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Xu H, Yan S, Gerhard E, Xie D, Liu X, Zhang B, Shi D, Ameer GA, Yang J. Citric Acid: A Nexus Between Cellular Mechanisms and Biomaterial Innovations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2402871. [PMID: 38801111 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Citrate-based biodegradable polymers have emerged as a distinctive biomaterial platform with tremendous potential for diverse medical applications. By harnessing their versatile chemistry, these polymers exhibit a wide range of material and bioactive properties, enabling them to regulate cell metabolism and stem cell differentiation through energy metabolism, metabonegenesis, angiogenesis, and immunomodulation. Moreover, the recent US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance of the biodegradable poly(octamethylene citrate) (POC)/hydroxyapatite-based orthopedic fixation devices represents a translational research milestone for biomaterial science. POC joins a short list of biodegradable synthetic polymers that have ever been authorized by the FDA for use in humans. The clinical success of POC has sparked enthusiasm and accelerated the development of next-generation citrate-based biomaterials. This review presents a comprehensive, forward-thinking discussion on the pivotal role of citrate chemistry and metabolism in various tissue regeneration and on the development of functional citrate-based metabotissugenic biomaterials for regenerative engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Su Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ethan Gerhard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Denghui Xie
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
- Academy of Orthopedics of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Guangzhou, 510630, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
| | - Dongquan Shi
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Guillermo A Ameer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Center for Advanced Regenerative Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
- Biomedical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, P. R. China
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2
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Siddiqui T, Cosacak MI, Popova S, Bhattarai P, Yilmaz E, Lee AJ, Min Y, Wang X, Allen M, İş Ö, Atasavum ZT, Rodriguez-Muela N, Vardarajan BN, Flaherty D, Teich AF, Santa-Maria I, Freudenberg U, Werner C, Tosto G, Mayeux R, Ertekin-Taner N, Kizil C. Nerve growth factor receptor (Ngfr) induces neurogenic plasticity by suppressing reactive astroglial Lcn2/Slc22a17 signaling in Alzheimer's disease. NPJ Regen Med 2023; 8:33. [PMID: 37429840 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-023-00311-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis, crucial for brain resilience, is reduced in Alzheimer's disease (AD) that induces astroglial reactivity at the expense of the pro-neurogenic potential, and restoring neurogenesis could counteract neurodegenerative pathology. However, the molecular mechanisms promoting pro-neurogenic astroglial fate despite AD pathology are unknown. In this study, we used APP/PS1dE9 mouse model and induced Nerve growth factor receptor (Ngfr) expression in the hippocampus. Ngfr, which promotes neurogenic fate of astroglia during the amyloid pathology-induced neuroregeneration in zebrafish brain, stimulated proliferative and neurogenic outcomes. Histological analyses of the changes in proliferation and neurogenesis, single-cell transcriptomics, spatial proteomics, and functional knockdown studies showed that the induced expression of Ngfr reduced the reactive astrocyte marker Lipocalin-2 (Lcn2), which we found was sufficient to reduce neurogenesis in astroglia. Anti-neurogenic effects of Lcn2 was mediated by Slc22a17, blockage of which recapitulated the pro-neurogenicity by Ngfr. Long-term Ngfr expression reduced amyloid plaques and Tau phosphorylation. Postmortem human AD hippocampi and 3D human astroglial cultures showed elevated LCN2 levels correlate with reactive gliosis and reduced neurogenesis. Comparing transcriptional changes in mouse, zebrafish, and human AD brains for cell intrinsic differential gene expression and weighted gene co-expression networks revealed common altered downstream effectors of NGFR signaling, such as PFKP, which can enhance proliferation and neurogenesis in vitro when blocked. Our study suggests that the reactive non-neurogenic astroglia in AD can be coaxed to a pro-neurogenic fate and AD pathology can be alleviated with Ngfr. We suggest that enhancing pro-neurogenic astroglial fate may have therapeutic ramifications in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohid Siddiqui
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within Helmholtz Association, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mehmet Ilyas Cosacak
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within Helmholtz Association, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stanislava Popova
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within Helmholtz Association, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Neuron D GmbH, Tatzberg 47, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Prabesh Bhattarai
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within Helmholtz Association, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Elanur Yilmaz
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Annie J Lee
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yuhao Min
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Özkan İş
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Zeynep Tansu Atasavum
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within Helmholtz Association, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Natalia Rodriguez-Muela
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within Helmholtz Association, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Badri N Vardarajan
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Delaney Flaherty
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Andrew F Teich
