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Haas RA, Crișan I, Vârban D, Vârban R. Aerobiology of the Family Lamiaceae: Novel Perspectives with Special Reference to Volatiles Emission. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1687. [PMID: 38931119 PMCID: PMC11207455 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Lamiaceae is a botanical family rich in aromatic species that are in high demand such as basil, lavender, mint, oregano, sage, and thyme. It has great economical, ecological, ethnobotanical, and floristic importance. The aim of this work is to provide an updated view on the aerobiology of species from the family Lamiaceae, with an emphasis on novelties and emerging applications. From the aerobiology point of view, the greatest interest in this botanical family is related to the volatile organic compounds emitted by the plants and, to a much lesser extent, their pollen. Research has shown that the major volatile organic compounds emitted by the plants from this botanical family are monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The most important monoterpenes reported across studies include α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, menthol, limonene, and γ-terpinene. Most reports tend to cover species from the subfamily Nepetoideae. Volatile oils are produced by glandular trichomes found on aerial organs. Based on general morphology, two main types are found in the family Lamiaceae, namely peltate and capitate trichomes. As a result of pollinator-mediated transfer of pollen, Lamiaceae species present a reduced number of stamens and quantity of pollen. This might explain the low probability of pollen presence in the air from these species. A preliminary synopsis of the experimental evidence presented in this work suggests that the interplay of the organic particles and molecules released by these plants and their environment could be leveraged for beneficial outcomes in agriculture and landscaping. Emerging reports propose their use for intercropping to ensure the success of fructification, increased yield of entomophilous crops, as well as in sensory gardens due to the therapeutic effect of volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioana Crișan
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur Street No. 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (R.A.H.); (D.V.); (R.V.)
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Hu Y, Peng S, Su B, Wang T, Lin J, Sun W, Hu X, Zhang G, Wang X, Peng P, Bi X. Laboratory studies on the infectivity of human respiratory viruses: Experimental conditions, detections, and resistance to the atmospheric environment. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 4:471-483. [PMID: 38933192 PMCID: PMC11197496 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The environmental stability of infectious viruses in the laboratory setting is crucial to the transmission potential of human respiratory viruses. Different experimental techniques or conditions used in studies over the past decades have led to diverse understandings and predictions for the stability of viral infectivity in the atmospheric environment. In this paper, we review the current knowledge on the effect of simulated atmospheric conditions on the infectivity of respiratory viruses, mainly focusing on influenza viruses and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. First, we summarize the impact of the experimental conditions on viral stability; these involve the methods of viral aerosol generation, storage during aging and collection, the virus types and strains, the suspension matrixes, the initial inoculum volumes and concentrations, and the drying process. Second, we summarize and discuss the detection methods of viral infectivity and their disadvantages. Finally, we integrate the results from the reviewed studies to obtain an overall understanding of the effects of atmospheric environmental conditions on the decay of infectious viruses, especially aerosolized viruses. Overall, this review highlights the knowledge gaps in predicting the ability of viruses to maintain infectivity during airborne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuyi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bojiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Tastassa AC, Sharaby Y, Lang-Yona N. Aeromicrobiology: A global review of the cycling and relationships of bioaerosols with the atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168478. [PMID: 37967625 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Airborne microorganisms and biological matter (bioaerosols) play a key role in global biogeochemical cycling, human and crop health trends, and climate patterns. Their presence in the atmosphere is controlled by three main stages: emission, transport, and deposition. Aerial survival rates of bioaerosols are increased through adaptations such as ultra-violet radiation and desiccation resistance or association with particulate matter. Current research into modern concerns such as climate change, global gene transfer, and pathogenicity often neglects to consider atmospheric involvement. This comprehensive review outlines the transpiring of bioaerosols across taxa in the atmosphere, with significant focus on their interactions with environmental elements including abiotic factors (e.g., atmospheric composition, water cycle, and pollution) and events (e.g., dust storms, hurricanes, and wildfires). The aim of this review is to increase understanding and shed light on needed research regarding the interplay between global atmospheric phenomena and the aeromicrobiome. The abundantly documented bacteria and fungi are discussed in context of their cycling and human health impacts. Gaps in knowledge regarding airborne viral community, the challenges and importance of studying their composition, concentrations and survival in the air are addressed, along with understudied plant pathogenic oomycetes, and archaea cycling. Key methodologies in sampling, collection, and processing are described to provide an up-to-date picture of ameliorations in the field. We propose optimization to microbiological methods, commonly used in soil and water analysis, that adjust them to the context of aerobiology, along with other directions towards novel and necessary advancements. This review offers new perspectives into aeromicrobiology and calls for advancements in global-scale bioremediation, insights into ecology, climate change impacts, and pathogenicity transmittance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel C Tastassa
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Yehonatan Sharaby
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Naama Lang-Yona
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel.
