1
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Sun A, Stanton JAL, Bergquist PL, Sunna A. Universal Enzyme-Based Field Workflow for Rapid and Sensitive Quantification of Water Pathogens. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2367. [PMID: 34835492 PMCID: PMC8618791 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A universal filtration and enzyme-based workflow has been established to allow for the rapid and sensitive quantification of leading pathogens Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia gamblia, Campylobacter jejuni, and Escherichia coli from tap water samples with volumes up to 100 mL, and the potential to scale up to larger volumes. qPCR limits of quantification as low as four oocysts for Cryptosporidium, twelve cysts for Giardia, two cells for C. jejuni, and nineteen cells for E. coli per reaction were achieved. A polycarbonate filter-based sampling method coupled with the prepGEM enzyme-based DNA extraction system created a single-step transfer workflow that required as little as 20 min of incubation time and a 100 µL reaction mix. The quantification via qPCR was performed directly on the prepGEM extract, bypassing time-consuming, labour-intensive conventional culture-based methods. The tap water samples were shown to contain insoluble particles that inhibited detection by reducing the quantification efficiency of a representative pathogen (C. jejuni) to 30-60%. This sample inhibition was effectively removed by an on-filter treatment of 20% (v/v) phosphoric acid wash. Overall, the established workflow was able to achieve quantification efficiencies of 92% and higher for all four leading water pathogens, forming the basis of a rapid, portable, and low-cost solution to water monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sun
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (A.S.); (P.L.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Jo-Ann L. Stanton
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Peter L. Bergquist
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (A.S.); (P.L.B.); (A.S.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Anwar Sunna
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (A.S.); (P.L.B.); (A.S.)
- Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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2
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Göröcs Z, Baum D, Song F, de Haan K, Ceylan Koydemir H, Qiu Y, Cai Z, Skandakumar T, Peterman S, Tamamitsu M, Ozcan A. Label-free detection of Giardia lamblia cysts using a deep learning-enabled portable imaging flow cytometer. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:4404-4412. [PMID: 32808619 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00708k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a field-portable and cost-effective imaging flow cytometer that uses deep learning and holography to accurately detect Giardia lamblia cysts in water samples at a volumetric throughput of 100 mL h-1. This flow cytometer uses lens free color holographic imaging to capture and reconstruct phase and intensity images of microscopic objects in a continuously flowing sample, and automatically identifies Giardia lamblia cysts in real-time without the use of any labels or fluorophores. The imaging flow cytometer is housed in an environmentally-sealed enclosure with dimensions of 19 cm × 19 cm × 16 cm and weighs 1.6 kg. We demonstrate that this portable imaging flow cytometer coupled to a laptop computer can detect and quantify, in real-time, low levels of Giardia contamination (e.g., <10 cysts per 50 mL) in both freshwater and seawater samples. The field-portable and label-free nature of this method has the potential to allow rapid and automated screening of drinking water supplies in resource limited settings in order to detect waterborne parasites and monitor the integrity of the filters used for water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Göröcs
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Engineering IV. 68-119, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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3
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Tokunaga Y, Yamaguchi N. Rapid quantification of
Escherichia coli
O157
:
H7
in lettuce and beef using an on‐chip staining microfluidic device. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tokunaga
- Division of Hygienic Chemistry Osaka Institute of Public Health Osaka Japan
| | - Nobuyasu Yamaguchi
- Division of Hygienic Chemistry Osaka Institute of Public Health Osaka Japan
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4
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Adeyemo FE, Singh G, Reddy P, Bux F, Stenström TA. Efficiency of chlorine and UV in the inactivation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216040. [PMID: 31083664 PMCID: PMC6513095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wastewater from different sources is contaminated by protozoan parasites including Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Many protozoan parasites are becoming resistant to chemical treatment. The challenge of finding alternatives is presented to researchers by exploring other methods of eliminating protozoan parasites from wastewater. The aim of this study was to assess the speciation and the viability of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in environmental samples with the specific objective of evaluating if effluent chlorination and UV affect the