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ismael Santa-Maria
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Edificio E, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Uwe Freudenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Tosto
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Caghan Kizil
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within Helmholtz Association, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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3
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Tomlinson KL, Lung TWF, Dach F, Annavajhala MK, Gabryszewski SJ, Groves RA, Drikic M, Francoeur NJ, Sridhar SH, Smith ML, Khanal S, Britto CJ, Sebra R, Lewis I, Uhlemann AC, Kahl BC, Prince AS, Riquelme SA. Staphylococcus aureus induces an itaconate-dominated immunometabolic response that drives biofilm formation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1399. [PMID: 33658521 PMCID: PMC7930111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a prominent human pathogen that readily adapts to host immune defenses. Here, we show that, in contrast to Gram-negative pathogens, S. aureus induces a distinct airway immunometabolic response dominated by the release of the electrophilic metabolite, itaconate. The itaconate synthetic enzyme, IRG1, is activated by host mitochondrial stress, which is induced by staphylococcal glycolysis. Itaconate inhibits S. aureus glycolysis and selects for strains that re-direct carbon flux to fuel extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) synthesis and biofilm formation. Itaconate-adapted strains, as illustrated by S. aureus isolates from chronic airway infection, exhibit decreased glycolytic activity, high EPS production, and proficient biofilm formation even before itaconate stimulation. S. aureus thus adapts to the itaconate-dominated immunometabolic response by producing biofilms, which are associated with chronic infection of the human airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira L Tomlinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | | | - Felix Dach
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Institute of Medical Microbiology Münster, University Hospital, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | | | | | - Ryan A Groves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marija Drikic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Nancy J Francoeur
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mt. Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Shwetha H Sridhar
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mt. Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Melissa L Smith
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mt. Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sara Khanal
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Clemente J Britto
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mt. Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ian Lewis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Barbara C Kahl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology Münster, University Hospital, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Alice S Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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4
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Yang L, Nilsson L, Lübeck M, Ahring BK, Bruno KS, Lübeck PS. Disruption and overexpression of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase influence organic acid production in Aspergillus carbonarius ITEM 5010. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:98. [PMID: 32601748 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius is an efficient producer of organic acids with great potential for bio-based production of organic acids. In this study, we identified a gene f2kp encoding the enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase known as an allosteric regulator of the glycolytic flux and investigated its role in the production of organic acid. The strategy was to examine the impact of citric acid and malic acid production by overexpressing and disrupting f2kp, respectively. The overexpressing transformants expressed f2kp at higher level than the wild type, whereas no expression of f2kp was detected in the knockout transformants. Citric acid and malic acid production by the knockout strains decreased sharply along with a significant lower sugar consumption, though the overexpressing transformants produced similar amounts of citric acid and malic acid as the wild type. We conclude that 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase has an important regulatory role for the glycolytic flux and organic acid production in A. carbonarius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry and BioScience, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2450, Copenhagen, SV, Denmark
| | - Lena Nilsson
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry and BioScience, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2450, Copenhagen, SV, Denmark.,Office for Research and Relations, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette Lübeck
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry and BioScience, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2450, Copenhagen, SV, Denmark
| | - Birgitte K Ahring
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry and BioScience, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2450, Copenhagen, SV, Denmark.,Sciences & Engineering Laboratory, Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering & Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, BioproductsRichland, WA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Bruno
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 99, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.,Zymergen, 5980 Horton St Suite 105, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Peter S Lübeck
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry and BioScience, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2450, Copenhagen, SV, Denmark.