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Ratliff KM, Oudejans L, Archer J, Calfee W, Gilberry JU, Hook DA, Schoppman WE, Yaga RW, Brooks L, Ryan S. Large-scale evaluation of microorganism inactivation by bipolar ionization and photocatalytic devices. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2023; 227:109804. [PMID: 36407013 PMCID: PMC9652099 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has raised awareness in the spread of disease via airborne transmission. As a result, there has been increasing interest in technologies that claim to reduce concentrations of airborne pathogens in indoor environments. The efficacy of many of these emerging technologies is not fully understood, and the testing that has been done is often conducted at a small scale and not representative of applied settings. There is currently no standard test method for evaluating air treatment technologies, making it difficult to compare results across studies or technology types. Here, a consistent testing approach in an operational-scale test chamber with a mock recirculating heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system was used to evaluate the efficacy of bipolar ionization and photocatalytic devices against the non-enveloped bacteriophage MS2 in the air and on surfaces. Statistically significant differences between replicate sets of technology tests and control tests (without technologies active) are apparent after 1 h, ranging to a maximum of 0.88 log10 reduction for the bipolar ionization tests and 1.8 log10 reduction for the photocatalytic device tests. It should be noted that ozone concentrations were elevated above background concentrations in the test chamber during the photocatalytic device testing. No significant differences were observed between control and technology tests in terms of the amount of MS2 deposited or inactivated on surfaces during testing. A standardized, large-scale testing approach, with replicate testing and time-matched control conditions, is necessary for contextualizing laboratory efficacy results, translating them to real-world conditions, and for facilitating technology comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Ratliff
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lukas Oudejans
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - John Archer
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Worth Calfee
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Robert W Yaga
- Jacobs Technology Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lance Brooks
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Shawn Ryan
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Dillon KP, Krumins V, Deshpande A, Kerkhof LJ, Mainelis G, Fennell DE. Characterization and DNA Stable-Isotope Probing of Methanotrophic Bioaerosols. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0342122. [PMID: 36409096 PMCID: PMC9769660 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03421-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and activity of bacteria have been extensively studied in nearly every environment on Earth, but there have been limited studies focusing on the air. Suspended bacteria (outside of water droplets) may stay in the atmosphere for time frames that could allow for growth on volatile compounds, including the potent greenhouse gas methane. We investigated the ability of aerosolized methanotrophic bacteria to grow on methane in the airborne state in rotating gas-phase bioreactors. The physical half-life of the aerial bacterium-sized particles was 3 days. To assess the potential for airborne growth, gas-phase bioreactors containing the aerosolized cultures were amended with 1,500 ppmv 13CH4 or 12CH4. Three of seven experiments demonstrated 13C incorporation into DNA, indicating growth in air. Bacteria associated with the genera Methylocystis and Methylocaldum were detected in 13C-DNA fractions, thus indicating that they were synthesizing new DNA, suggesting growth in air. We conclude that methanotrophs outside of water droplets in the air can potentially grow under certain conditions. Based on our data, humidity seems to be a major limitation to bacterial growth in air. Furthermore, low biomass levels can pose problems for detecting 13C-DNA synthesis in our experimental system. IMPORTANCE Currently, the cellular activities of bacteria in the airborne state outside of water droplets have not been heavily studied. Evidence suggests that these airborne bacteria produce ribosomes and metabolize gaseous compounds. Despite having a potentially important impact on atmospheric chemistry, the ability of bacteria in the air to metabolize substrates such as methane is not well understood. Demonstrating that bacteria in the air can metabolize and grow on substrates will expand knowledge about the potential activities and functions of the atmospheric microbiome. This study provides evidence for DNA synthesis and, ultimately, growth of airborne methanotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P. Dillon
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Valdis Krumins
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Aishwarya Deshpande
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lee J. Kerkhof
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gediminas Mainelis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Donna E. Fennell
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Tian J, Yan C, Alcega SG, Hassard F, Tyrrel S, Coulon F, Nasir ZA. Detection and characterization of bioaerosol emissions from wastewater treatment plants: Challenges and opportunities. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:958514. [PMID: 36439798 PMCID: PMC9684734 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.958514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid population growth and urbanization process have led to increasing demand for wastewater treatment capacity resulting in a non-negligible increase of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in several cities around the world. Bioaerosol emissions from WWTPs may pose adverse health risks to the sewage workers and nearby residents, which raises increasing public health concerns. However, there are still significant knowledge gaps on the interplay between process-based bioaerosol characteristics and exposures and the quantification of health risk which limit our ability to design effective risk assessment and management strategies. This review provides a critical overview of the existing knowledge of bioaerosol emissions from WWTPs including their nature, magnitude and size distribution, and highlights the shortcoming associated with existing sampling and analysis methods. The recent advancements made for rapid detection of bioaerosols are then discussed, especially the emerging real time detection methods to highlight the directions for future research needs to advance the knowledge on bioaerosol emissions from WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghan Tian
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng Yan
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Sonia Garcia Alcega
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Francis Hassard
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sean Tyrrel
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom
| | - Frederic Coulon
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom
| | - Zaheer Ahmad Nasir
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom
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Abkar L, Zimmermann K, Dixit F, Kheyrandish A, Mohseni M. COVID-19 pandemic lesson learned- critical parameters and research needs for UVC inactivation of viral aerosols. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 8:100183. [PMID: 36619826 PMCID: PMC9553962 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted public awareness of airborne disease transmission in indoor settings and emphasized the need for reliable air disinfection technologies. This increased awareness will carry in the post-pandemic era along with the ever-emerging SARS-CoV variants, necessitating effective and well-defined protocols, methods, and devices for air disinfection. Ultraviolet (UV)-based air disinfection demonstrated promising results in inactivating viral bioaerosols. However, the reported data diversity on the required UVC doses has hindered determining the best UVC practices and led to confusion among the public and regulators. This article reviews available information on critical parameters influencing the efficacy of a UVC air disinfection system and, consequently, the required dose including the system's components as well as operational and environmental factors. There is a consensus in the literature that the interrelation of humidity and air temperature has a significant impact on the UVC susceptibility, which translate to changing the UVC efficacy of commercialized devices in indoor settings under varying conditions. Sampling and aerosolization techniques reported to have major influence on the result interpretation and it is recommended to use several sampling methods simultaneously to generate comparable and conclusive data. We also considered the safety concerns and the potential safe alternative of UVC, far-UVC. Finally, the gaps in each critical parameter and the future research needs of the field are represented. This paper is the first step to consolidating literature towards developing a standard validation protocol for UVC air disinfection devices which is determined as the one of the research needs.
