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Aguilar-Guadarrama AB, Díaz-Román MA, Osorio-García M, Déciga-Campos M, Rios MY. Chemical Constituents from Agave applanata and Its Antihyperglycemic, Anti-inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Activities Associated with Its Tissue Repair Capability. Planta Med 2024; 90:397-410. [PMID: 38365219 DOI: 10.1055/a-2270-5527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Agave applanata is a Mexican agave whose fresh leaves are employed to prepare an ethanol tonic used to relieve diabetes. It is also applied to skin to relieve varicose and diabetic foot ulcers, including wounds, inflammation, and infections. In this study, the chemical composition of this ethanol tonic is established and its association with antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound healing activities is discussed. The fresh leaves of A. applanata were extracted with ethanol : H2O (85 : 15). A fraction of this extract was lyophilized, and the remainder was partitioned into CH2Cl2, n-BuOH, and water. CH2Cl2 and n-BuOH fractions were subjected to a successive open column chromatography process. The structure of the isolated compounds was established using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry spectra. The antihyperglycemic activity was evaluated through in vivo sucrose and glucose tolerance experiments, as well as ex vivo intestinal absorption and hepatic production of glucose. Wound healing and edema inhibition were assayed in mice. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the hydroalcoholic extract, its fractions, and pure compounds were determined through agar microdilution against the most isolated pathogens from diabetic foot ulcers. Fatty acids, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, hecogenin (1: ), N-oleyl-D-glucosamine, β-daucosterol, sucrose, myo-inositol, and hecogenin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (2: ) were characterized. This research provides evidence for the pharmacological importance of A. applanata in maintaining normoglycemia, showing anti-inflammatory activity and antimicrobial effects against the microorganisms frequently found in diabetic foot ulcers. This plant plays an important role in wound healing and accelerated tissue reparation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mónica Aideé Díaz-Román
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Morelos, México
| | - Maribel Osorio-García
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Morelos, México
| | - Myrna Déciga-Campos
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María Yolanda Rios
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Morelos, México
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2
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Xia J, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Zhang T. Cycloastragenol restrains keratinocyte hyperproliferation by promoting autophagy via the miR-145/STC1/Notch1 axis in psoriasis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2024; 46:229-239. [PMID: 38194243 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2023.2300310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is characterized by inflammation and hyperproliferation of epidermal keratinocytes. Cycloastragenol (CAG) is an active molecule of Astragalus membranaceus that potentially plays a repressive role in psoriasis. Activated cell autophagy is an effective pathway for alleviating psoriasis progression. Thus, we investigated the role of CAG in the proliferation and autophagy of interleukin (IL)-22-stimulated keratinocytes. METHODS A psoriasis model was established by stimulating HaCaT cells with IL-22. Gene or protein expression levels were measured by qRT-PCR or western blot. Autophagy flux was observed with mRFP-GFP-LC3 adenovirus transfection assay under confocal microscopy. Stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) secretion levels were determined using ELISA kits. The apoptosis rate was assessed using flow cytometry. Interactions between miR-145 and STC1 or STC1 and Notch1 were validated by luciferase reporter gene assays, RIP, and Co-IP assays. RESULTS CAG repressed cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis and autophagy in IL-22-stimulated HaCaT cells. Additionally, CAG promoted autophagy by enhancing miR-145. STC1 silencing ameliorated autophagy repression in IL-22-treated HaCaT cells. Moreover, miR-145 negatively regulated STC1, and STC1 was found to activate Notch1. Lastly, STC1 overexpression reversed CAG-promoted autophagy. CONCLUSION CAG alleviated keratinocyte hyperproliferation through autophagy enhancement via regulating the miR-145/STC1/Notch1 axis in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xia
- Department of Dermatology, Changsha Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Changsha Eighth Hospital), Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Changsha Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Changsha Eighth Hospital), Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Changsha Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Changsha Eighth Hospital), Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Changsha Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Changsha Eighth Hospital), Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
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Alsabaani NA, Amawi K, Eleawa SM, Nabeel Ibrahim W, Aldhaban W, Alaraj AM, Alkhalaf B, Sami W, Alshaikhli H, Alkhateeb MA. Nrf-2-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects underlie the protective effect of esculeoside A against retinal damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116461. [PMID: 38503237 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Esculeoside A (ESA) is a tomato-derived glycoside with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The protective effect of ESA against diabetic retinopathy is not well-investigated and was the core objective of this study. In addition, we tested if such protection involves the activation of Nrf2 signaling. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) was induced in adult Wistar male rats by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). Non-diabetic and T1DM rats were divided into two subgroup groups given either the vehicle or ESA (100 mg)/kg. An additional T1DM group was given ESA (100 mg/kg) and an Nrf2 inhibitor (2 mg/kg) (n=8 rats/group). Treatments continued for 12 weeks. In this study, according to the histological features, ESA improved the structure of ganglionic cells and increased the number of cells of the inner nuclear and plexiform layers in the retinas of T1DM rats. Concomitantly, it reduced the retina levels of malondialdehyde (lipid peroxides), vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, Bax, and caspase-3. In the retinas of the control and diabetic rats, ESA boosted the levels of total glutathione, superoxide dismutase, heme-oxygenase-1, and Bcl2, reduced the mRNA levels of REDD1, and enhanced cytoplasmic and nuclear levels of Nrf2. However, ESA failed to alter the mRNA levels of Nrf2 and keap1, protein levels of keap1, plasma glucose, plasma insulin, serum triglycerides, cholesterol, and LDL-c in both the control and T1DM rats. In conclusion, ESA alleviates retinopathy in T1DM rats by suppressing REDD1-associated degradation and inhibiting the Nrf2/antioxidant axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser A Alsabaani
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha P.O.Box 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kawther Amawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa University, Al-Zarqa, P.O. Box: 132222, Jordan.