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5
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Ma Y, Yu H, Liu W, Qin Y, Xing R, Li P. Integrated proteomics and metabolomics analysis reveals the antifungal mechanism of the C-coordinated O-carboxymethyl chitosan Cu(II) complex. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 155:1491-1509. [PMID: 31751736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
With wide application in agriculture, copper fungicides have undergone three stages of development: inorganic copper, synthetic organic copper, and natural organic copper. Using chitin/chitosan (CS) as a substrate, the natural organic copper fungicide C-coordinated O-carboxymethyl chitosan Cu(II) complex (O-CSLn-Cu) was developed in the laboratory. Taking Phytophthora capsici Leonian as an example, we explored the antifungal mechanism of O-CSLn-Cu by combining tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomics with non-targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics. A total of 1172 differentially expressed proteins were identified by proteomics analysis. According to the metabolomics analysis, 93 differentially metabolites were identified. Acetyl-CoA-related and membrane localized proteins showed significant differences in the proteomics analysis. Most of the differential expressed metabolites were distributed in the cytoplasm, followed by mitochondria. The integrated analysis revealed that O-CSLn-Cu could induce the "Warburg effect", with increased glycolysis in the cytoplasm and decreased metabolism in the mitochondria. Therefore, P. capsici Leonian had to compensate for ATP loss in the TCA cycle by increasing the glycolysis rate. However, this metabolic shift could not prevent the death of P. capsici Leonian. To verify this hypothesis, a series of biological experiments, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and enzyme activity measurements were carried out. The results suggest that O-CSLn-Cu causes mitochondrial injury, which consequently leads to excessive ROS levels and insufficient ATP levels, thereby killing P. capsici Leonian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Weixiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yukun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ronge Xing
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
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6
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Karaffa L, Kubicek CP. Citric acid and itaconic acid accumulation: variations of the same story? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2889-2902. [PMID: 30758523 PMCID: PMC6447509 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-09607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Citric acid production by Aspergillus niger and itaconic acid production by Aspergillus terreus are two major examples of technical scale fungal fermentations based on metabolic overflow of primary metabolism. Both organic acids are formed by the same metabolic pathway, but whereas citric acid is the end product in A. niger, A. terreus performs two additional enzymatic steps leading to itaconic acid. Despite of this high similarity, the optimization of the production process and the mechanism and regulation of overflow of these two acids has mostly been investigated independently, thereby ignoring respective knowledge from the other. In this review, we will highlight where the similarities and the real differences of these two processes occur, which involves various aspects of medium composition, metabolic regulation and compartmentation, transcriptional regulation, and gene evolution. These comparative data may facilitate further investigations of citric acid and itaconic acid accumulation and may contribute to improvements in their industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Karaffa
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary.