viability. Different doses of chlorine with different exposure times were experimented with both distilled water and waste water spiked with (oo)cysts derived from environmental samples. UV irradiation at different doses was also experimented using the same spiked samples. Two methods of quantification and detection, namely, microscopy and flow cytometry, were used in the experiment. Two vital dyes, Syto-9+PI and DAPI+PI, were the used for staining the collected wastewater samples. It was found that the (oo)cysts responded to chlorination and UV treatments with Giardia responding better than Cryptosporidium. Giardia responded very well to UV irradiations with almost 0 percent remaining viable after a low dose of UV. Cryptosporidium was found to be resistant to chlorination even at high doses but responded well to high UV doses. DAPI+PI dye gave a lower mean percentage viability values than Syto-9+PI. Flow cytometry gave higher mean percentage than microscopy from the results. It is concluded that UV is a promising alternative to Chlorine in removing Cryptosporidium and Giardia from waste water. Appropriate treatment method for wastewater is necessary to minimize water resources pollution when wastewater is released into water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folasade Esther Adeyemo
- SARChI Chair, Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Gulshan Singh
- SARChI Chair, Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Poovendhree Reddy
- Department of Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- SARChI Chair, Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thor Axel Stenström
- SARChI Chair, Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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5
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Safford HR, Bischel HN. Flow cytometry applications in water treatment, distribution, and reuse: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 151:110-133. [PMID: 30594081 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ensuring safe and effective water treatment, distribution, and reuse requires robust methods for characterizing and monitoring waterborne microbes. Methods widely used today can be limited by low sensitivity, high labor and time requirements, susceptibility to interference from inhibitory compounds, and difficulties in distinguishing between viable and non-viable cells. Flow cytometry (FCM) has recently gained attention as an alternative approach that can overcome many of these challenges. This article critically and systematically reviews for the first time recent literature on applications of FCM in water treatment, distribution, and reuse. In the review, we identify and examine nearly 300 studies published from 2000 to 2018 that illustrate the benefits and challenges of using FCM for assessing source-water quality and impacts of treatment-plant discharge on receiving waters, wastewater treatment, drinking water treatment, and drinking water distribution. We then discuss options for combining FCM with other indicators of water quality and address several topics that cut across nearly all applications reviewed. Finally, we identify priority areas in which more work is needed to realize the full potential of this approach. These include optimizing protocols for FCM-based analysis of waterborne viruses, optimizing protocols for specifically detecting target pathogens, automating sample handling and preparation to enable real-time FCM, developing computational tools to assist data analysis, and improving standards for instrumentation, methods, and reporting requirements. We conclude that while more work is needed to realize the full potential of FCM in water treatment, distribution, and reuse, substantial progress has been made over the past two decades. There is now a sufficiently large body of research documenting successful applications of FCM that the approach could reasonably and realistically see widespread adoption as a routine method for water quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Safford
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, 2001 Ghausi Hall, 480 Bainer Hall Drive, 95616, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Heather N Bischel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, 2001 Ghausi Hall, 480 Bainer Hall Drive, 95616, Davis, CA, United States.
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6
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The utility of flow cytometry for potable reuse. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 57:42-49. [PMID: 30684865 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protecting public health from pathogens is critical when treating wastewater to drinking water standards (i.e., planned water reuse). Viruses are a principal concern, yet real-time monitoring strategies do not currently measure virus removal through reuse processes. Flow cytometry (FCM) has enabled rapid and sensitive bacteria monitoring in water treatment applications, but methods for virus and protozoa monitoring remain immature. We discuss recent advances in the FCM field and FCM applications for quantifying microorganisms in water. We focus on flow virometry (FVM) developments, as virus enumeration methods show promise for water reuse applications. Ultimately, we propose FVM for near real-time monitoring across treatment to more accurately validate virus particle removal and for pilot studies to characterize removal through understudied unit processes.
