1
|
Zhou ZR, Liu F, Li S, Dong CZ, Zhang L. A fungal P450 enzyme from Fusarium equiseti HG18 with 7β-hydroxylase activity in biosynthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 240:106507. [PMID: 38508471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzyme with 7β-hydroxylation capacity has attracted widespread attentions due to the vital roles in the biosynthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a naturally active molecule for the treatment of liver and gallbladder diseases. In this study, a novel P450 hydroxylase (P450FE) was screen out from Fusarium equiseti HG18 and identified by a combination of genome and transcriptome sequencing, as well as heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris. The biotransformation of lithocholic acid (LCA) by whole cells of recombinant Pichia pastoris further confirmed the C7β-hydroxylation with 5.2% UDCA yield. It was firstly identified a fungal P450 enzyme from Fusarium equiseti HG18 with the capacity to catalyze the LCA oxidation producing UDCA. The integration of homology modeling and molecular docking discovered the substrate binding to active pockets, and the key amino acids in active center were validated by site-directed mutagenesis, and revealed that Q112, V362 and L363 were the pivotal residues of P450FE in regulating the activity and selectivity of 7β-hydroxylation. Specifically, V362I mutation exhibited 2.6-fold higher levels of UDCA and higher stereospecificity than wild-type P450FE. This advance provided guidance for improving the catalytic efficiency and selectivity of P450FE in LCA hydroxylation, indicative of the great potential in green synthesis of UDCA from biologically toxic LCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Ru Zhou
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fen Liu
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Li
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Zhi Dong
- Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, Cedex 13, Paris 75205, France
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Blood Products, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lei X, Wang X, Xiong W, Xiao H, Wu Y, Huang T, Liang R, Li Y, Lin S. Cytochrome P450 Mining for Bufadienolide Diversification. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:1169-1179. [PMID: 38624108 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.4c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Bufadienolides are a class of steroids with a distinctive α-pyrone ring at C17, mostly produced by toads and consisting of over 100 orthologues. They exhibit potent cardiotonic and antitumor activities and are active ingredients of the traditional Chinese medicine Chansu and Cinobufacini. Direct extraction from toads is costly, and chemical synthesis is difficult, limiting the accessibility of active bufadienolides with diverse modifications and trace content. In this work, based on the transcriptome and genome analyses, using a yeast-based screening platform, we obtained eight cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes from toads, which catalyze the hydroxylation of bufalin and resibufogenin at different sites. Moreover, a reported fungal CYP enzyme Sth10 was found functioning in the modification of bufalin and resibufogenin at multiple sites. A total of 15 bufadienolides were produced and structurally identified, of which six were first discovered. All of the compounds were effective in inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells, especially 19-hydroxy-bufalin (2) and 1β-hydroxy-bufalin (3), which were generated from bufalin hydroxylation catalyzed by CYP46A35. The catalytic efficiency of CYP46A35 was improved about six times and its substrate diversity was expanded to progesterone and testosterone, the common precursors for steroid drugs, achieving their efficient and site-specific hydroxylation. These findings elucidate the key modification process in the synthesis of bufadienolides by toads and provide an effective way for the synthesis of unavailable bufadienolides with site-specific modification and active potentials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolai Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory on Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaozheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory on Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Weiliang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory on Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory on Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yingchun Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory on Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Rubing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory on Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiming Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuangjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory on Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang H, Abe I. Recent developments in the enzymatic modifications of steroid scaffolds. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3559-3583. [PMID: 38639195 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00327f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Steroids are an important family of bioactive compounds. Steroid drugs are renowned for their multifaceted pharmacological activities and are the second-largest category in the global pharmaceutical market. Recent developments in biocatalysis and biosynthesis have led to the increased use of enzymes to enhance the selectivity, efficiency, and sustainability for diverse modifications of steroids. This review discusses the advancements achieved over the past five years in the enzymatic modifications of steroid scaffolds, focusing on enzymatic hydroxylation, reduction, dehydrogenation, cascade reactions, and other modifications for future research on the synthesis of novel steroid compounds and related drugs, and new therapeutic possibilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Wang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yi G, Zou H, Long T, Osire T, Wang L, Wei X, Long M, Rao Z, Liao G. Novel cytochrome P450s for various hydroxylation of steroids from filamentous fungi. