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Kikukawa H, Ando A, Hannya A, Farida Asras MF, Okuda T, Sakamoto T, Hara KY, Sakuradani E, Ogawa J. Mead acid production by disruption of Δ12-desaturase gene in Mortierella alpina 1S-4. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 136:353-357. [PMID: 37635046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Mead acid (MA; 20:3ω9) is one of the ω9 series of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). MA is used to inhibit the inflammation of joints and is applied to the medicinal or health food field. We aimed to construct MA-producing strains with disruption of the Δ12-desaturase gene (Δ12ds) via an efficient gene-targeting system using the lig4-disrupted strain of Mortierella alpina 1S-4 as the host. The transformants showed a unique fatty acid composition that only comprised ω9-PUFAs and saturated fatty acids, while ω6-and ω3-PUFAs were not detected, and the total composition of ω9-PUFAs, including oleic acid (18:1ω9), 18:2ω9, 20:1ω9, 20:2ω9, and MA, was up to 68.4% of the total fatty acids. The MA production in the Δ12ds-disruptant reached 0.10 g/L (8.5%), which exceeded 0.050 g/L (4.6%) in the conventional Δ12ds-defective mutant JT-180.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kikukawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Akinori Ando
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Asuka Hannya
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mohd Fazli Farida Asras
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Okuda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takaiku Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Y Hara
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Eiji Sakuradani
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Chou MY, Andersen TB, Mechan Llontop ME, Beculheimer N, Sow A, Moreno N, Shade A, Hamberger B, Bonito G. Terpenes modulate bacterial and fungal growth and sorghum rhizobiome communities. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0133223. [PMID: 37772854 PMCID: PMC10580827 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01332-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenes are among the oldest and largest class of plant-specialized bioproducts that are known to affect plant development, adaptation, and biological interactions. While their biosynthesis, evolution, and function in aboveground interactions with insects and individual microbial species are well studied, how different terpenes impact plant microbiomes belowground is much less understood. Here we designed an experiment to assess how belowground exogenous applications of monoterpenes (1,8-cineole and linalool) and a sesquiterpene (nerolidol) delivered through an artificial root system impacted its belowground bacterial and fungal microbiome. We found that the terpene applications had significant and variable impacts on bacterial and fungal communities, depending on terpene class and concentration; however, these impacts were localized to the artificial root system and the fungal rhizosphere. We complemented this experiment with pure culture bioassays on responsive bacteria and fungi isolated from the sorghum rhizobiome. Overall, higher concentrations (200 µM) of nerolidol were inhibitory to Ferrovibrium and tested Firmicutes. While fungal isolates of Penicillium and Periconia were also more inhibited by higher concentrations (200 µM) of nerolidol, Clonostachys was enhanced at this higher level and together with Humicola was inhibited by the lower concentration tested (100 µM). On the other hand, 1,8-cineole had an inhibitory effect on Orbilia at both tested concentrations but had a promotive effect at 100 µM on Penicillium and Periconia. Similarly, linalool at 100 µM had significant growth promotion in Mortierella, but an inhibitory effect for Orbilia. Together, these results highlight the variable direct effects of terpenes on single microbial isolates and demonstrate the complexity of microbe-terpene interactions in the rhizobiome. IMPORTANCE Terpenes represent one of the largest and oldest classes of plant-specialized metabolism, but their role in the belowground microbiome is poorly understood. Here, we used a "rhizobox" mesocosm experimental set-up to supply different concentrations and classes of terpenes into the soil compartment with growing sorghum for 1 month to assess how these terpenes affect sorghum bacterial and fungal rhizobiome communities. Changes in bacterial and fungal communities between treatments belowground were characterized, followed by bioassays screening on bacterial and fungal isolates from the sorghum rhizosphere against terpenes to validate direct microbial responses. We found that microbial growth stimulatory and inhibitory effects were localized, terpene specific, dose dependent, and transient in time. This work paves the way for engineering terpene metabolisms in plant microbiomes for improved sustainable agriculture and bioenergy crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yi Chou
- Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Trine B. Andersen
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Marco E. Mechan Llontop
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Nick Beculheimer
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Alassane Sow
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Nick Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Ashley Shade
- Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Research Group on Bacterial Efflux and Environmental Resistance, CNRS, INRAe, École Nationale Véterinaire de Lyon and Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Bjoern Hamberger
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Gregory Bonito
- Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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3
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Chang L, Chen H, Yang B, Chen H, Chen W. Redistributing Carbon Flux by Impairing Saccharide Synthesis to Enhance Lipid Yield in Oleaginous Fungus Mortierella alpina. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:1750-1760. [PMID: 37166287 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing carbon flux toward target metabolites is important in improving microbial productivity and economic value. To improve the efficiency of lipid production in Mortierella alpina, we knocked down genes for trehalose-6-phosphate synthetase (Matps) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Mapepck) in the major pathways for saccharide synthesis. The knockdown of Matps reduced trehalose content by an average of 31.87%, while the knockdown of Mapepck reduced the total saccharide content by 28.6%, and both recombinant strains showed more than 20% increased lipid yield. Trehalose plays a vital role in stress resistance, but a higher polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich lipid content was found to partly compensate for the loss of trehalose after Matps knockdown. As compared with Matps knockdown, the knockdown of Mapepck gave better lipid production by bringing forward the time to maximum lipid yield by three days in a scale-up test. The arachidonic acid yield after the Mapepck knockdown reached 1.23 g/L, which was 39.9% higher than that of the original strain. The present research provided an efficient strategy for redistributing carbon flux among different metabolites and therefore promoted microbial lipid yield in a shorter fermentation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Hanqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
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Tang X, Ling F, Zhao J, Chen H, Chen W. Overexpression of Citrate-Malate Carrier Promoted Lipid Accumulation in Oleaginous Filamentous Fungus Mortierella alpina. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:7468-7476. [PMID: 37155830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial citrate-malate carrier is responsible for the transport of citrate and malate between the mitochondria and cytosol, ensuring citrate supply substrate for fatty acid synthesis. In this study, we investigated the overexpression of the citrate-malate carrier coded by three genes (MaCT1/MaCT2/MaTCT) in Mortierella alpina to enhance lipid accumulation. Our results showed that the overexpression of MaCT1, MaCT2, and MaTCT increased the fatty acid content by up to 21.7, 29.5, and 12.8%, respectively, compared with the control strain, but had no effect on the growth. Among them, the MaCT2-overexpressing strain performed the best, and its total fatty acid yield was increased by 51.6% compared to the control. Furthermore, the relative transcription level of MaCT2 indeed increased significantly in the recombinant strains. These findings are beneficial to understanding the citrate transport system and improve the industrial applications of the oleaginous filamentous fungus M. alpina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fengzhu Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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5
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Oliveira RB, Robl D, Ienczak JL. Potential of Mortierellaceae for polyunsaturated fatty acids production: mini review. Biotechnol Lett 2023:10.1007/s10529-023-03381-z. [PMID: 37148344 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The health benefits of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have encouraged the search for rich sources of these compounds. However, the supply chain of PUFAs from animals and plants presents environmental concerns, such as water pollution, deforestation, animal exploitation and interference in the trophic chain. In this way, a viable alternative has been found in microbial sources, mainly in single cell oil (SCO) production by yeast and filamentous fungi. Mortierellaceae is a filamentous fungal family world-renowned for PUFA-producing strains. For example, Mortierella alpina can be highlighted due to be industrially applied to produce arachidonic acid (20:4 n6), an important component of infant supplement formulas. Thus, the state of the art of strategies to increase PUFAs production by Mortierellaceae strains is presented in this review. Firstly, we have discussed main phylogenetic and biochemical characteristics of these strains for lipid production. Next, strategies based on physiological manipulation, using different carbon and nitrogen sources, temperature, pH and cultivation methods, which can increase PUFA production by optimizing process parameters are presented. Furthermore, it is possible to use metabolic engineering tools, controlling the supply of NADPH and co-factors, and directing the activity of desaturases and elongase to the target PUFA. Thus, this review aims to discuss the functionality and applicability of each of these strategies, in order to support future research for PUFA production by Mortierellaceae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela B Oliveira
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Diogo Robl
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Jaciane L Ienczak
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.
