1
|
Liu J, Fan L, Yin W, Zhang S, Su X, Lin H, Yu H, Jiang Z, Sun F. Anaerobic biodegradation of azo dye reactive black 5 by a novel strain Shewanella sp. SR1: Pathway and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 347:119073. [PMID: 37776795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of microbial populations in degrading refractory pollutants and the impact of adverse environmental factors often presents challenges for the biological treatment of azo dyes. In this study, the genome analysis and azo dye Reactive Black 5 (RB5) degrading capability of a newly isolated strain, Shewanella sp. SR1, were investigated. By analyzing the genome, functional genes involved in dye degradation and mechanisms for adaptation to low-temperature and high-salinity conditions were identified in SR1. The addition of co-substrates, such as glucose and yeast extract, significantly enhanced RB5 decolorization efficiency, reaching up to 87.6%. Notably, SR1 demonstrated remarkable robustness towards a wide range of NaCl concentrations (1-30 g/L) and temperatures (10-30 °C), maintaining efficient decolorization and high biomass concentration. The metabolic pathways of RB5 degradation were deduced based on the metabolites and genes detected in the genome, in which the azo bond was first cleaved by FMN-dependent NADH-azoreductase and NAD(P)H-flavin reductase, followed by deamination, desulfonation, and hydroxylation mediated by various oxidoreductases. Importantly, the degradation metabolites exhibited reduced toxicity, as revealed by toxicity analysis. These findings highlighted the great potential of Shewanella sp. SR1 for bioremediation of wastewaters contaminated with azo dyes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Liu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Lu Fan
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Wenjun Yin
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- The Management Center of Wuyanling National Natural Reserve in Zhejiang, Wenzhou 325500, China
| | - Xiaomei Su
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Hongjun Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Zhenghai Jiang
- Zhejiang Haihe Environmental Technology Co. Ltd, Jinhua 321017, China
| | - Faqian Sun
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tarbajova V, Kolackova M, Chaloupsky P, Dobesova M, Capal P, Pilat Z, Samek O, Zemanek P, Svec P, Sterbova DS, Vaculovicova M, Richtera L, Pérez-de-Mora A, Adam V, Huska D. Physiological and transcriptome profiling of Chlorella sorokiniana: A study on azo dye wastewater decolorization. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132450. [PMID: 37708651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Over decades, synthetic dyes have become increasingly dominated by azo dyes posing a significant environmental risk due to their toxicity. Microalgae-based systems may offer an alternative for treatment of azo dye effluents to conventional physical-chemical methods. Here, microalgae were tested to decolorize industrial azo dye wastewater (ADW). Chlorella sorokiniana showed the highest decolorization efficiency in a preliminary screening test. Subsequently, the optimization of the experimental design resulted in 70% decolorization in a photobioreactor. Tolerance of this strain was evidenced using multiple approaches (growth and chlorophyll content assays, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and antioxidant level measurements). Raman microspectroscopy was employed for the quantification of ADW-specific compounds accumulated by the microalgal biomass. Finally, RNA-seq revealed the transcriptome profile of C. sorokiniana exposed to ADW for 72 h. Activated DNA repair and primary metabolism provided sufficient energy for microalgal growth to overcome the adverse toxic conditions. Furthermore, several transporter genes, oxidoreductases-, and glycosyltransferases-encoding genes were upregulated to effectively sequestrate and detoxify the ADW. This work demonstrates the potential utilization of C. sorokiniana as a tolerant strain for industrial wastewater treatment, emphasizing the regulation of its molecular mechanisms to cope with unfavorable growth conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimira Tarbajova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Kolackova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Chaloupsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Dobesova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Capal
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Slechtitelu 241/27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Pilat
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ota Samek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Zemanek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Svec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Skopalova Sterbova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Vaculovicova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Richtera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alfredo Pérez-de-Mora
- Department of Soil and Groundwater, TAUW GmbH, Landsbergerstr. 404, 81241 Munich, Germany
