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Kudva IT, Biernbaum EN, Cassmann ED, Palmer MV. Bovine Rectoanal Junction In Vitro Organ Culture Model System to Study Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Adherence. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1289. [PMID: 37317263 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies evaluating the interactions between Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) and the bovine recto-anal junction (RAJ) have been limited to either in vitro analyses of bacteria, cells, or nucleic acids at the RAJ, providing limited information. Alternatively, expensive in vivo studies in animals have been conducted. Therefore, our objective was to develop a comprehensive in vitro organ culture system of the RAJ (RAJ-IVOC) that accurately represents all cell types present in the RAJ. This system would enable studies that yield results similar to those observed in vivo. Pieces of RAJ tissue, obtained from unrelated cattle necropsies, were assembled and subjected to various tests in order to determine the optimal conditions for assaying bacterial adherence in a viable IVOC. O157 strain EDL933 and E. coli K12 with known adherence differences were used to standardize the RAJ-IVOC adherence assay. Tissue integrity was assessed using cell viability, structural cell markers, and histopathology, while the adherence of bacteria was evaluated via microscopy and culture methods. DNA fingerprinting verified the recovered bacteria against the inoculum. When the RAJ-IVOC was assembled in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, maintained at a temperature of 39 °C with 5% CO2 and gentle shaking for a duration of 3-4 h, it successfully preserved tissue integrity and reproduced the expected adherence phenotype of the bacteria being tested. The RAJ-IVOC model system provides a convenient method to pre-screen multiple bacteria-RAJ interactions prior to in vivo experiments, thereby reducing animal usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira T Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Erika N Biernbaum
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Eric D Cassmann
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Escherichia coli O157:H7 senses microbiota-produced riboflavin to increase its virulence in the gut. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2212436119. [PMID: 36409903 PMCID: PMC9860305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212436119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Riboflavin is produced by most commensal bacteria in the human colon, where enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) colonizes and causes diseases. Sensing environmental signals to site-specifically express the type-III secretion system (T3SS), which injects effectors into host cells leading to intestinal colonization and disease, is key to the pathogenesis of EHEC. Here, we reveal that EHEC O157:H7, a dominant EHEC serotype frequently associated with severe diseases, acquired a previously uncharacterized two-component regulatory system rbfSR, which senses microbiota-produced riboflavin to directly activate the expression of LEE genes encoding the T3SS in the colon. rbfSR is present in O157:H7 and O145:H28 but absent from other EHEC serotypes. The binding site of RbfR through which it regulates LEE gene expression was identified and is conserved in all EHEC serotypes and Citrobacter rodentium, a surrogate for EHEC in mice. Introducing rbfSR into C. rodentium enabled bacteria to sense microbiota-produced riboflavin in the mouse colon to increase the expression of LEE genes, causing increased disease severity in mice. Phylogenic analysis showed that the O55:H7 ancestor of O157:H7 obtained rbfSR which has been kept in O157:H7 since then. Thus, acquiring rbfSR represents an essential step in the evolution of the highly pathogenic O157:H7. The expression of LEE genes and cell attachment ability of other EHEC serotypes in the presence of riboflavin significantly increased when rbfSR was introduced into them, indicating that those serotypes are ready to use RbfSR to increase their pathogenicity. This may present a potential public health issue as horizontal gene transfer is frequent in enteric bacteria.
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Kudva IT, Trachsel J, Biernbaum EN, Casey T. Novel reusable animal model for comparative evaluation of in vivo growth and protein-expression of Escherichia coli O157 strains in the bovine rumen. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268645. [PMID: 35617366 PMCID: PMC9135228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we had demonstrated that Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) strain 86–24 expresses proteins involved in survival rather than virulence in vitro in rumen fluid from dairy cattle limit fed a maintenance diet. Here, we verified if this observation would be true for different O157 strains grown in vitro in rumen fluid from, and in vivo in the rumen of, animals on contrasting maintenance (high fiber) and lactation (high energy-protein) diets usually limit fed to dairy cattle. For the in vivo studies, an economical, novel, reusable and non-terminal rumen-fistulated animal model permitting simultaneous evaluation of multiple bacterial strains in the bovine rumen was developed. All experiments were conducted in duplicate using different animals to account for host-related variations. The O157 strains included, 86–24, EDL933 and the super shed SS-17. E. coli NalR (#5735), derived from a bovine intestinal commensal E. coli, was included as a control. As expected, diet influenced ruminal pH and volatile fatty acid (VFA) composition. The pH ranged from 6.2–7.0 and total VFA concentrations from 109–141 μM/ml, in animals fed the maintenance diet. In comparison, animals fed the lactation diet had a ruminal pH ranging between 5.18–6.0, and total VFA of 125–219 μM/ml. Strain dependent differences in O157 recovery from the rumen fluid of cattle fed either diet was observed, both in vitro and in vivo, with O157 strains 86–24 and EDL933 demonstrating similar survival patterns. Analysis of the O157 proteomes expressed in the rumen fluid/rumen verified previous observations of adaptive responses. Any difference in the adaptive response was mainly influenced by the animal’s diet and growth conditions (in vitro and in vivo) and not the O157 strain. These new insights into the O157 responses could help formulate modalities to control O157 across strains in cattle at all stages of husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira T. Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
- * E-mail:
| | - Julian Trachsel
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Erika N. Biernbaum
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Thomas Casey
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
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Segura A, Bertin Y, Durand A, Benbakkar M, Forano E. Transcriptional analysis reveals specific niche factors and response to environmental stresses of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in bovine digestive contents. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:284. [PMID: 34663220 PMCID: PMC8524897 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02343-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are responsible for severe diseases in humans, and the ruminant digestive tract is considered as their main reservoir. Their excretion in bovine feces leads to the contamination of foods and the environment. Thus, providing knowledge of processes used by EHEC to survive and/or develop all along the bovine gut represents a major step for strategies implementation. Results We compared the transcriptome of the reference EHEC strain EDL933 incubated in vitro in triplicate samples in sterile bovine rumen, small intestine and rectum contents with that of the strain grown in an artificial medium using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), focusing on genes involved in stress response, adhesion systems including the LEE, iron uptake, motility and chemotaxis. We also compared expression of these genes in one digestive content relative to the others. In addition, we quantified short chain fatty acids and metal ions present in the three digestive contents. RNA-seq data first highlighted response of EHEC EDL933 to unfavorable physiochemical conditions encountered during its transit through the bovine gut lumen. Seventy-eight genes involved in stress responses including drug export, oxidative stress and acid resistance/pH adaptation were over-expressed in all the digestive contents compared with artificial medium. However, differences in stress fitness gene expression were observed depending on the digestive segment, suggesting that these differences were due to distinct physiochemical conditions in the bovine digestive contents. EHEC activated genes encoding three toxin/antitoxin systems in rumen content and many gene clusters involved in motility and chemotaxis in rectum contents. Genes involved in iron uptake and utilization were mostly down-regulated in all digestive contents compared with artificial medium, but feo genes were over-expressed in rumen and small intestine compared with rectum. The five LEE operons were more expressed in rectum than in rumen content, and LEE1 was also more expressed in rectum than in small intestine content. Conclusion Our results highlight various strategies that EHEC may implement to survive in the gastrointestinal environment of cattle. These data could also help defining new targets to limit EHEC O157:H7 carriage and shedding by cattle. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02343-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Segura