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Key Words
- Aerosolization of pathogens
- Air sampling methods
- Airborne transmission
- CDC, centre for disease control and prevention (USA)
- CMD, count median diameter
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- DSB, double strand break
- Far-UVC
- Far-UVC, ultraviolet irradiation in the ‘far’ range of 200–230 nm
- GTC, growth tube collectors
- LED, light emitting diode
- LPUV, low-pressure ultraviolet lamp
- NIOSH, national institute for occupational safety and health
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PRRS, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
- Particle size distribution
- REL, recommended exposure limit
- RH, relative humidity
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2
- SSB, single strand break
- Suspending media
- UV, ultraviolet irradiation
- UV-LED, light emitting diode in the ultraviolet range
- UVC, ultraviolet irradiation in the ‘C’, or germicidal, spectrum from 200 to 290 nm
- UVGI, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
- Viral UVC susceptibility
- dsDNA, double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid
- ssRNA, single-stranded ribonucleic acid
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Ghidini S, De Luca S, Rodríguez-López P, Simon AC, Liuzzo G, Poli L, Ianieri A, Zanardi E. Microbial contamination, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation of bacteria isolated from a high-throughput pig abattoir. Ital J Food Saf 2022; 11:10160. [PMID: 36120528 PMCID: PMC9472283 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2022.10160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the level of microbial contamination and resistance of bacteria isolated from a highthroughput heavy pig slaughterhouse (approx. 4600 pigs/day) towards antimicrobials considered as critical for human, veterinary or both chemotherapies. Samples, pre-operative and operative, were obtained in 4 different surveys. These comprised environmental sampling, i.e. air (ntotal = 192) and surfaces (ntotal = 32), in four different locations. Moreover, a total of 40 carcasses were sampled in two different moments of slaughtering following Reg. (CE) 2073/2005. Overall, 60 different colonies were randomly selected from VRBGA plates belonging to 20 species, 15 genera and 10 families being Enterobacteriaceae, Moraxellaceae and Pseudomonadaceae the most represented ones. Thirty-seven isolates presented resistance to at least one molecule and seventeen were classified as multi-drug resistant. Enterobacteriaceae, particularly E. coli, displayed high MIC values towards trimethoprim, ampicillin, tetracycline and sulphametoxazole with MICmax of 16, 32, 32 and 512 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, isolated Pseudomonas spp. showed high MIC values in critical antibiotics such as ampicillin and azithromycin with MICmax of 32 and 64 mg/L, respectively. Additionally, in vitro biofilm formation assays demonstrated that fifteen of these isolates can be classified as strong biofilm formers. Results demonstrated that a high diversity of bacteria containing antibiotic resistant and multiresistant species is present in the sampled abattoir. Considering these findings, it could be hypothesised that the processing environment could be a potential diffusion determinant of antibiotic resistant bacteria through the food chain and operators.
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Duchaine C, Roy CJ. Bioaerosols and airborne transmission: Integrating biological complexity into our perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:154117. [PMID: 35218821 PMCID: PMC8865953 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
There is broad consensus that airborne disease transmission continues to be the thematic focus of COVID-19, the complexities and understanding of which continues to complicate our attempts to control this pandemic. Masking used as both personal protection and source reduction predominates our society at present and, other than vaccination, remains the public health measure that will faithfully reduce aerosol transmission and overall disease burden (Gandhi and Marr, 2021). Early in the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, and especially after preliminary recognition of airborne transmission, there was considerable efforts in the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling aerosols as well as risk models calculations, the products of which were detailed in the literature (Morawska et al., 2020; Buonanno et al., 2020a) and even disseminated in media destined for the public. As the respiratory pathway emerged as the dominant exposure pathway for SARSCoV-2 transmission, much of what was promoted from CFD was applied to risk models to estimate community infection and in some cases expected clinical outcome. COVID-19 proved to fit the profile of an obligate respiratory-transmitted pathogen, and the plausibility of using aerosol modeling when silhouetted with emerging COVID-19 epidemiology provided ample evidence for promotion of masking and ventilation optimization as a required public health measure. Masking is often included as a factor in developed risk models and it remains an essentially important part of our response to this airborne threat, and ultimately will agnostically reduce disease burden although efforts to improve ventilation in indoor spaces remain a challenge. Arguably the most important concept in the airborne transmission of infectious agents is the biologically active componentry that comprises the aerosol particle and the functional dynamic nature of particle contents. Specifically, the innate generation, transport, and ultimate deposition/disposition of bioaerosols; the aerosol particles that nearly exclusively harbor bioactive components, including viruses, when disease agents are transmitted through the air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Duchaine
- Centre de recherche de I'institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Quebec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Université Laval, Canada; Tier-1 Canada Research Chair on Bioaerosols, Canada
| | - Chad J Roy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States of America; Infectious Disease Aerobiology at Tulane National Primate Research Center, United States of America.
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Long-Term Studies of Biological Components of Atmospheric Aerosol: Trends and Variability. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Biological components of atmospheric aerosol affect the quality of atmospheric air. Long-term trends in changes of the concentrations of total protein (a universal marker of the biogenic component of atmospheric aerosol) and culturable microorganisms in the air are studied. Methods: Atmospheric air samples are taken at two locations in the south of Western Siberia and during airborne sounding of the atmosphere. Sample analysis is carried out in the laboratory using standard culture methods (culturable microorganisms) and the fluorescence method (total protein). Results: Negative trends in the average annual concentration of total protein and culturable microorganisms in the air are revealed over more than 20 years of observations. For the concentration of total protein and culturable microorganisms in the air, intra-annual dynamics is revealed. The ratio of the maximum and minimum values of these concentrations reaches an order of magnitude. The variability of concentrations does not exceed, as a rule, two times for total protein and three times for culturable microorganisms. At the same time, for the data obtained in the course of airborne sounding of the atmosphere, a high temporal stability of the vertical profiles of the studied concentrations was found. The detected biodiversity of culturable microorganisms in atmospheric air samples demonstrates a very high variability at all observation sites. Conclusions: The revealed long-term changes in the biological components of atmospheric aerosol result in a decrease in their contribution to the atmospheric air quality index.