| | - Samy M Eleawa
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences. College of Health Sciences, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PAAET), Kuwait P.O. Box: 2378, Kuwait.
| | - Wisam Nabeel Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU health, Qatar University, Doha, P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar.
| | - Walid Aldhaban
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha P.O.Box 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmad Mohammad Alaraj
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim P.O. Box 52751, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Badr Alkhalaf
- Department of Environmental Sciences. College of Health Health Sciences, PAAET, Kuwait.
| | - Waqas Sami
- Department of pre-clinical affairs, College of Nursing, QU health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar.
| | - Hisham Alshaikhli
- Department of pre-clinical affairs, College of Nursing, QU health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar.
| | - Mahmoud A Alkhateeb
- Department of pre-clinical affairs, College of Nursing, QU health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar.
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Shen P, Jiang X, Zhang J, Wang J, Raj R, Li G, Ge H, Wang W, Yu B, Zhang J. Isolation and microbial transformation of tea sapogenin from seed pomace of Camellia oleifera with anti-inflammatory effects. Chin J Nat Med 2024; 22:280-288. [PMID: 38553195 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(24)60598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
In the current study, tea saponin, identified as the primary bioactive constituent in seed pomace of Camellia oleifera Abel., was meticulously extracted and hydrolyzed to yield five known sapogenins: 16-O-tiglogycamelliagnin B (a), camelliagnin A (b), 16-O-angeloybarringtogenol C (c), theasapogenol E (d), theasapogenol F (e). Subsequent biotransformation of compound a facilitated the isolation of six novel metabolites (a1-a6). The anti-inflammatory potential of these compounds was assessed using pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns molecules (DAMPs)-mediated cellular inflammation models. Notably, compounds b and a2 demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)-induced inflammation, surpassing the efficacy of the standard anti-inflammatory agent, carbenoxolone. Conversely, compounds d, a3, and a6 selectivity targeted endogenous HMGB1-induced inflammation, showcasing a pronounced specificity. These results underscore the therapeutic promise of C. oleifera seed pomace-derived compounds as potent agents for the management of inflammatory diseases triggered by infections and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xuewa Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jingling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Richa Raj
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guolong Li
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of New Drugs and Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Haixia Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Boyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Karwowska K, Urbaniak W, Petelska AD. The Equilibria of Triterpene Sapogenins-Phosphatidylcholine in Monolayers at the Air/Water Interface. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16144. [PMID: 38003339 PMCID: PMC10671155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sapogenins are the non-sugar parts of saponins (aglycones), high-molecular-weight glycosides linked to one or more sugar side chains. This group of compounds presents many properties, e.g., the potent properties of reducing surface tension and foaming properties, as evidenced by the amphipathic nature of these substances. They are used in the cosmetics industry, the washing and detergent industry, and the food industry. In addition, they have many healing properties. They lower blood cholesterol but are also used to synthesize steroid drugs or hormones. As reported in the literature, saponins also show antitumor activity, leading to cell cycle inhibition and apoptosis of various neoplastic cells. In this study, the influence of two sapogenins: asiatic acid (AA) and oleanolic acid (OA), on the properties of monolayers made of phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) was investigated. The method used in these studies was the Langmuir method with Brewster angle microscopy. The interactions between the tested compounds in mixed monolayers were described. Using mathematical equations, we established that oleanolic acid and asiatic acid formed complexes with DPPC at 1:1 ratios, characterized by high stability constants. We derived the parameters characterizing the formed complexes and described the phase transitions that occur during the formation of pure and mixed monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Karwowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Wiesław Urbaniak
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicz 30, 85-867 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Aneta D. Petelska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
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Zhu F, Zhang X, Du BY, Zhu XX, Zhao GF, Sun Y, Yao QQ, Liang HB, Yao JC, Liu Z, Zhang GM, Qin GF. Using UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS and HPLC-CAD to Identify Impurities in Cycloastragenol, Which Is a Pre-Clinical Candidate for COPD. Molecules 2023; 28:6382. [PMID: 37687212 PMCID: PMC10489802 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a highly prevalent disease that has become the third leading cause of death worldwide. Cycloastragenol (CAG), which is the genuine sapogenin of the main active triterpene saponins in Astragali radix, is a bioavailable pre-clinical candidate for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and it was investigated in our previous study. In order to progress medical research, it was first efficiently produced on a 2.5-kg scale via Smith degradation from astragaloside IV (AS-IV). Simultaneously, since the impurity profiling of a drug is critical for performing CMC documentation in pre-clinical development, a study on impurities was carried out. As these structures do not contain chromophores and possess weak UV absorption characteristics, HPLC-CAD and UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS were employed to carry out the quality control of the impurities. Then, column chromatography (CC), preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC), and crystallization led to the identification of 15 impurities from CAG API. Among these impurities, compounds 1, 4, 9, 10, 14, and 15 were elucidated via spectroscopic analysis, and 2-3, 5-8, and 11-13 were putatively identified. Interestingly, the new compounds 9 and 14 were rare 10, 19-secocycloartane triterpenoids that displayed certain anti-inflammatory activities against LPS-induced lymphocyte cells and CSE-induced MLE-12 cells. Additionally, a plausible structural transformation pathway of the degradation compounds from CAG or AS IV was proposed. The information obtained will provide a material basis to carry out the quality control and clinical safety assurance of API and related prescriptions. Reasonable guidance will also be provided regarding the compounds with weak UV absorption characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Bing-Yuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiang-Xia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Gui-Fang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | | | - Hong-Bao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jing-Chun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Gui-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Guo-Fei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China; (F.Z.); (X.Z.); (B.-Y.D.); (X.-X.Z.); (G.-F.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.-B.L.); (J.-C.Y.); (Z.L.)