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS 0454, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yolande Bertin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS 0454, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexandra Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS 0454, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mhammed Benbakkar
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS 0454, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Evaluation of Cattle for Naturally Colonized Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Requires Combinatorial Strategies. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:6673202. [PMID: 33868404 PMCID: PMC8032530 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6673202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups O157, O26, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O45 are designated as food adulterants by the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Food Safety and Inspection Service. Cattle are the primary reservoir of these human pathogens. In this study, 59 Angus crossbred heifers were tested specifically for these seven STEC serogroups using a combination of standard culture, serological, PCR, and cell cytotoxicity methods to determine if comparable results would be obtained. At the time of fecal sampling, the animals were approximately 2 years old and weighed 1000–1200 lbs. The diet comprised of 37% ground alfalfa hay, 25% ground Sudan hay, and 38% ground corn supplemented with trace minerals and rumensin with ad libitum access to water. Non-O157 STEC were isolated from 25% (15/59) of the animals tested using a combination of EC broth, CHROMagar STECTM, and Rainbow Agar O157. Interestingly, the O157 serogroup was not isolated from any of the animals. Non-O157 STEC isolates were confirmed to be one of the six adulterant serogroups by serology and/or colony PCR in 10/15 animals with the predominant viable, serogroup being O103. PCR using DNA extracted from feces verified most of the colony PCR results but also identified additional virulence and O-antigen genes from samples with no correlating culture results. Shiga toxin- (Stx-) related cytopathic effects on Vero cells with fecal extracts from 55/59 animals could only be associated with the Stx gene profiles obtained by fecal DNA PCR and not culture results. The differences between culture versus fecal DNA PCR and cytotoxicity assay results suggest that the latter two assays reflect the presence of nonviable STEC or infection with STEC not belonging to the seven adulterant serogroups. This study further supports the use of combinatorial culture, serology, and PCR methods to isolate viable STEC that pose a greater food safety threat.
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Pan Z, Chen Y, McAllister TA, Gänzle M, Plastow G, Guan LL. Abundance and Expression of Shiga Toxin Genes in Escherichia coli at the Recto-Anal Junction Relates to Host Immune Genes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:633573. [PMID: 33816337 PMCID: PMC8010187 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.633573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) is the main virulence factor of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and ruminants are the main reservoir of STEC. This study assessed the abundance and expression of Stx genes and the expression of host immune genes, aiming to determine factors affecting these measures and potential gene markers to differentiate Stx gene expression in the recto-anal junction of feedlot beef cattle. Rectal tissue and content samples were collected from 143 feedlot steers of three breeds (Angus, Charolais, and Kinsella Composite) over 2 consecutive years 2014 (n=71) and 2015 (n=72). The abundance and expression of stx1 and stx2 were quantified using qPCR and reverse-transcription-qPCR (RT-qPCR), respectively. Four immune genes (MS4A1, CCL21, CD19, and LTB), previously reported to be down-regulated in super-shedder cattle (i.e., > 104 CFU g-1) were selected, and their expression was evaluated using RT-qPCR. The stx1 gene abundance was only detected in tissue samples collected in year 2 and did not differ among breeds. The stx2 gene was detected in STEC from all samples collected in both years and did not vary among breeds. The abundance of stx1 and stx2 differed (P < 0.001) in content samples collected across breeds (stx1:AN>CH>KC, stx2: AN=CH>KC) in year 1, but not in year 2. Expression of stx2 was detected in 13 RAJ tissue samples (2014: n=6, 2015: n=7), while expression of stx1 was not detected. Correlation analysis showed that the expression of stx2 was negatively correlated with the expression of MS4A1 (R=-0.56, P=0.05) and positively correlated with the expression of LTB (R=0.60, P=0.05). The random forest model and Boruta method revealed that expression of selected immune genes could be predictive indicators of stx2 expression with prediction accuracy of MS4A1 >LTB >CCL21 >CD19. Our results indicate that the abundance of Stx could be affected by cattle breed and sampling year, suggesting that host genetics and environment may influence STEC colonization of the recto-anal junction of feedlot cattle. Additionally, the identified relationship between expressions of host immune genes and stx2 suggests that the host animal may regulate stx2 expression in colonizing STEC through immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Pan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Michael Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Graham Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Stromberg ZR, Masonbrink RE, Mellata M. Transcriptomic Analysis of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli during Initial Contact with Cattle Colonic Explants. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111662. [PMID: 33120988 PMCID: PMC7693793 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens are a public health threat globally. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), particularly O26, O111, and O157 STEC, are often associated with foodborne illness in humans. To create effective preharvest interventions, it is critical to understand which factors STEC strains use to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of cattle, which serves as the reservoir for these pathogens. Several colonization factors are known, but little is understood about initial STEC colonization factors. Our objective was to identify these factors via contrasting gene expression between nonpathogenic E. coli and STEC. Colonic explants were inoculated with nonpathogenic E. coli strain MG1655 or STEC strains (O26, O111, or O157), bacterial colonization levels were determined, and RNA was isolated and sequenced. STEC strains adhered to colonic explants at numerically but not significantly higher levels compared to MG1655. After incubation with colonic explants, flagellin (fliC) was upregulated (log2 fold-change = 4.0, p < 0.0001) in O157 STEC, and collectively, Lon protease (lon) was upregulated (log2 fold-change = 3.6, p = 0.0009) in STEC strains compared to MG1655. These results demonstrate that H7 flagellum and Lon protease may play roles in early colonization and could be potential targets to reduce colonization in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R. Stromberg
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Rick E. Masonbrink
- Genome Informatics Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Melha Mellata
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-515-294-9220
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Sapountzis P, Segura A, Desvaux M, Forano E. An Overview of the Elusive Passenger in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Cattle: The Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060877. [PMID: 32531983 PMCID: PMC7355788 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For approximately 10,000 years, cattle have been our major source of meat and dairy. However, cattle are also a major reservoir for dangerous foodborne pathogens that belong to the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) group. Even though STEC infections in humans are rare, they are often lethal, as treatment options are limited. In cattle, STEC infections are typically asymptomatic and STEC is able to survive and persist in the cattle GIT by escaping the immune defenses of the host. Interactions with members of the native gut microbiota can favor or inhibit its persistence in cattle, but research in this direction is still in its infancy. Diet, temperature and season but also industrialized animal husbandry practices have a profound effect on STEC prevalence and the native gut microbiota composition. Thus, exploring the native cattle gut microbiota in depth, its interactions with STEC and the factors that affect them could offer viable solutions against STEC carriage in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Sapountzis
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (A.S.); (M.D.); (E.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Audrey Segura
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (A.S.); (M.D.); (E.F.)