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 394:130244. [PMID: 38145763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated steroids are value-added products with diverse biological activities mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes, however, few has been thoroughly characterized in fungi. This study introduces a rapid identification strategy for filamentous fungi P450 enzymes through transcriptome and bioinformatics analysis. Five novel enzymes (CYP68J5, CYP68L10, CYP68J3, CYP68N1 and CYP68N3) were identified and characterized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Aspergillus oryzae. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations were employed to elucidate hydroxylation preferences of CYP68J5 (11α, 7α bihydroxylase) and CYP68N1 (11α hydroxylase). Additionally, redox partners (cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome b5) and ABC transporter were co-expressed with CYP68N1 to enhance 11α-OH-androstenedione (11α-OH-4AD) production. The engineered cell factory, co-expressing CPR1 and CYP68N1, achieved a significant increase of 11α-OH-4AD production, reaching 0.845 g·L-1, which increased by 14 times compared to the original strain. This study provides a comprehensive approach for identifying and implementing novel cytochrome P450 enzymes, paving the way for sustainable production of steroidal products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guojuan Yi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hanlu Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tao Long
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tolbert Osire
- Faculty of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, 1 University Park Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mengfei Long
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhiming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guojian Liao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Pan H, Wang F, Shen C. Microbial P450 repertoire (P450ome) and its application feasibility in pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry, and environmental protection. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:7-25. [PMID: 37767638 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are heme-thiolated enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of C-H bonds in a regio- and stereo-selective manner. CYPs are widely present in the biological world. With the completion of more biological genome sequencing, the number and types of P450 enzymes have increased rapidly. P450 in microorganisms is easy to clone and express, rich in catalytic types, and strong in substrate adaptability, which has good application potential. Although the number of P450 enzymes found in microorganisms is huge, the function of most of the microorganism P450s has not been studied, and it contains a large number of excellent biocatalysts to be developed. This review is based on the P450 groups in microorganisms. First, it reviews the distribution of P450 groups in different microbial species, and then studies the application of microbial P450 enzymes in the pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry and environmental pollutant treatment in recent years. And focused on the application fields of P450 enzymes of different families to guide the selection of suitable P450s from the huge P450 library. In view of the current shortcomings of microbial P450 in the application process, the final solution is the most likely to assist the application of P450 enzymes in large-scale, that is, whole cell transformation combined with engineering, fusion P450 combined with immobilization technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfa Wang
- College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hao Pan
- College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fuhao Wang
- College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chen Shen
- College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kollerov V, Tarlachkov S, Shutov A, Kazantsev A, Donova M. Identification of a Gene Encoding a New Fungal Steroid 7-Hydroxylase and Its Functional Characterization in Pichia pastoris Yeast. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17256. [PMID: 38139084 PMCID: PMC10744122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydroxylation of steroids in the C7β position is one of the rare reactions that allow the production of value-added precursors in the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid and other pharmaceuticals. Recently, we discovered this activity in the ascomycete Curvularia sp. VKM F-3040. In this study, the novel gene of 7-hydroxylase (P450cur) was identified as being heterologously expressed and functionally characterized in Pichia pastoris. Transcriptome data mining and differential expression analysis revealed that 12 putative genes in Curvularia sp. mycelia significantly increased their expression in response to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). The transcriptional level of the most up-regulated cytochrome P450cur gene was increased more than 300-fold. A two-gene construct with a candidate P450cur gene and the gene of its natural redox partner, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), which is interconnected by a T2A element, was created. Using this construct, recombinant P. pastoris strains co-expressing fungal P450cur and CPR genes were obtained. The functional activity of the recombinant P450cur was studied in vivo during the bioconversion of androstane steroids. The fungal 7-monooxygenase predominantly catalyzed the 7β-hydroxylation of androstadienedione (ADD), DHEA, and androstenediol, whereas 1-dehydrotestosterone was hydroxylated by P450cur mainly at the C7-Hα position. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a recombinant yeast capable of catalyzing the 7α/β-hydroxylation of ADD and DHEA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav Kollerov