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Feng J, Zhang R, Zhang Z, Wu Q, Zhu D. [Construction of strains for bioconversion of steroid key intermediates and intelligent industrial production]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2022; 38:4335-4342. [PMID: 37699693 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.220592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal hormone pharmaceuticals are the second largest class of medicines after antibiotics. At present, the initial materials of the steroidal industry have shifted from sapogenins, which were extracted from plants of the genus Dioscore to phytosterols. As a byproduct of soybean oil production, phytosterols are readily available and of low prices. Androstenedione (AD), androstadiendione (ADD), 9α-hydroxy-androstenedione (9α-OH-AD) and a series of key intermediates used in the synthesis of steroidal pharmaceuticals can be produced from phytosterols by microbial transformation. Nevertheless, due to the long metabolic pathways, the byproducts and the complex regulation, traditional microbial screening, mutagenizing methods and the oil-water biphasic transformation systems are no longer suitable for current industrial production. A new generation strains for the production of key steroidal pharmaceutical intermediates have been constructed and an intelligent production process has been jointly developed by us and Zhejiang Xianju Junye Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.. Taking these products and processes as an example, this article reviews the improvement of strains for the production of steroidal pharmaceutical intermediates and the development of biotransformation process on an industrial scale. With the development of synthetic biology, it is expected to develop a new generation of intermediates which are more suitable for the synthesis of steroidal medicines. Moreover, de novo biosynthesis the steroidal active pharmaceutical ingredients from glucose is also expected. The application of these new-generation strains constructed by biotechnology (BT) in modern factories based on informatization and intelligent technology (IT) will be more efficient and greener, and create remarkable social and economic values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Feng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Rujin Zhang
- Zhejiang Xianju Junye Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Taizhou 317300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengbin Zhang
- Zhejiang Xianju Junye Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Taizhou 317300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Dunming Zhu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
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8
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Yilmaz S, Bedir E, Ballar Kirmizibayrak P. The role of cycloastragenol at the intersection of NRF2/ARE, telomerase, and proteasome activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:105-116. [PMID: 35718303 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aging is well-characterized by the gradual decline of cellular functionality. As redox balance, proteostasis, and telomerase systems have been found to be associated with aging and age-related diseases, targeting these systems with small compounds has been considered a promising therapeutic approach. Cycloastragenol (CA), a small molecule telomerase activator obtained from Astragalus species, has been reported to positively affect several age-related pathophysiologies, but the mechanisms underlying CA activity have yet to be reported. Here, we presented that CA increased NRF2 nuclear localization and activity leading to upregulation of cytoprotective enzymes and attenuation of oxidative stress-induced ROS levels. Furthermore, CA-mediated induction of telomerase activity was found to be regulated by NRF2. CA not only increased the expression of hTERT but also its nuclear localization via upregulating the Hsp90-chaperon complex. In addition to modulating nuclear hTERT levels at unstressed conditions, CA alleviated oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial hTERT levels while increasing nuclear hTERT levels. Concomitantly, H2O2-induced mitochondrial ROS level was found to be significantly decreased by CA administration. Our data also revealed that CA strongly enhanced proteasome activity and assembly. More importantly, the proteasome activator effect of CA is dependent on the induction of telomerase activity, which is mediated by NRF2 system. In conclusion, our results not only revealed the cross-talk among NRF2, telomerase, and proteasome systems but also that CA functions at the intersection of these three major aging-related cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Yilmaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alanya Aladdin Keykubat, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Erdal Bedir
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey.