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Yu R, Chang L, Cao J, Yang B, Chen H, Chen W. Applications of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase for Triacylglycerol Production in Mortierella alpina. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020219. [PMID: 36836332 PMCID: PMC9965251 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TG) with high-value long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids is beneficial to human health; consequently, there is an urgent need to broaden its sources due to the current growing demand. Mortierella alpina, one of the most representative oleaginous fungi, is the only certificated source of dietary arachidonic acid-rich oil supplied in infant formula. This study was conducted to improve TG production in M. alpina by homologous overexpression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and linseed oil (LSO) supplementation. Our results showed that the homologous overexpression of MaDGAT1B and MaDGAT2A strengthened TG biosynthesis and significantly increased the TG content compared to the wild-type by 12.24% and 14.63%, respectively. The supplementation with an LSO concentration of 0.5 g/L elevated the TG content to 83.74% and total lipid yield to 4.26 ± 0.38 g/L in the M. alpina-MaDGAT2A overexpression strain. Our findings provide an effective strategy for enhancing TG production and highlight the role of DGAT in TG biosynthesis in M. alpina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lulu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Patel AK, Chauhan AS, Kumar P, Michaud P, Gupta VK, Chang JS, Chen CW, Dong CD, Singhania RR. Emerging prospects of microbial production of omega fatty acids: Recent updates. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 360:127534. [PMID: 35777644 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Healthy foods containing omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been in great demand because of their unique dietary and health properties. Reduction in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases has shown their therapeutic and health-promoting effects when consumed under recommended ratio 1:1-1:4, however imbalanced ratios (>1:4, high omega-6) enhance these risks. The importance of omega-6 is apparent however microbial production favors larger production of omega-3. Current research focus is prerequisite to designing omega-6 production strategies for better application prospects, for which thraustochytrids could be promising due to higher lipid productivity. This review provides recent updates on essential fatty acids production from potential microbes and their application, especially major insights on omega research, also discussed the novel possible strategies to promote omega-3 and omega-6 accumulation via engineering and omics approaches. It covers strategies to block the conversion of omega-6 into omega-3 by enzyme inhibition, nanoparticle-mediated regulation and/or metabolic flux regulation, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajeet Singh Chauhan
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Philippe Michaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institute Pascal, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Shah AM, Yang W, Mohamed H, Zhang Y, Song Y. Microbes: A Hidden Treasure of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Front Nutr 2022; 9:827837. [PMID: 35369055 PMCID: PMC8968027 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.827837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes have gained a lot of attention for their potential in producing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). PUFAs are gaining scientific interest due to their important health-promoting effects on higher organisms including humans. The current sources of PUFAs (animal and plant) have associated limitations that have led to increased interest in microbial PUFAs as most reliable alternative source. The focus is on increasing the product value of existing oleaginous microbes or discovering new microbes by implementing new biotechnological strategies in order to compete with other sources. The multidisciplinary approaches, including metabolic engineering, high-throughput screening, tapping new microbial sources, genome-mining as well as co-culturing and elicitation for the production of PUFAs, have been considered and discussed in this review. The usage of agro-industrial wastes as alternative low-cost substrates in fermentation for high-value single-cell oil production has also been discussed. Multidisciplinary approaches combined with new technologies may help to uncover new microbial PUFA sources that may have nutraceutical and biotechnological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aabid Manzoor Shah
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Wu Yang
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Hassan Mohamed
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Yingtong Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
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9
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Recent trends in the field of lipid engineering. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 133:405-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Recent Molecular Tools for the Genetic Manipulation of Highly Industrially Important Mucoromycota Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121061. [PMID: 34947043 PMCID: PMC8705501 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucorales is the largest and most well-studied order of the phylum Mucormycota and is known for its rapid growth rate and various industrial applications. The Mucorales fungi are a fascinating group of filamentous organisms with many uses in research and the industrial and medical fields. They are widely used biotechnological producers of various secondary metabolites and other value-added products. Certain members of Mucorales are extensively used as model organisms for genetic and molecular investigation and have extended our understanding of the metabolisms of other members of this order as well. Compared with other fungal species, our understanding of Mucoralean fungi is still in its infancy, which could be linked to their lack of effective genetic tools. However, recent advancements in molecular tools and approaches, such as the construction of recyclable markers, silencing vectors, and the CRISPR-Cas9-based gene-editing system, have helped us to modify the genomes of these model organisms. Multiple genetic modifications have been shown to generate valuable products on a large scale and helped us to understand the morphogenesis, basic biology, pathogenesis, and host–pathogen interactions of Mucoralean fungi. In this review, we discuss various conventional and modern genetic tools and approaches used for efficient gene modification in industrially important members of Mucorales.