- Chr. Hansen Animal Health & Nutrition, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (A.S.); (M.D.); (E.F.)
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (A.S.); (M.D.); (E.F.)
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Wells JE, Berry ED, Kim M, Bono JL, Oliver WT, Kalchayanand N, Wang R, Freetly HC, Means WJ. Determination of gastrointestinal tract colonization sites from feedlot cattle transiently shedding or super-shedding Escherichia coli O157:H7 at harvest. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1419-1426. [PMID: 32350973 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of the study was to determine levels of Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonization in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of naturally shedding cattle shedding the pathogen at low- or super-shedder levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Over 2 years, feedlot cattle were sampled multiple times for faecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7. Just prior to harvest (1-2 days), animals that were super-shedders (≥104 CFU per gram of faeces) were specifically identified, and based on the longer term screening data, pen cohorts that were low-shedders (years 1 and 2) or chronic-shedders (year 1) were also identified. At harvest, samples were collected from throughout the GIT, including the rectoanal junction (RAJ) for enumeration and enrichment of E. coli O157:H7. The mouth samples exhibited the greatest prevalence for the pathogen, and the abomasum and rumen exhibited the lowest prevalence (P < 0·05). Super-shedders had significantly greater prevalence for all GIT locations except the mouth and abomasum compared to low-shedders, but the super-shedders were the only animals with positive abomasum samples. Samples from the super-shedders were enumerable for most GIT locations, and the rectum and RAJ locations were the only locations that were significantly greater than other locations (P < 0·05). CONCLUSIONS Across all animals naturally exposed to E. coli O157:H7, the risk of ingestion is high, but rumen and abomasum are potential barriers to passage. In super-shedders, the passage through the GIT was greater, allowing colonization in the rectum and at the RAJ. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Escherichia coli O157:H7 low-shedding cattle had lower pathogen levels throughout the GIT, indicating intrinsic GIT factors to these cattle may reduce pathogen passage through the GIT, including the abomasum, and minimize risk of RAJ colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Wells
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - E D Berry
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - M Kim
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - J L Bono
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - W T Oliver
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - N Kalchayanand
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - R Wang
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - H C Freetly
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - W J Means
- Department of Animal and Range Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
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Stromberg ZR, Redweik GAJ, Mellata M. Detection, Prevalence, and Pathogenicity of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from Cattle Hides and Carcasses. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 15:119-131. [PMID: 29638166 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle are a major reservoir for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and harbor these bacteria in the intestinal tract. The prevalence, concentration, and STEC serogroup isolated in cattle varies between individuals. Hide removal at slaughter serves as a major point of carcass contamination and ultimately beef products. Certain STEC serogroups, such as O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157, containing the intestinal adherence factor intimin, pose a large economic burden to food producers because of testing and recalls. Human infection with STEC can cause illnesses ranging from diarrhea to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome, and is commonly acquired through ingestion of contaminated foods, often beef products. Previously, most studies focused on O157 STEC, but there is growing recognition of the importance of non-O157 STEC serogroups. This review summarizes detection methods, prevalence, and methods for prediction of pathogenicity of non-O157 STEC from cattle hides and carcasses. A synthesis of procedures is outlined for general non-O157 STEC and targeted detection of specific STEC serogroups. Standardization of sample collection and processing procedures would allow for more robust comparisons among studies. Presence of non-O157 STEC isolated from cattle hides and carcasses and specific factors, such as point of sample collection and season, are summarized. Also, factors that might influence STEC survival on these surfaces, such as the microbial population on hides and microbial adherence genes, are raised as topics for future investigation. Finally, this review gives an overview on studies that have used genetic and cell-based methods to identify specific phenotypes of non-O157 STEC strains isolated from cattle to assess their risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Stromberg
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Graham A J Redweik
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Melha Mellata
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
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11
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Segura A, Bertoni M, Auffret P, Klopp C, Bouchez O, Genthon C, Durand A, Bertin Y, Forano E. Transcriptomic analysis reveals specific metabolic pathways of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in bovine digestive contents. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:766. [PMID: 30352567 PMCID: PMC6199705 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cattle gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is the main enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) reservoir. In order to identify nutrients required for the survival or multiplication of EHEC in the bovine GIT, we compared the transcriptomes of the EHEC O157:H7 reference strain EDL933 cultured in vitro in bovine digestive contents (DCs) (rumen, small intestine and rectum) using RNA-sequencing. Results Gene expression profiles showed that EHEC EDL933 activated common but also specific metabolic pathways to survive in the different bovine DCs. Mucus-derived carbohydrates seem important in EHEC nutrition in posterior DCs (small intestine and rectum) but not in rumen content. Additional carbohydrates (xylose, ribose, mannitol, galactitol) as well as gluconeogenic substrates (aspartate, serine, glycerol) would also be used by EHEC as carbon and/or nitrogen sources all along the bovine GIT including the rumen. However, xylose, GalNac, ribose and fucose transport and/or assimilation encoding genes were over-expressed during incubation in rectum content compared with rumen and intestine contents, and genes coding for maltose transport were only induced in rectum. This suggests a role for these carbohydrates in the colonization of the cattle rectum, considered as the major site for EHEC multiplication. In contrast, the transcription of the genes associated with the assimilation of ethanolamine, an important nitrogen source for EHEC, was poorly induced in EHEC growing in rectum content, suggesting that ethanolamine is mainly assimilated in the cattle rumen and small intestine. Respiratory flexibility would also be required for EHEC survival because of the redundancy of dehydrogenases and reductases simultaneously induced in the bovine DCs, probably in response to the availability of electron donors and acceptors. Conclusion EHEC EDL933 showed a high flexibility in the activation of genes involved in respiratory pathways and assimilation of carbon and nitrogen sources, most of them from animal origin. This may allow the bacterium to adapt and survive in the various bovine GIT compartments. Obtaining a better understanding of EHEC physiology in bovine GIT is a key step to ultimately propose strategies to limit EHEC carriage and shedding by cattle. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5167-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Segura