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Feng J, Wu Q, Zhu D, Ma Y. Biotransformation Enables Innovations Toward Green Synthesis of Steroidal Pharmaceuticals. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202102399. [PMID: 35089653 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Steroids have been widely used in birth-control, prevention, and treatment of various diseases, representing the largest sector after antibiotics in the global pharmaceutical market. The steroidal active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have been produced via partial synthetic processes first mainly from sapogenins, which was converted into 16-dehydropregnenolone by the famous "Marker Degradation". Traditional mutation and screening, and process engineering have resulted in the industrial production of 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD), androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD), 9α-hydroxy-androsta-4-ene-3,17-dione (9α-OH-AD), and so on, which serve as the key intermediates for the synthesis of steroidal APIs. Recently, genetic and metabolic engineering have generated highly efficient microbial strains for the production of these precursors, leading to the replacement of sapogenins with phytosterols as the starting materials. Further advances in synthetic biology hold promise in the design and construction of microbial cell factories for the industrial production of steroidal intermediates and/or APIs from simple carbon sources such as glucose. Integration of biotransformation into the synthesis of steroidal APIs can greatly reduce the number of reaction steps, achieve lower waste discharge and higher production efficiency, thus enabling a greener steroidal pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Feng
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Dunming Zhu
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
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Chen J, Zhang Y, Guan X, Cao H, Li L, Yu J, Liu H. Characterization of Saponins from Differently Colored Quinoa Cultivars and Their In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion and Fermentation Properties. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:1810-1818. [PMID: 35119265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa contains rich saponins, which are removed during processing and cause ecological waste. We extracted saponins from quinoa (SEQ) in black, white, and red cultivars and compared their composition by spectrophotometric assay and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis combined with acid hydrolysis. The digestion and fermentation properties of SEQ were investigated using an in vitro model. Our results showed that acid hydrolysis released sapogenins, mainly phytolaccagenin (PA), hederagenin (HD), and oleanolic acid from SEQ. Varying from SEQ in red, SEQ in black and white had a similar composition and content of sapogenins. Gastrointestinal digestion did not release sapogenins from SEQ but reduced the antioxidant activity of SEQ. Gut microbiota from human feces released PA and HD from SEQ. Reciprocally, SEQ in black significantly increased the growth of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp., while reducing the growth of Shigella spp. The present study provides guidance for further investigation about the bioactivities of saponins from quinoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junda Chen
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiao Guan
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hongwei Cao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hanlin Liu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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11
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Yao SF, Zhang HB, Cai ZS, Gao H, Wang D, Shang SB. Two new steroidal sapogenins from Rohdea chinensis (synonym Tupistra chinensis) rhizomes and their antifungal activity. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2022; 24:153-162. [PMID: 33583288 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2021.1886088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two novel acylated steroidal sapogenins, 3β-acetoxy-1α, 2α, 4β, 5α, 7α-pentahydroxy-spirost-25(27)-en-6-one (1) and (25S)-3α-acetoxy-1α, 2β, 4α, 5α, 7α-pentahydroxyspirostan-6-one (2), together with two known steroidal sapogenins (3 and 4), were isolated from Rohdea chinensis rhizomes. Their structures were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) data. In addition, the antifungal activities of the isolated compounds against Penicillium digitatum and Rhizopus stolonifera were evaluated. Compound 2 significantly inhibited R. stolonifera growth, which was comparable to the positive control (sodium benzoate and carbendazim). Compound 4 showed the highest potency to inhibit P. digitatum growth compared to other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Feng Yao
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210042, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zhao-Sheng Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Shi-Bin Shang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing 210042, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Magedans YVS, Phillips MA. Soapbark Triterpenes: Quillaja brasiliensis Cell Culture Sapogenin and Free Sterol Analysis by GCMS. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2469:119-128. [PMID: 35508834 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2185-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Triterpene saponins of the genus Quillaja (Quillajaceae) are known for their immunoadjuvant, hypocholesterolemic, and anti-inflammatory activity. Plant cell cultures are useful for the study of saponin metabolism and industrial production of these bioactive compounds. While structurally related phytosterols are primary metabolites essential to growth and development, saponins are responsive to pathogen and abiotic stress, fulfilling roles in plant specialized metabolism. For cell culture production of saponins, phytosterols may be considered a competing pathway which relies on a common pool of cytosolic isoprenoid precursors.Understanding the metabolic allocation of resources between these two related pathways is key to maximizing saponin production in in vitro production systems. Sterols and saponins naturally occur in multiple conjugated forms, which complicate separation and quantification. The acid hydrolysis of conjugated sterols and saponins to their free forms is a useful technique to simplify their analysis by gas chromatography. Here we provide the workflow for the quantification of free sterols and sapogenins in cell cultures of Quillaja brasiliensis .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yve V S Magedans
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Michael A Phillips
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto-Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