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Jia YL, Geng SS, Du F, Xu YS, Wang LR, Sun XM, Wang QZ, Li Q. Progress of metabolic engineering for the production of eicosapentaenoic acid. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:838-855. [PMID: 34779326 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1971621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) is an essential ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid for human health. Currently, high-quality EPA production is largely dependent on the extraction of fish oil, but this unsustainable approach cannot meet its rising market demand. Biotechnological approaches for EPA production from microorganisms have received increasing attention due to their suitability for large-scale production and independence of the seasonal or climate restrictions. This review summarizes recent research on different microorganisms capable of producing EPA, such as microalgae, bacteria, and fungi, and introduces the different EPA biosynthesis pathways. Notably, some novel engineering strategies have been applied to endow and improve the abilities of microorganisms to synthesize EPA, including the construction and optimization of the EPA biosynthesis pathway, an increase in the acetyl-CoA pool supply, the increase of NADPH and the inhibition of competing pathways. This review aims to provide an updated summary of EPA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lei Jia
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Geng
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Du
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Shuang Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ru Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Zhuo Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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12
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Chang L, Chen H, Tang X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen W. Advances in improving the biotechnological application of oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6275-6289. [PMID: 34424385 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mortierella alpina is an oleaginous filamentous fungus with considerable lipid productivity, and it has been widely used for industrial production of arachidonic acid. The fermentation process of M. alpina is complicated and can be affected by various factors; therefore, a comprehensive knowledge of its metabolic characteristics and key factors governing lipid biosynthesis is required to further improve its industrial performance. In this review, we discuss the metabolic features and extracellular factors that affect lipid biosynthesis in M. alpina. The current progress in fermentation optimisation and metabolic engineering to improve lipid yield are also summarised. Moreover, we review the applications of M. alpina in the food industry and propose fermentation strategies for better utilisation of this genus in the future. In our opinion, the economic performance of M. alpina should be enhanced from multiple levels, including strains with ideal traits, efficient fermentation strategies, controllable fermentation costs, and competitive products of both high value and productivity. By reviewing the peculiarities of M. alpina and current progress to improve its suitability for biotechnological production, we wish to provide more efficient strategies for future development of M. alpina as a high-value lipid cell factory. KEY POINTS: • Understanding M. alpina metabolism is helpful for rational design of its fermentation processes. • Nitrogen source is a key point that affects PUFA's component and fermentation cost in M. alpina. • Dynamic fermentation strategy combined with breeding is needed to increase lipid yield in M. alpina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
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13
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Nabi A, Banoo A, Rasool RS, Dar MS, Mubashir SS, Masoodi KZ, Shah MD, Khan AA, Khan I, Padder BA. Optimizing the Agrobacterium tumifaciens mediated transformation conditions in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum: A step forward to unravel the functions of pathogenicity arsenals. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 75:293-307. [PMID: 34398478 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is a hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen that causes bean anthracnose and it is rated among the top 10 important diseases infecting beans. Currently our knowledge on molecular mechanisms underlying C. lindemuthianum pathogenesis is limited. About five pathogenicity genes have been identified in C. lindemuthianum using Restricted Enzyme Mediated Integration (REMI) and the transformation using Agroinfection has not been optimized. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted to optimize the key parameters affecting the Agrobacterium tumefaciens- mediated transformation (ATMT) for C. lindemuthianum. The transformation efficiency increased with increase in spore concentration and co-cultivation time. However, the optimum conditions that yielded significant number of transformants were 106 ml-1 spore concentration, co-cultivation time of 72 h, incubation at 25ºC and using a cellulose membrane filter for the co-cultivation. The optimized protocol resulted in establishment of large mutant library (2400). A few mutants were melanin deficient and a few were unable to produce conidia. To determine the altered pathogenicity, two new approaches such as detached leaf and twig techniques proved reliable and require fewer resources to screen the large mutant libraries in a short time. Among the 1200 transformants tested for virulence, 90% transformants were pathogenically similar to wild type (race 2047), 96 and 24 were reduced and impaired, respectively. The altered avirulent transformants can prove vital for understanding the missing link between growth and developmental stages of pathogen with virulence. This platform will help to develop strategies to determine the potential pathogenicity genes and to decipher molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasiya Nabi
- Plant Virology and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, 190 025
| | - Aqleema Banoo
- Plant Virology and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, 190 025
| | - Rovidha S Rasool
- Plant Virology and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, 190 025
| | - M S Dar
- Plant Virology and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, 190 025
| | - Syed Shoaib Mubashir
- Plant Virology and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, 190 025
| | - Khalid Z Masoodi
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, 190 025
| | - M D Shah
- Plant Virology and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, 190 025
| | - Akhtar A Khan
- Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, 190 025
| | - Imran Khan
- Division of Agricultural Statistics, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, 190 025
| | - Bilal A Padder
- Plant Virology and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, 190 025
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14
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Arnesen JA, Hoof JB, Kildegaard HF, Borodina I. Genome Editing of Eukarya. Metab Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527823468.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Chang L, Lu H, Chen H, Tang X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen W. Lipid metabolism research in oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina: Current progress and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107794. [PMID: 34245810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina has distinct advantages in long-chain PUFAs production, and it is the only source for dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) certificated by FDA and European Commission. This review provides an overall introduction to M. alpina, including its major research methods, key factors governing lipid biosynthesis, metabolic engineering and omics studies. Currently, the research interests in M. alpina focus on improving lipid yield and fatty acid desaturation degree by enhancing fatty acid precursors and the reducing power NADPH, and genetic manipulation on PUFAs synthetic pathways is carried to optimise fatty acid composition. Besides, multi-omics studies have been applied to elucidate the global regulatory mechanism of lipogenesis in M. alpina. However, research challenges towards achieving a lipid cell factory lie in strain breeding and cost control due to the coenocytic mycelium, long fermentation period and insufficient conversion rate from carbon to lipid. We also proposed future research goals based on a multilevel regulating strategy: obtaining ideal chassis by directional evolution and high-throughput screening; rewiring central carbon metabolism and inhibiting competitive pathways by multi-gene manipulation system to enhance carbon to lipid conversion rate; optimisation of protein function based on post-translational modification; application of dynamic fermentation strategies suitable for different fermentation phases. By reviewing the comprehensive research progress of this oleaginous fungus, we aim to further comprehend the fungal lipid metabolism and provide reference information and guidelines for the exploration of microbial oils from the perspectives of fundamental research to industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Hengqian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center, Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
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16
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Tang X, Chang L, Gu S, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen H, Zhao J, Chen W. Role of beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase in lipid biosynthesis of the oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 152:103572. [PMID: 34015432 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) play an important role in lipid metabolism by serving as signal molecules as well as a potential acetyl-CoA source. Our previous study found that in the oleaginous fungus Mucor circinelloides, beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (IPMDH), an important enzyme participating in the key BCAA leucine biosynthesis, was differentially expressed during lipid accumulation phase and has a positive role on lipogenesis. To further analyze its effects on lipogenesis in another oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina, the IPMDH-encoding gene MaLeuB was homologously expressed. It was found that the total fatty acid content in the recombinant strain was increased by 20.2% compared with the control strain, which correlated with a 4-fold increase in the MaLeuB transcriptional level. Intracellular metabolites analysis revealed significant changes in amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle and butanoate metabolism; specifically, leucine and isoleucine levels were upregulated by 6.4-fold and 2.2-fold, respectively. Our genetic engineering approach and metabolomics study demonstrated that MaLeuB is involved in fatty acid metabolism in M. alpina by affecting BCAAs metabolism, and this newly discovered role of IPMDH provides a potential bypass route to increase lipogenesis in oleaginous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Lulu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Shujie Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, PR China