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7
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Daley K, Truelstrup Hansen L, Jamieson RC, Hayward JL, Piorkowski GS, Krkosek W, Gagnon GA, Castleden H, MacNeil K, Poltarowicz J, Corriveau E, Jackson A, Lywood J, Huang Y. Chemical and microbial characteristics of municipal drinking water supply systems in the Canadian Arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:32926-32937. [PMID: 28612312 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water in the vast Arctic Canadian territory of Nunavut is sourced from surface water lakes or rivers and transferred to man-made or natural reservoirs. The raw water is at a minimum treated by chlorination and distributed to customers either by trucks delivering to a water storage tank inside buildings or through a piped distribution system. The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical and microbial drinking water quality from source to tap in three hamlets (Coral Harbour, Pond Inlet and Pangnirtung-each has a population of <2000) on trucked service, and in Iqaluit (population ~6700), which uses a combination of trucked and piped water conveyance. Generally, the source and drinking water was of satisfactory microbial quality, containing Escherichia coli levels of <1 MPN/100 mL with a few exceptions, and selected pathogenic bacteria and parasites were below detection limits using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods. Tap water in households receiving trucked water contained less than the recommended 0.2 mg/L of free chlorine, while piped drinking water in Iqaluit complied with Health Canada guidelines for residual chlorine (i.e. >0.2 mg/L free chlorine). Some buildings in the four communities contained manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and/or lead (Pb) concentrations above Health Canada guideline values for the aesthetic (Mn, Cu and Fe) and health (Pb) objectives. Corrosion of components of the drinking water distribution system (household storage tanks, premise plumbing) could be contributing to Pb, Cu and Fe levels, as the source water in three of the four communities had low alkalinity. The results point to the need for robust disinfection, which may include secondary disinfection or point-of-use disinfection, to prevent microbial risks in drinking water tanks in buildings and ultimately at the tap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiley Daley
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Lisbeth Truelstrup Hansen
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Rob C Jamieson
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jenny L Hayward
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Greg S Piorkowski
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Wendy Krkosek
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Graham A Gagnon
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Heather Castleden
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
- Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kristen MacNeil
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Joanna Poltarowicz
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Emmalina Corriveau
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Amy Jackson
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Justine Lywood
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Yannan Huang
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
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8
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Konishi N, Obata H, Kai A, Ohtsuka K, Nishikawa Y, Terajima J, Hara-Kudo Y. Major Vehicles and O-Serogroups in Foodborne Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Outbreaks in Japan, and Effective Detection Methods of the Pathogen in Food Associated with An Outbreak. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2018; 59:161-166. [DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.59.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jun Terajima
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences
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9
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Adeyemo FE, Singh G, Reddy P, Stenström TA. Methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia: From microscopy to nucleic acid based tools in clinical and environmental regimes. Acta Trop 2018; 184:15-28. [PMID: 29395034 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The detection and characterization of genotypes and sub genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for their enumeration, surveillance, prevention, and control. Different diagnostic methods are available for the analysis of Cryptosporidium and Giardia including conventional phenotypic tools that face major limitations in the specific diagnosis of these protozoan parasites. The substantial advancement in the development of genetic signature based molecular tools for the quantification, diagnosis and genetic variation analysis has increased the understanding of the epidemiology and preventive measures of related infections. The conventional methods such as microscopy, antibody and enzyme based approaches, offer better detection results when combined with advanced molecular methods. Gene based approaches increase the precision of identification, for example, many signatures detected in environmental matrices represent species/genotype that are not infectious to humans. This review summarizes the available methods and the advantages and limitations of advance detection techniques like nucleic acid-based approaches for the detection of viable oocysts and cysts of Cryptosporidium and Giardia along with the conventional and widely accepted detection techniques like microscopy, antibody and enzyme based ones. This technical article also encourages the wide application of molecular methods in genetic characterization of distinct species of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, to adopt necessary preventive measures with reliable identification and mapping the source of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folasade Esther Adeyemo
- SARChI Chair, Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Gulshan Singh
- SARChI Chair, Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| | - Poovendhree Reddy
- Department of Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Thor Axel Stenström
- SARChI Chair, Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology (IWWT), Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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10
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Huang W, Yang L, Yang G, Li F. Microfluidic multi-angle laser scattering system for rapid and label-free detection of waterborne parasites. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:1520-1530. [PMID: 29675299 PMCID: PMC5905903 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic laser scattering system for rapid and label-free detection of single waterborne parasites in microfluidic flows was designed, fabricated and demonstrated. The key novelty of the system lies in the integration of functional modules involving pre-concentration, on-chip laser scattering detection, and pattern recognition. The silicon-based pre-concentration chip can concentrate 10 ml reagent water sample spiked with protozoa (oo)cysts into a volume of 200 μl in ~30 minutes. The concentrated sample is further channeled into the on-chip laser scattering detection module at a flow rate of 10 μl/min, which can collect the multi-angle scattering pattern of single flowing microparticles. The Zernike moment features of scattering patterns are extracted using principal component analysis, and classification of scattering patterns are performed using the linear discriminator analysis algorithm. As a result, Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia lamblia cysts spiked in ~10 ml reagent water can be enumerated and identified within an hour without labeling, with a mean recovery efficiency of ~73% and average accuracies of 96%, 97%, 97% and 98% at concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 300 (oo)cysts per 10 ml water, respectively. We believe that this compact microfluidic laser scattering system has potential for rapid and label-free water quality monitoring in field and resource-limited environments.
