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Ma WQ, Miao MC, Ding PA, Tan BB, Liu WB, Guo S, Er LM, Zhang ZD, Zhao Q. CALD1 facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal transition progression in gastric cancer cells by modulating the PI3K-Akt pathway. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:1029-1045. [PMID: 38577446 PMCID: PMC10989365 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i3.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CALD1 has been discovered to be abnormally expressed in a variety of malignant tumors, including gastric cancer (GC), and is associated with tumor progression and immune infiltration; however, the roles and mechanisms of CALD1 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in GC are unknown. AIM To investigate the role and mechanism of CALD1 in GC progression, invasion, and migration. METHODS In this study, the relationship between CALD1 and GC, as well as the possible network regulatory mechanisms of CALD1, was investigated by bioinformatics and validated by experiments. CALD1-siRNA was synthesized and used to transfect GC cells. Cell activity was measured using the CCK-8 method, cell migration and invasive ability were measured using wound healing assay and Transwell assay, and the expression levels of relevant genes and proteins in each group of cells were measured using qRT-PCR and Western blot. A GC cell xenograft model was established to verify the results of in vitro experiments. RESULTS Bioinformatics results showed that CALD1 was highly expressed in GC tissues, and CALD1 was significantly higher in EMT-type GC tissues than in tissues of other types of GC. The prognosis of patients with high expression of CALD1 was worse than that of patients with low expression, and a prognostic model was constructed and evaluated. The experimental results were consistent with the results of the bioinformatics analysis. The expression level of CALD1 in GC cell lines was all higher than that in gastric epithelial cell line GES-1, with the strongest expression found in AGS and MKN45 cells. Cell activity was significantly reduced after CALD1-siRNA transfection of AGS and MKN45 cells. The ability of AGS and MKN45 cells to migrate and invade was reduced after CALD1-siRNA transfection, and the related mRNA and protein expression was altered. According to bioinformatics findings in GC samples, the CALD1 gene was significantly associated with the expression of members of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway as well as the EMT signaling pathway, and was closely related to the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Experimental validation revealed that upregulation of CALD1 increased the expression of PI3K, p-AKT, and p-mTOR, members of the PI3K-Akt pathway,while decreasing the expression of PTEN; PI3K-Akt inhibitor treatment decreased the expression of PI3K, p-AKT, and p-mTOR in cells overexpressing CALD1 (still higher than that in the normal group), but increased the expression of PTEN (still lower than that in the normal group). CCK-8 results revealed that the effect of CALD1 on tumor cell activity was decreased by the addition of the inhibitor. Scratch and Transwell experiments showed that the effect of CALD1 on tumor cell migration and invasion was weakened by the addition of the PI3K-Akt inhibitor. The mRNA and protein levels of EMT-related genes in AGS and MKN45 cells were greatly altered by the overexpression of CALD1, whereas the effect of overexpression of CALD1 was significantly weakened by the addition of the PI3K-Akt inhibitor. Animal experiments showed that tumour growth was slow after inhibition of CALD1, and the expression of some PI3K-Akt and EMT pathway proteins was altered. CONCLUSION Increased expression of CALD1 is a key factor in the progression, invasion, and metastasis of GC, which may be associated with regulating the PI3K-Akt pathway to promote EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qian Ma
- Department of Endoscopy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ming-Chang Miao
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ping-An Ding
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Bi-Bo Tan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wen-Bo Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shuo Guo
- Department of Endoscopy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Li-Mian Er
- Department of Endoscopy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhi-Dong Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
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2
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Chittick L, Okwumabua O. Loss of expression of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 compromises growth and pathogenicity. Microb Pathog 2024; 188:106565. [PMID: 38309311 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is a zoonotic agent that causes substantial economic losses to the swine industry and threatens human public health. Factors that contribute to its ability to cause disease are not yet fully understood. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is an enzyme found in living cells and plays vital roles in cellular metabolism. It has also been shown to affect pathogenic potential of certain bacteria. In this study, we constructed a S. suis serotype 2 GDH mutant (Δgdh) by insertional inactivation mediated by a homologous recombination event and confirmed loss of expression of GDH in the mutant by immunoblot and enzyme activity staining assays. Compared with the wild type (WT) strain, Δgdh displayed a different phenotype. It exhibited impaired growth in all conditions evaluated (solid and broth media, increased temperature, varying pH, and salinity) and formed cells of reduced size. Using a swine infection model, pigs inoculated with the WT strain exhibited fever, specific signs of disease, and lesions, and the strain could be re-isolated from the brain, lung, joint fluid, and blood samples collected from the infected pigs. Pigs inoculated with the Δgdh strain did not exhibit any clinical signs of disease nor histologic lesions, and the strain could not be re-isolated from any of the tissues nor body fluid sampled. The Δgdh also showed a decreased level of survival in pig blood. Taken together, these results suggest that the gdh is important in S. suis physiology and its ability to colonize, disseminate, and cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Chittick
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 N 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ, 85308, USA
| | - Ogi Okwumabua
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 N 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ, 85308, USA.
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3
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Kobashi Y, Nakayama E, Fukumori N, Shimojima A, Tabira M, Nishimura Y, Mukae M, Muto A, Nakashima N, Okutsu K, Yoshizaki Y, Futagami T, Takamine K, Tamaki H. Homozygous gene disruption in diploid yeast through a single transformation. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 137:31-37. [PMID: 37981488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
As industrial shochu yeast is a diploid strain, obtaining a strain with mutations in both allelic genes was considered difficult. We investigated a method for disrupting two copies of a homozygous gene with a single transformation. We designed a disruption cassette containing an intact LYS5 flanked by nonfunctional ura3 gene fragments divided into the 5'- and 3'-regions. These fragments had overlapping sequences that enabled LYS5 removal as well as URA3 regeneration through loop-out. Furthermore, both ends of the disruption cassette had an additional repeat sequence that allowed the cassette to be removed from the chromosome through loop-out. First, 45 bases of 5'- and 3'-regions of target gene sequences were added on both ends of this cassette using polymerase chain reaction; the resultant disruption cassette was introduced into a shochu yeast strain (ura3/ura3 lys5/lys5); then, single allele disrupted strains were selected on Lys drop-out plates; and after cultivation in YPD medium, double-disrupted strains, in which replacement of another allelic gene with disruption cassette by loss of heterozygosity and regeneration of URA3 in one of the cassettes by loop-out, were obtained by selection on Ura and Lys drop-out plates. The disruption cassettes were removed from the double-disrupted strain via loop-out between repeat sequences in the disruption cassette. The strains that lost either URA3 or LYS5 were counter-selected on 5-fluoroorotic acid or α-amino adipic acid plates, respectively. Using this method, we obtained leu2/leu2 and leu2/leu2 his3/his3 strains in shochu yeast, demonstrating the effectiveness and repeatability of this gene disruption technique in diploid yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobashi
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Eri Nakayama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Naoki Fukumori
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Ayane Shimojima
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Manami Tabira
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishimura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Manami Mukae
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Ai Muto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Naoto Nakashima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kayu Okutsu
- Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yoshizaki
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Taiki Futagami
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kazunori Takamine
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hisanori Tamaki
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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4
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Kikukawa H, Ando A, Hannya A, Farida Asras MF, Okuda T, Sakamoto T, Hara KY, Sakuradani E, Ogawa J. Mead acid production by disruption of Δ12-desaturase gene in Mortierella alpina 1S-4. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 136:353-357. [PMID: 37635046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Mead acid (MA; 20:3ω9) is one of the ω9 series of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). MA is used to inhibit the inflammation of joints and is applied to the medicinal or health food field. We aimed to construct MA-producing strains with disruption of the Δ12-desaturase gene (Δ12ds) via an efficient gene-targeting system using the lig4-disrupted strain of Mortierella alpina 1S-4 as the host. The transformants showed a unique fatty acid composition that only comprised ω9-PUFAs and saturated fatty acids, while ω6-and ω3-PUFAs were not detected, and the total composition of ω9-PUFAs, including oleic acid (18:1ω9), 18:2ω9, 20:1ω9, 20:2ω9, and MA, was up to 68.4% of the total fatty acids. The MA production in the Δ12ds-disruptant reached 0.10 g/L (8.5%), which exceeded 0.050 g/L (4.6%) in the conventional Δ12ds-defective mutant JT-180.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kikukawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Akinori Ando
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Asuka Hannya
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mohd Fazli Farida Asras
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Okuda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takaiku Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Y Hara
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Eiji Sakuradani
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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5
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Tuvshintulga B, Guswanto A, Nugraha AB, Sivakumar T, Umemiya-Shirafuji R, Yokoyama N. Disruption of a DNA fragment that encodes the microneme adhesive repeat domain-containing region of the BBOV_III011730 does not affect the blood stage growth of Babesia bovis in vitro. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2023; 255:111576. [PMID: 37315901 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2023.111576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Babesia bovis, an intraerythrocytic hemoprotozoan parasite, causes the most pathogenic form of bovine babesiosis, negatively impacting the cattle industry. Comprehensive knowledge of B. bovis biology is necessary for developing control methods. In cattle, B. bovis invades the red blood cells (RBCs) and reproduces asexually. Micronemal proteins, which bind to sialic acid of host cells via their microneme adhesive repeat (MAR) domains, are believed to play a key role in host cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites. In this study, we successfully deleted the region encoding MAR domain of the BBOV_III011730 by integrating a fusion gene of enhanced green fluorescent protein-blasticidin-S-deaminase into the genome of B. bovis. The transgenic B. bovis, lacking the MAR domain of the BBOV_III011730, invaded bovine RBCs in vitro and grew at rates similar to the parental line. In conclusion, our study revealed that the MAR domain is non-essential for the intraerythrocytic development of B. bovis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumduuren Tuvshintulga
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Azirwan Guswanto
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Arifin Budiman Nugraha
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Thillaiampalam Sivakumar
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
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6
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List EO, Duran-Ortiz S, Kulkarni P, Davis E, Mora-Criollo P, Berryman DE, Kopchick JJ. Growth hormone receptor gene disruption. Vitam Horm 2023; 123:109-149. [PMID: 37717983 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Much of our understanding of growth hormone's (GH)'s numerous activities stems from studies utilizing GH receptor (GHR) knockout mice. More recently, the role of GH action has been examined by creating mice with tissue-specific or temporal GHR disruption. To date, 37 distinct GHR knockout mouse lines have been created. Targeted tissues include fat, liver, muscle, heart, bone, brain, macrophage, intestine, hematopoietic stem cells, pancreatic β cells, and inducible multi-tissue "global" disruption at various ages. In this chapter, a summary of each mouse line is provided with background information on the generation of the mouse line as well as important physiological outcomes resulting from GHR gene disruption. Collectively, these mouse lines provide unique insights into GH action and have resulted in the development of new hypotheses about the functions ascribed to GH action in particular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O List
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Prateek Kulkarni
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Emily Davis
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Patricia Mora-Criollo
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - John J Kopchick
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States.
