) belong to a sixth province, despite ecological settings and invertebrate-bacterial symbioses similar to those of both western Pacific and Atlantic vents. Most organisms found at these Indian Ocean vent fields have evolutionary affinities with western Pacific vent faunas, but a shrimp that ecologically dominates Indian Ocean vents closely resembles its Mid-Atlantic counterpart. These findings contribute to a global assessment of the biogeography of chemosynthetic faunas and indicate that the Indian Ocean vent community follows asymmetric assembly rules biased toward Pacific evolutionary alliances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Van Dover
- Biology Department, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Beier RC, Ripley LH, Young CR, Kaiser CM. Production, characterization, and cross-reactivity studies of monoclonal antibodies against the coccidiostat nicarbazin. J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49:4542-4552. [PMID: 11599986 DOI: 10.1021/jf010208j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A cELISA was developed for the coccidiostat nicarbazin. On the basis of previous computer-assisted molecular modeling studies, p-nitrosuccinanilic acid (PNA-S) was selected as a hapten to produce antibodies to 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC), the active component of the coccidiostat nicarbazin. Synthesis is described for the hapten [p-nitro-cis-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxanilic acid (PNA-C)] used in a BSA conjugate as a plate coating antigen. Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were isolated that compete with nicarbazin, having IgM(kappa) isotype. Because of the lack of water solubility of nicarbazin, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (3%, v/v) and acetonitrile (ACN) (10%, v/v) were added to the assay buffer to achieve solubility of nicarbazin and related compounds. The Nic 6 Mabs had an IC(35) value for nicarbazin of 0.92 nmol/mL, with a limit of detection of 0.33 nmol/mL. Nic 6 exhibited high cross-reactivity for PNA-S and PNA-C, and 3-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, and 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl) urea. However, Nic 6 had little or no cross-reactivity with 15 other related compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C Beier
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F & B Road, College Station, Texas 77845-4988, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kubena LF, Byrd JA, Young CR, Corrier DE. Effects of tannic acid on cecal volatile fatty acids and susceptibility to Salmonella typhimurium colonization in broiler chicks. Poult Sci 2001; 80:1293-8. [PMID: 11558914 DOI: 10.1093/ps/80.9.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Young chickens are more susceptible to Salmonella colonization than older chickens that have developed resistance with age as native microflora become established. Elevated concentrations of cecal propionic acid and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) have been observed by many researchers to be indicators of establishment of anaerobic microflora and protection against Salmonella colonization of the ceca. Disruption of the native microflora or competitive exclusion (CE) cultures by components of diets, such as tannic acid (TA), could alter the concentrations of propionic acid and total VFA and possibly affect Salmonella colonization. Two experiments were conducted using day-of-hatch, mixed-sex broiler chicks to evaluate the effects of TA on cecal VFA and the susceptibility to Salmonella colonization. All chicks in both experiments were challenged orally with 10(4) cfu of Salmonella typhimurium (ST) on Day 3 (Experiment 1) or Day 4 (Experiment 2). One-half of the chicks were orally gavaged on the day of hatch with a CE culture (PREEMPT) and were fed diets containing 0, 0.75, or 1.5% TA for up to 12 d of age. Chicks were maintained in batteries in separate rooms for the experimental period. There were some alterations in concentrations of cecal propionic acid or total VFA in chicks fed diets containing 0.75 or 1.5% TA in non CE-treated chicks and in CE-treated chicks. No significant differences were observed for numbers of Salmonella cecal culture-positive chicks or in the numbers of ST in the cecal contents due to dietary content of TA. With minor exceptions, the chicks treated with the CE culture had higher cecal concentrations of propionic acid and were less susceptible to Salmonella colonization than the non CE-treated chicks. Further research is necessary to determine the biological significance of these changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L F Kubena
- USDA, ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ziprin RL, Young CR, Byrd JA, Stanker LH, Hume ME, Gray SA, Kim BJ, Konkel ME. Role of Campylobacter jejuni potential virulence genes in cecal colonization. Avian Dis 2001; 45:549-57. [PMID: 11569726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni, a common commensal in chickens, is one of the leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. The aims of this investigation were twofold. First, we sought to determine whether mutations in the C. jejuni ciaB and pldA virulence-associated genes impaired the organism's ability to colonize chickens. Second, we sought to determine if inoculation of chicks with C. jejuni mutants could confer protection from subsequent challenge with the C. jejuni wild-type strain. The C. jejuni ciaB gene encodes a secreted protein necessary for the maximal invasion of C. jejuni into cultured epithelial cells, and the pldA gene encodes a protein with phospholipase activity. Also included in this study were two additional C. jejuni mutants, one harboring a mutation in cadF and the other in dnaJ, with which we have previously performed colonization studies. In contrast to results with the parental C. jejuni strain, viable organisms were not recovered from any of the chicks inoculated with the C. jejuni mutants. To determine if chicks inoculated with the C. jejuni mutants become resistant to colonization by the C. jejuni parental strain upon subsequent challenge, chicks were inoculated either intraperitoneally (i.p.) or both orally and i.p. with the C. jejuni mutants. Inoculated birds were then orally challenged with the parental strain. Inoculation with the C. jejuni mutants did not provide protection from subsequent challenge with the wild-type strain. In addition, neither the C. jejuni parental nor the mutant strains caused any apparent morbidity or mortality of the chicks. We conclude that mutations in genes cadF, dnaJ, pldA, and ciaB impair the ability of C. jejuni to colonize the cecum, that chicks tolerate massive inoculation with these mutant strains, and that such inoculations do not provide biologically significant protection against colonization by the parental strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Ziprin