| | - Christian P Kubicek
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,, 1100, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Chakhtoura M, Chain RW, Sato PY, Qiu CC, Lee MH, Meissler JJ, Eisenstein TK, Koch WJ, Caricchio R, Gallucci S. Ethyl Pyruvate Modulates Murine Dendritic Cell Activation and Survival Through Their Immunometabolism. Front Immunol 2019; 10:30. [PMID: 30761126 PMCID: PMC6362406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuating the innate immunity activation could ameliorate inflammation and disease in settings such as transplant rejection or autoimmunity. Recently, a pivotal role for metabolic re-programming in TLR-induced dendritic cell (DC) activation has emerged. Ethyl pyruvate (EP), a pyruvate derivative, possesses anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in animal models of disease. However, its effects on DCs remain elusive. We found that EP attenuated LPS-induced activation of murine GM-CSF bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine and IL-10 production, costimulatory molecule and MHC expression, the type I Interferon (IFN-I) response, the LPS-induced cell death, and the ability of DCs to stimulate allogeneic T cells. DC activation induced by TLR7 and TLR9 ligands was also suppressed by EP in vitro. Finally, EP decreased TLR-induced activation stimulated in vivo in conventional DCs and inflammatory monocytes. Investigating EP mechanisms, we found that EP decreased glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration, upon and in absence of TLR stimulation, by reducing ERK, AKT, and nitric oxide (NO) activation. These results indicate that EP inhibits most of the DC biological responses to TLR triggering, altering the metabolic reprogramming necessary for DC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Chakhtoura
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Robert W Chain
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Priscila Y Sato
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Connie C Qiu
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael H Lee
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joseph J Meissler
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Toby K Eisenstein
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Roberto Caricchio
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stefania Gallucci
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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8
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Iwahashi Y. Analysis of the regulatory mechanism of deoxynivalenol production using omics. AMB Express 2018; 8:161. [PMID: 30284112 PMCID: PMC6170513 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0688-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium species are plant pathogens that produce various mycotoxins. Here, the regulatory mechanism of deoxynivalenol production in Fusarium asiaticum was analyzed using proteomic, metabolomic and transcriptomic methods. F. asiaticum was induced to produce deoxynivalenol by adding agmatine to the culture medium. Subsequently, metabolites of the glycolysis system were increased but mRNAs of the corresponding proteins were not up regulated. We speculated that this phenomenon was due to the up regulation of the 6-fructokinase and pyruvate kinase proteins, which are key enzymes of glycolysis. We discuss the relationship of metabolism with the regulation of deoxynivalenol production in F. asiaticum.
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9
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Yang L, Lübeck M, Lübeck PS. Aspergillus as a versatile cell factory for organic acid production. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Hackett SR, Zanotelli VRT, Xu W, Goya J, Park JO, Perlman DH, Gibney PA, Botstein D, Storey JD, Rabinowitz JD. Systems-level analysis of mechanisms regulating yeast metabolic flux. Science 2016; 354:aaf2786. [PMID: 27789812 PMCID: PMC5414049 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Cellular metabolic fluxes are determined by enzyme activities and metabolite abundances. Biochemical approaches reveal the impact of specific substrates or regulators on enzyme kinetics but do not capture the extent to which metabolite and enzyme concentrations vary across physiological states and, therefore, how cellular reactions are regulated. We measured enzyme and metabolite concentrations and metabolic fluxes across 25 steady-state yeast cultures. We then assessed the extent to which flux can be explained by a Michaelis-Menten relationship between enzyme, substrate, product, and potential regulator concentrations. This revealed three previously unrecognized instances of cross-pathway regulation, which we biochemically verified. One of these involved inhibition of pyruvate kinase by citrate, which accumulated and thereby curtailed glycolytic outflow in nitrogen-limited yeast. Overall, substrate concentrations were the strongest driver of the net rates of cellular metabolic reactions, with metabolite concentrations collectively having more than double the physiological impact of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Hackett
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Wenxin Xu
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jonathan Goya
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Junyoung O Park
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - David H Perlman
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Patrick A Gibney
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - David Botstein
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - John D Storey