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7
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Chornyi S, Koster J, Waterham HR. Applying CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing to Study Genes Involved in Peroxisome Biogenesis or Peroxisomal Functions. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2643:233-245. [PMID: 36952190 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3048-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The development and application of the CRISPR-Cas9 technology for genome editing of mammalian cells have opened up a wealth of possibilities for genetically modifying and manipulating human cells, and use in functional studies or therapeutic approaches.Here we describe the approach that we have been using successfully to generate multiple human cell lines with targeted (partial) gene deletions, i.e., knockout cells, or human cells with modified genomic nucleotide sequences, i.e., knock-in cells, in genes encoding known or putative proteins involved in peroxisome biogenesis or peroxisomal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhii Chornyi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC - University of Amsterdam, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janet Koster
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC - University of Amsterdam, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC - University of Amsterdam, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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8
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Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is one of the major sites of protein and lipid glycosylation and processing. Protein N-glycosylation plays critical roles in protein folding, transport, stability, and activity. Various glycosyltransferases and glycoside hydrolases are localized at each cisterna in the Golgi apparatus and synthesize a large variety of N-glycan structures. The biosynthetic pathways of N-glycans are complicated, which hiders the rational design of glycan metabolic pathways. In addition, the analysis of glycan structure requires specialized instruments for analyses such as mass spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which are not familiar to all laboratories. Here, we introduce relatively simple methods for N-glycan analysis, including disruption of genes encoding glycosyltransferases or glycoside hydrolases, glycan structural analysis using lectins and mass spectrometry, and visualization of glycan metabolic pathways in silico.
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Abstract
Blowflies are of interest for medical applications (maggot therapy), forensic investigations, and for evolutionary developmental studies such as the evolution of parasitism. It is because of the latter that some blowflies such as the New World screwworm and the Australian sheep blowfly are considered major economic pests of livestock. Due to their importance, annotated assembled genomes for several species are now available. Here, we present a detailed guide for using the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 RNA-guided nuclease to efficiently generate both knockout and knock-in mutations in screwworm and sheep blowfly. These methods should accelerate genetic investigations in these and other closely related species and lead to a better understanding of the roles of selected genes in blowfly development and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Paulo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences (PEPS), The University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Megan E Williamson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Maxwell J Scott
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Kobalter S, Radkohl A, Schwab H, Emmerstorfer-Augustin A, Pichler H. Plasmid-Based Gene Knockout Strategy with Subsequent Marker Recycling in Pichia pastoris. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2513:135-151. [PMID: 35781204 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2399-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gene knockout is a key technology in the development of cell factories and basic research alike. The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is typically employed as a producer of proteins and of fine chemicals, due to its ability to accumulate high cell densities in conjunction with a set of strong inducible promoters. However, protocols for genome engineering in this host are still cumbersome and time-consuming. Moreover, extensive genome engineering raises the need for a multitude of selection markers, which are limited in P. pastoris. In this chapter, we describe a fast and efficient method for gene disruption in P. pastoris that utilizes marker recycling to enable repetitive genome engineering cycles. A set of ready-to-use knockout vectors simplifies cloning procedures and facilitates quick knockout generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kobalter
- Graz Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Graz, Austria
| | - Astrid Radkohl
- Graz Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Schwab
- Graz Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Graz, Austria
| | - Anita Emmerstorfer-Augustin
- Graz Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Pichler
- Graz Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Graz, Austria.
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11
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Miller C, Gertsen BG, Schroeder AL, Fong CT, Iqbal MA, Zhang B. Allelic and dosage effects of NHS in X-linked cataract and Nance-Horan syndrome: a family study and literature review. Mol Cytogenet 2021; 14:48. [PMID: 34620209 PMCID: PMC8496034 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-021-00566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nance–Horan syndrome (NHS) is a rare X-linked dominant disorder caused by mutation in the NHS gene on chromosome Xp22.13. (OMIM 302350). Classic NHS manifested in males is characterized by congenital cataracts, dental anomalies, dysmorphic facial features and occasionally intellectual disability. Females typically have a milder presentation. The majority of reported cases of NHS are the result of nonsense mutations and small deletions. Isolated X-linked congenital cataract is caused by non-recurrent rearrangement-associated aberrant NHS transcription. Classic NHS in females associated with gene disruption by balanced X-autosome translocation has been infrequently reported. We present a familial NHS associated with translocation t(X;19) (Xp22.13;q13.1). The proband, a 28-year-old female, presented with intellectual disability, dysmorphic features, short stature, primary amenorrhea, cleft palate, and horseshoe kidney, but no NHS phenotype. A karyotype and chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) revealed partial monosomy Xp/partial trisomy 19q with the breakpoint at Xp22.13 disrupting the NHS gene. Family history revealed congenital cataracts and glaucoma in the patient’s mother, and congenital cataracts in maternal half-sister and maternal grandmother. The same balanced translocation t(X;19) was subsequently identified in both the mother and maternal half-sister, and further clinical evaluation of the maternal half-sister made a diagnosis of NHS. This study describes the clinical implication of NHS gene disruption due to balanced X-autosome translocations as a unique mechanism causing Nance–Horan syndrome, refines dose effects of NHS on disease presentation and phenotype expressivity, and justifies consideration of karyotype and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis for female patients with familial NHS if single-gene analysis of NHS is negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Miller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 608, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Benjamin G Gertsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 608, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Audrey L Schroeder
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Chin-To Fong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - M Anwar Iqbal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 608, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 608, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 608, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Kormanec J, Rezuchova B, Novakova R. Screening Systems for Stable Markerless Genomic Deletions/Integrations in Streptomyces Species. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2296:91-141. [PMID: 33977444 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1358-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Streptomyces are one of the most important producers of biologically active natural products. Recent robust genomic sequencing of Streptomyces strains has shown enormous genetic potential for new natural products. However, many biosynthetic gene clusters are silent. Therefore, efficient and stable genome modification methods are needed to induce their production or to manipulate them for the production of new compounds or biotechnologically improved strains. We have recently developed a simple and efficient markerless genome modification system for these bacteria based on the positive selection of double crossovers using the blue pigment indigoidine bpsA gene. This chapter is an attempt to provide methodological details of this strategy for stable markerless genomic engineering (deletions/insertions) to improve their biotechnological properties and to produce biologically active compounds.