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Harvey RB, Anderson RC, Young CR, Swindle MM, Genovese KJ, Hume ME, Droleskey RE, Farrington LA, Ziprin RL, Nisbet DJ. Effects of feed withdrawal and transport on cecal environment and Campylobacter concentrations in a swine surgical model. J Food Prot 2001; 64:730-3. [PMID: 11348010 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.5.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate how feed withdrawal and transportation influenced the cecal environment and cecal populations of Campylobacter in swine. Four miniature Yucatan gilts (8.8 kg), naturally infected with Campylobacter jejuni, were surgically implanted with cecal cannulas. The gilts were fasted for 48 h. Samples of cecal contents were collected for 7 days prior to and for 7 days after the fast, and mean values were determined for pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and CFU enumeration of C. jejuni. This was replicated three times. In another trial, gilts (full-fed) were transported in a livestock trailer for 4 h and cecal samples were collected before and after transport and analyzed for pH, VFA, and CFU. Following a 48-h fast, cecal pH increased (P < 0.05) by 1 unit; acetic and propionic acids decreased (P < 0.05) by 61% and 71%, respectively; and there was a twofold log10 increase (P < 0.05) in CFU/g cecal content of C. jejuni. Values of pH, VFA, and CFU of C. jejuni did not change in cecal samples from gilts following transportation. These data are important for food safety considerations because feed withdrawal, commonly associated with shipping and slaughter, can increase Campylobacter concentrations in the pig intestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Harvey
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kubena LF, Bailey RH, Byrd JA, Young CR, Corrier DE, Stanker LH, Rottinghaust GE. Cecal volatile fatty acids and broiler chick susceptibility to Salmonella typhimurium colonization as affected by aflatoxins and T-2 toxin. Poult Sci 2001; 80:411-7. [PMID: 11297278 DOI: 10.1093/ps/80.4.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Four experiments were conducted using day-of-hatch, mixed-sex broiler chicks to evaluate the effects of aflatoxins and T-2 toxin on cecal volatile fatty acids (VFA) and the susceptibility to Salmonella colonization. All chicks in these experiments were challenged orally with 10(4) cfu of Salmonella typhimurium (ST) on Day 3. In Experiments 1 and 2, chicks were fed diets containing 0, 2.5, or 7.5 mg aflatoxins/kg of diet and were allowed to develop their microflora naturally. In Experiment 3, all chicks were orally gavaged on the day of hatch with a competitive exclusion (CE) culture (PREEMPT) and were fed diets containing 0, 2.5, or 7.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg. In Experiment 4, the chicks were fed diets containing 0, 7.5, or 15.0 mg T-2 toxin/kg and one-half of the chicks were orally gavaged on the day of hatch with the CE culture. In Experiments 1 and 2, with the exception of increased total VFA at 5 d in chicks fed the 7.5 mg T-2 aflatoxins/kg diet, there were no treatment effects on cecal propionic acid, total VFA, or incidence or severity of ST colonization. In Experiment 3, the only alteration in concentration of cecal propionic acid or total VFA was a significant reduction in total VFA at 5 d in chicks fed the 2.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg diet. No significant treatment differences were observed for numbers of Salmonella cecal culture-positive chicks or for numbers of ST in the cecal contents. In Experiment 4, with minor exceptions, the chicks treated with the CE culture had higher cecal concentrations of propionic acid and were less susceptible to Salmonella colonization than the non-CE-treated chicks. In the non-CE-treated chicks, T-2 toxin had no effect on any of the parameters, and 85 to 90% of the chicks were Salmonella cecal culture-positive. In the CE-treated chicks, there was a decrease in propionic acid concentration at 3 and 11 d and an increase in susceptibility to Salmonella colonization of the chicks fed the 15.0 mg T-2 toxin/kg diet. These results indicate that cecal concentrations of VFA can be affected by toxins, such as high concentrations of T-2 toxin, and that resistance to Salmonella colonization may be reduced. Further research is necessary to determine the biological significance of these changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L F Kubena
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Clozapine has been found to be superior to traditional neuroleptics in the treatment of refractory schizophrenia and is increasingly being used to treat schizophrenia, affective disorders, some neurological disorders, and aggression. For many patients, clozapine offers new hope for the successful pharmacological management of a disabling mental disorder. However, up to 17 percent of patients must discontinue treatment with clozapine because of adverse effects, which also limit the rate at which the dose can be increased and the maximum dose that can be tolerated. This article reviews strategies for minimizing and managing the adverse effects of clozapine, including agranulocytosis, seizures, sedation, delirium, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, hypotension, tachycardia, weight gain, sialorrhea, elevated liver enzymes, constipation, nausea, enuresis, fever, and neuromuscular effects. Incidence and morbidity are presented first. Then, the known or hypothesized pathophysiology of the adverse effects are described. Finally, nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions are reviewed. Under-standing the incidence, pathophysiology, and treatments of adverse effects is essential for a positive therapeutic outcome when prescribing clozapine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Young