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11
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Giardiasis: an update review on sensitivity and specificity of methods for laboratorial diagnosis. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 129:98-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Bonilla JA, Bonilla TD, Abdelzaher AM, Scott TM, Lukasik J, Solo-Gabriele HM, Palmer CJ. Quantification of Protozoa and Viruses from Small Water Volumes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:7118-32. [PMID: 26114244 PMCID: PMC4515645 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120707118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Large sample volumes are traditionally required for the analysis of waterborne pathogens. The need for large volumes greatly limits the number of samples that can be processed. The aims of this study were to compare extraction and detection procedures for quantifying protozoan parasites and viruses from small volumes of marine water. The intent was to evaluate a logistically simpler method of sample collection and processing that would facilitate direct pathogen measures as part of routine monitoring programs. Samples were collected simultaneously using a bilayer device with protozoa capture by size (top filter) and viruses capture by charge (bottom filter). Protozoan detection technologies utilized for recovery of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. were qPCR and the more traditional immunomagnetic separation-IFA-microscopy, while virus (poliovirus) detection was based upon qPCR versus plaque assay. Filters were eluted using reagents consistent with the downstream detection technologies. Results showed higher mean recoveries using traditional detection methods over qPCR for Cryptosporidium (91% vs. 45%) and poliovirus (67% vs. 55%) whereas for Giardia the qPCR-based methods were characterized by higher mean recoveries (41% vs. 28%). Overall mean recoveries are considered high for all detection technologies. Results suggest that simultaneous filtration may be suitable for isolating different classes of pathogens from small marine water volumes. More research is needed to evaluate the suitability of this method for detecting pathogens at low ambient concentration levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alfredo Bonilla
- Oceans and Human Health Center, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, FL 33149, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Fall, WI 54022, USA.
| | - Tonya D Bonilla
- Oceans and Human Health Center, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, FL 33149, USA.
- Corporate Research Materials Laboratory, St. Paul, MN 55144, USA.
| | - Amir M Abdelzaher
- Oceans and Human Health Center, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, FL 33149, USA.
- Department of Civil, Arch., and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33126, USA.
| | - Troy M Scott
- Oceans and Human Health Center, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, FL 33149, USA.
- Hydros Coastal Solutions, Inc.-Miami, FL 33126, USA.
| | | | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Oceans and Human Health Center, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, FL 33149, USA.
- Department of Civil, Arch., and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33126, USA.
| | - Carol J Palmer
- Oceans and Human Health Center, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, FL 33149, USA.
- BioStar Consulting, Inc., Greenbrier, TN 37073, USA.