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Matsude M, Okamoto H, Aono R, Kino K. Tryptophanase gene deficiency improves the application of dioxygenase to 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)catechol production. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 132:241-6. [PMID: 34167862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
3-(2-Hydroxyethyl)catechol (HEC) is a polyphenol reported to exhibit skin-lightning and antioxidative effects, and hence is expected to be used as cosmetic and food additives and chemical products such as electronic materials. In this study, we established biocatalytic HEC production from 2-phenylethanol using the dioxygenase whose expression was induced by toluene, CumA, and its flanking dehydrogenase, CumB, from an isolated strain, Pseudomonas sp. K17. Escherichia coli cells coexpressing CumA and CumB were stained blue during cultivation in Luria-Bertani medium, and HEC was not produced upon using the cell-free extracts as biocatalysts, likely resulting from the inhibitory effects of the blue dyes. The disruption of the tryptophanase gene of E. coli was found to repress the generation of the blue dyes, and enhanced HEC production. The blue dyes were extracted from the cell-free extracts, and their molecular formula was C16H10N2O3, suggesting they were monooxygenated indigo or its isomers. Although repression of blue dye formation and enhancement of HEC production were observed when cells were cultivated with glucose, the percent yield of HEC was 84% at 20 h, whereas that with tryptophanase disruption strain was 84% at 4 h. It was suggested that tryptophanase gene disruption could contribute to more efficient HEC production.
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Zhang W, Chen J, Fan Y, Hussain M, Liu X, Xiang M. The E3-ligase AoUBR1 in N-end rule pathway is involved in the vegetative growth, secretome, and trap formation in Arthrobotrys oligospora. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:532-40. [PMID: 34140149 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The N-end rule pathway is a regulated protein degradation system. Arthrobotrys oligospora, a typical nematode-trapping fungus, switches its life strategies from saprophytism to carnivorism when capturing free-living nematodes by means of adhesive networks. In this study, a putative E3-ligase AoUBR1 involved in N-end rule pathway was characterized in A. oligospora during vegetative growth and trap formation. Expression of AoUBR1 coding gene was down-regulated during trap formation. Compared with wild type, the AoUBR1 knock-out mutants decreased the vegetative growth, formed less traps, and turned to be sensitive to cold stress, while, AoUBR1 overexpression mutants lost the capacity to produce conidia and also formed less traps. A number of genes differentially expressed by knock-out and overexpression of AoUBR1, which lead to the transcriptional responses associated with plasma membrane, transportation, oxidation, and proteolysis. AoUBR1 knock-out also resulted in the down-regulation of numerous secreted proteins associated with carnivorism and nutrient utilization from nematodes. In addition, AoUBR1 homologs were conserved in nematode-trapping fungi based on the genome searching. Therefore, the results suggested AoUBR1 in A. oligospora and its homologs in other trapping fungi are involved in the lifestyle switch between saprophytism and carnivorism.
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is pituitary derived hormone which acts on most tissues of the body either directly or indirectly and affects many metabolic processes throughout life. Genetically engineered mouse lines have become vital tools for uncovering the various in vivo activities of a GH. A particularly useful mouse line has been the GH receptor (GHR) gene disrupted or knockout (KO) mouse which has been used world-wide in many studies. Recent advances in biotechnology have allowed the development of tissue-specific knockout mouse lines which allows for more direct enquiries on the activities of a given protein in specific tissues or cell types. Accordingly, twenty-two novel tissue-specific GHRKO mouse lines have been developed in the last eleven years. In this paper we provide a detailed list and review the phenotypic changes that occur in each of these tissue-specific GHRKO mouse lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
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Žunar B, Trontel A, Svetec Miklenić M, Prah JL, Štafa A, Marđetko N, Novak M, Šantek B, Svetec IK. Metabolically engineered Lactobacillus gasseri JCM 1131 as a novel producer of optically pure L- and D-lactate. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:111. [PMID: 32656603 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02887-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High-quality environmentally-friendly bioplastics can be produced by mixing poly-L-lactate with poly-D-lactate. On an industrial scale, this process simultaneously consumes large amounts of both optically pure lactate stereoisomers. However, because optimal growth conditions of L-lactate producers often differ from those of D-lactate producers, each stereoisomer is produced in a specialised facility, which raises cost and lowers sustainability. To address this challenge, we metabolically engineered Lactobacillus gasseri JCM 1131T, a bioprocess-friendly and genetically malleable strain of homofermentative lactic acid bacterium, to efficiently produce either pure L- or pure D-lactate under the same bioprocess conditions. Transformation of L. gasseri with plasmids carrying additional genes for L- or D-lactate dehydrogenases failed to affect the ratio of produced stereoisomers, but inactivation of the endogenous genes created strains which yielded 0.96 g of either L- or D-lactate per gram of glucose. In this study, the plasmid pHBintE, routinely used for gene disruption in Bacillus megaterium, was used for the first time to inactivate genes in lactobacilli. Strains with inactivated genes for endogenous lactate dehydrogenases efficiently fermented sugars released by enzymatic hydrolysis of alkali pre-treated wheat straw, an abundant lignocellulose-containing raw material, producing 0.37-0.42 g of lactate per gram of solid part of alkali-treated wheat straw. Thus, the constructed strains are primed to serve as producers of both optically pure L-lactate and D-lactate in the next-generation biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Žunar
- Laboratory for Biology and Microbial Genetics, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonija Trontel
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Svetec Miklenić
- Laboratory for Biology and Microbial Genetics, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Juliana Lana Prah
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anamarija Štafa
- Laboratory for Biology and Microbial Genetics, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nenad Marđetko
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Novak
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Božidar Šantek
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Krešimir Svetec
- Laboratory for Biology and Microbial Genetics, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Hosur V, Low BE, Li D, Stafford GA, Kohar V, Shultz LD, Wiles MV. Genes adapt to outsmart gene-targeting strategies in mutant mouse strains by skipping exons to reinitiate transcription and translation. Genome Biol 2020; 21:168. [PMID: 32646486 PMCID: PMC7350591 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene disruption in mouse embryonic stem cells or zygotes is a conventional genetics approach to identify gene function in vivo. However, because different gene disruption strategies use different mechanisms to disrupt genes, the strategies can result in diverse phenotypes in the resulting mouse model. To determine whether different gene disruption strategies affect the phenotype of resulting mutant mice, we characterized Rhbdf1 mouse mutant strains generated by three commonly used strategies-definitive-null, targeted knockout (KO)-first, and CRISPR/Cas9. RESULTS We find that Rhbdf1 responds differently to distinct KO strategies, for example, by skipping exons and reinitiating translation to potentially yield gain-of-function alleles rather than the expected null or severe hypomorphic alleles. Our analysis also revealed that at least 4% of mice generated using the KO-first strategy show conflicting phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Exon skipping is a widespread phenomenon occurring across the genome. These findings have significant implications for the application of genome editing in both basic research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Hosur
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME USA
| | - Benjamin E. Low
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME USA
| | - Daniel Li
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery at Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | | | - Vivek Kohar
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME USA
| | | | - Michael V. Wiles
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME USA
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Douanne N, Wagner V, Roy G, Leprohon P, Ouellette M, Fernandez-Prada C. MRPA-independent mechanisms of antimony resistance in Leishmania infantum. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2020; 13:28-37. [PMID: 32413766 PMCID: PMC7225602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Control of both human and canine leishmaniasis is based on a very short list of chemotherapeutic agents, headed by antimonial derivatives (Sb). The utility of these molecules is severely threatened by high rates of drug resistance. The ABC transporter MRPA is one of the few key Sb resistance proteins described to date, whose role in detoxification has been thoroughly studied in Leishmania parasites. Nonetheless, its rapid amplification during drug selection complicates the discovery of other mechanisms potentially involved in Sb resistance. In this study, stepwise drug-resistance selection and next-generation sequencing were combined in the search for novel Sb-resistance mechanisms deployed by parasites when MRPA is abolished by targeted gene disruption. The gene mrpA is not essential in L. infantum, and its disruption leads to an Sb hypersensitive phenotype in both promastigotes and amastigotes. Five independent mrpA-/- mutants were selected for antimony resistance. These mutants displayed major changes in their ploidy, as well as extrachromosomal linear amplifications of the subtelomeric region of chromosome 23, which includes the genes coding for ABCC1 and ABCC2. Overexpression of ABCC2, but not of ABCC1, resulted in increased Sb tolerance in the mrpA-/- mutant. SNP analyses revealed three different heterozygous mutations in the gene coding for a serine acetyltransferase (SAT) involved in de novo cysteine synthesis in Leishmania. Overexpression of satQ390K, satG321R and satG325R variants led to a 2-3.2 -fold increase in Sb resistance in mrpA-/- parasites. Only satG321R and satG325R induced increased Sb resistance in wild-type parasites. These results reinforce and expand knowledge on the complex nature of Sb resistance in Leishmania parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noélie Douanne
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Victoria Wagner
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Gaetan Roy
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU Québec and Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Leprohon
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU Québec and Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Ouellette
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU Québec and Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Christopher Fernandez-Prada
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Abstract