- Yale New Haven Hospital, CT 06504, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Filipov NM, Thompson FN, Stuedemann JA, Elsasser TH, Kahl S, Stanker LH, Young CR, Dawe DL, Smith CK. Anti-inflammatory effects of ergotamine in steers. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 2000; 225:136-42. [PMID: 11044256 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate whether the ergot alkaloid, ergotamine (ET), an alkaloid used to model fescue toxicosis in cattle, modifies the response of cattle to endotoxin (LPS) challenge. Steers (n = 16) were divided into the following treatment groups: control (C), ergotamine (ET), endotoxin (LPS), and ET + LPS. ET and ET + LPS groups received a single bolus intravenous injection of ET (40 microg. kg. body wt(-1)), whereas C and LPS steers received a single bolus injection of sterile vehicle. Thirty minutes after ET/vehicle administration, a single bolus intravenous injection of LPS (0.2 microg. kg. body wt(-1)) was given. Blood was collected at various time points for 48 hr post. Endotoxin increased rectal temperature (RT) and the circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), cortisol, haptoglobin (Hp), thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)). The circulating Hp, TNF-alpha, and TXB(2) increases were blunted by pretreatment with ET compared with ET + LPS. Ergotamine by itself increased circulating cortisol and RT, whereas it decreased serum prolactin (PRL). Therefore, whereas administration of LPS at 0.2 microg/kg to steers resulted in an expected response, the combination of ET + LPS attenuated major effects of LPS alone. Thus, acute administration of ET appeared to be anti-inflammatory as it decreased the inflammatory response to LPS, an effect likely driven at least in part by the ET-caused cortisol increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N M Filipov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Harvey RB, Young CR, Anderson RC, Droleskey RE, Genovese KJ, Egan LF, Nisbet DJ. Diminution of Campylobacter colonization in neonatal pigs reared off-sow. J Food Prot 2000; 63:1430-2. [PMID: 11041146 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-63.10.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pigs may be a natural reservoir of Campylobacter and can be colonized as early as 24 h after birth. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate what effect early removal of piglets from Campylobacter-positive sows has on Campylobacter prevalence in neonates. In two trials, piglets were removed from sows within 24 h of birth and were reared in nurseries isolated from sows for 21 days. From the neonates rectal swabs were cultured for Campylobacter, and Campylobacter status of the isolated piglets was compared to that of littermates reared on sows. The nurseries consisted of wire-floored farrowing crates that were equipped with heaters and self-feeders. In trial I, the Campylobacter prevalence in nursery-reared piglets was 13 of 14 on day 2 and 0 of 14 on day 20. Campylobacter prevalence in the sow-reared piglets was 8 of 9 from days 2 to 20. In trial II, 12 of 29 on day 2, and 5 of 26 on day 20, of the nursery-reared piglets were culture positive for Campylobacter. For the sow-reared piglets, Campylobacter prevalence was 7 of 15 on day 1 and 15 of 15 (100%) on day 20. These data suggest that successful permanent colonization of the gut by Campylobacter is probably related to constant exposure of piglets to Campylobacter-positive feces. Campylobacter prevalence may be diminished in neonates that are reared off-sow in isolated nurseries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Harvey
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Eicher SD, Morrow-Tesch JL, Albright JL, Dailey JW, Young CR, Stanker LH. Tail-docking influences on behavioral, immunological, and endocrine responses in dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83:1456-62. [PMID: 10908053 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)75017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral and physiological changes were measured following tail-docking in primiparous heifers. One month before projected first parturition, 21 heifers were assigned to control (nondocked), docked, or docked with lidocaine groups. Heifers were banded to initiate tail-docking and the necrotic tail was removed after 144 h. Physiological, immunological, and behavioral measures were taken for 240 h following banding. Cortisol was not different for control and treated heifers. Haptoglobin increased for docked heifers by 168 h postbanding (24 h postdocking). Alpha1-acid glycoprotein decreased as haptoglobin increased, and alpha1-acid glycoprotein increased until 240 h postbanding. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased only with lidocaine and did not show an effect of docking by 240 h postbanding. Lymphocyte phenotyping demonstrated increased CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells for docked plus lidocaine heifers and gammadelta+ cells of those heifers tended to be reduced compared with docked heifers. Eating was the only maintenance behavior affected by banding in both docked groups (increased with banding and decreased with docking). The initial banding procedure did not alter heifer physiology and altered only eating behavior, but the cutting of the tail (docking) increased haptoglobin in response to the tissue damage and returned eating behavior to baseline. The use of lidocaine to anesthetize the tail before banding affected lymphocyte phenotypes and TNF-alpha (banding alone did not alter these parameters).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Eicher