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Huska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang G, Hou T, Lin A, Xia X, Quan X, Chen Z, Zhuang L. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin affect microbial Fe(III) oxide reduction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 451:131131. [PMID: 36917911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are ubiquitous in the iron-rich environments but their roles in microbial reduction of Fe(III) oxides are still unclear. Using ampicillin and Geobacter soli, this study investigated the underlying mechanism by which antibiotic regulated microbial reduction of Fe(III) oxides. Results showed that sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) of ampicillin significantly affected ferrihydrite reduction by G. soli, with a stimulatory effect at 1/64 and 1/32 MIC and an inhibitory effect at 1/8 MIC. Increasing ampicillin concentration resulted in increasing cell length and decreasing bacterial zeta potential that were beneficial for ferrihydrite reduction, and decreasing outer membrane permeability that was unfavorable for ferrihydrite reduction. The respiratory metabolism ability was enhanced by 1/64 and 1/32 MIC ampicillin and reduced by 1/8 MIC ampicillin, which was also responsible for regulation of ferrihydrite reduction by ampicillin. The ferrihydrite reduction showed a positive correlation with the redox activity of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) which was tied to the cytochrome/polysaccharide ratio and the content of α-helices and β-sheet in EPS. These results suggested that ampicillin regulated microbial Fe(III) oxide reduction through modulating the bacterial morphology, metabolism activity and extracellular electron transfer ability. Our findings provide new insights into the environmental factors regulating biogeochemical cycling of iron.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guiqin Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tiqun Hou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Annian Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xue Xia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaoyun Quan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhili Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li Zhuang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Y, Luo Q, Liu S, Su J, Chen J, Dong G, Wang Y. Transcriptome analysis of Shewanella xiamenensis co-incubated with internalized carbon dots in response to boosting Cr(VI)-bioreduction. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
5
|
Dong M, Yang S, Yang X, Xu M, Hu W, Wang B, Huang Y, Xu J, Lu H, Yang Y, Chen X, Huang H, Sun G. Water quality drives the distribution of freshwater cable bacteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 841:156468. [PMID: 35660596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cable bacteria are a group of recently found filamentous sulfide-oxidizing Desulfobulbaceae that significantly impact biogeochemical cycling. However, the limited understanding of cable bacteria distribution patterns and the driving force hindered our abilities to evaluate and maximize their contribution to environmental health. We evaluated cable bacteria assemblages from ten river sediments in the Pearl River Delta, China. The results revealed a clear biogeographic distribution pattern of cable bacteria, and their communities were deterministically assembled through water quality-driven selection. Cable bacteria are diverse in the river sediments with a few generalists and many specialists, and the water quality IV and V environments are the "hot spot." We then provided evidence on their morphology, function, and genome to demonstrate how water quality might shape the cable bacteria assemblages. Reduced cell width, inhibited function, and water quality-related adaptive genomic traits were detected in sulfide-limited water quality III and contaminant-stressed water quality VI environments. Specifically, those genomic traits were contributed to carbon and sulfur metabolism in the water quality III environment and stress resistance in the water quality VI environment. Overall, these findings provided a helpful baseline in evaluating the contribution of cable bacteria in the freshwater ecosystem and suggested that their high diversity and flexibility in phylogeny, morphology, and genome allowed them to adapt and contribute to various environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Shan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Xunan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Meiying Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Wenzhe Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Youda Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Jiarou Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Huibin Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Yonggang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Xingjuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Haobin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Guoping Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang S, An X, Gong J, Xu Z, Wang L, Xia X, Zhang Q. Molecular response of Anoxybacillus sp. PDR2 under azo dye stress: An integrated analysis of proteomics and metabolomics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129500. [PMID: 35792431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Treating azo dye wastewater using thermophilic bacteria is considered a more efficient bioremediation strategy. In this study, a thermophilic bacterial strain, Anoxybacillus sp. PDR2, was regarded as the research target. This strain was characterized at different stages of azo dye degradation by using TMT quantitative proteomic and non-targeted metabolome technology. A total of 165 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and 439 differentially metabolites (DMs) were detected in comparisons between bacteria with and without azo dye. It was found that Anoxybacillus sp. PDR2 can degrade azo dye Direct Black G (DBG) through extracellular electron transfer with glucose serving as electron donors. Most proteins related to carbohydrate metabolism, including acetoacetate synthase, and malate synthase G, were overexpressed to provide energy. The bacterium can also self-synthesize riboflavin as a redox mediator of in vitro electron transport. These results lay a theoretical basis for industrial bioremediation of azo dye wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Xuejiao An