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Agrawal A, Gopu M, Mukherjee R, Mampallil D. Microfluidic Droplet Cluster with Distributed Evaporation Rates as a Model for Bioaerosols. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4567-4577. [PMID: 35394793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols and microdroplets are known to act as carriers for pathogens or vessels for chemical reactions. The natural occurrence of evaporation of these droplets has implications for the viability of pathogens or chemical processes. For example, it is important to understand how pathogens survive extreme physiochemical conditions such as confinement and osmotic stress induced by evaporation of aerosol droplets. Previously, larger evaporating droplets were proposed as model systems as the processes in the tiny aerosol droplets are difficult to image. In this context, we propose the concept of evaporation of capillary-clustered aqueous microdroplets dispersed in a thin oil layer. The configuration produces spatially segregated evaporation rates. It allows comparing the consequences of evaporation and its rate for processes occurring in droplets. As a proof of concept, we study the consequences of evaporation and its rate using Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Bacillus subtilis as model organisms. Our experiments indicate that the rate of evaporation of microdroplets is an important parameter in deciding the viability of contained microorganisms. With slow evaporation, E. coli could mitigate the osmotic stress by K+ ion uptake. Our method may also be applicable to other evaporating droplet systems, for example, microdroplet chemistry to understand the implications of evaporation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Agrawal
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Mangalam P.O. PIN 517507 Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Maheshwar Gopu
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Mangalam P.O. PIN 517507 Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Raju Mukherjee
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Mangalam P.O. PIN 517507 Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Dileep Mampallil
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Mangalam P.O. PIN 517507 Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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12
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Yeh KB, Setser B. Aerosol Test Chambers: Current State and Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:863954. [PMID: 35497330 PMCID: PMC9039174 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.863954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infectious disease outbreaks such as those caused by coronaviruses and influenza, necessitate the use of specialized aerosol test chambers to study aspects of these causative agents including detection, efficacy of countermeasures, and aerosol survivability. The anthrax attacks from 2001 and earlier biowarfare and biodefense also influenced the study of biological aerosols to learn about how certain pathogens transmit either naturally or through artificial means. Some high containment biological laboratories, which work with Risk Group 3 and 4 agents in biosafety level -3, biosafety level-4 containment, are equipped with aerosol test chambers to enable the study of high-risk organisms in aerosolized form. Consequently, the biomedical, military and environmental sectors have specific applications when studying bioaerosols which may overlap while being different. There are countless aerosol test chambers worldwide and this number along with numerous high containment biological laboratories underscores the need for technical standards, regulatory and dual-use compliance. Here we survey common aerosol test chambers and their history, current use, and practice. Our findings reinforce the importance and need for continued collaboration among the multi-disciplinary fields studying aerobiology and biological aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B. Yeh
- MRIGlobal, Kansas City, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Kenneth B. Yeh,
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13
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Harris JC, Collins MS, Huang PH, Schramm CM, Nero T, Yan J, Murray TS. Bacterial Surface Detachment during Nebulization with Contaminated Reusable Home Nebulizers. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0253521. [PMID: 35107362 PMCID: PMC8809330 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02535-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic respiratory diseases use home nebulizers that are often contaminated with pathogenic microbes to deliver aerosolized medications. The conditions under which these microbes leave the surface as bioaerosols during nebulization are not well characterized. The objectives of this study were to (i) determine whether different pathogens detach and disperse from the nebulizer surface during aerosolization and (ii) measure the effects of relative humidity and drying times on bacterial surface detachment and aerosolization. Bacteria were cultured from bioaerosols after Pari LC Plus albuterol nebulization using two different sources, as follows: (i) previously used nebulizers donated by anonymous patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and (ii) nebulizers inoculated with bacteria isolated from the lungs of CF patients. Fractionated bioaerosols were collected with a Next-Generation Impactor. For a subset of bacteria, surface adherence during rewetting was measured with fluorescence microscopy. Bacteria dispersed from the surface of used CF patient nebulizers during albuterol nebulization. Eighty percent (16/20) of clinical isolates inoculated on the nebulizer in the laboratory formed bioaerosols. Detachment from the plastic surface into the chamber solution predicted bioaerosol production. Increased relative humidity and decreased drying times after inoculation favored bacterial dispersion on aerosols during nebulized therapy. Pathogenic bacteria contaminating nebulizer surfaces detached from the surface as bioaerosols during nebulized therapies, especially under environmental conditions when contaminated nebulizers were dried or stored at high relative humidity. This finding emphasizes the need for appropriate nebulizer cleaning, disinfection, and complete drying during storage and informs environmental conditions that favor bacterial surface detachment during nebulization. IMPORTANCE Studies from around the world have demonstrated that many patients use contaminated nebulizers to deliver medication into their lungs. While it is known that using contaminated medications in a nebulizer can lead to a lung infection, whether bacteria on the surface of a contaminated nebulizer detach as bioaerosols capable of reaching the lung has not been studied. This work demonstrates that a subset of clinical bacteria enter solution from the surface during nebulization and are aerosolized. Environmental conditions of high relative humidity during storage favor dispersion from the surface. We also provide results of an in vitro assay conducted to monitor bacterial surface detachment during multiple cycles of rewetting that correlate with the results of nebulizer/bacterial surface interactions. These studies demonstrate for the first time that pathogenic bacteria on the nebulizer surface pose a risk of bacterial inhalation to patients who use contaminated nebulizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie C. Harris
- Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Melanie S. Collins
- Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Pamela H. Huang
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases and Global Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Craig M. Schramm
- Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Thomas Nero
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jing Yan
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Thomas S. Murray
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases and Global Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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14