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Center for Statistics and Machine Learning, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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11
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Chesney J, Clark J, Lanceta L, Trent JO, Telang S. Targeting the sugar metabolism of tumors with a first-in-class 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFKFB4) inhibitor. Oncotarget 2016. [PMID: 26221874 PMCID: PMC4627231 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tumors exhibit increased glucose uptake and metabolism as a result of high demand for ATP and anabolic substrates and this metabolotype is a negative prognostic indicator for survival. Recent studies have demonstrated that cancer cells from several tissue origins and genetic backgrounds require the expression of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 4 (PFKFB4), a regulatory enzyme that synthesizes an allosteric activator of glycolysis, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate. We report the discovery of a first-in-class PFKFB4 inhibitor, 5-(n-(8-methoxy-4-quinolyl)amino)pentyl nitrate (5MPN), using structure-based virtual computational screening. We find that 5MPN is a selective inhibitor of PFKFB4 that suppresses the glycolysis and proliferation of multiple human cancer cell lines but not non-transformed epithelial cells in vitro. Importantly, 5MPN has high oral bioavailability and per os administration of a non-toxic dose of 5MPN suppresses the glucose metabolism and growth of tumors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Chesney
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, J. Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jennifer Clark
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, J. Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lilibeth Lanceta
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, J. Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - John O Trent
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, J. Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Sucheta Telang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, J. Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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12
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Li Z, Erion DM, Maurer TS. Model-Based Assessment of Plasma Citrate Flux Into the Liver: Implications for NaCT as a Therapeutic Target. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 5:132-9. [PMID: 27069776 PMCID: PMC4809623 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic citrate serves as an important regulator of gluconeogenesis and carbon source for de novo lipogenesis in the liver. For this reason, the sodium-coupled citrate transporter (NaCT), a plasma membrane transporter that governs hepatic influx of plasma citrate in human, is being explored as a potential therapeutic target for metabolic disorders. As cytoplasmic citrate also originates from intracellular mitochondria, the relative contribution of these two pathways represents critical information necessary to underwrite confidence in this target. In this work, hepatic influx of plasma citrate was quantified via pharmacokinetic modeling of published clinical data. The influx was then compared to independent literature estimates of intracellular citrate flux in human liver. The results indicate that, under normal conditions, <10% of hepatic citrate originates from plasma. Similar estimates were determined experimentally in mice and rats. This suggests that NaCT inhibition will have a limited impact on hepatic citrate concentrations across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Li
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D M Erion
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - T S Maurer
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development Cambridge Massachusetts USA
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13
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Papagianni M, Legiša M. Increased mannitol production in Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 production strain with a modified 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase. J Biotechnol 2014; 181:20-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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van der Straat L, Tamayo-Ramos JA, Schonewille T, de Graaff LH. Overexpression of a modified 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase results in an increased itaconic acid productivity in Aspergillus niger. AMB Express 2013; 3:57. [PMID: 24034235 PMCID: PMC4016035 DOI: 10.1186/2191-0855-3-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A modified 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase was expressed in a citrate producing Aspergillus niger strain in combination with cis-aconitate decarboxylase from Aspergillus terreus to study the effect on the production of itaconic acid. The modified pfkA gene was also expressed in combination with the itaconic acid biosynthetic cluster from A. terreus, which consists of cis-aconitate decarboxylase cadA, a putative mitochondrial transporter mttA and a putative plasmamembrane transporter mfsA. The combined expression of pfkA and cadA resulted in increased citrate levels, but did not show increased itaconic acid levels. The combined expression of pfkA with the itaconic acid biosynthetic cluster resulted in significantly increased itaconic acid production at earlier time points. Also the itaconic acid productivity increased significantly. The maximum itaconic acid productivity that was reached under these conditions was 0.15 g/L/h, which is only a factor 17 lower than the 2.5 g/L/h that according to the US Department of Energy should be achieved to have an economically feasible production process.