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR 0454 MEDIS, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marine Bertoni
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR 0454 MEDIS, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Present address : Institut National de Police Scientifique - Laboratoire de Police Scientifique de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Pauline Auffret
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR 0454 MEDIS, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Present address : Ifremer, UMR 241 EIO, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Christophe Klopp
- Plateforme Bioinformatique Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées UBIA, INRA, Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Olivier Bouchez
- INRA, US 1426, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Alexandra Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR 0454 MEDIS, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yolande Bertin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR 0454 MEDIS, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR 0454 MEDIS, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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12
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Bertin Y, Segura A, Jubelin G, Dunière L, Durand A, Forano E. Aspartate metabolism is involved in the maintenance of enterohaemorrhagicEscherichia coliO157:H7 in bovine intestinal content. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:4473-4485. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yolande Bertin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS F‐63000 Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Audrey Segura
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS F‐63000 Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Gregory Jubelin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS F‐63000 Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Lysiane Dunière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS F‐63000 Clermont‐Ferrand France
- Lallemand Animal Nutrition Blagnac France
| | - Alexandra Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS F‐63000 Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS F‐63000 Clermont‐Ferrand France
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13
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Bertin Y, Habouzit C, Dunière L, Laurier M, Durand A, Duchez D, Segura A, Thévenot-Sergentet D, Baruzzi F, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Forano E. Lactobacillus reuteri suppresses E. coli O157:H7 in bovine ruminal fluid: Toward a pre-slaughter strategy to improve food safety? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187229. [PMID: 29091926 PMCID: PMC5665532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is the main reservoir for enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) responsible for food-borne infections. Therefore, it is crucial to develop strategies, such as EHEC suppression by antagonistic microorganisms, to reduce EHEC survival in the GIT of cattle and to limit shedding and food contamination. Most human-derived Lactobacillus reuteri strains produce hydroxypropionaldehyde (HPA), an antimicrobial compound, during anaerobic reduction of glycerol. The capacity of L. reuteri LB1-7, a strain isolated from raw bovine milk, to produce HPA and its antimicrobial activity against an O157:H7 EHEC strain (FCH6) were evaluated in bovine rumen fluid (RF) under strict anaerobiosis. EHEC was totally suppressed when incubated in RF inoculated with L. reuteri LB1-7 and supplemented with 80 mM glycerol (RF-Glyc80). The addition of LB1-7 or glycerol alone did not modify EHEC survival in RF. Glycerol was converted to HPA (up to 14 mM) by LB1-7 during incubation in RF-Glyc80, and HPA production appeared to be responsible for EHEC suppression. The bactericidal activity of L. reuteri LB1-7, the concentration of glycerol required and the level of HPA produced depended on physiological and ecological environments. In vitro experiments also showed that EHEC inoculated in rumen fluid and exposed to L. reuteri and glycerol had a very limited growth in rectal contents. However, L. reuteri exerted an antimicrobial activity against the rumen endogenous microbiota and perturbed feedstuff degradation in the presence of glycerol. The potential administration of L. reuteri and glycerol in view of application to finishing beef cattle at the time of slaughter is discussed. Further in vivo studies will be important to confirm the efficiency of L. reuteri and glycerol supplementation against EHEC shedding in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolande Bertin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Chloé Habouzit
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lysiane Dunière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Lallemand SAS, Blagnac, France
| | - Marie Laurier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexandra Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Duchez
- Institut Pascal—Axe GePEB, Polytech Clermont-Ferrand, Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière, France
| | - Audrey Segura
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Delphine Thévenot-Sergentet
- Research Group on Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment, UMR, Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, INRA and Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Laboratoire d'Étude des Microorganismes pathogènes, French Laboratory for Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli, VetAgro Sup, Campus vétérinaire, Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Federico Baruzzi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Evelyne Forano
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, MEDIS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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14