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Mori S, Ishiguro S, Miyazaki S, Okubo T, Omori R, Kai A, Sugiyama K, Kawashiro A, Sumi M, Thapa J, Nakamura S, Katoh C, Yamaguchi H. Usefulness of a 3D-printing air sampler for capturing live airborne bacteria and exploring the environmental factors that can influence bacterial dynamics. Res Microbiol 2021; 172:103864. [PMID: 34273486 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2021.103864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We created a handmade 3D-printed air sampler to effectively collect live airborne bacteria, and determined which environmental factors influenced the bacteria. Bacterial colony forming units (CFUs) in the air samples (n=37) were monitored by recording the environmental changes occurring over time, then determining the presence/absence of correlations among such changes. The bacterial CFUs changed sharply and were significantly correlated with the DNA concentrations, indicating that the captured bacteria made up most of the airborne bacteria. Spearman's rank correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between the bacterial CFU values and some environmental factors (humidity, wind speed, insolation, and 24-h rainfall). Similarly the significant associations of CFU with humidity and wind speed were also found by multiple regression analysis with box-cox transformation. Among our panel of airborne bacteria (952 strains), 70 strains were identified as soil-derived Bacillus via the production of Escherichia coli- and Staphylococcus aureus-growth inhibiting antibiotics and by 16S rDNA typing. Soil-derived protozoa were also isolated from the air samples. We conclude that the airborne bacteria mainly derived from soil can alter in number according to environmental changes. Our sampler, which was created by easy-to-customize 3D printing, is a useful device for understanding the dynamics of live airborne bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saaya Mori
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Sakura Ishiguro
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Satoru Miyazaki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Torahiko Okubo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Omori
- Division of Bioresources Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Ayako Kai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Kyohei Sugiyama
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Airi Kawashiro
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Masato Sumi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Jeewan Thapa
- Division of Bioresources Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Shinji Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Imaging Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Chietsugu Katoh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
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15
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Williams CG, Smith DJ. Unifying atmospheric biology research for the U.S. scientific community. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02275. [PMID: 33314515 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A global COVID-19 pandemic, rising asthma and allergies, along with climate change impacting storm intensity and frequency, point to an urgent need to unify U.S. atmospheric biology research. To this end, we briefly define atmospheric biology, summarize its fragmented history, and then outline how to unify the field to provide benefits for the U.S. science community and its citizens. Atmospheric biology refers to the study of concentrations, sources, sinks, transformation, and impacts of airborne microorganisms inclusive of pollen, fungal spores, algae, lichens, bacteria, viruses, cellulose fibers, and other biomolecules or fragments of cells. Here our focus is biological particles, both respirable (PM10 ) and systemic (PM2.5 ). Due to its interdisciplinary dependencies and broadness of scales from nanometers to kilometers, atmospheric biology research is highly fragmented in the U.S. science community. It lacks shared paradigms and common vocabulary. This deficit calls for recognizing atmospheric biology as a research community in its own right, thereby linking human health to climate change. We need to recognize atmospheric biology's importance to national security and science diplomacy. Advanced atmospheric biology research is being conducted in Europe, Russia, and China, not in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire G Williams
- Department of Environmental Sciences, American University, Washington, D.C., 20016, USA
| | - David J Smith
- Space Biosciences Research Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, 94035, USA
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16
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Bourdrel T, Annesi-Maesano I, Alahmad B, Maesano CN, Bind MA. The impact of outdoor air pollution on COVID-19: a review of evidence from in vitro, animal, and human studies. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/159/200242. [PMID: 33568525 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0242-202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have pointed out that air pollution may be a contributing factor to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, the specific links between air pollution and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 infection remain unclear. Here we provide evidence from in vitro, animal and human studies from the existing literature. Epidemiological investigations have related various air pollutants to COVID-19 morbidity and mortality at the population level, however, those studies suffer from several limitations. Air pollution may be linked to an increase in COVID-19 severity and lethality through its impact on chronic diseases, such as cardiopulmonary diseases and diabetes. Experimental studies have shown that exposure to air pollution leads to a decreased immune response, thus facilitating viral penetration and replication. Viruses may persist in air through complex interactions with particles and gases depending on: 1) chemical composition; 2) electric charges of particles; and 3) meteorological conditions such as relative humidity, ultraviolet (UV) radiation and temperature. In addition, by reducing UV radiation, air pollutants may promote viral persistence in air and reduce vitamin D synthesis. Further epidemiological studies are needed to better estimate the impact of air pollution on COVID-19. In vitro and in vivo studies are also strongly needed, in particular to more precisely explore the particle-virus interaction in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bourdrel
- Memory Resource and Research Center, Geriatrics Dept, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabella Annesi-Maesano
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Dept (EPAR), Saint-Antoine Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Barrak Alahmad
- Dept of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cara N Maesano
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Dept (EPAR), Saint-Antoine Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Abèle Bind
- Dept of Statistics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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17
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Božič A, Kanduč M. Relative humidity in droplet and airborne transmission of disease. J Biol Phys 2021; 47:1-29. [PMID: 33564965 PMCID: PMC7872882 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-020-09562-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of infectious diseases are transmitted by respiratory droplets. How long these droplets persist in the air, how far they can travel, and how long the pathogens they might carry survive are all decisive factors for the spread of droplet-borne diseases. The subject is extremely multifaceted and its aspects range across different disciplines, yet most of them have only seldom been considered in the physics community. In this review, we discuss the physical principles that govern the fate of respiratory droplets and any viruses trapped inside them, with a focus on the role of relative humidity. Importantly, low relative humidity-as encountered, for instance, indoors during winter and inside aircraft-facilitates evaporation and keeps even initially large droplets suspended in air as aerosol for extended periods of time. What is more, relative humidity affects the stability of viruses in aerosol through several physical mechanisms such as efflorescence and inactivation at the air-water interface, whose role in virus inactivation nonetheless remains poorly understood. Elucidating the role of relative humidity in the droplet spread of disease would permit us to design preventive measures that could aid in reducing the chance of transmission, particularly in indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anže Božič
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Kanduč
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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18