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17
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Ling F, Tang X, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Zhao J, Chen H, Chen W. Role of the mitochondrial citrate-oxoglutarate carrier in lipid accumulation in the oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1455-1466. [PMID: 33907945 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The transport of citrate from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm is essential during lipid accumulation. This study aimed to explore the role of mitochondrial citrate-oxoglutarate carrier in lipid accumulation in the oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina. RESULTS Homologous MaYHM (the gene encoding the mitochondrial citrate-oxoglutarate carrier) was overexpressed in M. alpina. The fatty acid content of MaYHM-overexpressing recombinant strains was increased by up to 30% compared with the control. Moreover, the intracellular α-ketoglutarate level in recombinant strains was increased by 2.2 fold, together with a 23-35% decrease in NAD+-isocitrate dehydrogenase activity compared with the control. The overexpression of MaYHM altered the metabolic flux in the glutamate dehydrogenase shunt and 4-aminobutyric acid shunt during metabolic reprogramming, supplying more carbon to synthesize fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of MaYHM resulted in more efflux of citrate from mitochondria to the cytoplasm and enhanced lipid accumulation. These findings provide new perspectives for the improvement of industrial lipid production in M. alpina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhu Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
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Mo BKH, Ando A, Nakatsuji R, Okuda T, Takemoto Y, Ikemoto H, Kikukawa H, Sakamoto T, Sakuradani E, Ogawa J. Characterization of ω3 fatty acid desaturases from oomycetes and their application toward eicosapentaenoic acid production in Mortierella alpina. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1252-1265. [PMID: 33728459 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
ω3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids are currently obtained mainly from fisheries; thus, sustainable alternative sources such as oleaginous microorganisms are required. Here, we describe the isolation, characterization, and application of 3 novel ω3 desaturases with ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-producing activity at ordinary temperatures (28 °C). First, we selected Pythium sulcatum and Plectospira myriandra after screening for oomycetes with high eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratios and isolated the genes psulω3 and pmd17, respectively, which encode ω3 desaturases. Subsequent characterization showed that PSULω3 exhibited ω3 desaturase activity on both C18 and C20 ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids while PMD17 exhibited ω3 desaturase activity exclusively on C20 ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Expression of psulω3 and pmd17 in the arachidonic acid-producer Mortierella alpina resulted in transformants that produced eicosapentaenoic acid/total fatty acid values of 38% and 40%, respectively, at ordinary temperatures. These ω3 desaturases should facilitate the construction of sustainable ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K H Mo
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akinori Ando
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nakatsuji
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Okuda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Takemoto
- Health Care Research Center, Nisshin Pharma Inc., Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ikemoto
- Health Care Research Center, Nisshin Pharma Inc., Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kikukawa
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takaiku Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Eiji Sakuradani
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Mhlongo SI, Ezeokoli OT, Roopnarain A, Ndaba B, Sekoai PT, Habimana O, Pohl CH. The Potential of Single-Cell Oils Derived From Filamentous Fungi as Alternative Feedstock Sources for Biodiesel Production. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:637381. [PMID: 33584636 PMCID: PMC7876240 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.637381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial lipids, also known as single-cell oils (SCOs), are highly attractive feedstocks for biodiesel production due to their fast production rates, minimal labor requirements, independence from seasonal and climatic changes, and ease of scale-up for industrial processing. Among the SCO producers, the less explored filamentous fungi (molds) exhibit desirable features such as a repertoire of hydrolyzing enzymes and a unique pellet morphology that facilitates downstream harvesting. Although several oleaginous filamentous fungi have been identified and explored for SCO production, high production costs and technical difficulties still make the process less attractive compared to conventional lipid sources for biodiesel production. This review aims to highlight the ability of filamentous fungi to hydrolyze various organic wastes for SCO production and explore current strategies to enhance the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the SCO production and recovery process. The review also highlights the mechanisms and components governing lipogenic pathways, which can inform the rational designs of processing conditions and metabolic engineering efforts for increasing the quality and accumulation of lipids in filamentous fungi. Furthermore, we describe other process integration strategies such as the co-production with hydrogen using advanced fermentation processes as a step toward a biorefinery process. These innovative approaches allow for integrating upstream and downstream processing units, thus resulting in an efficient and cost-effective method of simultaneous SCO production and utilization for biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizwe I. Mhlongo
- Discipline of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Obinna T. Ezeokoli
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Ashira Roopnarain
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Busiswa Ndaba
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Patrick T. Sekoai
- The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Olivier Habimana
- The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Carolina H. Pohl
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Zhang H, Cui Q, Song X. Research advances on arachidonic acid production by fermentation and genetic modification of Mortierella alpina. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:4. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02984-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Xia Y, Zhang YT, Sun JY, Huang H, Zhao Q, Ren LJ. Strategies for enhancing eicosapentaenoic acid production: From fermentation to metabolic engineering. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Chang L, Tang X, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen H, Chen W. Improved Lipogenesis in Mortierella alpina by Abolishing the Snf4-Mediated Energy-Saving Mode under Low Glucose. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10787-10798. [PMID: 32880458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sensing nutrient levels and coordinating metabolism are requisites for all living organisms. In eukaryotes, heterotrimeric adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/sucrose nonfermenting 1 (SNF1) is an energy monitor that primarily functions by regulating cell metabolism with its γ-subunit being responsible for energy sensing. Because of its strong lipogenesis capacity and dependence on nutrient availability, Mortierella alpina is an ideal model to investigate the SNF1 role. Knockdown of the M. alpina SNF1-γ-subunit (MaSnf4) abolished the energy preservation mode. In a low glucose medium (15 g/L), the fatty acid content in the MaSnf4-knockdown strain was similar to that in a high glucose medium (50 g/L), comprising 16 ± 1.17% of the dry cell weight after 96 h of culture (1.59 g/L), together with 1.41 ± 0.13 and 4.15 ± 0.19 fold increased acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 and ATP-citrate lyase enzymatic activities, respectively. Metabolite analysis confirmed that knocking down MaSnf4 enhanced amino acid recycling and repressed the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In this case, more carbon skeleton acetyl-CoA and reductive nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate were rerouted into the fatty acid synthesis pathway. These findings provide new insight into the correlation between energy preservation and MaSnf4-regulated lipogenesis, which may enhance further development of cost-effective strategies to enhance lipid productivity in M. alpina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, P. R. China
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23