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Wang O, McAllister TA, Plastow G, Stanford K, Selinger B, Guan LL. Host mechanisms involved in cattle Escherichia coli O157 shedding: a fundamental understanding for reducing foodborne pathogen in food animal production. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7630. [PMID: 28794460 PMCID: PMC5550497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The host mechanisms involved in Escherichia coli O157 super-shedding in cattle is largely unknown. In this study, the comparison of transcriptomes of intestinal tissues between super-shedders (SS) and cattle negative for E. coli O157 (NS) was performed, aiming to identify genes that are potentially associated with super-shedding. In total, 16,846 ± 639 (cecum) to 18,137 ± 696 (distal jejunum) were expressed throughout the intestine, with the expressed genes associated with immune functions more pronounced in the small intestine. In total, 351 differentially expressed (DE) genes were identified throughout the intestine between SS and NS, with 101 being up-regulated and 250 down-regulated in SS. Functional analysis revealed DE genes were involved in increased T-cell responses and cholesterol absorption in the distal jejunum and descending colon, and decreased B-cell maturation in the distal jejunum of SS. RNA-Seq based SNP discovery revealed that the mutations in seven DE genes involved in leukocyte activation and cholesterol transportation were associated with E. coli O157 shedding. Our findings suggest that T-cell responses and cholesterol metabolism in the intestinal tract may be associated with super-shedding phenomenon, and the SNPs in the DE genes are possibly associated with the observed gene expression difference between SS and NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou Wang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Graham Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4V6, Canada
| | - Brent Selinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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15
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Kudva IT, Carter MQ, Sharma VK, Stasko JA, Giron JA. Curli Temper Adherence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to Squamous Epithelial Cells from the Bovine Recto-Anal Junction in a Strain-Dependent Manner. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e02594-16. [PMID: 27742683 PMCID: PMC5165118 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02594-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent studies have shown that intimin and the locus of enterocyte effacement-encoded proteins do not play a role in Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) adherence to the bovine recto-anal junction squamous epithelial (RSE) cells. To define factors that play a contributory role, we investigated the role of curli, fimbrial adhesins commonly implicated in adherence to various fomites and plant and human epithelial cells, in O157 adherence to RSE cells. Specifically, we examined (i) wild-type strains of O157; (ii) curli variants of O157 strains; (iii) isogenic curli deletion mutants of O157; and (iv) adherence inhibition of O157 using anti-curlin sera. Results of these experiments conducted under stringent conditions suggest that curli do not solely contribute to O157 adherence to RSE cells and in fact demonstrate a modulating effect on O157 adherence to RSE cells in contrast to HEp-2 cells (human epidermoid carcinoma of the larynx cells with HeLa contamination). The absence of curli and presence of blocking anti-curli antibodies enhanced O157-RSE cell interactions among some strains, thus alluding to a spatial, tempering effect of curli on O157 adherence to RSE cells when present. At the same time, the presence or absence of curli did not alter RSE cell adherence patterns of another O157 strain. These observations are at variance with the reported role of curli in O157 adherence to human cell lines such as HEp-2 and need to be factored in when developing anti-adherence modalities for preharvest control of O157 in cattle. IMPORTANCE This study demonstrated that O157 strains interact with epithelial cells in a host-specific manner. The fimbriae/adhesins that are significant for adherence to human cell lines may not have a role or may have a modulating role in O157 adherence to bovine cells. Targeting such adhesins may not prevent O157 attachment to bovine cells but instead may result in improved adherence. Hence, conducting host-specific evaluations is critical when selecting targets for O157 control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira T Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Michelle Q Carter
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Vijay K Sharma
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Judith A Stasko
- Microscopy Services Laboratory, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jorge A Giron
- Center for Biomolecular Detection, University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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16
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Effects of In-Feed Chlortetracycline Prophylaxis in Beef Cattle on Animal Health and Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:7197-7204. [PMID: 27736789 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01928-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns have been raised that in-feed chlortetracycline (CTC) may increase antimicrobial resistance (AMR), specifically tetracycline-resistant (TETr) Escherichia coli and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCr) E. coli We evaluated the impact of a 5-day in-feed CTC prophylaxis on animal health, TETr E. coli, and 3GCr E. coli A control group of cattle (n = 150) received no CTC, while a CTC group (n = 150) received in-feed CTC (10 mg/lb of body weight/day) from the 5th to the 9th day after feedlot arrival. Over 25% (38/150) of the animals in the control group developed illnesses requiring therapeutic treatment with antimicrobials critically important to human medicine. Only two animals (1.3%) in the CTC group required such treatments. Fecal swab and pen surface occurrences of generic E. coli (isolated on media that did not contain antimicrobials of interest and were not isolated based on any specific resistance), TETr E. coli, and 3GCr E. coli were determined on five sampling occasions: arrival at the feedlot, 5 days posttreatment (5 dpt), 27 dpt, 75 dpt, and 117 dpt. On 5 dpt, TETr E. coli concentrations were higher for the CTC group than the control group (P < 0.01). On 27 dpt, 75 dpt, and 117 dpt, TETr E. coli concentrations did not differ between groups. 3GCr E. coli occurrences did not differ between control and CTC groups on any sampling occasion. For both groups, generic, TETr, and 3GCr E. coli occurrences were highest on 75 dpt and 117 dpt, suggesting that factors other than in-feed CTC contributed more significantly to antimicrobial-resistant E. coli occurrence. IMPORTANCE The occurrence of human bacterial infections resistant to antimicrobial therapy has been increasing. It has been postulated that antimicrobial resistance was inevitable, but the life span of the antimicrobial era has been prematurely compromised due to the misuse of antimicrobials in clinical and agricultural practices. Direct evidence relating the use of antimicrobials in livestock production to diminished human health outcomes due to antimicrobial resistance is lacking, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has taken an approach to maximize therapeutic efficacy and minimize the selection of resistant microorganisms through judicious use of antimicrobials. This study demonstrated that prophylactic in-feed treatment of chlortetracycline administered for 5 days to calves entering feedlots is judicious, as this therapy reduced animal morbidity, reduced the use of antimicrobials more critical to human health, and had no long-term impact on the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli.