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15
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Tiwari S, Chandavarkar A, Suraishkumar G. Robust productivity in industrial fermentations: Regulation of phosphofructokinase activity through easily measurable, critical nutrient ratio. Biochem Eng J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Chen JQ, Russo J. Dysregulation of glucose transport, glycolysis, TCA cycle and glutaminolysis by oncogenes and tumor suppressors in cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:370-84. [PMID: 22750268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A common set of functional characteristics of cancer cells is that cancer cells consume a large amount of glucose, maintain high rate of glycolysis and convert a majority of glucose into lactic acid even in the presence of oxygen compared to that of normal cells (Warburg's Effects). In addition, cancer cells exhibit substantial alterations in several energy metabolism pathways including glucose transport, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glutaminolysis, mitochondrial respiratory chain oxidative phosphorylation and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). In the present work, we focused on reviewing the current knowledge about the dysregulation of the proteins/enzymes involved in the key regulatory steps of glucose transport, glycolysis, TCA cycle and glutaminolysis by several oncogenes including c-Myc and hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and tumor suppressor, p53, in cancer cells. The dysregulation of glucose transport and energy metabolism pathways by oncogenes and lost functions of the tumor suppressors have been implicated as important biomarkers for cancer detection and as valuable targets for the development of new anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Qiang Chen
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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17
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Šmerc A, Sodja E, Legiša M. Posttranslational modification of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase as an important feature of cancer metabolism. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19645. [PMID: 21573193 PMCID: PMC3087806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human cancers consume larger amounts of glucose compared to normal tissues with most being converted and excreted as lactate despite abundant oxygen availability (Warburg effect). The underlying higher rate of glycolysis is therefore at the root of tumor formation and growth. Normal control of glycolytic allosteric enzymes appears impaired in tumors; however, the phenomenon has not been fully resolved. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present paper, we show evidence that the native 85-kDa 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK1), a key regulatory enzyme of glycolysis that is normally under the control of feedback inhibition, undergoes posttranslational modification. After proteolytic cleavage of the C-terminal portion of the enzyme, an active, shorter 47-kDa fragment was formed that was insensitive to citrate and ATP inhibition. In tumorigenic cell lines, only the short fragments but not the native 85-kDa PFK1 were detected by immunoblotting. Similar fragments were detected also in a tumor tissue that developed in mice after the subcutaneous infection with tumorigenic B16-F10 cells. Based on limited proteolytic digestion of the rabbit muscle PFK-M, an active citrate inhibition-resistant shorter form was obtained, indicating that a single posttranslational modification step was possible. The exact molecular masses of the active shorter PFK1 fragments were determined by inserting the truncated genes constructed from human muscle PFK1 cDNA into a pfk null E. coli strain. Two E. coli transformants encoding for the modified PFK1s of 45,551 Da and 47,835 Da grew in glucose medium. The insertion of modified truncated human pfkM genes also stimulated glucose consumption and lactate excretion in stable transfectants of non-tumorigenic human HEK cell, suggesting the important role of shorter PFK1 fragments in enhancing glycolytic flux. Conclusions/Significance Posttranslational modification of PFK1 enzyme might be the pivotal factor of deregulated glycolytic flux in tumors that in combination with altered signaling mechanisms essentially supports fast proliferation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Šmerc
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Sodja
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matic Legiša
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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18
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Usenik A, Legiša M. Evolution of allosteric citrate binding sites on 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15447. [PMID: 21124851 PMCID: PMC2990764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important part of metabolism, metabolic flux through the glycolytic pathway is tightly regulated. The most complex control is exerted on 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK1) level; this control overrules the regulatory role of other allosteric enzymes. Among other effectors, citrate has been reported to play a vital role in the suppression of this enzyme's activity. In eukaryotes, amino acid residues forming the allosteric binding site for citrate are found both on the N- and the C-terminal region of the enzyme. These site has evolved from the phosphoenolpyruvate/ADP binding site of bacterial PFK1 due to the processes of duplication and tandem fusion of prokaryotic ancestor gene followed by the divergence of the catalytic and effector binding sites. Stricter inhibition of the PFK1 enzyme was needed during the evolution of multi-cellular organisms, and the most stringent control of PFK1 by citrate occurs in vertebrates. By substituting a single amino acid (K557R or K617A) as a component of the allosteric binding site in the C-terminal region of human muscle type PFK-M with a residue found in the corresponding site of a fungal enzyme, the inhibitory effect of citrate was attenuated. Moreover, the proteins carrying these single mutations enabled growth of E. coli transformants encoding mutated human PFK-M in a glucose-containing medium that did not support the growth of E. coli transformed with native human PFK-M. Substitution of another residue at the citrate-binding site (D591V) of human PFK-M resulted in the complete loss of activity. Detailed analyses revealed that the mutated PFK-M subunits formed dimers but were unable to associate into the active tetrameric holoenzyme. These results suggest that stricter control over glycolytic flux developed in metazoans, whose somatic cells are largely characterized by slow proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Usenik