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Molecular mechanisms for biosynthesis and assembly of nutritionally important very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in microorganisms. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Wang S, Chen H, Tang X, Zhang H, Hao G, Chen W, Chen YQ. The Role of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases in NADPH Supply in the Oleaginous Filamentous Fungus Mortierella alpina. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:818. [PMID: 32411121 PMCID: PMC7198782 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a highly conserved enzyme within the glycolytic pathway. GAPDH catalyzes the transformation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to glycerate-1, 3-biphosphate, a process accompanied by the production of NADH. Its role in the NADPH production system of the oleaginous filamentous fungus Mortierella alpina was explored. Two copies of genes encoding GAPDH were characterized, then endogenously overexpressed and silenced through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation methods. The results showed that the lipid content of the overexpression strain, MA-GAPDH1, increased by around 13%. RNA interference of GAPDH1 and GAPDH2 (MA-RGAPDH1 and MA-RGAPDH2) greatly reduced the biomass of the fungus. The lipid content of MA-RGAPDH2 was found to be about 23% higher than that of the control. Both of the lipid-increasing transformants showed a higher NADPH/NADP ratio. Analysis of metabolite and enzyme expression levels revealed that the increased lipid content of MA-GAPDH1 was due to enhanced flux of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to glycerate-1, 3-biphosphate. MA-RGAPDH2 was found to strengthen the metabolic flux of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glycerol-3-phosphate. Thus, GAPDH1 contributes to NADPH supply and lipid accumulation in M. alpina, and has a distinct role from GAPDH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunxian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, China
| | - Guangfei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, China.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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25
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Diao J, Song X, Guo T, Wang F, Chen L, Zhang W. Cellular engineering strategies toward sustainable omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids production: State of the art and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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26
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Wang S, Chen H, Wang Y, Pan C, Tang X, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen Y. Effects of
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
strain types on the
Agrobacterium‐
mediated transformation efficiency of filamentous fungus
Mortierella alpina. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 70:388-393. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
| | - H. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
| | - Y. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
| | - C. Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
| | - X. Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
| | - H. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
| | - W. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU) Beijing P.R. China
| | - Y.Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch Wuxi Jiangsu P.R. China
- Department of Cancer Biology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem NC USA
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27
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Chang L, Tang X, Lu H, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen H, Chen W. Role of Adenosine Monophosphate Deaminase during Fatty Acid Accumulation in Oleaginous Fungus Mortierella alpina. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9551-9559. [PMID: 31379157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In oleaginous micro-organisms, nitrogen limitation activates adenosine monophosphate deaminase (AMPD) and promotes lipogenesis via the inhibition of isocitrate dehydrogenase. We found that the overexpression of homologous AMPD in Mortierella alpina favored lipid synthesis over cell growth. Total fatty acid content in the recombinant strain was 15.0-34.3% higher than that in the control, even though their biomass was similar. During the early fermentation stage, the intracellular AMP level reduced by 40-60%, together with a 1.9-2.7-fold increase in citrate content compared with the control, therefore provided more precursors for fatty acid synthesis. Moreover, the decreased AMP level resulted in metabolic reprogramming, reflected by the blocked TCA cycle and reduction of amino acids, distributing more carbon to lipid synthesis pathways. By coupling the energy balance with lipogenesis, this study provides new insights into cell metabolism under nitrogen-limited conditions and targets the regulation of fatty acid accumulation in oleaginous micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hao Zhang
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , P. R. China
| | | | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU) , Beijing 100048 , P. R. China
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28
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Farida Asras MF, Shimada Y, Nagano H, Munesato K, Takeuchi M, Takemura M, Ando A, Ogawa J. Production of prostaglandin F2α by molecular breeding of an oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:774-780. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1562880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Cyclooxygenases are responsible for the production of prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) from arachidonic acid. PGH2 can be converted into some bioactive prostaglandins, including prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), a potent chemical messenger used as a biological regulator in the fields of obstetrics and gynecology. The chemical messenger PGF2α has been industrially produced by chemical synthesis. To develop a biotechnological process, in which PGF2α can be produced by a microorganism, we transformed an oleaginous fungus, Mortierella alpina 1S-4, rich in triacylglycerol consisting of arachidonic acid using a cyclooxygenase gene from a red alga, Gracilaria vermiculophylla. PGF2α was accumulated not only in the mycelia of the transformants but also in the extracellular medium. After 12 days of cultivation approximately 860 ng/g and 6421 µg/L of PGF2α were accumulated in mycelia and the extracellular medium, respectively. The results could facilitate the development of novel fermentative methods for the production of prostanoids using an oleaginous fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Fazli Farida Asras
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Shimada
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nagano
- Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kei Munesato
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiki Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miho Takemura
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Akinori Ando
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Unit for the Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Unit for the Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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29
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Wilken SE, Swift CL, Podolsky IA, Lankiewicz TS, Seppälä S, O'Malley MA. Linking ‘omics’ to function unlocks the biotech potential of non-model fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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30
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Sun XM, Ren LJ, Zhao QY, Ji XJ, Huang H. Enhancement of lipid accumulation in microalgae by metabolic engineering. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:552-566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Optimization of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method of oleaginous filamentous fungus Mortierella alpina on co-cultivation materials choice. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 152:179-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Tang X, Chen H, Mei T, Ge C, Gu Z, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen W. Characterization of an Omega-3 Desaturase From Phytophthora parasitica and Application for Eicosapentaenoic Acid Production in Mortierella alpina. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1878. [PMID: 30154780 PMCID: PMC6102326 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) have important therapeutic and nutritional benefits in humans. In the biosynthesis pathways of these LC-PUFAs, omega-3 desaturase plays a critical role. In this study, we report a new omega-3 desaturase (PPD17) from Phytophthora parasitica. This desaturase shares high similarities with the known omega-3 desaturases and was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the activity and substrate specificity research. The desaturase has a wide omega-6 fatty acid substrate, containing both 18C and 20C fatty acids, and exhibits a strong activity of delta-17 desaturase but a weak activity of delta-15 desaturase. The new desaturase converted the omega-6 arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4) to EPA (an omega-3 LC-PUFA, C20:5) with a substrate conversion rate of 70%. To obtain a high EPA-producing strain, we transformed PPD17 into Mortierella alpina, an AA-producing filamentous fungus. The EPA content of the total fatty acids in reconstruction strains reached 31.5% and was followed by the fermentation optimization of the EPA yield of up to 1.9 g/L. This research characterized a new omega-3 desaturase and provides a possibility of industrially producing EPA using M. alpina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tiantian Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chengfeng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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33
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Poyedinok NL, Blume YB. Advances, Problems, and Prospects of Genetic Transformation of Fungi. CYTOL GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.3103/s009545271802007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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The role of acyl-CoA thioesterase ACOT8I in mediating intracellular lipid metabolism in oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 45:281-291. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Thioesterases (TEs) play an essential role in the metabolism of fatty acids (FAs). To explore the role of TEs in mediating intracellular lipid metabolism in the oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina, the acyl-CoA thioesterase ACOT8I was overexpressed. The contents of total fatty acids (TFAs) were the same in the recombinant strains as in the wild-type M. alpina, whilst the production of free fatty acids (FFAs) was enhanced from about 0.9% (wild-type) to 2.8% (recombinant), a roughly threefold increase. Linoleic acid content in FFA form constituted about 9% of the TFAs in the FFA fraction in the recombinant strains but only about 1.3% in the wild-type M. alpina. The gamma-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid contents in FFA form accounted for about 4 and 25%, respectively, of the TFAs in the FFA fraction in the recombinant strains, whilst neither of them in FFA form were detected in the wild-type M. alpina. Overexpression of the TE ACOT8I in the oleaginous fungus M. alpina reinforced the flux from acyl-CoAs to FFAs, improved the production of FFAs and tailored the FA profiles of the lipid species.