Background Botryosphaeria dothidea causes apple white rot and infects many tree plants. Genome data for B. dothidea are available and many pathogenesis-related genes have been predicted. However, a gene manipulation method is needed to study the pathogenic mechanism of B. dothidea. Results We established a gene disruption (GD) method based on gene homologous recombination (GHR) for B. dothidea using polyethylene glycol-mediated protoplast transformation. The results showed that a GHR cassette gave much higher GD efficiency than a GHR plasmid. A high GD efficiency (1.3 ± 0.14 per 106 protopasts) and low frequency of random insertions were achieved with a DNA cassette quantity of 15 μg per 106 protoplasts. Moreover, we successfully disrupted genes in two strains. Bdo_05381-disrupted transformants produced less melanin, whereas the Bdo_02540-disrupted transformant showed a slower growth rate and a stronger resistance to Congo red. Conclusion The established GD method is efficient and convenient and has potential for studying gene functions and the pathogenic mechanisms of B. dothidea and other coenocytic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Zhu Dong
- Laboratory of Mycology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li-Yun Guo
- Laboratory of Mycology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China. .,Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 is an RNA guided endonuclease derived from the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. Due to its simplicity, versatility, and high efficiency, it has been widely used for genome editing in a variety of organisms including the protozoan parasite Leishmania, the causative agent of human leishmaniasis. Compared to the traditional homologous recombination gene targeting method, CRISPR-Cas9 has been shown to be a more efficient method to delete or disrupt Leishmania genes, generate point mutations, and add tags to endogenous genes. Notably, the stable CRISPR expression systems were shown to delete multicopy family Leishmania genes and genes present in multiploid chromosomes, identify essential Leishmania genes, and create specific chromosome translocations. In this chapter, we describe detailed procedures on using the stable CRISPR expression system for genome editing in Leishmania. These procedures include CRISPR targeting site selection, gRNA design, cloning single and double gRNA coding sequences into the Leishmania CRISPR vector pLdCN, oligonucleotide donor and drug resistance selection donor design, Leishmania cell transfection, screening, and isolation of CRISPR-edited mutants. As the principles of gene editing are generally similar, many of these procedures could also apply to the transient Leishmania CRISPR systems described by other labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Lypaczewski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Greg Matlashewski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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21
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Minhas AP, Biswas D. Development of an Efficient Transformation System for Halotolerant Yeast Debaryomyces hansenii CBS767. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3352. [PMID: 33654853 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Debaryomyces hansenii is one of the most osmotolerant and halotolerant yeasts. Further, its association with traditional cheese and meat products imparting special flavors to these products project this yeast with enormous biotechnological potential in the agrofood sector. However, lack of an efficient transformation system in D. hansenii still direct the complementation based assay in S. cerevisiae mutants for functional analysis of D. hansenii genes. Here, we have described the development of an efficient transformation system for D. hansenii that is based on a histidine auxotrophic recipient strain, DBH9 (generated by UV induced random mutagenesis), and the DhHIS4 gene as the selectable marker. Moreover, the same method has also been employed for gene disruption in D. hansenii by homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu P Minhas
- University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND CRISPR/Cas9 has wide application potentials in a variety of biological species including Trichoderma reesei, a filamentous fungus workhorse for cellulase production. However, expression of Cas9 heterologously in the host cell could be time-consuming and sometimes even troublesome. RESULTS We tested two gene disruption methods in T. reesei using CRISPR/Cas9 in this study. The intracellularly expressed Cas9 led to unexpected off-target gene disruption in T. reesei QM9414, favoring inserting 9- or 12-bp at 70- and 100-bp downstream of the targeted ura5. An alternative method was, therefore, established by assembling Cas9 and gRNA in vitro, followed by transformation of the ribonucleoprotein complex with a plasmid containing the pyr4 marker gene into T. reesei TU-6. When the gRNA targeting cbh1 was used, eight among the twenty seven transformants were found to lose the ability to express CBH1, indicative of successful cbh1 disruption through genome editing. Large DNA fragments including the co-transformed plasmid, chromosomal genes, or a mixture of these nucleotides, were inserted in the disrupted cbh1 locus. CONCLUSIONS Direct transformation of Cas9/gRNA complex into the cell is a fast means to disrupt a gene in T. reesei and may find wide applications in strain improvement and functional genomics study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Hao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Hu N, Malek SN. Gene Disruption Using CRISPR-Cas9 Technology. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1881:201-209. [PMID: 30350208 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8876-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of the clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) technology provides tools for researchers to modify genomes in a specific and efficient manner. The Type II CRISPR-Cas9 system enables gene editing by directed DNA cleavage followed by either non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR). Here, we described the use of the Type II CRISPR-Cas9 system in detail from designing the guides to analyzing the desired gene disruption events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sami N Malek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Li Z, Chen X, Li J, Meng T, Wang L, Chen Z, Shi Y, Ling X, Luo W, Liang D, Lu Y, Li Q, He N. Functions of PKS Genes in Lipid Synthesis of Schizochytrium sp. by Gene Disruption and Metabolomics Analysis. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2018; 20:792-802. [PMID: 30136198 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Schizochytrium sp. is a kind of marine microalgae with great potential as promising sustainable source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Polyketide synthase-like (PKS synthase) is supposed to be one of the main ways to synthesize PUFAs in Schizochytrium sp. In order to study the exact relationship between PKS and PUFA biosynthesis, chain length factor (CLF) and dehydrogenase (DH) were cloned from the PKS gene cluster in Schizochytrium sp., then disrupted by homologous recombination. The results showed that DH- and CLF-disrupted strains had significant decreases (65.85 and 84.24%) in PUFA yield, while the saturated fatty acid (SFA) proportion in lipids was slightly increased. Meanwhile, the disruption of CLF decreased the C-22 PUFA proportion by 57.51% without effect on C-20 PUFA accumulation while DH-disrupted mutant decreased the production of each PUFA. Combined with analysis of protein prediction, it indicated that CLF gene exerted an enormous function on the carbon chain elongation in PUFA synthesis, especially for the final elongation from C-20 to C-22 PUFAs. Metabolomics analysis also suggested that the disruption of both genes resulted in the decrease of PUFAs but increase of SFAs, thus weakening glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle pathways. This study offers a broad new vision to research the mechanism of PUFA synthesis in Schizochytrium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingwei Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueping Ling
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiang Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Dafeng Liang
- Guangxi State Farms Sugar Industrial Group Company Limited, Guangxi Sugarcane Industry R&D center, Guangxi, Nanning, 530002, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Lab of Sugarcane Improvement and Biorefinery, Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute, Guangzhou, 510316, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Murata T, Ishikawa M, Shibuya K, Hanada N. Method for functional analysis of a gene of interest in Streptococcus mutans: gene disruption followed by purification of a polyhistidine-tagged gene product. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 155:49-54. [PMID: 30445111 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Typical methods for elucidating the function of a particular gene involve comparative phenotypic analysis of the wild-type strain and a strain in which the gene of interest has been disrupted. We previously described a simple method for the generation of a gene-disrupted strain in Streptococcus mutans by replacing the gene of interest with an antibiotic resistance marker gene. It is also crucial that the function lost following the gene disruption is restored by exogenous addition of the gene product, but purification of this product can be difficult and involve a complex series of steps. In this study, we describe a simple method for the purification of gene products following gene disruption in S. mutans. The method involves the expression of an additional polyhistidine tag at the C-terminus of the gene product. The target protein can be simply purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and applied to a restoration assay. This method utilizes the genomes of both the wild-type strain and the gene-disrupted strain as PCR templates to generate the DNA construct. Therefore, generation of the gene-disrupted strain is a prerequisite for the present procedure. The combination of gene disruption and gene product purification results in an efficient method for the analysis of gene function that could be further adapted to various other bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Murata
- Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Masao Ishikawa
- Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; Laboratory for Oral Health Science, 5-6 Nihonbashi Kobuna-Cho Chuo-Ku, Tokyo 103-0024, Japan.
| | - Koji Shibuya
- Laboratory for Oral Health Science, 5-6 Nihonbashi Kobuna-Cho Chuo-Ku, Tokyo 103-0024, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Hanada
- Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
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26
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Arranz-Solís D, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Lourido S, Ortega-Mora LM, Saeij JPJ. Toxoplasma CRISPR/Cas9 constructs are functional for gene disruption in Neospora caninum. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:597-600. [PMID: 29625127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe, to our knowledge for the first time the use of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated gene 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system for genome editing of Neospora caninum, an apicomplexan parasite considered one of the main causes of abortion in cattle worldwide. By using plasmids containing the CRISPR/Cas9 components adapted to the closely related parasite Toxoplasma gondii, we successfully knocked out a green fluorescent protein (GFP) in an Nc-1 GFP-expressing strain, and efficiently disrupted the NcGRA7 gene in the Nc-Spain7 isolate by insertion of a pyrimethamine resistance cassette. The successful use of this technology in N. caninum lays the foundation for an efficient, targeted gene modification tool in this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Arranz-Solís
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - Javier Regidor-Cerrillo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sebastian Lourido
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeroen P J Saeij
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA.