- Federal Research Center «Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences», G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (S.T.); (A.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Sergey Tarlachkov
- Federal Research Center «Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences», G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (S.T.); (A.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Andrei Shutov
- Federal Research Center «Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences», G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (S.T.); (A.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Alexey Kazantsev
- Chemical Department, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskiye Gori, 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Marina Donova
- Federal Research Center «Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences», G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (S.T.); (A.S.); (M.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Permana D, Kitaoka T, Ichinose H. Conversion and synthesis of chemicals catalyzed by fungal cytochrome P450 monooxygenases: A review. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023. [PMID: 37139574 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (also called CYPs or P450s) are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases. They are distributed in all biological kingdoms. Most fungi have at least two P450-encoding genes, CYP51 and CYP61, which are housekeeping genes that play important roles in the synthesis of sterols. However, the kingdom fungi is an interesting source of numerous P450s. Here, we review reports on fungal P450s and their applications in the bioconversion and biosynthesis of chemicals. We highlight their history, availability, and versatility. We describe their involvement in hydroxylation, dealkylation, oxygenation, C═C epoxidation, C-C cleavage, C-C ring formation and expansion, C-C ring contraction, and uncommon reactions in bioconversion and/or biosynthesis pathways. The ability of P450s to catalyze these reactions makes them promising enzymes for many applications. Thus, we also discuss future prospects in this field. We hope that this review will stimulate further study and exploitation of fungal P450s for specific reactions and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dani Permana
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, The National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN)), Bandung Advanced Science and Creative Engineering Space (BASICS), Kawasan Sains dan Teknologi (KST) Prof. Dr. Samaun Samadikun, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Takuya Kitaoka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang L, Wu X, Gao C, Wei L, Li Q, Li A. A Fungal P450 Enzyme from Fusarium graminearum with Unique 12β-Steroid Hydroxylation Activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0196322. [PMID: 36853033 PMCID: PMC10057880 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01963-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new cytochrome P450 enzyme, namely, CYP68J5_Fusarium graminearum (CYP68J5_fg), was identified from Fusarium graminearum via a combination of transcriptome sequencing and heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The biotransformation of progesterone by whole-cells of S. cerevisiae expressing CYP68J5_fg revealed that the CYP68J5_fg possessed steroidal 12β- and 15α-hydroxylase activities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a fungal P450 enzyme with 12β-hydroxylase activity has been identified. This advance offers opportunities to boost the efficiency and selectivity of the CYP68J5_fg hydroxylating system and thus shows great potential for further applications of this enzyme for the synthesis of steroid drugs. IMPORTANCE Regioselective and stereoselective hydroxylation is of vital importance in the functionalization of steroids, which remains challenging in organic synthesis. In particular, the C12-hydroxy steroids play a significant role in the synthesis of many important steroidal drugs. In this study, a novel fungal P450 enzyme with 12β-hydroxylation activity was identified, and it shows different substrate specificity and regioselectivity, compared to the bacterial and fungal steroidal hydroxylases that are known to date. This lays the foundation for the creation of effective biocatalysts for the process of 12β-hydroxylation, although further understanding of the molecular structural basis of this fungal P450 is needed to facilitate the engineering of this enzyme for industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical Collage of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenghua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingrui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li S, Chang Y, Liu Y, Tian W, Chang Z. A novel steroid hydroxylase from Nigrospora sphaerica with various hydroxylation capabilities to different steroid substrates. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 227:106236. [PMID: 36563764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fungal hydroxylation of steroids is a key step in the industrial production of various steroid drugs. The main enzymes that enable these reactions are Cytochrome P450s (CYP), though very few industrially important CYPs have been identified and characterized. In this study, we identified a CYP enzyme (CYP-N2) and a cytochrome P450 reductase (CPRns) from Nigrospora sphaerica 722 by a combination of transcriptome sequencing and heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris. Gene CYP-N2 co-expressed with CPRns in Pichia pastoris GS115 showed 6β- and 15α-hydroxylation activities on progesterone. Different hydroxylation specificity of CYP-N2 was observed on different steroid substrates. CYP-N2 showed 1α-hydroxylation on cortisone and 1α-hydroxylation and 6β-hydroxylation activities on androstenedione (AD). With dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) as a substrate, the hydroxylated products of CYP-N2 included 7α-hydroxy-DHEA and 7α,15α-dihydroxy-DHEA. In order to precisely elucidate CYP-N2 biological function and find out the key amino acids influencing its hydroxylation capabilities in the binding pocket, new generation artificial intelligence technology AlphaFold 2 was used to predict the function-structure of CYP-N2 with high reliability. Through molecular docking, it was concluded that the residues almost binding all substrates were located in the same substrate binding pocket and the various hydroxylation abilities might be due to the different binding conformations of different substrates in the binding pocket. Alanine scanning mutagenesis was used to verify key amino acids identified by the molecular docking with steroid substrates. The 128 THR mutation resulted in conversion rate increase for substrates AD and cortisone by 2.6-fold and 2.1-fold respectively. The information obtained in this study is beneficial to facilitating the engineering of more efficient steroid hydroxylases for industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuailin Li
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaowen Chang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingnan Liu
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Tian
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zunxue Chang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yu X, Mao C, Wang W, Kulshrestha S, Zhang P, Usman M, Zong S, Hilal MG, Fang Y, Han H, Li X. Reduction of metronidazole in municipal wastewater and protection of activated sludge system using a novel immobilized Aspergillus tabacinus LZ-M. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128509. [PMID: 36538960 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metronidazole (MNZ) accumulation inhibits municipal wastewater treatment bio-systems, and an effective solution to augment anaerobic activated sludge (AAS) is required. This research discovered that Aspergillus tabacinus LZ-M could degrade 77.39% of MNZ at 5 mg/L. MNZ was metabolized into urea, and the enzymes involved in its degradation were aminotransferase, methyltransferase, monooxygenase, and CN cleavage hydrolase. The strain was immobilized in polyurethane foam and used in AAS for the treatment of MNZ-containing municipal wastewater. The results showed that, using immobilized LZ-M, MNZ was completely removed, and the degradation efficiency of wastewater's chemical oxygen demand (COD) was increased from 11.7% to 83.31%. The extracellular polymer and ROS levels indicated that MNZ's toxicity on AAS was reduced. Furthermore, bioaugmentation stabilized its microbial community, and decreased MNZ resistance genes. These observations confirm that the immobilized fungi are effective in protecting AAS against antibiotic contamination in the treatment process of municipal wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Chunlan Mao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Wenxue Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Saurabh Kulshrestha
- School of Biotechnology Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Resources Utilization Technology of Unconventional Water of Gansu Province, Gansu Academy of Membrane Science and Technology, Duanjiatanlu #1272, Lanzhou 730020, Gansu, China
| | - Muhammad Usman
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, Gansu, China
| | - Simin Zong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Mian Gul Hilal
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yitian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huawen Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Xiangkai Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road #222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sui L, Chang F, Wang Q, Changa Z, Xia H. Functional reconstitution of a steroidal hydroxylase from the fungus Thanatephorus cucumeris in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum for 15α-hydroxylation of progesterone. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2023.108859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
|
12
|
Pardhe BD, Kwon KP, Park JK, Lee JH, Oh TJ. H 2O 2-Driven Hydroxylation of Steroids Catalyzed by Cytochrome P450 CYP105D18: Exploration of the Substrate Access Channel. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0158522. [PMID: 36511686 PMCID: PMC9888293 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01585-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP105D18 supports H2O2 as an oxygen surrogate for catalysis well and shows high H2O2 resistance capacity. We report the hydroxylation of different steroids using H2O2 as a cosubstrate. Testosterone was regiospecifically hydroxylated to 2β-hydroxytestosterone. Based on the experimental data and molecular docking, we predicted that hydroxylation of methyl testosterone and nandrolone would occur at position 2 in the A-ring, while hydroxylation of androstenedione and adrenosterone was predicted to occur in the B-ring. Further, structure-guided rational design of the substrate access channel was performed with the mutagenesis of residues S63, R82, and F184. Among the mutants, S63A showed a marked decrease in product formation, while F184A showed a significant increase in product formation in testosterone, nandrolone, methyl testosterone, androstenedione, and adrenosterone. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) toward testosterone was increased 1.36-fold in the F184A mutant over that in the wild-type enzyme. These findings might facilitate the potential use of CYP105D18 and further engineering to establish the basis of biotechnological applications. IMPORTANCE The structural modification of steroids is a challenging chemical reaction. Modifying the core ring and the side chain improves the biological activity of steroids. In particular, bacterial cytochrome P450s are used as promiscuous enzymes for the activation of nonreactive carbons of steroids. In the present work, we reported the H2O2-mediated hydroxylation of steroids by CYP105D18, which also overcomes the use of expensive cofactors. Further, exploring the substrate access channel and modifying the bulky amino acid F184A increase substrate conversion while modifying the substrate recognizing amino acid S63 markedly decreases product formation. Exploring the substrate access channel and the rational design of CYP105D18 can improve the substrate conversion, which facilitates the engineering of P450s for industrial application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bashu Dev Pardhe
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sunmoon University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Pyo Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sunmoon University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kook Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sunmoon University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sunmoon University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
- Genome-based BioIT Convergence Institute, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
He P, Li H, Sun J, Zhang X, Gong J, Shi J, Xu Z. Identification of a fungal cytochrome P450 with steroid two-step ordered selective hydroxylation characteristics in Colletotrichum lini. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 220:106096. [PMID: 35301115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Microbial hydroxylation reaction has greatly enriched the number of steroids and created many meaningful new compounds. The dihydroxylation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) by filamentous fungi produces an important product 3β,7α,15α-trihydroxy-5-androstene-17-one (7α,15α-diOH-DHEA), which can be used as a key intermediate for the synthesis of contraceptive drospirenone. The introduction of microbial hydroxylation reaction reduces the traditional chemical synthesis process by 4 steps and greatly improves the productivity and economic efficiency. Colletotrichum lini is an industrial strain producing 7α,15α-diOH-DHEA, but the related cytochrome P450 that plays hydroxylation effect has not yet been discovered. In this work, a combination of quantitative proteomics, qRT-PCR, and functional expression in Pichia pastoris was used to identify highly induced steroid hydroxylase from Colletotrichum lini ST-1. A novel fungal cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP68JX was identified. The biotransformation in recombinant yeast confirmed that the cytochrome P450 has steroid C7α and C15α hydroxylase activities. The hydroxylation of DHEA by CYP68JX is an ordered reaction, proceeding from the C7 to the C15 site of the steroidal nucleus. The cloning and identification of the CYP68JX gene provide useful information for deepening the understanding regarding the structural basis of its regional and stereoselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Jin Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jinsong Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jinsong Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Feng J, Wu Q, Zhu D, Ma Y. Biotransformation Enables Innovations Toward Green Synthesis of Steroidal Pharmaceuticals. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102399. [PMID: 35089653 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Steroids have been widely used in birth-control, prevention, and treatment of various diseases, representing the largest sector after antibiotics in the global pharmaceutical market. The steroidal active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have been produced via partial synthetic processes first mainly from sapogenins, which was converted into 16-dehydropregnenolone by the famous "Marker Degradation". Traditional mutation and screening, and process engineering have resulted in the industrial production of 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD), androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD), 9α-hydroxy-androsta-4-ene-3,17-dione (9α-OH-AD), and so on, which serve as the key intermediates for the synthesis of steroidal APIs. Recently, genetic and metabolic engineering have generated highly efficient microbial strains for the production of these precursors, leading to the replacement of sapogenins with phytosterols as the starting materials. Further advances in synthetic biology hold promise in the design and construction of microbial cell factories for the industrial production of steroidal intermediates and/or APIs from simple carbon sources such as glucose. Integration of biotransformation into the synthesis of steroidal APIs can greatly reduce the number of reaction steps, achieve lower waste discharge and higher production efficiency, thus enabling a greener steroidal pharmaceutical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Feng
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Dunming Zhu