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35
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Kikukawa H, Sakuradani E, Ando A, Shimizu S, Ogawa J. Arachidonic acid production by the oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina 1S-4: A review. J Adv Res 2018; 11:15-22. [PMID: 30034872 PMCID: PMC6052653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Mortierella alpina 1S-4 is capable of accumulating a large amount of triacylglycerol containing C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Indeed, triacylglycerol production by M. alpina 1S-4 can reach 20 g/L of culture broth, and the critical cellular signaling and structural PUFA arachidonic acid (ARA) comprises 30%–70% of the total fatty acid. The demonstrated health benefits of functional PUFAs have in turn encouraged the search for rich sources of these compounds, including fungal strains showing enhanced production of specific PUFAs. Screening for mutants and targeted gene manipulation of M. alpina 1S-4 have elucidated the functions of various enzymes involved in PUFA biosynthesis and established lines with improved PUFA productivity. In some cases, these strains have been used for indistrial-scale production of PUFAs, including ARA. In this review, we described practical ARA production through mutant breeding, functional analyses of genes encoding enzymes involved in PUFA biosynthesis, and recent advances in the production of specific PUFAs through molecular breeding of M. alpina 1S-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kikukawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Eiji Sakuradani
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minami-josanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Akinori Ando
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Sakayu Shimizu
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto Gakuen University, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe, Kameoka 621-8555, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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36
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Ge C, Chen H, Mei T, Tang X, Chang L, Gu Z, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen YQ. Application of a ω-3 Desaturase with an Arachidonic Acid Preference to Eicosapentaenoic Acid Production in Mortierella alpina. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 5:89. [PMID: 29404322 PMCID: PMC5786553 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2017.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the industrial oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina, the arachidonic acid (AA; C20:4; ω-6) fraction can reach 50% of the total fatty acids (TFAs) in vivo. However, the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5; ω-3) fraction is less than 3% when this fungus is cultivated at a low temperature (12°C). Omega-3 fatty acid desaturase is a key enzyme in ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis pathways. To enhance EPA production, we transformed the ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (PaD17), which exhibits strong Δ-17 desaturase activity, into M. alpina, thus increasing the AA to EPA conversion rate to 49.8%. This PaD17-harboring M. alpina reconstruction strain produced 617 mg L−1 of EPA at room temperature in broth medium, this yield was increased to 1.73 g L−1 after culture medium optimization (i.e., about threefold higher than that under original culture conditions), with concomitant respective increases in dry cell weight and TFA content to 16.55 and 6.46 g L−1. These findings suggest a new platform for the future industrial production of EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfeng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tiantian Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lulu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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Tang X, Chen H, Ge C, Dong S, Si S, Liu J, Gu Z, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen W. Application of high EPA-producing Mortierella alpina in laying hen feed for egg DHA accumulation. RSC Adv 2018; 8:39005-39012. [PMID: 35558321 PMCID: PMC9090661 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06525j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6), are beneficial for human health. In this study, we selected a high EPA content (30% in total fatty acids) strain of Mortierella alpina CCFM 698 that overexpressed an ω-3 fatty acid desaturase from Phytophthora parasitica, and investigated the cell growth and lipid accumulation of this strain in a 65 L airlift fermenter with glucose batch feeding. The maximum cell dry weight was 28.7 g L−1 and the highest total fatty acid content was 33.0% (w/w) in cell dry weight. The highest EPA yield was 1.8 g L−1. Both low and high dose supplementation of this strain into the feed of laying hens increased DHA accumulation in the yolk. The highest DHA content of 7.61 mg g−1 yolk was achieved in Fengda-1 laying hens with 4% supplementation and the DHA production per egg was 118.46 mg. However, Hy-Line Brown laying hens displayed a higher DHA production per egg and the value was 131.50, 131.72, 131.95 mg with 1.5%, 2%, 4% supplementation, respectively. The lowest ratio of ω-6/ω-3 PUFAs (3.53) was obtained in Hy-Line Brown laying hens with 4% supplementation. These results suggest that M. alpina CCFM 698 can be used as an alternative source of ω-3 PUFAs in feed to produce nutritious eggs with high DHA content. A high EPA-producing M. alpina was fermented and added to laying hen feed for egg yolk DHA accumulation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Chengfeng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | | | | | | | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Yong Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
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Mao X, Liu Z, Sun J, Lee SY. Metabolic engineering for the microbial production of marine bioactive compounds. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:1004-1021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Sakamoto T, Sakuradani E, Okuda T, Kikukawa H, Ando A, Kishino S, Izumi Y, Bamba T, Shima J, Ogawa J. Metabolic engineering of oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina for high production of oleic and linoleic acids. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:1610-1615. [PMID: 28673516 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the molecular breeding of oleaginous filamentous Mortierella alpina for high production of linoleic (LA) or oleic acid (OA). Heterologous expression of the Δ12-desaturase (DS) gene derived from Coprinopsis cinerea in the Δ6DS activity-defective mutant of M. alpina increased the LA production rate as to total fatty acid to 5 times that in the wild strain. By suppressing the endogenous Δ6I gene expression by RNAi in the Δ12DS activity-defective mutant of M. alpina, the OA accumulation rate as to total fatty acid reached 68.0%. The production of LA and OA in these transformants reached 1.44 and 2.76g/L, respectively, on the 5th day. The Δ6I transcriptional levels of the RNAi-treated strains were suppressed to 1/10th that in the parent strain. The amount of Δ6II RNA in the Δ6I RNAi-treated strain increased to 8 times that in the wild strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaiku Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Eiji Sakuradani
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan.