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Saika A, Utashima Y, Koike H, Yamamoto S, Kishimoto T, Fukuoka T, Morita T. Biosynthesis of mono-acylated mannosylerythritol lipid in an acyltransferase gene-disrupted mutant of Pseudozyma tsukubaensis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1759-1767. [PMID: 29274060 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The basidiomycetous yeast genus Pseudozyma produce large amounts of mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs), which are biosurfactants. A few Pseudozyma strains produce mono-acylated MEL as a minor compound using excess glucose as the sole carbon source. Mono-acylated MEL shows higher hydrophilicity than di-acylated MEL and has great potential for aqueous applications. Recently, the gene cluster involved in the MEL biosynthesis pathway was identified in yeast. Here, we generated an acyltransferase (PtMAC2) deletion strain of P. tsukubaensis 1E5 with uracil auxotrophy as a selectable marker. A PtURA5-mutant with a frameshift mutation in PtURA5 was generated as a uracil auxotroph of strain 1E5 by ultraviolet irradiation on plate medium containing 5-fluoro-orotic acid (5-FOA). In the mutant, PtMAC2 was replaced with a PtURA5 cassette containing the 5' untranslated region (UTR) (2000 bp) and 3' UTR (2000 bp) of PtMAC2 by homologous recombination, yielding strain ΔPtMAC2. Based on TLC and NMR analysis, we found that ΔPtMAC2 accumulates MEL acylated at the C-2' position of the mannose moiety. These results indicate that PtMAC2p catalyzes acylation at the C-3' position of the mannose of MEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Saika
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yu Utashima
- Toyobo Co., Ltd. Tsuruga Institute of Biotechnology, 10-24, Toyo-cho, Tsuruga, Fukui, 914-8550, Japan
| | - Hideaki Koike
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6-9, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamamoto
- Toyobo Co., Ltd. Tsuruga Institute of Biotechnology, 10-24, Toyo-cho, Tsuruga, Fukui, 914-8550, Japan
| | - Takahide Kishimoto
- Toyobo Co., Ltd. Tsuruga Institute of Biotechnology, 10-24, Toyo-cho, Tsuruga, Fukui, 914-8550, Japan
| | - Tokuma Fukuoka
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Tomotake Morita
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
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Tsunematsu H, Uyeda A, Yamamoto N, Sugo N. Immunocytochemistry and fluorescence imaging efficiently identify individual neurons with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene disruption in primary cortical cultures. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:55. [PMID: 28764650 PMCID: PMC5540436 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CRISPR/Cas9 system is a powerful method to investigate the role of genes by introducing a mutation selectively and efficiently to specific genome positions in cell and animal lines. However, in primary neuron cultures, this method is affected by the issue that the effectiveness of CRISPR/Cas9 is different in each neuron. Here, we report an easy, quick and reliable method to identify mutants induced by the CRISPR/Cas9 system at a single neuron level, using immunocytochemistry (ICC) and fluorescence imaging. Results Dissociated cortical cells were transfected with CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids targeting the transcription factor cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB). Fluorescence ICC with CREB antibody and quantitative analysis of fluorescence intensity demonstrated that CREB expression disappeared in a fraction of the transfected neurons. The downstream FOS expression was also decreased in accordance with suppressed CREB expression. Moreover, dendritic arborization was decreased in the transfected neurons which lacked CREB immunoreactivity. Conclusions Detection of protein expression is efficient to identify individual postmitotic neurons with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene disruption in primary cortical cultures. The present method composed of CRISPR/Cas9 system, ICC and fluorescence imaging is applicable to study the function of various genes at a single-neuron level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Tsunematsu
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akiko Uyeda
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Yamamoto
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Sugo
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Xu F, Napan K, Zhang S, Gladwin T, Takemoto J, Zhan J. New insights into pradimicin biosynthesis revealed by two O-methyltransferases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3499-3502. [PMID: 28579330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pradimicins are a group of antiviral and antifungal natural products from Actinomadura hibisca. Two putative O-methyltransferase genes, pdmF and pdmT, are present in the pradimicin biosynthetic gene cluster. However, there is only one methoxy group (11-OCH3) in pradimicins. Through heterologous expression and in vitro reactions with various substrates, PdmF was characterized as the C-11 O-methyltransferase with a relatively broad substrate specificity. To probe the role of PdmT in pradimicin biosynthesis, the corresponding gene was disrupted through homologous recombination, leading to the production of pradimicinone II. This enzyme was then expressed in Escherichia coli with an N-terminal His6 tag and purified by Ni-NTA chromatography. Reaction of pradimicinone II with PdmT generated 7-O-methylpradimicinone II, confirming that this enzyme is a C-7 O-methyltransferase. Characterization of PdmT suggests a novel pathway that leads to the "flip" of 7-OH to C-14 in pradimicin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchao Xu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Kandy Napan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Tyler Gladwin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Jon Takemoto
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Jixun Zhan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
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30
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Ha JS, Lee JS, Jeong J, Kim H, Byun J, Kim SA, Lee HJ, Chung HS, Lee JB, Ahn DR. Poly-sgRNA/siRNA ribonucleoprotein nanoparticles for targeted gene disruption. J Control Release 2017; 250:27-35. [PMID: 28167287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein-9 nuclease (Cas9) can be used for the specific disruption of a target gene to permanently suppress the expression of the protein encoded by the target gene. Efficient delivery of the system to an intracellular target site should be achieved to utilize the tremendous potential of the genome-editing tool in biomedical applications such as the knock-out of disease-related genes and the correction of defect genes. Here, we devise polymeric CRISPR/Cas9 system based on poly-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) nanoparticles consisting of polymeric sgRNA, siRNA, and Cas9 endonuclease in order to improve the delivery efficiency. When delivered by cationic lipids, the RNP nanoparticles built with chimeric poly-sgRNA/siRNA sequences generate multiple sgRNA-Cas9 RNP complexes upon the Dicer-mediated digestion of the siRNA parts, leading to more efficient disruption of the target gene in cells and animal models, compared with the monomeric sgRNA-Cas9 RNP complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seong Ha
- The Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaepil Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Hejin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoung Byun
- The Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ah Kim
- The Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jae Lee
- The Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Suk Chung
- The Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Chemistry, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bum Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Ro Ahn
- The Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Chemistry, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 RNA-guided nucleases refashioned in vivo gene editing approaches for specific gene disruption, gene correction, or gene addition. Moreover, chimeric Cas9 proteins can be applied to direct fused cis-acting effector protein domains, enzymes, or fluorescent markers to DNA to target sequences to regulate gene expression, to introduce epigenetic changes, or to fluorescently label DNA sequences of interest. Here we show how to design guide RNAs for specific DNA targeting. We provide a protocol to customize the CRISPR/Cas9 machinery encoded on commercially available plasmids and present how to test the targeting efficiency of Cas9 with a target-specific gRNA by testing mutation induction efficiency. To exemplify related applications we provide a guideline of how to apply the CRISPR/Cas9 technology for gene labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ehrke-Schulz
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research and Education ZBAF, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Straße 10, Witten, 58453, Germany
| | - Maren Schiwon
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research and Education ZBAF, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Straße 10, Witten, 58453, Germany
| | - Claudia Hagedorn
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research and Education ZBAF, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research and Education ZBAF, Witten/Herdecke University, Stockumer Straße 10, Witten, 58453, Germany.