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Permana D, Niesel K, Ford MJ, Ichinose H. Latent Functions and Applications of Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases from Thamnidium elegans: A Novel Biocatalyst for 14α-Hydroxylation of Testosterone. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13932-13941. [PMID: 35559141 PMCID: PMC9088945 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are ubiquitous enzymes with high availability and diversity in nature. Fungi provide a diverse and complex array of P450s, and these enzymes play essential roles in various secondary metabolic processes. Besides the physiological impacts of P450s on fungal life, their versatile functions are attractive for use in advanced applications of the biotechnology sector. Herein, we report gene identification and functional characterization of P450s from the zygomycetous fungus Thamnidium elegans (TeCYPs). We identified 48 TeCYP genes, including two putative pseudogenes, from the whole-genome sequence of T. elegans. Furthermore, we constructed a functional library of TeCYPs and heterologously expressed 46 TeCYPs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recombinants of S. cerevisiae were then used as whole-cell biocatalysts for bioconversion of various compounds. Catalytic potentials of various TeCYPs were demonstrated through a functionomic survey to convert a series of compounds, including steroidal substrates. Notably, CYP5312A4 was found to be highly active against testosterone. Based on nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, enzymatic conversion of testosterone to 14α-hydroxytestosterone by CYP5312A4 was demonstrated. This is the first report to identify a novel fungal P450 that catalyzes the 14α-hydroxylation of testosterone. In addition, we explored the latent potentials of TeCYPs using various substrates. This study provides a platform to further study the potential use of TeCYPs as catalysts in pharmaceutical and agricultural industries and biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dani Permana
- Faculty
of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Research
Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, The National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia
(BRIN), Bandung Advanced Science and Creative Engineering Space (BASICS), Jl. Cisitu, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
| | - Ksenia Niesel
- Bayer
AG, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | | | - Hirofumi Ichinose
- Faculty
of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- . Phone/Fax: +81 (0)92-802-4666
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Identification of a novel cytochrome P450 17A2 enzyme catalyzing the C17α hydroxylation of progesterone and its application in engineered Pichia pastoris. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
17
|
Felpeto‐Santero C, Galán B, García JL. Production of 11α-hydroxysteroids from sterols in a single fermentation step by Mycolicibacterium smegmatis. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:2514-2524. [PMID: 33660943 PMCID: PMC8601193 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
11α-hydroxylated steroid synthons are one of the most important commercially pharmaceutical intermediates used for the production of contraceptive drugs and glucocorticoids. These compounds are currently produced by biotransformation using fungal strains in two sequential fermentation steps. In this work, we have developed by a rational design new recombinant bacteria able to produce 11α-hydroxylated synthons in a single fermentation step using cholesterol (CHO) or phytosterols (PHYTO) as feedstock. We have designed a synthetic operon expressing the 11α-hydroxylating enzymes from the fungus Rhizopus oryzae that was cloned into engineered mutant strains of Mycolicibacterium smegmatis that were previously created to produce 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD), 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (ADD) from sterols. The introduction of the fungal synthetic operon in these modified bacterial chassis has allowed producing for the first time 11αOH-AD and 11αOH-ADD with high yields directly from sterols in a single fermentation step. Remarkably, the enzymes of sterol catabolic pathway from M. smegmatis recognized the 11α-hydroxylated intermediates as alternative substrates and were able to efficiently funnel sterols to the desired hydroxylated end-products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Felpeto‐Santero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita SalasAgencia del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadridSpain
| | - Beatriz Galán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita SalasAgencia del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadridSpain
| | - José Luis García
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita SalasAgencia del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadridSpain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Grogan G. Hemoprotein Catalyzed Oxygenations: P450s, UPOs, and Progress toward Scalable Reactions. JACS AU 2021; 1:1312-1329. [PMID: 34604841 PMCID: PMC8479775 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The selective oxygenation of nonactivated carbon atoms is an ongoing synthetic challenge, and biocatalysts, particularly hemoprotein oxygenases, continue to be investigated for their potential, given both their sustainable chemistry credentials and also their superior selectivity. However, issues of stability, activity, and complex reaction requirements often render these biocatalytic oxygenations problematic with respect to scalable industrial processes. A continuing focus on Cytochromes P450 (P450s), which require a reduced nicotinamide cofactor and redox protein partners for electron transport, has now led to better catalysts and processes with a greater understanding of process requirements and limitations for both in vitro and whole-cell systems. However, the discovery and development of unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) has also recently provided valuable complementary technology to P450-catalyzed reactions. UPOs need only hydrogen peroxide to effect oxygenations but are hampered by their sensitivity to peroxide and also by limited selectivity. In this Perspective, we survey recent developments in the engineering of proteins, cells, and processes for oxygenations by these two groups of hemoproteins and evaluate their potential and relative merits for scalable reactions.