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Jiaming Gong
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Zihang Xu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Liuwei Wang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Xiang Xia
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu Y, Charamis N, Boeren S, Blok J, Lewis AG, Smid EJ, Abee T. Physiological Roles of Short-Chain and Long-Chain Menaquinones (Vitamin K2) in Lactococcus cremoris. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:823623. [PMID: 35369466 PMCID: PMC8965153 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.823623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus cremoris and L. lactis are well known for their occurrence and applications in dairy fermentations, but their niche extends to a range of natural and food production environments. L. cremoris and L. lactis produce MKs (vitamin K2), mainly as the long-chain forms represented by MK-9 and MK-8, and a detectable number of short-chain forms represented by MK-3. The physiological significance of the different MK forms in the lifestyle of these bacterial species has not been investigated extensively. In this study, we used L. cremoris MG1363 to construct mutants producing different MK profiles by deletion of genes encoding (i) a menaquinone-specific isochorismate synthase, (ii) a geranyltranstransferase, and (iii) a prenyl diphosphate synthase. These gene deletions resulted in (i) a non-MK producer (ΔmenF), (ii) a presumed MK-1 producer (ΔispA), and (iii) an MK-3 producer (Δllmg_0196), respectively. By examining the phenotypes of the MG1363 wildtype strain and respective mutants, including biomass accumulation, stationary phase survival, oxygen consumption, primary metabolites, azo dye/copper reduction, and proteomes, under aerobic, anaerobic, and respiration-permissive conditions, we could infer that short-chain MKs like MK-1 and MK-3 are preferred to mediate extracellular electron transfer and reaction with extracellular oxygen, while the long-chain MKs like MK-9 and MK-8 are more efficient in aerobic respiratory electron transport chain. The different electron transfer routes mediated by short-chain and long-chain MKs likely support growth and survival of L. cremoris in a range of (transiently) anaerobic and aerobic niches including food fermentations, highlighting the physiological significance of diverse MKs in L. cremoris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Nikolaos Charamis
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Joost Blok
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Eddy J Smid
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Tjakko Abee
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cai X, Zheng X, Wang Y, Tian L, Mao Y. Enhanced Bioremediation Potential of Shewanella decolorationis RNA Polymerase Mutants and Evidence for Novel Azo Dye Biodegradation Pathways. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:843807. [PMID: 35391736 PMCID: PMC8981235 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.843807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioremediation has been considered as a promising method for recovering chemical polluted environments. Here Shewanella decolorationis strain Ni1-3 showed versatile abilities in bioremediation. To improve the bioremediation activity, RNA polymerase (RNAP) mutations of strain Ni1-3 were screened. Eleven mutants were obtained, of which mutant #40 showed enhanced Amaranth (AMR) degradation capacity, while mutant #21 showed defected capacity in AMR degradation but greatly enhanced capacity in cathodic metal leaching which is three to four times faster than that of the wild-type (WT) strain Ni1-3, suggesting that different pathways were involved in these two processes. Transcriptional profiling and gene co-expression networks between the mutants (i.e., #40 and #22) and the WT strain disclosed that the non-CymA-Mtr but cytochrome b- and flavin-oxidoreductase-dominated azo dye degradation pathways existed in S. decolorationis, which involved key proteins TorC, TorA, YceJ, YceI, Sye4, etc. Furthermore, the involvement of TorA was verified by trimethylamine N-oxide reduction and molybdenum enzyme inhibitory experiments. This study clearly demonstrates that RNAP mutations are effective to screen active microbial candidates in bioremediation. Meanwhile, by clarifying the novel gene co-expression network of extracellular electron transfer pathways, this study provides new insights in azo dye degradation and broadens the application of Shewanella spp. in bioremediation as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xunchao Cai
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Tian