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13
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Koydemir HC, Gorocs Z, Tseng D, Cortazar B, Feng S, Chan RYL, Burbano J, McLeod E, Ozcan A. Rapid imaging, detection and quantification of Giardia lamblia cysts using mobile-phone based fluorescent microscopy and machine learning. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1284-93. [PMID: 25537426 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01358a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive detection of waterborne pathogens in drinkable and recreational water sources is crucial for treating and preventing the spread of water related diseases, especially in resource-limited settings. Here we present a field-portable and cost-effective platform for detection and quantification of Giardia lamblia cysts, one of the most common waterborne parasites, which has a thick cell wall that makes it resistant to most water disinfection techniques including chlorination. The platform consists of a smartphone coupled with an opto-mechanical attachment weighing ~205 g, which utilizes a hand-held fluorescence microscope design aligned with the camera unit of the smartphone to image custom-designed disposable water sample cassettes. Each sample cassette is composed of absorbent pads and mechanical filter membranes; a membrane with 8 μm pore size is used as a porous spacing layer to prevent the backflow of particles to the upper membrane, while the top membrane with 5 μm pore size is used to capture the individual Giardia cysts that are fluorescently labeled. A fluorescence image of the filter surface (field-of-view: ~0.8 cm(2)) is captured and wirelessly transmitted via the mobile-phone to our servers for rapid processing using a machine learning algorithm that is trained on statistical features of Giardia cysts to automatically detect and count the cysts captured on the membrane. The results are then transmitted back to the mobile-phone in less than 2 minutes and are displayed through a smart application running on the phone. This mobile platform, along with our custom-developed sample preparation protocol, enables analysis of large volumes of water (e.g., 10-20 mL) for automated detection and enumeration of Giardia cysts in ~1 hour, including all the steps of sample preparation and analysis. We evaluated the performance of this approach using flow-cytometer-enumerated Giardia-contaminated water samples, demonstrating an average cyst capture efficiency of ~79% on our filter membrane along with a machine learning based cyst counting sensitivity of ~84%, yielding a limit-of-detection of ~12 cysts per 10 mL. Providing rapid detection and quantification of microorganisms, this field-portable imaging and sensing platform running on a mobile-phone could be useful for water quality monitoring in field and resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Ceylan Koydemir
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA.
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14
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Koehler AV, Jex AR, Haydon SR, Stevens MA, Gasser RB. Giardia/giardiasis — A perspective on diagnostic and analytical tools. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:280-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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16
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An improved quantitative method to assess adhesive properties of Trichomonas vaginalis to host vaginal ectocervical cells using flow cytometry. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 92:73-8. [PMID: 23142340 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbial adhesion is a critical step for infection and colonization of the host. Trichomonas vaginalis, a human urogenital extracellular parasite, relies on host cell adhesion for infection and pathogenesis. Although host cell adhesion of T. vaginalis is strain-dependent and it may be influenced by many environmental factors, a technical limitation to quantify T. vaginalis adhesion falls upon a laborious and time-consuming protocol of fluorescent microscopy. This technical limitation reduces the ability of screening multiple parameters or detecting multiple cell types simultaneously. Here we tested the capability of using flow cytometry as a qualitative and quantitative method to measure adhesion of this human infectious microorganism to vaginal ectocervical cells. Various strains of T. vaginalis with different adhesion properties were stained with CellTracker Orange (CMTMR) prior to incubation with host cells. Analyses by flow cytometry revealed that adhered CMTMR-stained parasites were clearly distinguishable from the host cells and also enabled absolute cell counts to be determined. This method was validated with the comparison of parasite strains that display variable degrees of host cell adhesion. This assay can now be applied to test many variables and environmental factors simultaneously that may affect T. vaginalis adhesion.