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Bourdrel T, Annesi-Maesano I, Alahmad B, Maesano CN, Bind MA. The impact of outdoor air pollution on COVID-19: a review of evidence from in vitro, animal, and human studies. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/159/200242. [PMID: 33568525 PMCID: PMC7879496 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0242-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have pointed out that air pollution may be a contributing factor to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, the specific links between air pollution and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 infection remain unclear. Here we provide evidence from in vitro, animal and human studies from the existing literature. Epidemiological investigations have related various air pollutants to COVID-19 morbidity and mortality at the population level, however, those studies suffer from several limitations. Air pollution may be linked to an increase in COVID-19 severity and lethality through its impact on chronic diseases, such as cardiopulmonary diseases and diabetes. Experimental studies have shown that exposure to air pollution leads to a decreased immune response, thus facilitating viral penetration and replication. Viruses may persist in air through complex interactions with particles and gases depending on: 1) chemical composition; 2) electric charges of particles; and 3) meteorological conditions such as relative humidity, ultraviolet (UV) radiation and temperature. In addition, by reducing UV radiation, air pollutants may promote viral persistence in air and reduce vitamin D synthesis. Further epidemiological studies are needed to better estimate the impact of air pollution on COVID-19. In vitro and in vivo studies are also strongly needed, in particular to more precisely explore the particle–virus interaction in air. Our review highlights that both short- and long-term exposures to air pollution may be important aggravating factors for SARS-CoV-2 transmission and COVID-19 severity and lethality through multiple mechanismshttps://bit.ly/395aS9w
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bourdrel
- Memory Resource and Research Center, Geriatrics Dept, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabella Annesi-Maesano
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Dept (EPAR), Saint-Antoine Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Barrak Alahmad
- Dept of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cara N Maesano
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases Dept (EPAR), Saint-Antoine Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Abèle Bind
- Dept of Statistics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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19
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Otero Fernandez M, Thomas RJ, Oswin H, Haddrell AE, Reid JP. Transformative Approach To Investigate the Microphysical Factors Influencing Airborne Transmission of Pathogens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e01543-20. [PMID: 32978136 PMCID: PMC7657628 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01543-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging outbreaks of airborne pathogenic infections worldwide, such as the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, have raised the need to understand parameters affecting the airborne survival of microbes in order to develop measures for effective infection control. We report a novel experimental strategy, TAMBAS (tandem approach for microphysical and biological assessment of airborne microorganism survival), to explore the synergistic interactions between the physicochemical and biological processes that impact airborne microbe survival in aerosol droplets. This innovative approach provides a unique and detailed understanding of the processes taking place from aerosol droplet generation through to equilibration and viability decay in the local environment, elucidating decay mechanisms not previously described. The impact of evaporation kinetics, solute hygroscopicity and concentration, particle morphology, and equilibrium particle size on airborne survival are reported, using Escherichia coli MRE162 as a benchmark system. For this system, we report that (i) particle crystallization does not directly impact microbe longevity, (ii) bacteria act as crystallization nuclei during droplet drying and equilibration, and (iii) the kinetics of size and compositional change appear to have a larger effect on microbe longevity than the equilibrium solute concentration.IMPORTANCE A transformative approach to identify the physicochemical processes that impact the biological decay rates of bacteria in aerosol droplets is described. It is shown that the evaporation process and changes in the phase and morphology of the aerosol particle during evaporation impact microorganism viability. The equilibrium droplet size was found to affect airborne bacterial viability. Furthermore, the presence of Escherichia coli MRE162 in a droplet does not affect aerosol growth/evaporation but influences the dynamic behavior of the aerosol by processing the culture medium prior to aerosolization, affecting the hygroscopicity of the culture medium; this highlights the importance of the inorganic and organic chemical composition within the aerosolized droplets that impact hygroscopicity. Bacteria also act as crystallization nuclei. The novel approach and data have implications for increased mechanistic understanding of aerosol survival and infectivity in bioaerosol studies spanning the medical, veterinary, farming, and agricultural fields, including the role of microorganisms in atmospheric processing and cloud formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard J Thomas
- Defence Science Technology Laboratory (DSTL), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Oswin
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Allen E Haddrell
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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20
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Sarda-Estève R, Baisnée D, Guinot B, Mainelis G, Sodeau J, O’Connor D, Besancenot JP, Thibaudon M, Monteiro S, Petit JE, Gros V. Atmospheric Biodetection Part I: Study of Airborne Bacterial Concentrations from January 2018 to May 2020 at Saclay, France. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176292. [PMID: 32872373 PMCID: PMC7504533 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The monitoring of bioaerosol concentrations in the air is a relevant endeavor due to potential health risks associated with exposure to such particles and in the understanding of their role in climate. In this context, the atmospheric concentrations of bacteria were measured from January 2018 to May 2020 at Saclay, France. The aim of the study was to understand the seasonality, the daily variability, and to identify the geographical origin of airborne bacteria. Methods: 880 samples were collected daily on polycarbonate filters, extracted with purified water, and analyzed using the cultivable method and flow cytometry. A source receptor model was used to identify the origin of bacteria. Results: A tri-modal seasonality was identified with the highest concentrations early in spring and over the summer season with the lowest during the winter season. Extreme changes occurred daily due to rapid changes in meteorological conditions and shifts from clean air masses to polluted ones. Conclusion: Our work points toward bacterial concentrations originating from specific seasonal-geographical ecosystems. During pollution events, bacteria appear to rise from dense urban areas or are transported long distances from their sources. This key finding should drive future actions to better control the dispersion of potential pathogens in the air, like persistent microorganisms originating from contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Sarda-Estève
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, Unité mixte de recherche CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France; (D.B.); (J.-E.P.); (V.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-69-08-97-47
| | - Dominique Baisnée
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, Unité mixte de recherche CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France; (D.B.); (J.-E.P.); (V.G.)
| | - Benjamin Guinot
- Laboratoire d’Aérologie, Université Toulouse III, CNRS, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France;
- Réseau National de Surveillance Aérobiologique, 69690 Brussieu, France; (J.P.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Gediminas Mainelis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525, USA;
| | - John Sodeau
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland;
| | - David O’Connor
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University of Dublin, D06F793 Dublin 6, Ireland;
| | - Jean Pierre Besancenot
- Réseau National de Surveillance Aérobiologique, 69690 Brussieu, France; (J.P.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Michel Thibaudon
- Réseau National de Surveillance Aérobiologique, 69690 Brussieu, France; (J.P.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Sara Monteiro
- Themo Fisher Scientific, 18 avenue de Quebec, 91941 Villebon Courtaboeuf, France;
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, Unité mixte de recherche CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France; (D.B.); (J.-E.P.); (V.G.)
| | - Valérie Gros
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, Unité mixte de recherche CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France; (D.B.); (J.-E.P.); (V.G.)