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wu YJ, Wright JT, Young CR, Cartwright AL. Inhibition of chicken adipocyte differentiation by in vitro exposure to monoclonal antibodies against embryonic chicken adipocyte plasma membranes. Poult Sci 2000; 79:892-900. [PMID: 10875773 DOI: 10.1093/ps/79.6.892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against adipocyte precursor antigens were developed. These MAb identified adipocyte precursors and reduced their prominence in primary stromal-vascular (SV) cultures by complement-mediated cytotoxicity or by inhibition of differentiation. Binding of antibodies to chicken adipocyte precursors was confirmed by immunofluorescence visual examination following secondary exposure to fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated goat antimouse IgG. Cross-reaction of MAb with muscle, kidney, liver, fibroblasts, and other cell types not containing lipid droplets was not observed in primary cultures. Adipocyte precursors were obtained from 18-d chick embryo adipose tissue by collagenase digestion to investigate complement-mediated cytotoxicity of preadipocytes. Cultures were maintained in Medium 199 with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for 4 d. Subsequently, Medium 199 supplemented with 10% chicken serum initiated adipocyte differentiation. At Day 5 postinoculation, individual or combinations of MAb were administered to preadipocyte cultures; rabbit complement was added 30 min later. After 1 d of incubation, four of the six individual MAb with complement significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the number of fat cell clusters that developed by 40 to 60%. These MAb in the presence of complement also significantly (P < 0.05) reduced mean cell width and apparent cell area or cell cluster area of lipid-containing cells. Neither MAb nor complement alone reduced fat cell cluster number, cell size, or cluster size. Treatment with pools of two and four MAb decreased the total amount of MAb protein required to reduce fat cell cluster number. Four antibodies, alone or in combination, reduced fat cell cluster development in a complement-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y J Wu
- Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-2472, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Harvey RB, Anderson RC, Young CR, Hume ME, Genovese KJ, Ziprin RL, Farrington LA, Stanker LH, Nisbet DJ. Prevalence of Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Arcobacter species at slaughter in market age pigs. Adv Exp Med Biol 2000; 473:237-9. [PMID: 10659364 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4143-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Arcobacter species in market age pigs from an integrated swine operation in Texas. Our findings indicate that farms from this commercial operation were heavily contaminated with Campylobacter and Salmonella, that the isolation rates of C. jejuni were higher than predicted, and that there was a low prevalence of Arcobacter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Harvey
- Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, USDA, ARS, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
A survey was conducted to establish the prevalence of Campylobacter in pigs from an integrated commercial hog farm. This study was carried out in four different groups of pigs: 1) adult gilts (50); 2) pregnant sows (9); 3) piglets at day-of-birth (73); 4) weaned piglets (20). Rectal and/or caecal samples were collected from each pig. Campylobacter was cultured and enumerated from such samples using Bolton enrichment broth and Campy-Cephex agar plates. Both biochemical and serological tests were used to determine Campylobacter species. Gilts had a 76 per cent incidence of Campylobacter with a mean of 76.3 per cent for C. jejuni, 21 per cent for C. coli and 2.6 per cent for C. lari. Pregnant sows had a 100 per cent incidence of Campylobacter with a mean of 87 per cent for C. jejuni and 13 per cent for C. coli. Newborn piglets had a 57. 8 per cent incidence of Campylobacter, rising to 100 per cent by the time of weaning. Thus it appears that pigs, from the day of birth, are highly susceptible to colonisation by Campylobacter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Young
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Harvey RB, Young CR, Ziprin RL, Hume ME, Genovese KJ, Anderson RC, Droleskey RE, Stanker LH, Nisbet DJ. Prevalence of Campylobacter spp isolated from the intestinal tract of pigs raised in an integrated swine production system. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 215:1601-4. [PMID: 14567422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To enumerate the prevalence of Campylobacter isolates in the intestinal tract of market-weight swine raised in an integrated swine operation in Texas. SAMPLE POPULATION Samples of cecal contents were collected from 595 pigs (mean body weight, 110 kg [242 lb]) at time of slaughter. Pigs were off-spring of Yorkshire-Landrace sows and Duroc or Hampshire boars. Pigs originated from 4 farrow-to-finish farms. PROCEDURE During a 9-month period, visits were made to a slaughter plant to remove cecal contents from market-weight hogs. Samples were obtained from 50 pigs/visit from designated farms so that samples were obtained 3 times from pigs of each of 4 farms. Isolation of Campylobacter spp was accomplished by use of enrichment broth and restrictive media, using microaerophilic conditions. RESULTS Campylobacter spp were isolated from 70 to 100% of the pigs, depending on the farm and the date the samples were collected. Campylobacter coli was isolated from 20 to 100% (mean, 60%) of samples, and C jejuni was isolated from 0 to 76% (mean, 31%) of samples. Campylobacter lari was isolated from 2 pigs. Concentrations of C coli or C jejuni ranged from 10(3) to 10(7) colony-forming units/g of cecal content. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Campylobacter coli generally is accepted as a common inhabitant of the intestinal tract of swine. However, analysis of results of this study suggests that a relatively high prevalence of C jejuni may be found in pigs raised on specific farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Harvey
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, 2881 F&B Rd, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Filipov NM, Thompson FN, Stuedemann JA, Elsasser TH, Kahl S, Sharma RP, Young CR, Stanker LH, Smith CK. Increased responsiveness to intravenous lipopolysaccharide challenge in steers grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue compared with steers grazing endophyte-free tall fescue. J Endocrinol 1999; 163:213-20. [PMID: 10556770 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1630213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fescue toxicosis in cattle occurs as a result of consumption of ergot alkaloids in endophyte-infected (E+, Neotyphodium coenophialum) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). The condition is characterized by pyrexia, decreased weight gains, rough hair coats, and decreased calving rates. The objective of this experiment was to investigate whether steers grazing E+ fescue have altered host response to lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin, LPS) challenge