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17
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Wells JE, Kim M, Bono JL, Kuehn LA, Benson AK. MEAT SCIENCE AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM:Escherichia coli O157:H7, diet, and fecal microbiome in beef cattle12. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:1345-55. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Wells
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 689334
| | - M. Kim
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 689334
| | - J. L. Bono
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 689334
| | - L. A. Kuehn
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 689334
| | - A. K. Benson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
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18
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Schmidt JW, Bosilevac JM, Kalchayanand N, Wang R, Wheeler TL, Koohmaraie M. Immersion in antimicrobial solutions reduces Salmonella enterica and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli on beef cheek meat. J Food Prot 2014; 77:538-48. [PMID: 24680064 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of immersing beef cheek meat in antimicrobial solutions on the reduction of O157:H7 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), non-O157:H7 STEC, and Salmonella enterica. Beef cheek meat was inoculated with O157:H7 STEC, non-O157:H7 STEC, and S. enterica on both the adipose and muscle surfaces. The inoculated cheek meat was then immersed in one of seven antimicrobial solutions for 1, 2.5, or 5 min: (i) 1% Aftec 3000 (AFTEC), (ii) 2.5% Beefxide (BX), (iii) 300 ppm of hypobromous acid (HOBR), (iv) 2.5% lactic acid (LA2.5), (v) 5% lactic acid (LA5), (vi) 0.5% levulinic acid and 0.05% sodium dodecyl sulfate (LEV-SDS), or (vii) 220 ppm of peroxyacetic acid (POA). Inoculated cheek meat was also immersed in 80 °C tap water (HW) for 10 s. In general, increasing immersion duration in antimicrobial solutions did not significantly (P ≥ 0.05) increase effectiveness. Immersion in HW for 10 s was the most effective intervention, reducing STEC and S. enterica by 2.2 to 2.3 log CFU/cm2 on the adipose surface and by 1.7 to 1.8 log CFU/cm2 on the muscle surface. Immersion for 1 min in AFTEC, BX, LA2.5, LA5, or POA was also effective as an intervention, reducing STEC and S. enterica by 0.8 to 2.0 log CFU/cm2 on the adipose surface and by 0.6 to 1.4 log CFU/cm2 on the muscle surface. Immersion for 1 min in HOBR or LEV-SDS was not an effective intervention because STEC and S. enterica reductions ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 log CFU/cm2, which were not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) from the reductions obtained when cheek meat was immersed in room temperature tap water. We conclude that immersion of cheek meat in HW for 10 s and immersion for 1 min in AFTEC, BX, LA2.5, LA5, or POA effectively reduced levels of STEC and S. enterica.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Schmidt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA.
| | - Joseph M Bosilevac
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - Norasak Kalchayanand
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - Rong Wang
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - Mohammad Koohmaraie
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group, 15300 Bothell Way N.E., Lake Forest Park, Washington 98155, USA, College of Food and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Ayaz ND, Gencay YE, Erol I. Prevalence and molecular characterization of sorbitol fermenting and non-fermenting Escherichia coli O157:H7+/H7– isolated from cattle at slaughterhouse and slaughterhouse wastewater. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 174:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Host inflammatory response inhibits Escherichia coli O157:H7 adhesion to gut epithelium through augmentation of mucin expression. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1921-30. [PMID: 24566630 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01589-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7, a major Shiga toxin-producing pathogen, has a low infectious dose and causes serious illness in humans. The gastrointestinal tract of cattle is the primary reservoir of E. coli O157:H7, and thus, it is critical to eliminate or reduce E. coli O157:H7 gut colonization. Given that E. coli O157:H7 produces effectors that attenuate inflammatory signaling, we hypothesized that the host inflammatory response acts to perturb E. coli O157:H7 intestinal colonization. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) treatment of HT-29 cells resulted in increased expression of inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-8, and TNF-α genes and increased IL-8 protein and resulted in decreased adhesion of E. coli O157:H7. Similarly, E. coli O157:H7 adhesion to cattle colonic explants was reduced by TNF-α treatment. Irrespective of the presence of E. coli O157:H7, TNF-α enhanced activation of p65, the key mediator of NF-κB inflammatory signaling, whereas E. coli O157:H7 infection suppressed this pathway by inhibiting p65 activation in HT-29 cells. To further explore the mechanisms linking the inflammatory response to attenuated E. coli O157:H7 adhesion, mucin 2 (MUC2) expression was analyzed, considering that the intestinal mucus layer is the first defense against enteric pathogens and MUC2 is the major secretory mucin in the intestine. MUC2 expression in HT-29 cells was increased by TNF-α treatment and by E. coli O157:H7 infection. However, reducing mucin expression by blocking mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and/or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling increased E. coli O157:H7 adherence to HT-29 cells. These data suggest that the inflammatory cytokine response acts to protect host epithelial cells against E. coli O157:H7 colonization, at least in part, by promoting mucin production.
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21
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Smith DJ, Taylor JB, West M, Herges G. Effect of intravenous or oral sodium chlorate administration on the fecal shedding of Escherichia coli in sheep. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:5962-9. [PMID: 24158366 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of gavage or intravenous (i.v.) administration of sodium chlorate salts on the fecal shedding of generic Escherichia coli in wether lambs was studied. To this end, 9 lambs (27 ± 2.5 kg) were administered 150 mg NaClO3/kg BW by gavage or i.v. infusion in a crossover design with saline-dosed controls. The crossover design allowed each animal to receive each treatment during 1 of 3 trial periods, resulting in 9 observations for each treatment. Immediately before and subsequent to dosing, jugular blood and rectal fecal samples were collected at 4, 8, 16, 24, and 36 h. Endpoints measured were fecal generic E. coli concentrations, blood packed cell volume (PCV), blood methemoglobin concentration, and serum and fecal sodium chlorate concentrations. Sodium chlorate had no effects (P > 0.05) on blood PVC or methemoglobin. Fecal generic E. coli concentrations were decreased (P < 0.05) approximately 2 log units (99%) relative to controls 16 and 24 h after sodium chlorate infusion and 24 h after sodium chlorate gavage. Within and across time and treatment, fecal chlorate concentrations were highly variable for both gavage and i.v. lambs. Average fecal sodium chlorate concentrations never exceeded 100 µg/g and were typically less than 60 µg/g from 4 to 24 h after dosing. Times of maximal average fecal sodium chlorate concentration did not correspond with times of lowered average generic E. coli concentrations. Within route of administration, serum sodium chlorate concentrations were greatest (P < 0.01) 4 h after dosing; at the same time point, serum chlorate was greater (P< 0.01) in i.v.-dosed lambs than gavaged lambs but not at 16 or 24 h (P > 0.05). At 8 h, serum chlorate concentrations of gavaged lambs were greater (P < 0.05) than in i.v.-dosed lambs. Serum chlorate data are consistent with earlier studies indicating very rapid transfer of orally dosed chlorate to systemic circulation, and fecal chlorate data are consistent with earlier data showing the excretion of low to marginal concentrations of sodium chlorate in orally dosed animals. Efficacy of sodium chlorate at reducing fecal E. coli concentrations after i.v. infusion suggests that low concentrations of chlorate in gastrointestinal contents, delivered by biliary excretion, intestinal cell sloughing, or simple diffusion, are effective at reducing fecal E. coli levels. Alternatively, chlorate could be eliciting systemic effects that influence fecal E. coli populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- USDA-ARS, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1605 Albrecht Blvd., Fargo, ND, 58102-2765
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22