Collapse
|
19
|
Romero E, Jones BS, Hogg BN, Rué Casamajo A, Hayes MA, Flitsch SL, Turner NJ, Schnepel C. Enzymkatalysierte späte Modifizierungen: Besser spät als nie. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 133:16962-16993. [PMID: 38505660 PMCID: PMC10946893 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
AbstractDie Enzymkatalyse gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung in der Synthesechemie. Die durch Bioinformatik und Enzym‐Engineering stetig wachsende Zahl von Biokatalysatoren eröffnet eine große Vielfalt selektiver Reaktionen. Insbesondere für späte Funktionalisierungsreaktionen ist die Biokatalyse ein geeignetes Werkzeug, das oftmals der konventionellen De‐novo‐Synthese überlegen ist. Enzyme haben sich als nützlich erwiesen, um funktionelle Gruppen direkt in komplexe Molekülgerüste einzuführen sowie für die rasche Diversifizierung von Substanzbibliotheken. Biokatalytische Oxyfunktionalisierungen, Halogenierungen, Methylierungen, Reduktionen und Amidierungen sind von besonderem Interesse, da diese Strukturmotive häufig in Pharmazeutika vertreten sind. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die Stärken und Schwächen der enzymkatalysierten späten Modifizierungen durch native und optimierte Enzyme in der Synthesechemie. Ebenso werden wichtige Beispiele in der Wirkstoffentwicklung hervorgehoben.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Romero
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGötheborgSchweden
| | - Bethan S. Jones
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Bethany N. Hogg
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Arnau Rué Casamajo
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Martin A. Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGötheborgSchweden
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| | - Christian Schnepel
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNVereinigtes Königreich
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Romero E, Jones BS, Hogg BN, Rué Casamajo A, Hayes MA, Flitsch SL, Turner NJ, Schnepel C. Enzymatic Late-Stage Modifications: Better Late Than Never. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16824-16855. [PMID: 33453143 PMCID: PMC8359417 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme catalysis is gaining increasing importance in synthetic chemistry. Nowadays, the growing number of biocatalysts accessible by means of bioinformatics and enzyme engineering opens up an immense variety of selective reactions. Biocatalysis especially provides excellent opportunities for late-stage modification often superior to conventional de novo synthesis. Enzymes have proven to be useful for direct introduction of functional groups into complex scaffolds, as well as for rapid diversification of compound libraries. Particularly important and highly topical are enzyme-catalysed oxyfunctionalisations, halogenations, methylations, reductions, and amide bond formations due to the high prevalence of these motifs in pharmaceuticals. This Review gives an overview of the strengths and limitations of enzymatic late-stage modifications using native and engineered enzymes in synthesis while focusing on important examples in drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Romero
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Bethan S. Jones
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Bethany N. Hogg
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Arnau Rué Casamajo
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Martin A. Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| | - Christian Schnepel
- School of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterManchester Institute of Biotechnology131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Felpeto-Santero C, Galán B, García JL. Engineering the Steroid Hydroxylating System from Cochliobolus lunatus in Mycolicibacterium smegmatis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071499. [PMID: 34361934 PMCID: PMC8306143 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
14α-hydroxylated steroids are starting materials for the synthesis of contraceptive and anti-inflammatory compounds in the steroid industry. A synthetic bacterial operon containing the cytochrome P450 CYP103168 and the reductase CPR64795 of the fungus Cochlioboluslunatus able to hydroxylate steroids has been engineered into a shuttle plasmid named pMVFAN. This plasmid was used to transform two mutants of Mycolicibacterium smegmatis named MS6039-5941 and MS6039 that accumulate 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD), and 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (ADD), respectively. The recombinant mutants MS6039-5941 (pMVFAN) and MS6039 (pMVFAN) were able to efficiently express the hydroxylating CYP system of C.lunatus and produced in high yields 14αOH-AD and 14αOH-ADD, respectively, directly from cholesterol and phytosterols in a single fermentation step. These results open a new avenue for producing at industrial scale these and other hydroxylated steroidal synthons by transforming with this synthetic operon other Mycolicibacterium strains currently used for the commercial production of steroidal synthons from phytosterols as feedstock.