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32
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Le Lam TN, Morvan C, Liu W, Bohn C, Jaszczyszyn Y, Bouloc P. Finding sRNA-associated phenotypes by competition assays: An example with Staphylococcus aureus. Methods 2016; 117:21-27. [PMID: 27916561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria optimize their fitness in response to a changing environment by tight regulation of gene expression. Regulation can be controlled at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels via key players such as sigma factors, regulatory proteins and regulatory RNAs. The identification of phenotypes associated with gene deletions is the established method for finding gene functions but may require testing many conditions for each studied mutant. As regulatory RNAs often contribute to fine-tuning gene expression, phenotypes associated with their inactivation are often weak and difficult to detect. Nevertheless, minor phenotypes conferring modest advantages, may allow bacteria to emerge after some generations under selective pressure. A strategy employing DNA barcodes can be used to perform competition experiments between mutants and to monitor fitness associated with mutations in different growth conditions. We combined this strategy with deep sequencing to study regulatory RNAs in Staphylococcus aureus, a major opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Nguyen Le Lam
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Claire Morvan
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Chantal Bohn
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yan Jaszczyszyn
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Bouloc
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Quarantin A, Glasenapp A, Schäfer W, Favaron F, Sella L. Involvement of the Fusarium graminearum cerato-platanin proteins in fungal growth and plant infection. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 109:220-229. [PMID: 27744264 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Fusarium graminearum, a necrotrophic fungal pathogen causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease of wheat, barley and other cereal grains, contains five genes putatively encoding for proteins with a cerato-platanin domain. Cerato-platanins are small secreted cysteine-rich proteins possibly localized in the fungal cell walls and also contributing to the virulence. Two of these F. graminearum proteins (FgCPP1 and FgCPP2) belong to the class of SnodProt proteins which exhibit phytotoxic activity in the fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Magnaporthe grisea. In order to verify their contribution during plant infection and fungal growth, single and double gene knock-out mutants were produced and no reduction in symptoms severity was observed compared to the wild type strain on both soybean and wheat spikes. Histological analysis performed by fluorescence microscopy on wheat spikelets infected with mutants constitutively expressing the dsRed confirmed that FgCPPs do not contribute to fungal virulence. In particular, the formation of compound appressoria on wheat paleas was unchanged. Looking for other functions of these proteins, the double mutant was characterized by in vitro experiments. The mutant was inhibited by salt and H2O2 stress similarly to wild type. Though no growth difference was observed on glucose, the mutant grew better than wild type on carboxymethyl cellulose. Additionally, the mutant's mycelium was more affected by treatments with chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, thus indicating that FgCPPs could protect fungal cell wall polysaccharides from enzymatic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Quarantin
- Dipartimento del Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Research Group in Plant Pathology, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Anika Glasenapp
- Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schäfer
- Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Francesco Favaron
- Dipartimento del Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Research Group in Plant Pathology, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Luca Sella
- Dipartimento del Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TESAF), Research Group in Plant Pathology, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy.
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Zhang L, Chen X, Chen Z, Wang Z, Jiang S, Li L, Pötter M, Shen W, Fan Y. Development of an efficient genetic manipulation strategy for sequential gene disruption and expression of different heterologous GFP genes in Candida tropicalis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:9567-9580. [PMID: 27522195 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diploid yeast Candida tropicalis, which can utilize n-alkane as a carbon and energy source, is an attractive strain for both physiological studies and practical applications. However, it presents some characteristics, such as rare codon usage, difficulty in sequential gene disruption, and inefficiency in foreign gene expression, that hamper strain improvement through genetic engineering. In this work, we present a simple and effective method for sequential gene disruption in C. tropicalis based on the use of an auxotrophic mutant host defective in orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase (URA3). The disruption cassette, which consists of a functional yeast URA3 gene flanked by a 0.3 kb gene disruption auxiliary sequence (gda) direct repeat derived from downstream or upstream of the URA3 gene and of homologous arms of the target gene, was constructed and introduced into the yeast genome by integrative transformation. Stable integrants were isolated by selection for Ura+ and identified by PCR and sequencing. The important feature of this construct, which makes it very attractive, is that recombination between the flanking direct gda repeats occurs at a high frequency (10-8) during mitosis. After excision of the URA3 marker, only one copy of the gda sequence remains at the recombinant locus. Thus, the resulting ura3 strain can be used again to disrupt a second allelic gene in a similar manner. In addition to this effective sequential gene disruption method, a codon-optimized green fluorescent protein-encoding gene (GFP) was functionally expressed in C. tropicalis. Thus, we propose a simple and reliable method to improve C. tropicalis by genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Zhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zezheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Li Li
- Evonik Degussa (China) Co. Ltd., Shanghai Branch, Shanghai, 201108, China
| | - Markus Pötter
- Evonik Degussa (China) Co. Ltd., Shanghai Branch, Shanghai, 201108, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - You Fan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
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Wang W, Wang M, Wang J, Zhu C, Chung KR, Li H. Adenylyl cyclase is required for cAMP production, growth, conidial germination, and virulence in the citrus green mold pathogen Penicillium digitatum. Microbiol Res 2016; 192:11-20. [PMID: 27664719 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium digitatum is the causative agent of green mold decay on citrus fruit. The cAMP-mediated signaling pathway plays an important role in the transduction of extracellular signals and has been shown to regulate a wide range of developmental processes and pathogenicity in fungal pathogens. We cloned and characterized a Pdac1 gene of P. digitatum, which encodes a polypeptide similar to fungal adenylyl cyclases. Using a loss-of-function mutation in the Pdac1 gene we demonstrated a critical requirement for hyphal growth and conidial germination. Deletion of Pdac1 resulted in decreased accumulation of cAMP and down-regulation of genes encoding a G protein α subunit, both catalytic and regulatory subunits of PKA, and two transcriptional regulators StuA and Som1. Fungal mutants lacking Pdac1 produced abundant conidia, which failed to germinate effectively and displayed an elevated sensitivity to heat treatment. Pdac1 mutant failed to utilize carbohydrates effectively and thus displayed severe growth retardation on rich and synthetic media. Slow growth seen in the Pdac1 mutants could be due to a defect in nutrient sensing and acquisition. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that Pdac1 was primarily expressed at the early stage of infection. Fungal pathogenicity assayed on citrus fruit revealed that P. digitatum strains impaired for Pdac1 delayed lesion formation. Our results highlight important regulatory roles of adenylyl cyclase-mediated cAMP production in P. digitatum and provide insights into the critical role of cAMP in fungal growth, development and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mingshuang Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiye Wang
- Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Congyi Zhu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kuang-Ren Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan.
| | - Hongye Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Liu Z, Cheng TTK, Shi Z, Liu Z, Lei Y, Wang C, Shi W, Chen X, Qi X, Cai D, Feng B, Deng Y, Chen Y, Zhao H. Efficient genome editing of genes involved in neural crest development using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in Xenopus embryos. Cell Biosci 2016; 6:22. [PMID: 27042291 PMCID: PMC4818404 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The RNA guided CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases have been proven to be effective for gene disruption in various animal models including Xenopus tropicalis. The neural crest (NC) is a transient cell population during embryonic development and contributes to a large variety of tissues. Currently, loss-of-function studies on NC development in X. tropicalis are largely based on morpholino antisense oligonucleotide. It is worthwhile establishing targeted gene knockout X. tropicails line using CRISPR/Cas9 system to study NC development. Methods We utilized CRISPR/Cas9 to disrupt genes that are involved in NC formation in X. tropicalis embryos. A single sgRNA and Cas9 mRNA synthesized in vitro, were co-injected into X. tropicalis embryos at one-cell stage to induce single gene disruption. We also induced duplex mutations, large segmental deletions and inversions in X. tropicalis by injecting Cas9 and a pair of sgRNAs. The specificity of CRISPR/Cas9 was assessed in X. tropicalis embryos and the Cas9 nickase was used to reduce the off-target cleavages. Finally, we crossed the G0 mosaic frogs with targeted mutations to wild type frogs and obtained the germline transmission. Results Total 16 target sites in 15 genes were targeted by CRISPR/Cas9 and resulted in successful indel mutations at 14 loci with disruption efficiencies in a range from 9.3 to 57.8 %. Furthermore, we demonstrated the feasibility of generation of duplex mutations, large segmental deletions and inversions by using Cas9 and a pair of sgRNAs. We observed that CRISPR/Cas9 displays obvious off-target effects at some loci in X. tropicalis embryos. Such off-target cleavages was reduced by using the D10A Cas9 nickase. Finally, the Cas9 induced indel mutations were efficiently passed to G1 offspring. Conclusion Our study proved that CRISPR/Cas9 could mediate targeted gene mutation in X. tropicalis with high efficiency. This study expands the application of CRISPR/Cas9 platform in X. tropicalis and set a basis for studying NC development using genetic approach. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13578-016-0088-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China ; KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Tina Tsz Kwan Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Zhaoying Shi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen Guangdong, 518055 China
| | - Ziran Liu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yong Lei
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chengdong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Weili Shi
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Xiongfeng Chen
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Xufeng Qi
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Ji Nan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China ; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Ji Nan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Dongqing Cai
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Ji Nan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China ; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Ji Nan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Bo Feng
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yi Deng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen Guangdong, 518055 China
| | - Yonglong Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen Guangdong, 518055 China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China ; KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Yao L, Tan C, Song J, Yang Q, Yu L, Li X. Isolation and expression of two polyketide synthase genes from Trichoderma harzianum 88 during mycoparasitism. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:468-79. [PMID: 26991299 PMCID: PMC4874624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolites of mycoparasitic fungal species such as Trichoderma harzianum 88 have important biological roles. In this study, two new ketoacyl synthase (KS) fragments were isolated from cultured Trichoderma harzianum 88 mycelia using degenerate primers and analysed using a phylogenetic tree. The gene fragments were determined to be present as single copies in Trichoderma harzianum 88 through southern blot analysis using digoxigenin-labelled KS gene fragments as probes. The complete sequence analysis in formation of pksT-1 (5669bp) and pksT-2 (7901bp) suggests that pksT-1 exhibited features of a non-reducing type I fungal PKS, whereas pksT-2 exhibited features of a highly reducing type I fungal PKS. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction indicated that the isolated genes are differentially regulated in Trichoderma harzianum 88 during challenge with three fungal plant pathogens, which suggests that they participate in the response of Trichoderma harzianum 88 to fungal plant pathogens. Furthermore, disruption of the pksT-2 encoding ketosynthase-acyltransferase domains through Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation indicated that pksT-2 is a key factor for conidial pigmentation in Trichoderma harzianum 88.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Chong Tan
- Research Center on Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jinzhu Song
- Department of Life Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Life Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
| | - Lijie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xinling Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, PR China.