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21
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Fernandez MO, Thomas RJ, Garton NJ, Hudson A, Haddrell A, Reid JP. Assessing the airborne survival of bacteria in populations of aerosol droplets with a novel technology. J R Soc Interface 2020; 16:20180779. [PMID: 30958165 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The airborne transmission of infection relies on the ability of pathogens to survive aerosol transport as they transit between hosts. Understanding the parameters that determine the survival of airborne microorganisms is critical to mitigating the impact of disease outbreaks. Conventional techniques for investigating bioaerosol longevity in vitro have systemic limitations that prevent the accurate representation of conditions that these particles would experience in the natural environment. Here, we report a new approach that enables the robust study of bioaerosol survival as a function of relevant environmental conditions. The methodology uses droplet-on-demand technology for the generation of bioaerosol droplets (1 to greater than 100 per trial) with tailored chemical and biological composition. These arrays of droplets are captured in an electrodynamic trap and levitated within a controlled environmental chamber. Droplets are then deposited on a substrate after a desired levitation period (less than 5 s to greater than 24 h). The response of bacteria to aerosolization can subsequently be determined by counting colony forming units, 24 h after deposition. In a first study, droplets formed from a suspension of Escherichia coli MRE162 cells (108 ml-1) with initial radii of 27.8 ± 0.08 µm were created and levitated for extended periods of time at 30% relative humidity. The time-dependence of the survival rate was measured over a time period extending to 1 h. We demonstrate that this approach can enable direct studies at the interface between aerobiology, atmospheric chemistry and aerosol physics to identify the factors that may affect the survival of airborne pathogens with the aim of developing infection control strategies for public health and biodefence applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard J Thomas
- 2 Defence Science Technology Laboratory (DSTL) , Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ , UK
| | - Natalie J Garton
- 3 Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester , Leicester LE1 7RH , UK
| | - Andrew Hudson
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester , Leicester LE1 7RH , UK
| | - Allen Haddrell
- 1 School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK
| | - Jonathan P Reid
- 1 School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK
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22
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Accessing the Life in Smoke: A New Application of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) to Sample Wildland Fire Bioaerosol Emissions and Their Environment. FIRE-SWITZERLAND 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fire2040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wildland fire is a major producer of aerosols from combustion of vegetation and soils, but little is known about the abundance and composition of smoke’s biological content. Bioaerosols, or aerosols derived from biological sources, may be a significant component of the aerosol load vectored in wildland fire smoke. If bioaerosols are injected into the upper troposphere via high-intensity wildland fires and transported across continents, there may be consequences for the ecosystems they reach. Such transport would also alter the concept of a wildfire’s perimeter and the disturbance domain of its impact. Recent research has revealed that viable microorganisms are directly aerosolized during biomass combustion, but sampling systems and methodology for quantifying this phenomenon are poorly developed. Using a series of prescribed fires in frequently burned forest ecosystems, we report the results of employing a small rotary-wing unmanned aircraft system (UAS) to concurrently sample aerosolized bacteria and fungi, particulate matter, and micrometeorology in smoke plumes versus background conditions. Airborne impaction-based bioaerosol sampling indicated that microbial composition differed between background air and smoke, with seven unique organisms in smoke vs. three in background air. The air temperature was negatively correlated with the number of fungal colony-forming units detected. Our results demonstrate the utility of a UAS-based sampling platform for active sampling of viable aerosolized microbes in smoke arising from wildland fires. This methodology can be extended to sample viable microbes in a wide variety of emissions sampling pursuits, especially those in hazardous and inaccessible environments.
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Dommergue A, Amato P, Tignat-Perrier R, Magand O, Thollot A, Joly M, Bouvier L, Sellegri K, Vogel T, Sonke JE, Jaffrezo JL, Andrade M, Moreno I, Labuschagne C, Martin L, Zhang Q, Larose C. Methods to Investigate the Global Atmospheric Microbiome. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:243. [PMID: 30967843 PMCID: PMC6394204 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between microbes and atmospheric physical and chemical conditions is an open field of research that can only be fully addressed using multidisciplinary approaches. The lack of coordinated efforts to gather data at representative temporal and spatial scales limits aerobiology to help understand large scale patterns of global microbial biodiversity and its causal relationships with the environmental context. This paper presents the sampling strategy and analytical protocols developed in order to integrate different fields of research such as microbiology, -omics biology, atmospheric chemistry, physics and meteorology to characterize atmospheric microbial life. These include control of chemical and microbial contaminations from sampling to analysis and identification of experimental procedures for characterizing airborne microbial biodiversity and its functioning from the atmospheric samples collected at remote sites from low cell density environments. We used high-volume sampling strategy to address both chemical and microbial composition of the atmosphere, because it can help overcome low aerosol and microbial cell concentrations. To account for contaminations, exposed and unexposed control filters were processed along with the samples. We present a method that allows for the extraction of chemical and biological data from the same quartz filters. We tested different sampling times, extraction kits and methods to optimize DNA yield from filters. Based on our results, we recommend supplementary sterilization steps to reduce filter contamination induced by handling and transport. These include manipulation under laminar flow hoods and UV sterilization. In terms of DNA extraction, we recommend a vortex step and a heating step to reduce binding to the quartz fibers of the filters. These steps have led to a 10-fold increase in DNA yield, allowing for downstream omics analysis of air samples. Based on our results, our method can be integrated into pre-existing long-term monitoring field protocols for the atmosphere both in terms of atmospheric chemistry and biology. We recommend using standardized air volumes and to develop standard operating protocols for field users to better control the operational quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelien Dommergue
- Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Amato
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, UMR6096 CNRS–Université Clermont Auvergne-Sigma, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Romie Tignat-Perrier
- Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
- CNRS UMR 5005, Environmental Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire Ampère, École Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Ecully, France
| | - Olivier Magand
- Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
| | - Alban Thollot
- Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
- CNRS UMR 5005, Environmental Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire Ampère, École Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Ecully, France
| | - Muriel Joly
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, UMR6096 CNRS–Université Clermont Auvergne-Sigma, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laetitia Bouvier
- Laboratory for Meteorological Physics (LaMP), Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Karine Sellegri
- Laboratory for Meteorological Physics (LaMP), Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Timothy Vogel
- CNRS UMR 5005, Environmental Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire Ampère, École Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Ecully, France
| | - Jeroen E. Sonke
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
| | - Marcos Andrade
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Physics, Institute for Physics Research, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Isabel Moreno
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Physics, Institute for Physics Research, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | - Lynwill Martin
- South African Weather Service, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Qianggong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Catherine Larose
- CNRS UMR 5005, Environmental Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire Ampère, École Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Ecully, France
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Xie Z, Fan C, Lu R, Liu P, Wang B, Du S, Jin C, Deng S, Li Y. Characteristics of ambient bioaerosols during haze episodes in China: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1930-1942. [PMID: 30237031 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Frequent low visibility, haze pollution caused by heavy fine particulate matter (PM2.5) loading, has been entailing significant environmental issues and health risks in China since 2013. A substantial fraction of bioaerosols was observed in PM (1.5-15%) during haze periods with intensive pollution. However, systematic and consistent results of the variations of bioaerosol characteristics during haze pollution are lacking. The role of bioaerosols in air quality and interaction with environment conditions are not yet well characterized. The present article provides an overview of the state of bioaerosol research during haze episodes based on numerous recent studies over the past decade, focusing on concentration, size distribution, community structure, and influence factors. Examples of insightful results highlighted the characteristics of bioaerosols at different air pollution levels and their pollution effects. We summarize the influences of meteorological and environmental factors on the distribution of bioaerosols. Further studies on bioaerosols, applying standardized sampling and identification criteria and investigating the influence of mechanisms of environmental or pollution factors on bioaerosols as well as the sources of bioaerosols are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengsheng Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Chunlan Fan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Rui Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Pengxia Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Shengli Du
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- School of Architecture, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Shunxi Deng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Yanpeng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Xi'an, 710054, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, Xi'an 710054, China.