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Li X, Wang Y, Fan Z, Wang Y, Wang P, Yan X, Zhou Z. High-level sustainable production of the characteristic protopanaxatriol-type saponins from Panax species in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2021; 66:87-97. [PMID: 33865981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese medicinal plant Panax notoginseng has been traditionally used to activate blood flow and circulation, and to prevent blood stasis. P. notoginseng contains protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type saponins as its main active compounds, thus distinguishing it from the other two famous Panax species, P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), notoginsenoside R1 (NgR1), and notoginsenoside R2 (NgR2) are three major PPT-type saponins in P. notoginseng and possess potential cardiovascular protection activities. However, their use in medical applications has long been hampered by the lack of sustainable and low-cost industrial-scale preparation methods. In this study, a PPT-producing yeast chassis strain was designed and constructed based on a previously constructed and optimized protopanaxadiol (PPD)-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, and further optimized by systemically engineering and optimizing the expression level of its key P450 biopart. Rg1-producing yeast strains were constructed by introducing PgUGT71A53 and PgUGT71A54 into the PPT chassis strain. The fermentation titer of Rg1 reached 1.95 g/L. A group of UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGT) from P. notoginseng and P. ginseng were characterized, and were found to generate NgR1 and NgR2 by catalyzing the C6-O-Glc xylosylation of Rg1 and Rh1, respectively. Using one of these UGTs, PgUGT94Q13, and the previously identified PgUGT71A53 and PgUGT71A54, the biosynthetic pathway to produce saponins NgR1 and NgR2 from PPT could be available. The NgR1 cell factory was further developed by introducing PgUGT94Q13 and a heterologous UDP-xylose biosynthetic pathway from Arabidopsis thaliana into the highest Rg1-producing cell factory. The NgR2-producing cell factory was constructed by introducing PgUGT71A54, PgUGT94Q13, and the UDP-xylose biosynthetic pathway into the PPT chassis. De novo production of NgR1 and NgR2 reached 1.62 g/L and 1.25 g/L, respectively. Beyond the realization of artificial production of the three valuable saponins Rg1, NgR1, and NgR2 from glucose, our work provides a green and sustainable platform for the efficient production of other PPT-type saponins in engineered yeast strains, and promotes the industrial application of PPT-type saponins as medicine and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yinmei Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhenjun Fan
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xing Yan
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Li G, Tang H, Chen Y, Yin Y, Ogawa S, Liu M, Guo Y, Qi X, Liu Y, Parhar IS, Liu X, Lin H. Estrogen directly stimulates LHb expression at the pituitary level during puberty in female zebrafish. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 461:1-11. [PMID: 28801227 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The LHb expression is up-regulated during puberty in female zebrafish. However, the molecular mechanism underlying how LHb expression is regulated during puberty remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that the mRNA expression levels of lhb, fshb and cyp19a1b were up-regulated along with the puberty onset in zebrafish. Among the three nuclear estrogen receptors (nERs), the esr2b is the only type whose expression is significantly up-regulated during puberty onset in the pituitary. However, in situ hybridization results revealed that lhb mRNA was colocalized with esr1 and esr2a but not esr2b. Exposure to estradiol (E2) significantly stimulates LHb expression in both wild-type and kiss1-/-;kiss2-/-;gnrh3-/- triple knockout pubertal zebrafish. Moreover, exposure of cultured pituitary cells to E2 increased the LHb expression, indicating that the estrogenic effect on LHb expression could be acted at the pituitary level. Finally, we cloned and analyzed the promoter of lhb by luciferase assay. Our results indicated that the E2 responsive regions of lhb promoter for ERα and ERβ2 are identical, suggesting that ERα and ERβ2 could bind to the same half ERE region of the promoter of lhb, exhibiting a classical ERE-dependent pathway. In summary, we demonstrate that E2 could directly act on the pituitary level to stimulate LHb transcription during puberty in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Haipei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yike Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Meifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ishwar S Parhar
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, China.
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, China.
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15
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Wu W, Qin Q, Guo Y, Sun J, Liu S. Studies on the chemical transformation of 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides R(e), R(g2), and R(f) using rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF-MS). J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:10007-10014. [PMID: 22991995 DOI: 10.1021/jf302638f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF-MS) method was developed for analysis of chemical transformation of 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides Re, Rg2, and Rf in acidic conditions. The transformation products were identified by comparing the retention time of the standard compounds, the accurate mass measurement, and the fragment ions obtained from RRLC-Q-TOF-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analyses. The specific product ions of aglycone PPT (m/z 475), C-24- and C-25-hydrated PPT (m/z 493), and Δ20(21) or Δ20(22) dehydration PPT (m/z 457) by MS/MS were discussed for structural characterization. Experiments demonstrated that chemical transformation mechanisms of 20(S)-PPT-type ginsenosides in acidic conditions include hydrolysis of saccharide substitution, Δ20(21) or Δ20(22) dehydration, and hydration addition reactions at C-24 and C-25. The chemical transformation pathway for 20(S)-PPT-type ginsenosides was summarized. The developed RRLC-Q-TOF-MS method was also applied for comparative analysis of 20(S)-PPT ginsenoside and related chemical transformation products in ginseng products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun 130117, People's Republic of China
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16
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Abstract
Vaccines require optimal adjuvants including immunopotentiator and delivery systems to offer long term protection from infectious diseases in animals and man. Initially it was believed that adjuvants are responsible for promoting strong and sustainable antibody responses. Now it has been shown that adjuvants influence the isotype and avidity of antibody and also affect the properties of cell-mediated immunity. Mostly oil emulsions, lipopolysaccharides, polymers, saponins, liposomes, cytokines, ISCOMs (immunostimulating complexes), Freund's complete adjuvant, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, alums, bacterial toxins etc., are common adjuvants under investigation. Saponin based adjuvants have the ability to stimulate the cell mediated immune system as well as to enhance antibody production and have the advantage that only a low dose is needed for adjuvant activity. In the present study the importance of adjuvants, their role and the effect of saponin in immune system is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Iqbal Rajput