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanping Mao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Yanping Mao,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fang Y, Chen X, Zhong Y, Yang Y, Liu F, Guo J, Xu M. Molecular mechanism of zero valent iron-enhanced microbial azo reduction. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118046. [PMID: 34461416 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Zero valent iron (ZVI)-microbe technology has an increasing application on the removal of organic pollution, yet the molecular mechanism of microbe respond to ZVI is still a mystery. Here, we established a successive ZVI-enhanced microbial system to remove azo dye (a typical organic pollutant) by Shewanella decolorationis S12 (S. decolorationis S12, an effective azo dye degradation bacterium) and examined the gene expression time course (10, 30, 60, and 120 min) by whole genome transcriptional analysis. The addition of ZVI to the microbial degradation system increases the rate of azo reduction from ~60% to over 99% in 16 h reaction, suggesting the synergistic effect of ZVI and S12 on azo dye degradation. Comparing with the treatment without ZVI, less filamentous cells were observed in ZVI treated system, and approximately 8% genes affiliated with 10 different gene expression profiles in S. decolorationis S12 were significantly changed in 120 min during the ZVI-enhanced azo reduction. Intriguingly, MarR transcriptional factor might play a vital role in regulating ZVI-enhanced azo reduction in the aspect of energy production, iron homeostasis, and detoxification. Further investigation showed that the induced [Ni-Fe] H2ase genes (hyaABCDEF) and azoreductase genes (mtrABC-omcA) contributed to ZVI-enhanced energy production, while the reduced iron uptake (hmuVCB and feoAB), induced sulfate assimilation (cysPTWA) and cysteine biosynthesis (cysM) related genes were essential to iron homeostasis and detoxification. This study disentangles underlying mechanisms of ZVI-enhanced organic pollution biotreatment in S. decolorationis S12.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Xingjuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yonggang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Meiying Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang ZY, Ju CJ, Zhang R, Hua JQ, Chen RP, Liu GX, Yin K, Yu L. Acceleration of the bio-reduction of methyl orange by a magnetic and extracellular polymeric substance nanocomposite. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126576. [PMID: 34252658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular electron transfer (EET) plays an important role in bio-reduction of environmental pollutants. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), a kind of biogenic macromolecule, contain functional groups responsible for acceleration of EET. In this study, azo dye-methyl orange (MO) was chosen as a model pollutant, and a Fe3O4 and EPS nanocomposite (Fe3O4@EPS) was prepared to evaluate its promotion on the bio-reduction of MO. The flower-like core-shell configuration of Fe3O4@EPS with a 12 nm of light layer of EPS was confirmed by TEM. The redox ability of EPS was well reserved on Fe3O4@EPS by FTIR and electrochemical test. The application of Fe3O4@EPS on sustained acceleration of MO decolorization were confirmed by batch experiments and anaerobic sequenced batch reactors. Due to biocompatibility of the biogenic shell, the as-prepared Fe3O4@EPS exhibited low toxic to microorganisms by the Live/dead cell test. Moreover, negligible leaching of EPS under high concentration of various anions and less than 10% of EPS was released under extreme acidic and basic pH condition. The results of study provided a new preparation method of biological intimate and environmentally friendly redox mediators and suggested a feasible way for its use on bio-reduction of pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yang Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; School of Environmental Science, Nanjing XiaoZhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Cheng-Jia Ju
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jing-Qiu Hua
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Rong-Ping Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Guang-Xiang Liu
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing XiaoZhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Ke Yin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; School of Environmental Science, Nanjing XiaoZhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu JY, Gu L, Hua ZL, Liang ZY, Chu KJ, He XX. Per-, poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) pollution in benthic riverine ecosystem: Integrating microbial community coalescence and biogeochemistry with sediment distribution. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130977. [PMID: 34289625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Per-, Poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) accumulation in benthic environments is mainly determined by material mixing and represents a significant challenge to river remediation. However, less attention has been paid to the effects of sediment distribution on PFASs accumulation, and how PFASs influence microbial community coalescence and biogeochemical processes. In order to identify correlations between PFASs distribution and benthic microbial community functions, we conducted a field study and quantified the ecological constrains of material transportation on benthic microorganisms. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) contributed most to the taxonomic heterogeneity of both archaeal (12.199%) and bacterial (13.675%) communities. Genera Methanoregula (R2 = 0.292) and Bacillus (R2 = 0.791) were identified as indicators that respond to PFASs. Phylogenetic null modeling indicated that deterministic processes (50.0-82.2%) dominated in spatial assembly of archaea, while stochasticity (94.4-97.8%) dominated in bacteria. Furthermore, spatial mixing of PFASs influenced broadly in nitrogen cycling of archaeal genomes, and phosphorus mineralization of bacterial genomes (p < 0.05). Overall, we quantified the effect of PFASs on community assembly and highlighted the constrains of PFASs influence on benthic geochemical potentials, which may provide new insights into riverine remediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu, 210098, China
| | - Li Gu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu, 210098, China.