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matic Legiša
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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19
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Dowdells C, Jones RL, Mattey M, Bencina M, Legisa M, Mousdale DM. Gluconic acid production by Aspergillus terreus. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 51:252-7. [PMID: 20618892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Aspergillus terreus produces itaconic acid at low pH but lovastatin and other secondary metabolites at higher pH in the fermentation. The utilization of glucose as a carbon substrate was investigated for secondary metabolite production by A. terreus. METHODS AND RESULTS With a starting pH of 6.5, glucose was rapidly metabolized to gluconic acid by the wild-type strain and by transformants harbouring Aspergillus niger genes encoding 6-phosphofructo-1-kinases with superior kinetic and regulatory properties for bioproduction of metabolites from glucose. On exhaustion of the glucose in batch fermentations, the accumulated gluconic acid was utilized as a carbon source. CONCLUSIONS A novel pathway of glucose catabolism was demonstrated in A. terreus, a species whose wild type is, without any strain development, capable of producing gluconic acid at high molar conversion efficiency (up to 0.7 mol mol(-1) glucose consumed). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Aspergillus terreus is a potential novel producer organism for gluconic acid, a compound with many uses as a bulk chemical. With a new knowledge of glucose catabolism by A. terreus, fermentation strategies for secondary metabolite production can be devised with glucose feeding using feedback regulation by pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dowdells
- beòcarta Ltd., Royal College Building, Glasgow, UK
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20
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Tevž G, Benčina M, Legiša M. Enhancing itaconic acid production by Aspergillus terreus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1657-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Luiza de Farias V, Ximenes Monteiro K, Rodrigues S, André Narciso Fernandes F, Adolfo Saavedra Pinto G. Comparison of Aspergillus niger spore production on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and crushed corncob medium. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2010; 56:399-402. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.56.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Capuder M, Šolar T, Benčina M, Legiša M. Highly active, citrate inhibition resistant form of Aspergillus niger 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase encoded by a modified pfkA gene. J Biotechnol 2009; 144:51-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Legiša M. Gene for enchancing primary metabolism. J Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Šolar T, Turšič J, Legiša M. The role of glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase at the early stages of Aspergillus niger growth in a high-citric-acid-yielding medium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 78:613-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Citric acid is a commodity chemical produced and consumed throughout The World. It is used mainly in the food and beverage industry, primarily as an acidulant. Although it is one of the oldest industrial fermentations, its World production is still in rapid increasing. Global production of citric acid in 2007 was over 1.6 million tones. Biochemistry of citric acid fermentation, various microbial strains, as well as various substrates, technological processes and product recovery are presented. World production and economics aspects of this strategically product of bulk biotechnology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Berovic
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Ecology Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 5, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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26
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Legisa M, Mattey M. Changes in primary metabolism leading to citric acid overflow in Aspergillus niger. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 29:181-90. [PMID: 17120089 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9235-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
For citric acid-accumulating Aspergillus niger cells, the enhancement of anaplerotic reactions replenishing tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates predisposes the cells to form the product. However, there is no increased citrate level in germinating spores and a complex sequence of developmental events is needed to change the metabolism in a way that leads to an increased level of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in mycelia. A review of physiological events that cause such intracellular conditions, with the special emphasis on the discussion of hexose transport into the cells and regulation of primary metabolism, predominantly of glycolytic flux during the process, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matic Legisa
- National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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