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Jeon SJ, Elzo M, DiLorenzo N, Lamb GC, Jeong KC. Evaluation of animal genetic and physiological factors that affect the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55728. [PMID: 23405204 PMCID: PMC3566006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle at the pre-harvest level is critical to reduce outbreaks of this pathogen in humans. Multilayers of factors including the environmental and bacterial factors modulate the colonization and persistence of E. coli O157 in cattle that serve as a reservoir of this pathogen. Here, we report animal factors contributing to the prevalence of E. coli O157 in cattle. We observe the lowest number of E. coli O157 in Brahman breed when compared with other crosses in an Angus-Brahman multibreed herd, and bulls excrete more E. coli O157 than steers in the pens where cattle were housed together. The presence of super-shedders, cattle excreting >10(5) CFU/rectal anal swab, increases the concentration of E. coli O157 in the pens; thereby super-shedders enhance transmission of this pathogen among cattle. Molecular subtyping analysis reveal only one subtype of E. coli O157 in the multibreed herd, indicating the variance in the levels of E. coli O157 in cattle is influenced by animal factors. Furthermore, strain tracking after relocation of the cattle to a commercial feedlot reveals farm-to-farm transmission of E. coli O157, likely via super-shedders. Our results reveal high risk factors in the prevalence of E. coli O157 in cattle whereby animal genetic and physiological factors influence whether this pathogen can persist in cattle at high concentration, providing insights to intervene this pathogen at the pre-harvest level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jin Jeon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mauricio Elzo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nicolas DiLorenzo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Marianna, Florida, United States of America
| | - G. Cliff Lamb
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Marianna, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kwang Cheol Jeong
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Forano E, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Bertin Y, Martin C. [EHEC carriage in ruminants and probiotic effects]. Biol Aujourdhui 2013; 207:261-7. [PMID: 24594574 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2013023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are Shiga-Toxin producing E. coli (STEC) that cause human outbreaks which can lead to a severe illness such as haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS), particularly in young children. The gastrointestinal tract of cattle and other ruminants is the principal reservoir of EHEC strains and outbreaks have been associated with direct contact with the farm environment, and with the consumption of meat, dairy products, water and fruit or vegetable contaminated with ruminant manure. Several outbreaks occurred these last years in France. In Brazil, although STEC carriage in ruminants is important, human cases due to EHEC are fairly rare. In order to reduce EHEC survival in the ruminant gastrointestinal tract and thus limit contamination of food products, it is necessary to determine the mechanisms underlying EHEC persistence in this ecosystem with the aim of developing nutritional or ecological strategies. The effect of probiotics has been tested in vitro on the growth and survival of EHEC strains and in vivo on the animal carriage of these strains. Various studies have then shown that lactic bacteria or non-pathogenic E. coli strains were able to limit EHEC fecal shedding. In addition, understanding EHEC physiology in the ruminant gut is also critical for limiting EHEC shedding. We found that EHEC O157:H7 is able to use ethanolamine and mucus-derived sugars as nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively. Thus, these substrates represent an ecological niche for EHEC and their utilization confers a competitive growth advantage to these pathogens as they use them more rapidly than the bacteria belonging to the resident intestinal microbiota. Understanding EHEC metabolism and ecology in the bovine intestinal tract will allow proposing probiotic strains to compete with EHEC for nutrients and thus decrease the sanitary risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Forano
- INRA, UR 454 Microbiologie, Centre de Recherches de Clermont-Ferrand/Theix, 63122 St-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Frédérique Chaucheyras-Durand
- INRA, UR 454 Microbiologie, Centre de Recherches de Clermont-Ferrand/Theix, 63122 St-Genès-Champanelle, France - Lallemand Animal Nutrition, 19 rue des Briquetiers, 31702 Blagnac, France
| | - Yolande Bertin
- INRA, UR 454 Microbiologie, Centre de Recherches de Clermont-Ferrand/Theix, 63122 St-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Christine Martin
- INRA, UR 454 Microbiologie, Centre de Recherches de Clermont-Ferrand/Theix, 63122 St-Genès-Champanelle, France
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Bach SJ, Cook SR, Wang Y, Stanford K, Johnson R, McAllister TA. Short Communication:Escherichia coliO157 bacteriophages: lytic activity and effects on fermentation in ruminal batch culture. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2012-084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bach, S. J., Cook, S. R., Wang, Y., Stanford, K., Johnson, R. P. and McAllister, T. A. 2012. Short Communication: Escherichia coli O157 bacteriophages: lytic activity and effects on fermentation in ruminal batch culture. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 545–550. The effect of three lytic Escherichia coli O157, rV5, wV8 and wV11 on in vitro pH, gas production and dry matter disappearance in bovine ruminal cultures were assessed. None of the bacteriophages altered any of the measured parameters in ruminal fluid from concentrate or forage-fed animals. All bacteriophages were able to persist in ruminal fluid from forage and concentrate-fed cattle over a 24-h period; however, lytic activity against E. coli O157:H7 in ruminal batch cultures was not evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Bach
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada V0H 1Z0
| | - S. R. Cook
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada 1J 4B1
| | - Y. Wang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada 1J 4B1
| | - K. Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Agriculture Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4V6
| | - R. Johnson
- Public Health Agency of Canada, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 3W4
| | - T. A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada 1J 4B1
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Jeong KC, Hiki O, Kang MY, Park D, Kaspar CW. Prevalent and persistent Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains on farms are selected by bovine passage. Vet Microbiol 2012; 162:912-920. [PMID: 23265246 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a human pathogen capable of causing hemorrhagic colitis and in some cases hemolytic uremic syndrome. Cattle are an asymptomatic carrier and a major reservoir of this pathogen that can be transmitted by contaminated foods like beef products and vegetables. To further understand persistence in cattle and on farms, a total of 1716 samples over a two-year period were collected from a Wisconsin dairy farm (Farm R) and 91 were positive for the presence of E. coli O157:H7. Seventy-six of 1373 (4.8%) fecal samples and 10/190 (5.3%) water samples were positive. Genotyping of the 341 E. coli O157 isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed nine different restriction enzyme digestion profile (REDP) types, seven of which were 93-98% similar (comprised of serotype O157:H7 isolates) and two that were dissimilar (serotype O157:H-isolates). The REDP 31 strain dominated and was isolated from 59 fecal and 9 water samples; 75% of the positive samples (68/91) contained this strain. Growth studies of representative strains from each the REDP groups in Luria broth at 25 and 39 °C found no significant differences between the strains. In LB supplemented with bile salts (3, 6, and 9%; 39 °C, 48 h), the REDP 30 strain had a longer lag phase and achieved a lower maximum density than the other strains in the presence of 6 and 9% bile salts. Likewise, the survival of the strains in low-pH conditions (HCl, pH 2.0 and acetic acid, pH 3.0) were similar except for the REDP 30 strain which was significantly less acid tolerant at pH 2.0. A screening for differences in carbohydrate utilization found that the dominant strain (REDP 31) utilized the most carbon sources and was the only strain that oxidized amygdalin, citraconic acid, α-ketoglutarate, and γ-cyclodextrin. The inoculation of Holstein calves with a three-strain mixture (REDP 30, 31, and 36 strains) found the REDP 31 strain (FRIK 2455) dominated in fecal and rectal swab samples throughout the durations of shedding. These results suggested that carbohydrate utilization and host factors encountered during animal passage select for persistent and predominant strains on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Cheol Jeong
- Department of Bacteriology, 1550 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Osamu Hiki
- Food Research Institute, 1550 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Min Young Kang
- Department of Bacteriology, 1550 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dongjin Park
- Department of Bacteriology, 1550 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Charles W Kaspar
- Department of Bacteriology, 1550 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States; Food Research Institute, 1550 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.