Collapse
|
22
|
Chakrabarty S, Wang Y, Perkins JC, Narayan ARH. Scalable biocatalytic C-H oxyfunctionalization reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:8137-8155. [PMID: 32701110 PMCID: PMC8177087 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00440e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic C-H oxyfunctionalization reactions have garnered significant attention in recent years with their ability to streamline synthetic routes toward complex molecules. Consequently, there have been significant strides in the design and development of catalysts that enable diversification through C-H functionalization reactions. Enzymatic C-H oxygenation reactions are often complementary to small molecule based synthetic approaches, providing a powerful tool when deployable on preparative-scale. This review highlights key advances in scalable biocatalytic C-H oxyfunctionalization reactions developed within the past decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Chakrabarty
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhu J, Shen C, Zhao W, Liu X, Liu J, Yu B. Regio- and stereoselective hydroxylation of testosterone by cytochrome P450 from Streptomyces griseus ATCC 13273. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2020.1799990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinqian Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanli Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiufeng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jihua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Boyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Distinct Regioselectivity of Fungal P450 Enzymes for Steroidal Hydroxylation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01182-19. [PMID: 31324634 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01182-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we identified two P450 enzymes (CYP5150AP3 and CYP5150AN1) from Thanatephorus cucumeris NBRC 6298 by combination of transcriptome sequencing and heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris The biotransformation of 11-deoxycortisol and testosterone by Pichia pastoris whole cells coexpressing the cyp5150ap3 and por genes demonstrated that the CYP5150AP3 enzyme possessed steroidal 7β-hydroxylase activities toward these substrates, and the regioselectivity was dependent on the structures of steroidal compounds. CYP5150AN1 catalyzed the 2β-hydroxylation of 11-deoxycortisol. It is interesting that they display different regioselectivity of hydroxylation from that of their isoenzyme, CYP5150AP2, which possesses 19- and 11β-hydroxylase activities.IMPORTANCE The steroidal hydroxylases CYP5150AP3 and CYP5150AN1 together with the previously characterized CYP5150AP2 belong to the CYP5150A family of P450 enzymes with high amino acid sequence identity, but they showed completely different regioselectivities toward 11-deoxycortisol, suggesting the regioselectivity diversity of steroidal hydroxylases of CYP5150 family. They are also distinct from the known bacterial and fungal steroidal hydroxylases in substrate specificity and regioselectivity. Biocatalytic hydroxylation is one of the important transformations for the functionalization of steroid nucleus rings but remains a very challenging task in organic synthesis. These hydroxylases are useful additions to the toolbox of hydroxylase enzymes for the functionalization of steroids at various positions.
Collapse
|
25
|
A biocatalytic hydroxylation-enabled unified approach to C19-hydroxylated steroids. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3378. [PMID: 31358750 PMCID: PMC6662754 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidal C19-hydroxylation is pivotal to the synthesis of naturally occurring bioactive C19-OH steroids and 19-norsteroidal pharmaceuticals. However, realizing this transformation is proved to be challenging through either chemical or biological synthesis. Herein, we report a highly efficient method to synthesize 19-OH-cortexolone in 80% efficiency at the multi-gram scale. The obtained C19-OH-cortexolone can be readily transformed to various synthetically useful intermediates including the industrially valuable 19-OH-androstenedione, which can serve as a basis for synthesis of C19-functionalized steroids as well as 19-nor steroidal drugs. Using this biocatalytic C19-hydroxylation method, the unified synthesis of six C19-hydroxylated pregnanes is achieved in just 4 to 9 steps. In addition, the structure of sclerosteroid B is revised on the basis of our synthesis. C19 hydroxylation is a unique feature of some bioactive steroids. Here, the authors developed a direct C19 hydroxylation approach to scalably access 19-OH-cortexolone in the host T. cucumeris and then converted the product into various pharmaceutically useful products via chemical synthesis.
Collapse
|