| | - Tomoyo Okuda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kikukawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Akinori Ando
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Kishino
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Shima
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, 67 Tsukamoto-cho, Fukakusa Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8577, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Lei M, Wu X, Zhang J, Wang H, Huang C. Establishment of an efficient transformation system for Pleurotus ostreatus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:214. [PMID: 29164387 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus is widely cultivated worldwide, but the lack of an efficient transformation system regarding its use restricts its genetic research. The present study developed an improved and efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method in P. ostreatus. Four parameters were optimized to obtain the most efficient transformation method. The strain LBA4404 was the most suitable for the transformation of P. ostreatus. A bacteria-to-protoplast ratio of 100:1, an acetosyringone (AS) concentration of 0.1 mM, and 18 h of co-culture showed the best transformation efficiency. The hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene (HPH) was used as the selective marker, and EGFP was used as the reporter gene in this study. Southern blot analysis combined with EGFP fluorescence assay showed positive results, and mitotic stability assay showed that more than 75% transformants were stable after five generations. These results showed that our transformation method is effective and stable and may facilitate future genetic studies in P. ostreatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lei
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangli Wu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxia Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyang Huang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Molecular tools for gene manipulation in filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:8063-8075. [PMID: 28965220 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Functional genomics of filamentous fungi has gradually uncovered gene information for constructing 'cell factories' and controlling pathogens. Available gene manipulation methods of filamentous fungi include random integration methods, gene targeting technology, gene editing with artificial nucleases and RNA technology. This review describes random gene integration constructed by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI); Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (AMT); transposon-arrayed gene knockout (TAGKO); gene targeting technology, mainly about homologous recombination; and modern gene editing strategies containing transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/associated protein system (CRISPR/Cas) developed in filamentous fungi and RNA technology including RNA interference (RNAi) and ribozymes. This review describes historical and modern gene manipulation methods in filamentous fungi and presents the molecular tools available to researchers investigating filamentous fungi. The biggest difference of this review from the previous ones is the addition of successful application and details of the promising gene editing tool CRISPR/Cas9 system in filamentous fungi.
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Idnurm A, Bailey AM, Cairns TC, Elliott CE, Foster GD, Ianiri G, Jeon J. A silver bullet in a golden age of functional genomics: the impact of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of fungi. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2017; 4:6. [PMID: 28955474 PMCID: PMC5615635 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-017-0035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a transformation tool revolutionized approaches to discover and understand gene functions in a large number of fungal species. A. tumefaciens mediated transformation (AtMT) is one of the most transformative technologies for research on fungi developed in the last 20 years, a development arguably only surpassed by the impact of genomics. AtMT has been widely applied in forward genetics, whereby generation of strain libraries using random T-DNA insertional mutagenesis, combined with phenotypic screening, has enabled the genetic basis of many processes to be elucidated. Alternatively, AtMT has been fundamental for reverse genetics, where mutant isolates are generated with targeted gene deletions or disruptions, enabling gene functional roles to be determined. When combined with concomitant advances in genomics, both forward and reverse approaches using AtMT have enabled complex fungal phenotypes to be dissected at the molecular and genetic level. Additionally, in several cases AtMT has paved the way for the development of new species to act as models for specific areas of fungal biology, particularly in plant pathogenic ascomycetes and in a number of basidiomycete species. Despite its impact, the implementation of AtMT has been uneven in the fungi. This review provides insight into the dynamics of expansion of new research tools into a large research community and across multiple organisms. As such, AtMT in the fungi, beyond the demonstrated and continuing power for gene discovery and as a facile transformation tool, provides a model to understand how other technologies that are just being pioneered, e.g. CRISPR/Cas, may play roles in fungi and other eukaryotic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Idnurm
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Andy M. Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Timothy C. Cairns
- Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Candace E. Elliott
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Gary D. Foster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Giuseppe Ianiri
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Junhyun Jeon
- College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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Zhang H, Feng Y, Cui Q, Song X. Expression of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin enhances production of arachidonic acid and lipids in Mortierella alpina. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:68. [PMID: 28854910 PMCID: PMC5577678 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4, n-6), which belongs to the omega-6 series of polyunsaturated fatty acids and has a variety of biological activities, is commercially produced in Mortierella alpina. Dissolved oxygen or oxygen utilization efficiency is a critical factor for Mortierella alpina growth and arachidonic acid production in large-scale fermentation. Overexpression of the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene is thought to significantly increase the oxygen utilization efficiency of the cells. RESULTS An optimized Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) gene was introduced into Mortierella alpina via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Compared with the parent strain, the VHb-expressing strain, termed VHb-20, grew faster under both limiting and non-limiting oxygen conditions and exhibited dramatic changes in cell morphology. Furthermore, VHb-20 produced 4- and 8-fold higher total lipid and ARA yields than those of the wild-type strain under a microaerobic environment. Furthermore, ARA production of VHb-20 was also 1.6-fold higher than that of the wild type under normal conditions. The results demonstrated that DO utilization was significantly increased by expressing the VHb gene in Mortierella alpina. CONCLUSIONS The expression of VHb enhances ARA and lipid production under both lower and normal dissolved oxygen conditions. This study provides a novel strategy and an engineered strain for the cost-efficient production of ARA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101 China
- Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yingang Feng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101 China
- Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 China
| | - Qiu Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101 China
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 China
- Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 China
| | - Xiaojin Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266101 China
- Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao, Shandong 266101 China
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Yang H, Chen H, Hao G, Mei T, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen YQ. Increased fatty acid accumulation following overexpression of glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase and suppression of β‐oxidation in oleaginous fungus
Mortierella alpina. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and NutritionWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Guangfei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and NutritionWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Tiantian Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and NutritionWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and NutritionWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and NutritionWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Yong Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and NutritionWuxiJiangsuP. R. China