| | - Zu-Lin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu, 210098, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Liang
- Nanjing Guohuan Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 210001, China
| | - Ke-Jian Chu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Xin-Xin He
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Syed Z, Sogani M, Dongre A, Kumar A, Sonu K, Sharma G, Gupta AB. Bioelectrochemical systems for environmental remediation of estrogens: A review and way forward. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146544. [PMID: 33770608 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Globally estrogenic pollutants are a cause of concern in wastewaters and water bodies because of their high endocrine disrupting activity leading to extremely negative impacts on humans and other organisms even at very low environmental concentrations. Bioremediation of estrogens has been studied extensively and one technology that has emerged with its promising capabilities is Bioelectrochemical Systems (BESs). Several studies in the past have investigated BESs applications for treatment of wastewaters containing toxic recalcitrant pollutants with a primary focus on improvement of performance of these systems for their deployment in real field applications. But the information is scattered and further the improvements are difficult to achieve for standalone BESs. This review critically examines the various existing treatment technologies for the effective estrogen degradation. The major focus of this paper is on the technological advancements for scaling up of these BESs for the real field applications along with their integration with the existing and conventional wastewater treatment systems. A detailed discussion on few selected microbial species having the unusual properties of heterotrophic nitrification and extraordinary stress response ability to toxic compounds and their degradation has been highlighted. Based on the in-depth study and analysis of BESs, microbes and possible benefits of various treatment methods for estrogen removal, we have proposed a sustainable Hybrid BES-centered treatment system for this purpose as a choice for wastewater treatment. We have also identified three pipeline tasks that reflect the vital parts of the life cycle of drugs and integrated treatment unit, as a way forward to foster bioeconomy along with an approach for sustainable wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Syed
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India; Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India
| | - Monika Sogani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India; Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Aman Dongre
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India; Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anu Kumar
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), L&W, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Kumar Sonu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gopesh Sharma
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur 303007, Rajasthan, India
| | - Akhilendra Bhushan Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nanjani S, Paul D, Keharia H. Genome analysis to decipher syntrophy in the bacterial consortium 'SCP' for azo dye degradation. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:177. [PMID: 34116639 PMCID: PMC8194134 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A bacterial consortium SCP comprising three bacterial members, viz. Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila APG1, Pseudomonas stutzeri APG2 and Cellulomonas sp. APG4 was developed for degradation of the mono-azo dye, Reactive Blue 28. The genomic analysis of each member of the SCP consortium was done to elucidate the catabolic potential and role of the individual organism in dye degradation. Results The genes for glycerol utilization were detected in the genomes of APG2 and APG4, which corroborated with their ability to grow on a minimal medium containing glycerol as the sole co-substrate. The genes for azoreductase were identified in the genomes of APG2 and APG4, while no such trait could be determined in APG1. In addition to co-substrate oxidation and dye reduction, several other cellular functions like chemotaxis, signal transduction, stress-tolerance, repair mechanisms, aromatic degradation, and copper tolerance associated with dye degradation were also annotated. A model for azo dye degradation is postulated, representing the predominant role of APG4 and APG2 in dye metabolism while suggesting an accessory role of APG1. Conclusions This exploratory study is the first-ever attempt to divulge the genetic basis of azo-dye co-metabolism by cross-genome comparisons and can be harnessed as an example for demonstrating microbial syntrophy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02236-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Nanjani
- Post Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Sardar Patel University, Satellite Campus, Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, 388 315, India
| | - Dhiraj Paul
- Microbial Culture Collection, National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule University of Pune Campus, Pune, India
| | - Hareshkumar Keharia