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Rahman F, Tarique M, Tuteja R. Plasmodium falciparum Bloom homologue, a nucleocytoplasmic protein, translocates in 3' to 5' direction and is essential for parasite growth. Biochim Biophys Acta 2016; 1864:594-608. [PMID: 26917473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium, particularly Plasmodium falciparum, is the most serious and widespread parasitic disease of humans. RecQ helicase family members are essential in homologous recombination-based error-free DNA repair processes in all domains of life. RecQ helicases present in each organism differ and several homologues have been identified in various multicellular organisms. These proteins are involved in various pathways of DNA metabolism by providing duplex unwinding function. Five members of RecQ family are present in Homo sapiens but P. falciparum contains only two members of this family. Here we report the detailed biochemical and functional characterization of the Bloom (Blm) homologue (PfBlm) from P. falciparum 3D7 strain. Purified PfBlm exhibits ATPase and 3' to 5' direction specific DNA helicase activity. The calculated average reaction rate of ATPase was ~13 pmol of ATP hydrolyzed/min/pmol of enzyme. The immunofluorescence assay results show that PfBlm is expressed in all the stages of intraerythrocytic development of the P. falciparum 3D7 strain. In some stages of development in addition to nucleus PfBlm also localizes in the cytoplasm. The gene disruption studies of PfBlm by dsRNA showed that it is required for the ex-vivo intraerythrocytic development of the parasite P. falciparum 3D7 strain. The dsRNA mediated inhibition of parasite growth suggests that a variety of pathways are affected resulting in curtailing of the parasite growth. This study will be helpful in unravelling the basic mechanism of DNA transaction in the malaria parasite and additionally it may provide leads to understand the parasite specific characteristics of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Rahman
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P. O. Box 10504, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mohammed Tarique
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P. O. Box 10504, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Renu Tuteja
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P. O. Box 10504, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Abstract
Targeted gene disruption has rapidly become the tool of choice for the analysis of gene and protein function in routinely cultured mammalian cells. Three main technologies capable of irreversibly disrupting gene-expression exist: zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The desired outcome of the use of any of these technologies is targeted insertions and/or deletions (indels) that result in either a nonsense frame shift or splicing error that disrupts protein expression. Many excellent do-it-yourself systems for TALEN construct assembly are now available at low or no cost to academic researchers. However, for new users, screening for successful gene disruption is still a hurdle. Here, we describe efficient and cost-effective strategies for the generation of gene-disrupted cell lines. Although the focus of this chapter is on the use of TALENs, these strategies can be applied to the use of all three technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Reljić
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David A Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton 3800, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Abstract
Using TALEN or CRISPR/Cas system to induce small indels into coding sequences has been implicated in broad applications for reverse genetic studies of many organisms including zebrafish. However, complete deletion of a large gene or noncoding gene(s) or removing a large genomic fragment spanning several genes or other chromosomal elements is preferred in various cases, as well as inducing chromosomal inversions. Here, we describe the detailed protocols for the generation of chromosomal deletion mutations mediated by Cas9 and a pair of gRNAs and the evaluation for the efficiencies in F0 founder fish and of germline transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, No 5 Yiheyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, No 5 Yiheyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
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Abstract
Zebrafish is a valuable model organism to study vertebrate development, organ regeneration and to generate human disease models. As an important member of the arsenal of genome editing, TALE nucleases (TALENs) have implicated in broad applications in zebrafish reverse genetic studies. In this chapter, we describe the detailed protocols of TALEN-mediated genome manipulations in zebrafish, including targeted gene disruption by indel mutations, deletion of large genomic regions by using two pairs of TALENs, and precise genome modification by homologous recombination (HR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - An Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xiangjun Tong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China. .,College of Life Sciences, Peking University, No 5 YiHeYuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
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Abstract
Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) have been proven to be effective for gene specific targeting across species. Here we describe the validated protocol for TALEN assembly as well as methods for generating gene knockout animals of Xenopus and zebrafish. This protocol covers selection of TALEN targeting sites, TALEN assembly with a modified Golden Gate method, injection of TALEN mRNAs into Xenopus and zebrafish embryos as well as the detection of somatic and germ-line transmitted mutations. Finally, the establishment of knockout Xenopus and zebrafish lines is also described. This protocol will facilitate broader applications of TALENs in developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China. .,School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Christopher H K Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China. .,School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
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Córdova-Fletes C, Domínguez MG, Delint-Ramirez I, Martínez-Rodríguez HG, Rivas-Estilla AM, Barros-Núñez P, Ortiz-López R, Neira VA. A de novo t(10;19)(q22.3;q13.33) leads to ZMIZ1/PRR12 reciprocal fusion transcripts in a girl with intellectual disability and neuropsychiatric alterations. Neurogenetics 2015; 16:287-98. [PMID: 26163108 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-015-0452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a girl with intellectual disability (ID), neuropsychiatric alterations, and a de novo balanced t(10;19)(q22.3;q13.33) translocation. After chromosome sorting, fine mapping of breakpoints by array painting disclosed disruptions of the zinc finger, MIZ-type containing 1 (ZMIZ1) (on chr10) and proline-rich 12 (PRR12) (on chr19) genes. cDNA analyses revealed that the translocation resulted in gene fusions. The resulting hybrid transcripts predict mRNA decay or, if translated, formation of truncated proteins, both due to frameshifts that introduced premature stop codons. Though other molecular mechanisms may be operating, these results suggest that haploinsufficiency of one or both genes accounts for the patient's phenotype. ZMIZ1 is highly expressed in the brain, and its protein product appears to interact with neuron-specific chromatin remodeling complex (nBAF) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) complexes which play a role regulating the activity of genes essential for normal synapse and dendrite growth/behavior. Strikingly, the patient's phenotype overlaps with phenotypes caused by mutations in SMARCA4 (BRG1), an nBAF subunit presumably interacting with ZMIZ1 in brain cells as suggested by our results of coimmunoprecipitation in the mouse brain. PRR12 is also expressed in the brain, and its protein product possesses domains and residues thought to be related in formation of large protein complexes and chromatin remodeling. Our observation from E15 mouse brain cells that a Prr12 isoform was confined to nucleus suggests a role as a transcription nuclear cofactor likely involved in neuronal development. Moreover, a pilot transcriptome analysis from t(10;19) lymphoblastoid cell line suggests dysregulation of genes linked to neurodevelopment processes/neuronal communication (e.g., NRCAM) most likely induced by altered PRR12. This case represents the first constitutional balanced translocation disrupting and fusing both genes and provides clues for the potential function and effects of these in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Córdova-Fletes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64460, Nuevo León, México.
| | - Ma Guadalupe Domínguez
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, 44340, México
| | - Ilse Delint-Ramirez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64460, Nuevo León, México
| | - Herminia G Martínez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64460, Nuevo León, México
| | - Ana María Rivas-Estilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64460, Nuevo León, México
| | - Patricio Barros-Núñez
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, 44340, México
| | - Rocío Ortiz-López
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64460, Nuevo León, México
| | - Vivian Alejandra Neira
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, 44340, México
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Feyereisen R, Dermauw W, Van Leeuwen T. Genotype to phenotype, the molecular and physiological dimensions of resistance in arthropods. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2015; 121:61-77. [PMID: 26047113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The recent accumulation of molecular studies on mutations in insects, ticks and mites conferring resistance to insecticides, acaricides and biopesticides is reviewed. Resistance is traditionally classified by physiological and biochemical criteria, such as target-site insensitivity and metabolic resistance. However, mutations are discrete molecular changes that differ in their intrinsic frequency, effects on gene dosage and fitness consequences. These attributes in turn impact the population genetics of resistance and resistance management strategies, thus calling for a molecular genetic classification. Mutations in structural genes remain the most abundantly described, mostly in genes coding for target proteins. These provide the most compelling examples of parallel mutations in response to selection. Mutations causing upregulation and downregulation of genes, both in cis (in the gene itself) and in trans (in regulatory processes) remain difficult to characterize precisely. Gene duplications and gene disruption are increasingly reported. Gene disruption appears prevalent in the case of multiple, hetero-oligomeric or redundant targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Feyereisen
- INRA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France.