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Keserue H, Baumgartner A, Felleisen R, Egli T. Rapid detection of total and viable Legionella pneumophila in tap water by immunomagnetic separation, double fluorescent staining and flow cytometry. Microb Biotechnol 2012; 5:753-63. [PMID: 23062200 PMCID: PMC3815896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2012.00366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a rapid detection method for Legionella pneumophila (Lp) by filtration, immunomagnetic separation, double fluorescent staining, and flow cytometry (IMS-FCM method). The method requires 120 min and can discriminate 'viable' and 'membrane-damaged' cells. The recovery is over 85% of spiked Lp SG 1 cells in 1 l of tap water and detection limits are around 50 and 15 cells per litre for total and viable Lp, respectively. The method was compared using water samples from house installations in a blind study with three environmental laboratories performing the ISO 11731 plating method. In 53% of the water samples from different taps and showers significantly higher concentrations of Lp were detected by flow cytometry. No correlation to the plate culture method was found. Since also 'viable but not culturable' (VNBC) cells are detected by our method, this result was expected. The IMS-FCM method is limited by the specificity of the used antibodies; in the presented case they target Lp serogroups 1-12. This and the fact that no Lp-containing amoebae are detected may explain why in 21% of all samples higher counts were observed using the plate culture method. Though the IMS-FCM method is not yet fit to completely displace the established plating method (ISO 11731) for routine Lp monitoring, it has major advantages to plating and can quickly provide important insights into the ecology of this pathogen in water distribution systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans‐Anton Keserue
- Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)Überlandstrasse 133, PO Box 611, CH‐8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH)Schwarzenburgstrasse 165, CH‐3003, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), ETH ZurichUniversitätsstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Baumgartner
- Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH)Schwarzenburgstrasse 165, CH‐3003, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard Felleisen
- Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH)Schwarzenburgstrasse 165, CH‐3003, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Egli
- Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)Überlandstrasse 133, PO Box 611, CH‐8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), ETH ZurichUniversitätsstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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Keserue HA, Füchslin HP, Wittwer M, Nguyen-Viet H, Nguyen TT, Surinkul N, Koottatep T, Schürch N, Egli T. Comparison of rapid methods for detection of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. (oo)cysts using transportable instrumentation in a field deployment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:8952-8959. [PMID: 22816735 DOI: 10.1021/es301974m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Reliable, sensitive, quantitative, and mobile rapid screening methods for pathogenic organisms are not yet readily available, but would provide a great benefit to humanitarian intervention units in disaster situations. We compared three different methods (immunofluorescent microscopy, IFM; flow cytometry, FCM; polymerase chain reaction, PCR) for the rapid and quantitative detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum (oo)cysts in a field campaign. For this we deployed our mobile instrumentation and sampled canal water and vegetables during a 2 week field study in Thailand. For purification and concentrations of (oo)cysts, we used filtration and immunomagnetic separation. We were able to detect considerably high oo(cysts) concentrations (ranges: 15-855 and 0-240 oo(cysts)/liter for Giardia and Cryptosporidium, respectively) in 85 to 300 min, with FCM being fastest, followed by PCR, and IFM being slowest due to the long analysis time per sample. FCM and IFM performed consistently well, whereas PCR reactions often failed. The recovery, established by FCM, was around 30% for Giardia and 13% for Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts. It was possible to track (oo)cysts from the wastewater further downstream to irrigation waters and confirm contamination of salads and water vegetables. We believe that rapid detection, in particular FCM-based methods, can substantially help in disaster management and outbreak prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Anton Keserue
- Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Hyka P, Lickova S, Přibyl P, Melzoch K, Kovar K. Flow cytometry for the development of biotechnological processes with microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 31:2-16. [PMID: 22561949 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The current interest in microalgae as a sustainable source of next generation biofuels and other valuable substances is driving exploration of their use as unique biotechnological production systems. To design and optimise appropriate production strategies, the behaviour of particular microalgal species should be well characterised under different culture conditions. Thus, flow cytometric (FCM) methods, which are already well established in environmental and toxicological studies of microalgae, are also useful for analysing the physiological state of microalgae, and have the potential to contribute to the rapid development of feasible bioprocesses. These methods are commonly based on the examination of intrinsic features of individual cells within a population (such as autofluorescence or size). Cells possessing the desired physiological or morphological features, which are detectable with or without fluorescent staining, are counted or isolated (sorted) using an FCM device. The options for implementation of FCM in the development of biotechnological processes detailed in this review are (i) analysing the chemical composition of biomass, (ii) monitoring cellular enzyme activity and cell viability, and (iii) sorting cells to isolate those overproducing the target compound or for the preparation of axenic cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hyka
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Campus Grüental, CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
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