compared with steers grazing endophyte-free (E-) fescue. Angus steers (n=8) had continuously grazed either E+ (n=4) or E- (n=4) tall fescue grass for 8 months prior to the experiment. The E+ steers had lower body weight, depressed average daily gain, and decreased basal serum prolactin compared with the E- steers prior to LPS administration. Each steer received a single bolus i.v. injection of LPS (0.2 microgram/kg body weight; Escherichia coli; 026:B6) dissolved in sterile saline, and blood was serially collected every 30 min for 4 h and at 24 h post LPS administration. LPS increased serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), cortisol, and haptoglobin but decreased plasma glucose and IGF-I. Importantly, however, TNF-alpha, cortisol, and IGF-I responses to LPS were greater in E+ compared with E- steers. These results indicated that animals grazing E+ fescue had altered integrated metabolic host response compared with animals grazing E- fescue. Potentially, combined exposure to E+ fescue and a bacterial LPS could have greater deleterious effects on the animal compared with exposure to only one of the two and would likely lead to increased catabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N M Filipov
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Young CR, Ziprin RL, Hume ME, Stanker LH. Dose response and organ invasion of day-of-hatch Leghorn chicks by different isolates of Campylobacter jejuni. Avian Dis 1999; 43:763-7. [PMID: 10611992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Colonization of the ceca and organ invasion by different isolates of Campylobacter jejuni were investigated in day-of-hatch leghorn chicks. This model of Campylobacter colonization of the ceca demonstrates that 1) day-of-hatch birds do not naturally contain cecal Campylobacter, 2) ceca can be colonized with C. jejuni by oral gavage and not by cloacal inoculation; 3) C. jejuni can be recovered from the ceca up until at least 7 days postinoculation, 4) cecal colonization occurs when as little as 10(2) colony-forming units is orally inoculated into chicks, and 5) different C. jejuni isolates vary both in their ability to colonize the ceca and in their ability to invade the liver. These studies demonstrate that we have a working animal model for Campylobacter colonization for day-of-hatch chicks. This animal model is being used to examine intervention strategies such as vaccines by which Campylobacter can be reduced or removed from the food animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Young
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium was detected to levels as low as 119 CFUs using the Threshold Immunoassay System. This immunoassay system utilizes solution-based binding of the biotin and fluorescein labeled antibodies to salmonella, followed by filtration-capture of the immunocomplex on a biotin-coated nitrocellulose membrane. Lastly, an anti-fluorescein urease conjugate is bound to the immunocomplex. Detection of the bound immunocomplex is made possible via the silicon chip-based light-addressable potentiometric sensor. In the presence of the urea, urease converts the substrate to ammonia and CO2 and this results in a pH change at the silicon surface. The resultant pH change is monitored with time and the signal output is reported in microV s(-1). An experiment whereby chicken carcass washings were fortified with salmonella showed a recovery of 90%, indicating that the technique can be used to test for salmonella under these conditions. Precautions must be used with this instrument as sample debris will affect sample flow through the membrane and hence the signal output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Dill
- Molecular Devices Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA 94089, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ziprin RL, Young CR, Stanker LH, Hume ME, Konkel ME. The absence of cecal colonization of chicks by a mutant of Campylobacter jejuni not expressing bacterial fibronectin-binding protein. Avian Dis 1999; 43:586-9. [PMID: 10494431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of human gastrointestinal illness throughout the world. Infections with C. jejuni and Campylobacter coli are frequently acquired by eating undercooked chicken. The ability of C. jejuni to become established in the gastrointestinal tract of chickens is believed to involve binding of the bacterium to the gastrointestinal surface. A 37-kD outer membrane protein, termed CadF, has been described that facilitates the binding of Campylobacter to fibronectin. This study was conducted to determine whether the CadF protein is required for C. jejuni to colonize the cecum of newly hatched chicks. Day-of-hatch chicks were orally challenged with C. jejuni F38011, a human clinical isolate, or challenged with a mutant in which the cadF gene was disrupted via homologous recombination with a suicide vector. This method of mutagenesis targets a predetermined DNA sequence and does not produce random mutations in unrelated genes. The parental C. jejuni F38011 readily colonized the cecum of newly hatched chicks. In contrast, the cadF mutant was not recovered from any of 60 chicks challenged, indicating that disruption of the cadF gene renders C. jejuni incapable of colonizing the cecum. CadF protein appears to be required for the colonization of newly hatched leghorn chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Ziprin
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Saini PK, Riaz M, Webert DW, Eckersall PD, Young CR, Stanker LH, Chakrabarti E, Judkins JC. Development of a simple enzyme immunoassay for blood haptoglobin concentration in cattle and its application in improving food safety. Am J Vet Res 1998; 59:1101-7. [PMID: 9736384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To verify the role of haptoglobin, a major acute-phase reactant protein in cattle, as a marker to identify health/disease status in cattle and further assess its potential in improving food safety. SAMPLE POPULATION Serum samples from various cattle groups: clinically normal cattle comprising steers (n = 157) and culled dairy cows (n = 92) before death (antemortem [AM]); retained carcasses (n = 57) railed off the line during postmortem (PM) inspection; and apparently AM normal culled dairy cows (n = 57). PROCEDURE Efficacy of the simplified monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay was established by comparing results of