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Napan KL, Zhang S, Anderson T, Takemoto JY, Zhan J. Three enzymes involved in the N-methylation and incorporation of the pradimicin sugar moieties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1288-91. [PMID: 25677666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pradimicins are antifungal and antiviral natural products from Actinomadura hibisca P157-2. The sugar moieties play a critical role in the biological activities of these compounds. There are two glycosyltransferase genes in the pradimicin biosynthetic gene cluster, pdmS and pdmQ, which are putatively responsible for the introduction of the sugar moieties during pradimicin biosynthesis. In this study, we disrupted these two genes using a double crossover approach. Disruption of pdmS led to the production of pradimicinone I, the aglycon of pradimicin A, which confirmed that PdmS is the O-glycosyltransferase responsible for the first glycosylation step and attaching the 4',6'-dideoxy-4'-amino-d-galactose or 4',6'-dideoxy-4'-methylamino-d-galactose moiety to the 5-OH. Disruption of pdmQ resulted in the production of pradimicin B, indicating that this enzyme is the second glycosyltransferase that introduces the d-xylose moiety to the 3'-OH of the first sugar moiety. Insertion of an integrative plasmid before pdmO might have interfered with the dedicated promoter, yielding a mutant that produces pradimicin C as the major metabolite, which suggested that PdmO is the enzyme that specifically methylates the 4'-NH2 of the 4',6'-dideoxy-4'-amino-d-galactose moiety. Functional characterization of these sugar-decorating and -incorporating enzymes thus facilitates the understanding of the pradimicin biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandy L Napan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, United States
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, United States
| | - Thomas Anderson
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, United States
| | - Jon Y Takemoto
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, United States
| | - Jixun Zhan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, United States.
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Ahani Azari A, Zahraei Salehi T, Nayeri Fasaei B, Alebouyeh M. Gene disruption in Salmonella typhimurim by modified λ Red disruption system. Iran J Vet Res 2015; 16:301-305. [PMID: 27175194 PMCID: PMC4782703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There are many techniques to knock out directed genes in bacteria, some of which have been described in Salmonella species. In this study, a combination of SOEing PCR method and the λ Red disruption system were used to disrupt phoP gene in wild type and standard strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Three standards PCR and one fusion PCR reactions were performed to construct a linear DNA including upstream and downstream of phoP gene and Kanamycin cassette. As a template plasmid, we used pKD4 which carries kanamycin gene flanked by FRT (FLP recognition target) sites. The resulting construct was electroporated into prepared competent cells of S. typhimurium. The transformants colonies related to the standard strain appeared on the LB-Km-agar plates after incubation, but there was no colony on LB-Km-agar plates corresponding to the wild type strain. The failure in transformation of the wild type strain may be because of inflexibility of the λ Red disruption system in this strain or its unique restriction-modification system. However, by this construct we are able to generate phoP mutant in many of the Salmonella species due to high homology of the phoP gene which exists in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahani Azari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - T Zahraei Salehi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - B Nayeri Fasaei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Alebouyeh
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Aboklaish AF, Dordet-Frisoni E, Citti C, Toleman MA, Glass JI, Spiller OB. Random insertion and gene disruption via transposon mutagenesis of Ureaplasma parvum using a mini-transposon plasmid. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:1218-25. [PMID: 25444567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
While transposon mutagenesis has been successfully used for Mycoplasma spp. to disrupt and determine non-essential genes, previous attempts with Ureaplasma spp. have been unsuccessful. Using a polyethylene glycol-transformation enhancing protocol, we were able to transform three separate serovars of Ureaplasma parvum with a Tn4001-based mini-transposon plasmid containing a gentamicin resistance selection marker. Despite the large degree of homology between Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum, all attempts to transform the latter in parallel failed, with the exception of a single clinical U. urealyticum isolate. PCR probing and sequencing were used to confirm transposon insertion into the bacterial genome and identify disrupted genes. Transformation of prototype serovar 3 consistently resulted in transfer only of sequence between the mini-transposon inverted repeats, but some strains showed additional sequence transfer. Transposon insertion occurred randomly in the genome resulting in unique disruption of genes UU047, UU390, UU440, UU450, UU520, UU526, UU582 for single clones from a panel of screened clones. An intergenic insertion between genes UU187 and UU188 was also characterised. Two phenotypic alterations were observed in the mutated strains: Disruption of a DEAD-box RNA helicase (UU582) altered growth kinetics, while the U. urealyticum strain lost resistance to serum attack coincident with disruption of gene UUR10_137 and loss of expression of a 41 kDa protein. Transposon mutagenesis was used successfully to insert single copies of a mini-transposon into the genome and disrupt genes leading to phenotypic changes in Ureaplasma parvum strains. This method can now be used to deliver exogenous genes for expression and determine essential genes for Ureaplasma parvum replication in culture and experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali F Aboklaish
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Department of Child Health, 5th floor University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Sebha University, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, PO Box 68, Libya
| | - Emilie Dordet-Frisoni
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Citti
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Mark A Toleman
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | - O Brad Spiller
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Department of Child Health, 5th floor University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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Hwang WY, Peterson RT, Yeh JRJ. Methods for targeted mutagenesis in zebrafish using TALENs. Methods 2014; 69:76-84. [PMID: 24747922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription activator-like effector (TALE) nucleases, or TALENs, are customizable restriction enzymes that may be used to induce mutations at nearly any investigator-specified DNA sequence in zebrafish. The DNA-binding specificities of TALENs are determined by a protein array comprised of four types of TALE repeats, where each repeat recognizes a different DNA base. Here, we describe methods for constructing TALEN vectors that have been shown to achieve high success rates and mutation efficiencies in zebrafish. In addition, we discuss simple techniques and protocols that can be used to detect TALEN-induced mutations at almost any genomic locus. These methods should enable zebrafish researchers to quickly generate targeted mutations at their genes-of-interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Y Hwang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th street, Room 4201, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Randall T Peterson
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th street, Room 4201, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jing-Ruey Joanna Yeh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th street, Room 4201, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
Targeted gene disruption (GD) is powerful for generating genetic alterations in animal genomes. Engineered endonucleases such as zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) allow for GD directly in animal embryos to achieve germline transmission. Here we report procedures and parameters of TALEN-mediated GD in the fish medaka by using a germ cell-specific gene dnd as a model. Embryos at the 1-cell stage were microinjected with synthetic TALEN mRNAs and examined for the survival rate and GD efficiency. Medaka embryos can tolerate a high dosage of TALEN-mRNA injection and exhibit a steadily increasing GD efficiency with increasing mRNA dosages before peaking at 100 ng/μl. This dosage produced ~24% efficiency for somatic GD. Some of the animals from manipulated embryos developed into fertile female and male. Most importantly, four fish (3 males and 1 female) examined by progeny-test were able to produce GD-bearing male and female gametes for germline transmission to F1 generation at ~10% efficiency. Therefore, TALEN is proficient for somatic and germline GD in medaka embryos, and disruption of one dnd copy does not compromise somatic development and gamete production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansu Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yunhan Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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Zhang X, Zhang R, Bao T, Rao Z, Yang T, Xu M, Xu Z, Li H, Yang S. The rebalanced pathway significantly enhances acetoin production by disruption of acetoin reductase gene and moderate-expression of a new water-forming NADH oxidase in Bacillus subtilis. Metab Eng 2014; 23:34-41. [PMID: 24525333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis produces acetoin as a major extracellular product. However, the by-products of 2,3-butanediol, lactic acid and ethanol were accompanied in the NADH-dependent pathways. In this work, metabolic engineering strategies were proposed to redistribute the carbon flux to acetoin by manipulation the NADH levels. We first knocked out the acetoin reductase gene bdhA to block the main flux from acetoin to 2,3-butanediol. Then, among four putative candidates, we successfully screened an active water-forming NADH oxidase, YODC. Moderate-expression of YODC in the bdhA disrupted B. subtilis weakened the NADH-linked pathways to by-product pools of acetoin. Through these strategies, acetoin production was improved to 56.7g/l with an increase of 35.3%, while the production of 2,3-butanediol, lactic acid and ethanol were decreased by 92.3%, 70.1% and 75.0%, respectively, simultaneously the fermentation duration was decreased 1.7-fold. Acetoin productivity by B. subtilis was improved to 0.639g/(lh).
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