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Song-hua Hu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Chen-wen Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Abdullah G. Arijo
- Department of Parasitology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam 70060, Pakistan
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Turner JL, Dritz SS, Higgins JJ, Herkelman KL, Minton JE. Effects of a Quillaja saponaria extract on growth performance and immune function of weanling pigs challenged with Salmonella typhimurium. J Anim Sci 2002; 80:1939-46. [PMID: 12162663 DOI: 10.2527/2002.8071939x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ninety-six pigs (initially 8.9 kg and 24 d of age) were used in a 28-d experiment to determine the effects of Quillaja saponaria extract (QS) on weanling pig growth performance and immune function in response to enteric disease challenge with Salmonella typhimurium (ST). Experimental treatments were arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial with main effects of disease challenge (control vs ST-challenge) and dietary addition of QS (0, 125, 250, or 500 mg/kg). Pigs were fed QS diets for 14 d and then challenged orally with ST or sterile media. There were no differences in ADG or ADFI among dietary treatments, but gain/feed ratio (G/ F) was depressed (P < 0.06) in pigs fed 250 mg/kg QS. ST-challenge reduced ADG (P < 0.05), ADFI (P < 0.05), and G/F (P < 0.05) 1 wk after challenge. Daily estimates revealed reductions in feed intake in ST-infected pigs on d 2 to 5 following infection (P < 0.05), and rectal temperature was increased maximally 2 d following infection (P < 0.05). There was a marked decline in serum IGF-I during the 6 d after ST-infection (P < 0.05). ST-challenge produced a rise (P < 0.05) in serum haptoglobin on d 7 after challenge, and serum alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) in ST-challenged pigs also was elevated (P < 0.05) above controls on d 7 and 14 after challenge. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) M increased (P < 0.05) over time in both groups, and serum IgM of ST-challenged pigs was greater than controls on d 7 after challenge (P < 0.05). Serum IgG was not affected by enteric disease challenge; however, on d 7 and 14 after disease challenge, serum IgG for both groups was greater (P < 0.05) than on d 0. Dietary QS had no significant influence on any of the end points used to characterize the acute phase response to ST-challenge. Phagocytic cell function was depressed in pigs fed 250 (P < 0.05) and 500 (P < 0.05) mg/kg as compared to pigs fed 125 mg/kg QS. Yet, there was no difference in phagocytic function among pigs fed 0, 250, or 500 mg/kg QS. We conclude that this model of enteric disease invokes an acute phase response accompanied by decreases in feed intake and serum IGF-I. Furthermore, dietary QS, at the levels fed in this study, appears to offer little benefit to growth performance or immune function in the presence or absence of ST-challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Turner
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-0201, USA
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Wilson AD, Lövgren-Bengtsson K, Villacres-Ericsson M, Morein B, Morgan AJ. The major Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) envelope glycoprotein gp340 when incorporated into Iscoms primes cytotoxic T-cell responses directed against EBV lymphoblastoid cell lines. Vaccine 1999; 17:1282-90. [PMID: 10195641 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant form of the EBV envelope glycoprotein and vaccine candidate gp340, lacking its hydrophobic transmembrane region, was incorporated into Iscoms after coupling to phosphatidyl ethanolamine via carbohydrate residues. Coupling by partial oxidation of gp340 carbohydrate with sodium periodate partly denatured the incorporated gp340 as indicated by its reduced reactivity with monoclonal antibodies that recognise the major neutralising epitope. Immunisation of cottontop tamarins with these Iscoms elicited antibody responses to gp340, but these antibodies only poorly recognised the major neutralising epitope in a competition ELISA and were unable to neutralise EBV in vitro. Despite the lack of neutralising antibody, immunisation with these Iscoms primed significant in vitro proliferative responses to soluble gp340 in lymphocytes from the draining lymph nodes and spleen. T-cell lines were raised from both immunised and control animals by in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes or spleen cells with autologous EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines. The T-cell lines from control animals had higher numbers of CD4+ T-cells than CD8+ T-cells and were not cytotoxic for autologous lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL). In contrast the lines from immunised animals contained more CD8+ T-cells than CD4+ T-cells and had marked cytotoxicity for autologous LCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
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Kim ND, Kang SY, Park JH, Schini-Kerth VB. Ginsenoside Rg3 mediates endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to ginsenosides in rat aorta: role of K+ channels. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 367:41-9. [PMID: 10082263 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to characterize the endothelium-dependent relaxation elicited by ginsenosides, a mixture of saponin extracted from Panax ginseng, in isolated rat aorta. Relaxations elicited by ginsenosides were mimicked by ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Rg1, two major ginsenosides of the protopanaxatriol group. Ginsenoside Rg3 was about 100-fold more potent than ginsenoside Rg1. The endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to ginsenoside Rg3 was associated with the formation of cycle GMP. These effects were abolished by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine and methylene blue. Relaxations in response to ginsenoside Rg3 were unaffected by atropine, diphenhydramine, [D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9]substance P, propranolol, nifedipine, verapamil and glibenclamide but were markedly reduced by tetraethylammonium. Tetraethylammonium modestly reduced the relaxation induced by sodium nitroprusside. These findings indicate that ginsenoside Rg3 is a major mediator of the endothelium-dependent nitric oxide-mediated relaxation in response to ginsenosides in isolated rat aorta, possibly via activation of tetraethylammonium-sensitive K+ channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Kim
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, South Korea.