haptoglobin tests performed independently on aliquots of serum samples by 3 laboratories. RESULTS Haptoglobin concentration was significantly (P< or = 0.0001) different between the PM retained carcass group (n = 57) and the AM steer (n = 157) and culled dairy cow (n = 92) groups. In addition, haptoglobin concentration in AM steers (n = 157) and culled dairy cows (n = 92) was significantly (P < or = 0.0012) different, possibly reflecting a higher percentage of underlying pathologic or inflammatory conditions in animals of the latter group. Evaluation in 3 laboratories of sera from a group of culled dairy cows (n = 57), each laboratory performing a different test procedure, indicated that correlation of haptoglobin concentrations was good between the reported test procedure and the unmodified test and the classical hemoglobin-binding assay that measures peroxidase activity. CONCLUSION Haptoglobin determination is effective in identifying diseased and healthy cattle. It may be a potentially important tool for application at the farm and slaughterhouse as an aid in improving food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P K Saini
- Pathology and Serology Division, Food Safety and Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Konkel ME, Kim BJ, Klena JD, Young CR, Ziprin R. Characterization of the thermal stress response of Campylobacter jejuni. Infect Immun 1998; 66:3666-72. [PMID: 9673247 PMCID: PMC108400 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.8.3666-3672.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/1998] [Accepted: 06/01/1998] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni, a microaerophilic, gram-negative bacterium, is a common cause of gastrointestinal disease in humans. Heat shock proteins are a group of highly conserved, coregulated proteins that play important roles in enabling organisms to cope with physiological stresses. The primary aim of this study was to characterize the heat shock response of C. jejuni. Twenty-four proteins were preferentially synthesized by C. jejuni immediately following heat shock. Upon immunoscreening of Escherichia coli transformants harboring a Campylobacter genomic DNA library, one recombinant plasmid that encoded a heat shock protein was isolated. The recombinant plasmid, designated pMEK20, contained an open reading frame of 1,119 bp that was capable of encoding a protein of 372 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 41,436 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence of the open reading frame shared similarity with that of DnaJ, which belongs to the Hsp-40 family of molecular chaperones, from a number of bacteria. An E. coli dnaJ mutant was successfully complemented with the pMEK20 recombinant plasmid, as judged by the ability of bacteriophage lambda to form plaques, indicating that the C. jejuni gene encoding the 41-kDa protein is a functional homolog of the dnaJ gene from E. coli. The ability of each of two C. jejuni dnaJ mutants to form colonies at 46 degreesC was severely retarded, indicating that DnaJ plays an important role in C. jejuni thermotolerance. Experiments revealed that a C. jejuni DnaJ mutant was unable to colonize newly hatched Leghorn chickens, suggesting that heat shock proteins play a role in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Konkel
- Department of Microbiology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4233, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The serum concentration of haptoglobin was measured in 51 cows with toxic puerperal metritis which were being treated with one of three different antimicrobial regimens. The mean concentration of haptoglobin was 19.0 mg/dl on the day that the treatments began and declined steadily during the five day treatment period to a mean concentration of 7.35 mg/dl. There was no correlation between the serum haptoglobin concentrations and the rectal temperatures of the cows during the five days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B I Smith
- University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Rural Animal Medicine Service, Gainesville 32610, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Clozapine is increasingly being used for clinical indications in addition to treatment-resistant schizophrenia; this article reviews the relevant literature. The first section reassesses the risks associated with clozapine treatment, particularly agranulocytosis. The next section discusses its use for schizophrenia in patients who are treatment resistant, not treatment resistant, and intolerant of traditional drug treatments. Subsequent sections address its use in mood disorders, neurologic conditions, comorbid substance abuse, aggressive behavior, and childhood schizophrenia. Each includes the initial rationale for the use of clozapine in the disorder, a critical evaluation of the relevant literature, and theories as to why clozapine's unique pharmacodynamic profile may be efficacious for the specific condition. This body of literature suggests clozapine may be an effective treatment for a wide range of disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Young
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Durant JA, Young CR, Nisbet DJ, Stanker LH, Ricke SC. Detection and quantification of poultry probiotic bacteria in mixed culture using monoclonal antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Int J Food Microbiol 1997; 38:181-9. [PMID: 9506283 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(97)00102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Murine monoclonal antibodies were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection and quantification of selected probiotic bacteria present in a continuous-flow competitive exclusion culture known to be effective at reducing chicken cecal and crop colonization by Salmonella typhimurium. Veillonella, Enterococcus avium and S. typhimurium were grown anaerobically in batch culture of Viande Levure broth in pure culture and mixed culture. The mixed cultures produced significantly more acetate and propionate than any of the pure cultures with acetate and propionate being the predominant volatile fatty acids. The association in mixed culture resulted in a significant increase in cell numbers compared to the respective pure cultures. The ELISA was capable of detecting 10(4) cells per ml of the bacteria. The plots of cell numbers determined by the ELISA versus direct plating increased in accordance with increases in cell numbers with r2 values of 0.950, 0.922 and 0.940 for the pure culture incubations and 0.901, 0.924 and 0.905 in the mixed culture incubation for E. avium, S. typhimurium and Veillonella, respectively. The results indicate that the monoclonal antibodies can be used to quantitatively assay individual probiotic bacterial species grown in a mixed culture incubation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Durant