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26
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Bertin Y, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Robbe-Masselot C, Durand A, de la Foye A, Harel J, Cohen PS, Conway T, Forano E, Martin C. Carbohydrate utilization by enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in bovine intestinal content. Environ Microbiol 2012; 15:610-22. [PMID: 23126484 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The bovine gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the main reservoir for enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) responsible for food-borne infections. Characterization of nutrients preferentially used by EHEC in the bovine intestine would help to develop ecological strategies to reduce EHEC carriage. However, the carbon sources that support the growth of EHEC in the bovine intestine are poorly documented. In this study, a very low concentration of glucose, the most abundant monomer included in the cattle dietary polysaccharides, was detected in bovine small intestine contents (BSIC) collected from healthy cows at the slaughterhouse. Six carbohydrates reported to be included in the mucus layer covering the enterocytes [galactose, N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc), N-acetyl- galactosamine (GalNAc), fucose, mannose and N-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac)] have been quantified for the first time in BSIC and accounted for a total concentration of 4.2 mM carbohydrates. The genes required for enzymatic degradation of the six mucus-derived carbohydrates are highly expressed during the exponential growth of the EHEC strain O157:H7 EDL933 in BSIC and are more strongly induced in EHEC than in bovine commensal E. coli. In addition, EDL933 consumed the free monosaccharides present in the BSIC more rapidly than the resident microbiota and commensal E. coli, indicating a competitive ability of EHEC to catabolize mucus-derived carbohydrates in the bovine gut. Mutations of EDL933 genes required for the catabolism of each of these sugars have been constructed, and growth competitions of the mutants with the wild-type strain clearly demonstrated that mannose, GlcNAc, Neu5Ac and galactose catabolism confers a high competitive growth advantage to EHEC in BSIC and probably represents an ecological niche for EHEC strains in the bovine small intestine. The utilization of these mucus-derived monosaccharides by EDL933 is apparently required for rapid growth of EHEC in BSIC, and for maintaining a competitive growth rate as compared with that of commensal E. coli. The results suggest a strategy for O157:H7 E. coli survival in the bovine intestine, whereby EHEC rapidly consumes mucus-derived carbohydrates that are poorly consumed by bacteria belonging to the resident intestinal microbiota, including commensal E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolande Bertin
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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Evans NJ, Timofte D, Isherwood DR, Brown JM, Williams JM, Sherlock K, Lehane MJ, Murray RD, Birtles RJ, Hart CA, Carter SD. Host and environmental reservoirs of infection for bovine digital dermatitis treponemes. Vet Microbiol 2012; 156:102-9. [PMID: 22019292 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) is a global infectious disease causing lameness of cattle and is responsible for substantial animal welfare issues and economic losses. The causative agents are considered to be spirochetal bacteria belonging to the genus Treponema, which have consistently been identified in BDD lesions worldwide. One potential means of controlling infection is the disruption of transmission; however, the infection reservoirs and transmission routes of BDD treponemes have yet to be elucidated. To address these issues, we surveyed for evidence of BDD treponeme presence in the dairy farm environment, in bovine tissues and in bovine gastrointestinal (GI) tract contents. A total of 368 samples were tested using PCR assays specific for each of three currently recognised, isolated phylotypes of BDD treponemes. All environmental samples, together with insects and GI tract content samples were negative for BDD treponeme DNA from the three phylotypes. However, we identified BDD treponemes in two non-pedal bovine regions: the oral cavity (14.3% of cattle tested) and the rectum (14.8% of cattle tested). Whilst only single phylotypes were detected in the oral cavity, two of the rectal tissues yielded DNA from more than one phylotype, with one sample yielding all three BDD treponeme phylotypes. Whilst it might be considered that direct skin to skin contact may be a major transmission route of BDD treponemes, further studies are required to characterise and determine the potential contribution of oral and rectal carriage to BDD transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Evans
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK.
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29
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Lee JH, Hyeon JY, Kim YG, Chon JW, Park JH, Park C, Choi IS, Kim SK, Seo KH. Isolation and Characterization of Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in Retail Edible Beef By-products. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:145-9. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.0994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Public Health, Konkuk University, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Hyeon
- Department of Public Health, Konkuk University, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Gyeong Kim
- Department of Public Health, Konkuk University, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Whan Chon
- Department of Public Health, Konkuk University, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Park
- Department of Public Health, Konkuk University, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Ki Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Environment, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Kun-Ho Seo
- Department of Public Health, Konkuk University, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
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