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SHIBATA S, FUJITA M, ITOKAWA H, TANAKA O, ISHII T. STUDIES ON THE CONSTITUENTS OF JAPANESE AND CHINESE CRUDE DRUGS. XI. PANAXADIOL, A SAPOGENIN OF GINSENG ROOTS. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1996; 11:759-61. [PMID: 14068710 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.11.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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SHIBATA S, TANAKA O, NAGAI M, ISHII T. STUDIES ON THE CONSTITUENTS OF JAPANESE AND CHINESE CRUDE DRUGS. XI. PANAXADIOL, A SAPOGENIN OF GINSENG ROOTS. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1996; 11:762-5. [PMID: 14068711 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.11.762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Liu SY, Wu WK, Wang JY, Son LM, Yen MH, Lin CC. Studies on the agronomic characteristics, yield, and saikosaponin content of two Bupleurum species in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med 1995; 23:181-94. [PMID: 7572780 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x95000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Two Bupleurum species (Bupleurums spp.), i.e., B. falcatum L. cv. Tainung No. 1 and B. kaoi Liu, Chao, et Chuang, were compared for their differences in seed germination, plant characteristics and root yield, and saikosaponin content. Experimental data showed that the most suitable temperature for seed germination of the two species was 16 degrees C. Two treatments, cold stratification at 4 degrees C for 8 weeks and presoaking by running water for 2 days, resulted in higher germination rates. Tainung No. 1 possessed a higher 1,000-seed weight than B. kaoi. However, field survival rate was higher for B. kaoi than for Tainung No.1. Results from field experiments also revealed that stem diameter, leaf width and fresh weight of various plant parts except the root were superior for Tainung No. 1 to B. kaoi. On the contrary, tiller number and root diameter and weight of B. kaoi were higher than those of Tainung No. 1. Harvest data and elevation had significant effects on the agronomic performance of the two Bupleurum spp. Measurements of most traits of the 6 month-old plants were superior to those of the 3 and 10 month-old plants. Cultivation at higher elevation (850 m) favored the development of leaf weight and root length, while cultivation at lower elevation (85 m) facilitated the development of plant height, root diameter, and root weight. Analysis of saikosaponin concentration in the root tissue revealed that average contents of 3.19 and 3.80 mg/g, respectively, for plants grown at the elevations of 850 m and 85 m. Comparison between the two species showed no significant difference in saikosaponin content, ranging from 3.45 to 3.55 mg/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Liu
- Department of Agronomy, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung
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Popov AM, Agafonova IG, Shentsova EB, Atopkina LN, Samoshina NF. [Comparative study of anti-tumor activity of the monoglucosides protopanaxadiol and betulafolientriol]. Antibiot Khimioter 1994; 39:24-9. [PMID: 7840705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Antitumor and cytotoxic activity of monoglucosides such as 3-0-panaxadiol (1), 12-0-panaxadiol (2) and 20-0-panaxadiol (3) and 3-0-betulafolientriol (4), 12-0-betulafolientriol (5) and 20-0-betulafolientriol (6) was studied. It was found that in concentrations of 10 to 50 micrograms/ml the above monosides induced marked impairment of the selective permeability of the tumor cells and the inhibition of the labeled precursor inclusion into the macromolecule biosynthesis. Administration of the monosides in a single dose of 100 mg/kg 24 hours after the inoculation of the Ehrlich tumor cells resulted in prolongation of the mean life-span of the mice by 144 per cent (1), 153 per cent (2), 144 per cent (3), 125 per cent (4), 133 per cent (5) and 178 per cent (6). A significant reduction of the tumor mass was observed at the early stages of the tumor development and later the tumor progress intensively resumed. The tests for the effect of the monoside-activated macrophages on the growth of the tumor cells showed that production of the growth factors by the macrophages was stable and had a negative action on the efficacy of the chemotherapy with the monoglucosides.
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Abstract
The uptake and metabolism of ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) by B16 melanoma cells were studied. In a medium containing 2% fetal calf serum, the uptake of Rh2 reached a maximum of 3 nmol/10(6) cells at 3-6 h after Rh2 (12.5 microM) was added, but gradually decreased to 0.8 nmol/10(6) cells. In these cells, protopanaxadiol (PPD), which is an aglycon of Rh2, increased inversely with the decrease in Rh2 as a result of deglycosylation by the cells. When PPD (8 microM) was added to the medium, the uptake reached a plateau of 2.4 nmol/10(6) cells, within 0.5 h. The association constant of Rh2 (1.74 +/- 1.08 x 10(6) M-1) for bovine serum albumin (BSA) was significantly higher than that of PPD (9.90 +/- 1.10 x 10(4) M-1). In a serum-free medium, both Rh2 and PPD were incorporated within 1.5 h. The uptake rate constant of Rh2 (1.20 +/- 0.20 h-1) was not significantly different from that of PPD (1.02 +/- 0.15 h-1), but the release rate constant of PPD (2.12 +/- 0.38 h-1) was significantly lower than that of Rh2 (3.03 +/- 0.57 h-1). These differences in affinity for BSA and the release rate constants were thought to be the cause of the difference in uptake kinetics between these drugs. The effects of Rh2 and PPD on the cells were identical, and there was no difference in the lag periods before the appearance of their effects, despite their differing rates of uptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ota
- Department of Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa-ken, Japan
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Popov AM, Rovin IG, Anisimov MM, Likhatskaia GN, Strigina LI. [Effect of triterpene glycosides on the stability of bilayer lipid membranes, containing different sterols]. Biofizika 1982; 27:827-31. [PMID: 7138933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Low concentrations of triterpene glycosides: holothurin A, stichoposide A and cauloside C sharply change the stability of bilayer lipid-sterine membranes. The glycosides activity decreases in the line: holothurin A, stichoposide A, cauloside C. The effective doses of glycosides are to a great extent determined by structural peculiarities of sterines which compose the films. A correlation was observed between the effect of triterpene glycosides on the stability of model bilayer membranes and their physiological activity. The model lipid-sterine membranes can be used in the primary screening of triterpene glycosides to estimate their physiological activity.