- Post Graduate Department of Biosciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Sardar Patel University, Satellite Campus, Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, 388 315, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pyruvate accelerates palladium reduction by regulating catabolism and electron transfer pathway in Shewanella oneidensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02716-20. [PMID: 33514518 PMCID: PMC8091111 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02716-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shewanella oneidensis is a model strain of the electrochemical active bacteria (EAB) because of its strong capability of extracellular electron transfer (EET) and genetic tractability. In this study, we investigated the effect of carbon sources on EET in S. oneidensis by using reduction of palladium ions (Pd(II)) as a model and found that pyruvate greatly accelerated the Pd(II) reduction compared with lactate by resting cells. Both Mtr pathway and hydrogenases played a role in Pd(II) reduction when pyruvate was used as a carbon source. Furthermore, in comparison with lactate-feeding S. oneidensis, the transcriptional levels of formate dehydrogenases involving in pyruvate catabolism, Mtr pathway, and hydrogenases in pyruvate-feeding S. oneidensis were up-regulated. Mechanistically, the enhancement of electron generation from pyruvate catabolism and electron transfer to Pd(II) explains the pyruvate effect on Pd(II) reduction. Interestingly, a 2-h time window is required for pyruvate to regulate transcription of these genes and profoundly improve Pd(II) reduction capability, suggesting a hierarchical regulation for pyruvate sensing and response in S. oneidensis IMPORTANCE The unique respiration of EET is crucial for the biogeochemical cycling of metal elements and diverse applications of EAB. Although a carbon source is a determinant factor of bacterial metabolism, the research into the regulation of carbon source on EET is rare. In this work, we reported the pyruvate-specific regulation and improvement of EET in S. oneidensis and revealed the underlying mechanism, which suggests potential targets to engineer and improve the EET efficiency of this bacterium. This study sheds light on the regulatory role of carbon sources in anaerobic respiration in EAB, providing a way to regulate EET for diverse applications from a novel perspective.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kong G, Song D, Guo J, Sun G, Zhu C, Chen F, Yang Y, Xu M. Lack of Periplasmic Non-heme Protein SorA Increases Shewanella decolorationis Current Generation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:262. [PMID: 32158435 PMCID: PMC7052111 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular electron transport (EET) plays an important role in many natural and engineering processes. Some periplasmic non-heme redox proteins usually coexist with c-type cytochromes (CTCs) during the EET process. However, in contrast to CTCs, little is known about the roles of these non-heme redox proteins in EET. In this study, the transcriptome of Shewanella decolorationis S12 showed that the gene encoding a periplasmic sulfite dehydrogenase molybdenum-binding subunit SorA was significantly up-regulated during electrode respiration in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) compared with that during azo-dye reduction. The maximum current density of MFCs catalyzed by a mutant strain lacking SorA (ΔsorA) was 25% higher than that of wild strain S12 (20 vs. 16 μA/cm2). Both biofilm formation and the current generation of the anodic biofilms were increased by the disruption of sorA, which suggests that the existence of SorA in S. decolorationis S12 inhibits electrode respiration. In contrast, disruption of sorA had no effect on respiration by S. decolorationis S12 with oxygen, fumarate, azo dye, or ferric citrate as electron acceptors. This is the first report of the specific effect of a periplasmic non-heme redox protein on EET to electrode and provides novel information for enhancing bacterial current generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Kong
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Song
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoping Sun
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunjie Zhu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fusheng Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yonggang Yang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiying Xu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cui D, Cui MH, Liang B, Liu WZ, Tang ZE, Wang AJ. Mutual effect between electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) and azo dye in bio-electrochemical system (BES). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124787. [PMID: 31526987 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the mutual effect between azo dye and the performance of electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) is investigated in detail, which is crucial to understand and control the bio-electrochemical systems (BESs) operation for azo dye containing wastewater treatment. EAB is enriched at controlled potential of -0.2 V vs Ag/AgCl in single-chamber BESs. Over 95% azo dye (alizarin yellow R (AYR)) was decolorized regardless of the initial AYR concentration ranging from 30 to 120 mg/L within 24 h. The fastest decolorization rate was obtained at AYR initial concentration of 70 mg/L, which was 4.25 times greater in the closed circuit BESs than that in the open circuit one. 16S rRNA gene based microbial community analysis showed that Geobacter was dominant in EAB with relative abundance increased from 77.98% (0 mg/L AYR) to 92.22% (70 mg/L AYR), indicating that azo dye selectively boosts the growth of exoelectrogens in electrode biofilm communities. Under electricity stimulation, extracellular process can be mutually conducted by azo dye compounds, which is favorable for accelerating reaction rate and avoiding of significant toxic effect on EAB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cui
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China.
| | - Min-Hua Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Bin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Wen-Zong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Zi-En Tang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
| | - Ai-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| |
Collapse
|