- Dept. of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-2472, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Young CR. Why no mention of domestic violence articles on January cover? Acad Med 1997; 72:315. [PMID: 9159568 DOI: 10.1097/00001888-199705000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
39
|
|
40
|
|
41
|
Young CR, Nisbet DJ, Stanker LH, DeLoach JR. Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to aVeillonellaspecies from a Continuous-Flow Culture System of Chicken Cecal Bacteria. Anaerobe 1997; 3:27-34. [PMID: 16887559 DOI: 10.1006/anae.1996.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/1996] [Accepted: 12/03/1996] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Administering native intestinal flora to newly hatched chicks protects against cecal Salmonella colonization, and is known as competitive exclusion. Continuous-flow culture systems have been used to maintain defined competitive exclusion cultures. We have recently demonstrated that such a stable continuous-flow culture, CF3, contains 29 bacterial strains representing ten genera. Broiler chicks treated with CF3 are protected against Salmonella colonization of the ceca. Such protection is correlated with elevated concentrations of proprionic acid in the cecal contents of treated chicks. In this study we report on the preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to one of the proprionic acid producing anaerobes contained in CF3, namely Veillonella CF3. Five different monoclonal antibodies were characterized with respect to: (1) isotype; (2)Veillonella specificity as judged by cross-reactivity profiles with other bacteria; (3) sensitivity as measured by the limit of detection of the number of colony forming units of Veillonella; and (4) antigen recognition of Veillonella by Western Blot analysis. These antibodies have been used to enumerate Veillonella in both the CF3 cultures and in the ceca of young chicks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Young
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845-9594, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
A 20-year-old bulimic woman ingested 20 g of caffeine in a suicide attempt. After being evaluated and discharged from the emergency department, she was readmitted with ECG changes and ultimately found to have sustained a subendocardial infarction. This case highlights the wide-ranging health consequences of eating disorders and the toxicity of caffeine overdose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Forman
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wittum TE, Young CR, Stanker LH, Griffin DD, Perino LJ, Littledike ET. Haptoglobin response to clinical respiratory tract disease in feedlot cattle. Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:646-9. [PMID: 8723875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify haptoglobin response to respiratory tract disease in feedlot cattle, and to investigate its ability to predict disease outcome and response to antibiotic treatment. DESIGN Randomized clinical trial. ANIMALS 60 feedlot calves with clinical respiratory tract disease. PROCEDURE Calves were randomly assigned to receive a standard antibiotic treatment regimen (TRT), or to observation pens without antibiotic treatment. Serum haptoglobin concentration was measured at initial and final examinations. Calves were examined for presence of gross pulmonary lesions at slaughter. RESULTS Mean +/- SD serum haptoglobin concentration at initial examination was 67 +/- 108 mg/dl, with range of 0 to 508 mg/dl. Haptoglobin concentration at initial examination was similar for the TRT group and the group that did not receive antibiotic treatment, but at final examination, TRT-group calves had lower (P < 0.01) mean values. Calves receiving antibiotic treatment had haptoglobin concentration at or near zero at final examination. Calves not receiving antibiotic treatment had only slightly lower mean haptoglobin concentration at final examination, compared with initial examination. Within treatment groups, haptoglobin concentration was similar for cases with different outcomes. Calves with gross pulmonary lesions at slaughter had numerically higher, although statistically similar, haptoglobin concentrations at initial examination, compared with calves without lesions. CONCLUSIONS Feedlot cattle with clinical respiratory tract disease have a large and variable haptoglobin response. Antibiotic treatment resulted in lower serum haptoglobin values, although low values were not required for full clinical recovery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Serum haptoglobin concentration may be an indicator of response to antibiotic therapy, although it appears to be unrelated to case severity or need for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T E Wittum
- USDA-ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Young CR, Wittum TE, Stanker LH, Perino LJ, Griffin DD, Littledike ET. Serum haptoglobin concentrations in a population of feedlot cattle. Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:138-41. [PMID: 8633796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine serum haptoglobin concentrations in a population of feedlot cattle and evaluate their usefulness in predicting subsequent clinical respiratory tract disease. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal study. ANIMALS 366 beef calves. PROCEDURE Serum samples were obtained at feedlot entry and 40 and 65 days on feed (DOF). Calves were observed daily for clinical signs of respiratory tract disease. The lungs of 144 of the calves were evaluated at slaughter for the presence of gross lesions of pneumonia. RESULTS 58% of the calves had detectable serum haptoglobin concentration in at least 1 sample. The proportion of calves with detectable haptoglobin were similar at each sample collection time. A higher proportion of the calves had values > 10 mg/dl at 40 DOF. The proportion of calves observed with clinical disease during the 10-day period after the 40 DOF sample increased (P < 0.10) as serum haptoglobin concentration increased. At 65 DOF, calves with serum haptoglobin value > 10 mg/dl had a higher (P < 0.05) rate of subsequent clinical respiratory tract disease than did calves with lower values. The proportion of calves with gross pulmonary lesions slaughter increased (P < 0.05) from 39% among calves without detectable serum haptoglobin concentration in any of the 3 samples to 63% among calves with at least 1 observed value > 10 mg/dl. CONCLUSIONS We observed associations between serum haptoglobin concentration and subsequent clinical respiratory tract disease and pulmonary lesions at slaughter. However, serum haptoglobin concentration alone is not adequate for prediction of clinical disease. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The usefulness for cross-sectional sampling of serum haptoglobin concentration as a diagnostic tool for clinical respiratory tract disease in feedlot cattle appears to be limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Young
- USDA-ARS, Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Young CR, Clapp L, Salcedo V, Whitlock WL. Diaphragmatic myoclonus: diagnosis by fluoroscopy and electromyography with response to phenytoin. South Med J 1995; 88:1270-3. [PMID: 7502124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A 40-year-old woman presented a 6-week history of "fluttering" in her chest. A diagnosis of bilateral diaphragmatic myoclonus was made by fluoroscopy and electromyography of both hemidiaphragms. No central or peripheral cause was identified, but treatment with intravenous phenytoin had an immediate effect. With therapy, she has been symptom free for 12 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Young
- Department of Medicine, Dwight David Eisenhower Army Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30905-5650, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Whitlock WL, Young CR. Treatment strategies for diaphragmatic myoclonus. Chest 1995; 108:1471-2. [PMID: 7587467 DOI: 10.1378/chest.108.5.1471-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
|
47
|
Brown EL, Rivas JM, Ullrich SE, Young CR, Norris SJ, Kripke ML. Modulation of immunity to Borrelia burgdorferi by ultraviolet irradiation: differential effect on Th1 and Th2 immune responses. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:3017-22. [PMID: 7489737 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830251105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation suppresses the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to alloantigen by a mechanism involving interleukin (IL)-10. It has been hypothesized, based on this result, that UV irradiation shifts the immune response from a Th1 to a Th2 response. We tested this hypothesis using Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) as an antigen under conditions where both DTH and antibody responses could be assessed. Mice were irradiated with a single dose of UV and then immunized with Bb in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). DTH was assessed by footpad challenge. At various time points thereafter, mice were bled, and the serum antibodies to Bb were quantitated. Only IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b were produced in response to Bb. The IgG2a and IgG2b antibody responses, as well as the DTH response to Bb, showed UV dose-dependent reductions after UV irradiation. The primary IgG1 response to Bb was very low and was unaffected by UV irradiation; however, the IgG1 secondary response was elevated in UV-irradiated mice. Injection of anti-IL-10 antibody into UV-irradiated mice within 24 h after UV exposure restored the DTH response, as well as the IgG2a and IgG2b antibody responses. In addition, injecting recombinant murine IL-10 mimicked some of the effects of UV radiation. Our results support the hypothesis that in vivo, UV irradiation down-regulates Th1 immune responses, while leaving Th2 responses intact, and suggest that IL-10 is an important mediator of this effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E L Brown
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Haptoglobin (Hp) is an acute phase protein. The plasma concentration of Hp increases rapidly following tissue damage associated with infection and inflammation. Thus Hp levels could be used as a screening test for organic disease, an objective index of disease activity and response to therapy, or as a sign of microbial infection. Recently, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bovine Hp was described. We have now developed three different immunoassay formats for bovine Hp and report on their validation and relative value to the diagnosis of bovine disease. Hp levels measured using these three immunoassays were compared and contrasted with results obtained for Hp estimation as measured by the increase in the protection of peroxidase activity against acid inactivation following binding with bovine haemoglobin. The quantitative Hp immunoassays evaluated in the present study are simple, rapid, inexpensive, reproducible, and well suited for both field and laboratory use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Young
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The feline model investigated establishes that domestic cats may act as an animal model for evaluating the pathogenesis of Lyme borreliosis. Specifically this feline model demonstrates: First, that animals seroconvert following either needle injection of, or arthropod delivery of, Borrelia burgdorferi. Clinical findings obtained are consistent with those observed in human Lyme disease; histopathological observations are also consistent with those observed in human Lyme disease. Therefore, cats may also be used as a representative animal model for measuring immune protection against Lyme borreliosis. Specifically we are exploring the protective capacity of Borrelia burgdorferi antigenic compounds in cats, namely OspA, OspB, OspC, heat shock proteins, flagellar antigens and various protective immunological combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Gibson
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4458, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Young CR, Bostic JQ, McDonald CL. Clozapine and refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1994; 14:209-11. [PMID: 8027421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|