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Tori K, Nishikawa J, Seo S, Uomori A, Yasuda F, Kushida K. 1h NMR spectra of (25S)-steroidal sapogenins. Reassignments of the C-20 and C-25 methyl signals. Steroids 1982; 39:73-80. [PMID: 7080115 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(82)90127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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MADAEVA OS, STEPANOVA LF. [ON THE ADMIXTURE OF STEROID SAPOGENINS IN SOLASODIN]. Med Prom SSSR 1965; 102:49-51. [PMID: 14309788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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VARSHNEY IP, KHAN SY. Saponins and Sapogenins XVIII—Isolation of Proceric Acid, a New Triterpenic Acid, from Maharashtrian Albizzia procera Seeds. J Pharm Sci 1964; 53:1532-3. [PMID: 14257706 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600531224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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TANG SY, WU ZH. [STEROIDS XLVI. STUDIES ON STEROID SAPOGENIN. 3. ISOLATION OF STEROID SAPOGENIN IN THE RHIZOMES OF DIOSCOREA TOKORO MAKINO]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 1964; 11:787-9. [PMID: 14235248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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BEDOUR MS, EL-MUNAJJED D, FAYEZ MB, GIRGIS AN. Steroid Sapogenins VII. Identification and Origin of 25D-Spirosta-3,5-diene Among the Fenugreek Sapogenins. J Pharm Sci 1964; 53:1276-8. [PMID: 14252822 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600531042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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CHOW J. [STUDIES ON THE SAPONIN COMPONENTS OF PLANTS IN YUNNAN. I. STEROID SAPOGENINS OF REINECKEA YUNNANENSIS W. W. SMITH]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 1964; 11:407-11. [PMID: 14201073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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CHEN YR, CONG PZ. [APPLICATION OF THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY IN THE STUDY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS. IV. IDENTIFICATION OF STEROIDAL SAPOGENINS FROM AGAVE AMERICANA L]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 1964; 11:147-55. [PMID: 14147596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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MITSUHASHI H, SHIBATA K, SATO T, SHIMIZU Y. Studies of C-Nor-D-homosteroids. II. The Synthesis of C-Nor-D-homopregnane Derivatives from Steroidal Sapogenins. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1964; 12:1-5. [PMID: 14185748 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.12.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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PANOUSE JJ, MAMLOK L. [ON THE STEROL SAPOGENINS IN THE STALKS AND LEAVES (FRESH AND FERMENTED) OF YUCCA GUATEMALENSIS BAKER]. Ann Pharm Fr 1963; 21:735-41. [PMID: 14098106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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AKAHORI A, YASUDA F. [Laxogenin, a new steroidal sapogenin isolated from Smilax sieboldi Miq]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 1963; 83:557-8. [PMID: 14041495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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WAGNER-JAUREGG T. [On the sapogenin panaxol or panaxadiol isolated from ginseng root]. Pharm Acta Helv 1963; 38:125-6. [PMID: 13998278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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MINATO H, SHIMAOKA A. Studies on the Steroidal Components of Domestic Plants. XLII. Narthogenin, Isonarthogenin and Neonogiragenin, Three New Sapogenins of Metanarthecium luteo-viride MAXIM. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1963; 11:876-81. [PMID: 14075256 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.11.876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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TOMOWA M, PANOWA D. Untersuchungen über Yucca-Arten auf ihren Gehalt an Steroidsapogeninen 1. Mitt.: Steroidsapogenine von Yucca aloëfolia L. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1963; 296:553-6. [PMID: 14111568 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19632960812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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FUJITA M, ITOKAWA H, SHIBATA S. [Chemical studies on ginseng. I. (Studies on saponin-bearing drugs. IV.). Isolation of saponin and sapogenin from radix ginseng]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 1962; 82:1634-8. [PMID: 13960113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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OSAKA H. On steroidal sapogenins. VII. Huang-Minlon reduction of 11-oxospirostanol derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1962; 10:417-26. [PMID: 14482435 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.10.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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CHAKRAVARTI RN, MITRA MN, CHAKRAVARTI D. Hecogenin as a bye-product of the Indian sisal fibre industry. Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 1962; 10:3-4. [PMID: 14019880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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