- Department of Cancer BiologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNCUSA
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Kikukawa H, Sakuradani E, Ando A, Okuda T, Shimizu S, Ogawa J. Microbial production of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid by Δ5-desaturase gene-disruptants of Mortierella alpina 1S-4. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 122:22-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Application of a delta-6 desaturase with α-linolenic acid preference on eicosapentaenoic acid production in Mortierella alpina. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:117. [PMID: 27364006 PMCID: PMC4929779 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Delta-6 desaturase (FADS6) is a key bifunctional enzyme desaturating linoleic acid (LA) or α-linolenic acid (ALA) in the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In previous work, we analyzed the substrate specificity of two FADS6 enzymes from Mortierella alpina ATCC 32222 (MaFADS6) and Micromonas pusilla CCMP1545 (MpFADS6), which showed preference for LA and ALA, respectively. We also clarified the PUFA profiles in M. alpina, where these lipids were synthesized mainly via the ω6 pathway and rarely via the ω3 pathway and as a result contained low ALA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels. Result To enhance EPA production in M. alpina by favoring the ω3 pathway, a plasmid harboring the MpFADS6 gene was constructed and overexpressed in a uracil-auxotrophic strain of M. alpina using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) method. Our results revealed that the EPA production reached 80.0 ± 15.0 and 90.4 ± 9.7 mg/L in MpFADS6 transformants grown at 28 and at 12 °C, respectively. To raise the level of ALA, free form fatty acid was used as exogenous substrate, which increased the EPA production up to 114.5 ± 12.4 mg/L. To reduce the cost of EPA production in M. alpina, peony seed oil (PSO) and peony seed meal (PSM) were used as source of ALA, and EPA production was improved to 149.3 ± 7.8 and 515.29 ± 32.66 mg/L by supplementing with 0.1 % PSO and 50 g/L PSM, respectively. The EPA yield was further increased to 588.5 ± 29.6 mg/L in a 5-L bioreactor, which resulted in a 26.2-fold increase compared to EPA production in wild-type M. alpina. In this work, we have significantly enhanced EPA production through overexpression of a FADS6 desaturase with preference for ALA, combined with supplementation of its substrate. Conclusion An ALA-preferring FADS6 from M. pusilla CCMP1545 was applied to enhance EPA production in M. alpina. By exogenous addition of peony seed oil or peony seed meal, EPA production was further increased in flasks and fermenters. This research also highlights the value of peony seed meal which can be converted to a high value-added product containing EPA, and as a way to increase the EPA/AA ratio in M. alpina. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0516-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Metabolic Engineering of Mortierella alpina for Enhanced Arachidonic Acid Production through the NADPH-Supplying Strategy. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3280-3288. [PMID: 27016571 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00572-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED NADPH is known to be a key cofactor required for fatty acid synthesis and desaturation. Various enzymatic reactions can generate NADPH. To determine the effect of NADPH sources on lipogenesis, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), and malic enzyme (ME) were overexpressed in Mortierella alpina Our results showed that G6PD2 had the most significant effect on fatty acid synthesis, with a 1.7-fold increase in total fatty acid, whereas ME2 was more effective in desaturation, with a 1.5-fold increase in arachidonic acid (AA) content over control. Co-overexpression of G6PD2 and ME2 improved both fatty acid synthesis and desaturation. Within 96 h of fermentation using the fed-batch method, the co-overexpressing strain accumulated AA at a productivity of 1.9 ± 0.2 g/(liter · day), which was 7.2-fold higher than that in the M. alpina control that was cultured in a flask. IMPORTANCE This study proved that the pentose phosphate pathway is the major NADPH contributor during fatty acid synthesis in M. alpina The NADPH sources may be differently responsible for fatty acid synthesis or desaturation. Co-overexpression of G6PD2 and ME2 significantly increases AA production.
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Lee JM, Lee H, Kang S, Park WJ. Fatty Acid Desaturases, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Regulation, and Biotechnological Advances. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010023. [PMID: 26742061 PMCID: PMC4728637 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are considered to be critical nutrients to regulate human health and development, and numerous fatty acid desaturases play key roles in synthesizing PUFAs. Given the lack of delta-12 and -15 desaturases and the low levels of conversion to PUFAs, humans must consume some omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in their diet. Many studies on fatty acid desaturases as well as PUFAs have shown that fatty acid desaturase genes are closely related to different human physiological conditions. Since the first front-end desaturases from cyanobacteria were cloned, numerous desaturase genes have been identified and animals and plants have been genetically engineered to produce PUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Recently, a biotechnological approach has been used to develop clinical treatments for human physiological conditions, including cancers and neurogenetic disorders. Thus, understanding the functions and regulation of PUFAs associated with human health and development by using biotechnology may facilitate the engineering of more advanced PUFA production and provide new insights into the complexity of fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Min Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Hyungjae Lee
- Department of Food Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Korea.
| | - SeokBeom Kang
- Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Seogwipo 63607, Korea.
| | - Woo Jung Park
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Korea.
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Papp T, Nyilasi I, Csernetics Á, Nagy G, Takó M, Vágvölgyi C. Improvement of Industrially Relevant Biological Activities in Mucoromycotina Fungi. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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50
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Hao G, Chen H, Gu Z, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen YQ. Metabolic engineering of Mortierella alpina for arachidonic acid production with glycerol as carbon source. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:205. [PMID: 26701302 PMCID: PMC4690419 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although some microorganisms can convert glycerol into valuable products such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, the yields are relative low due primarily to an inefficient assimilation of glycerol. Mortierella alpina is an oleaginous fungus which preferentially uses glucose over glycerol as the carbon source for fatty acid synthesis. Results In the present study, we metabolically engineered M. alpina to increase the utilization of glycerol. Glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase control the first two steps of glycerol decomposition. GK overexpression increased the total fatty acid content by 35 %, whereas G3PD1, G3PD2 and G3PD3 had no significant effect. Overexpression of malic enzyme (ME1) but not glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase or isocitrate dehydrogenase significantly increased fatty acid content when glycerol was used as carbon source. Simultaneous overexpression of GK and ME1 enabled M. alpina to accumulate fatty acids efficiently, with a 44 % increase in fatty acid content (% of dry weight), a 57 % increase in glycerol to fatty acid yield (g/g glycerol) and an 81 % increase in fatty acid production (g/L culture). A repeated batch process was applied to relieve the inhibitory effect of raw glycerol on arachidonic acid synthesis, and under these conditions, the yield reached 52.2 ± 1.9 mg/g. Conclusions This study suggested that GK is a rate-limiting step in glycerol assimilation in M. alpina. Another restricting factor for fatty acid accumulation was the supply of cytosolic NADPH. We reported a bioengineering strategy by improving the upstream assimilation and NADPH supply, for oleaginous fungi to efficiently accumulate fatty acid with glycerol as carbon source. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0392-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,Departments of Cancer Biology and Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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