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25
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Yue Y, Chen H, Setyan A, Elser M, Dietrich M, Li J, Zhang T, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Wang J, Yao M. Size-Resolved Endotoxin and Oxidative Potential of Ambient Particles in Beijing and Zürich. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6816-6824. [PMID: 29787263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 pollution has become a global health concern, however its size-resolved health impact remains to be poorly elucidated. Here, ambient particulate matter (PM) were collected into 13 different size ranges (10 nm to 18 μm) and the mass, metal, endotoxin distributions, and related oxidative potential were investigated in two regions (Zürich, Switzerland and Beijing, China). Results showed that the two regions had remarkably different PM distribution patterns. Swiss urban samples had a mode around 40 nm with 23.3% of total PM mass, while Chinese samples featured two modes around 0.75 and 4.23 μm with 13.8-18.6% and 13.7-20.4% of total PM mass, respectively. Two peaks for endotoxin at 40-100 nm and 1-4 μm were observed in different regions. For PM-borne metals, Chinese samples had 67.6-100% of total Cd, As, and Pb in the size range of 0.1-1 μm, and Swiss samples had similar distributions of Cd and Pb but much lower total metals than Chinese samples. The PM oxidative potential varied greatly with sizes for different regions. Accordingly, the current practice, i.e., sole use of the mass concentration, could lead to inadequate health protection for one region, but unnecessary economic costs for another without achieving significant extra health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yue
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
- Institute of Environmental Engineering , ETH Zürich , Zürich 8093 , Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Dubendorf 8600 , Switzerland
| | - Haoxuan Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Ari Setyan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering , ETH Zürich , Zürich 8093 , Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Dubendorf 8600 , Switzerland
| | - Miriam Elser
- Institute of Environmental Engineering , ETH Zürich , Zürich 8093 , Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Dubendorf 8600 , Switzerland
| | - Maria Dietrich
- Institute of Environmental Engineering , ETH Zürich , Zürich 8093 , Switzerland
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Yunhao Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering , ETH Zürich , Zürich 8093 , Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Dubendorf 8600 , Switzerland
| | - Maosheng Yao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
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26
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Yao M. Reprint of bioaerosol: A bridge and opportunity for many scientific research fields. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2018; 119:91-96. [PMID: 38620175 PMCID: PMC7126771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioaerosol is a concept that is used to describe all biological materials suspended in the air, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, pollen, and their derivatives such as allergens, endotoxin, mycotoxins and etc. In some studies, primary biological aerosol particle (PBAP) is also coined to refer to intact microbes in the air. Bioaerosol is a multidisciplinary research subject, involving many different fields such as microbiology, mechanical engineering, air pollution, medical science, epidemiology, immunological science, biochemistry, physics, nanotechnologies and etc. The bioaerosol field has undergone about 200 years' research history since 1833 when mold spores were first detected in the air by Charles Darwin on the Cape Verde Islands. In recent decades, there has been a research boom in bioaerosol field, thus triggering many outstanding research opportunities. Visible progress has already been made in understanding bioaerosol roles in human health, atmospheric and ecological impacts as well as their respective technologies: bioaerosol capture, monitoring and also inactivation. Most recently, researchers from different fields start to bridge together for solving bioaerosol challenges and addressing key scientific problems, e.g., bioaerosol spread, real-time detection, indoor microbes, human bioaerosol emissions, and bio-defense. Toward this effort, a "Bioaerosol Xiangshan Science Conference-the 600th" has been successfully held in the summer in Beijing, China. A total of 47 scientists and funding agency officials including leading bioaerosol experts from overseas were invited and two-day long extensive discussions on bioaerosol progress and problems were carried out. Future bioaerosol directions have been outlined by the attendees during the conference. Some of the participants have also contributed to this bioaerosol special issue. This special issue consists of a total of 20 bioaerosol articles from eight countries including one review, and contributes to the advances in bioaerosol emission, transmission, health effects, ambient bioaerosols, method development and instrumentation, and control. Through this special issue, the bioaerosol community has obtained a better understanding of bioaerosol health risks and developed the corresponding strategies to confront the threats. This special issue might serve as a starting point to not only link bioaerosol scientists from different continents, but also bring together people from various fields yet with an interest in bioaerosol to collectively advance the field further.
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27
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Bzdek BR, Reid JP. Perspective: Aerosol microphysics: From molecules to the chemical physics of aerosols. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:220901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5002641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R. Bzdek
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS,
United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS,
United Kingdom
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28
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Douglas P, Hayes ET, Williams WB, Tyrrel SF, Kinnersley RP, Walsh K, O'Driscoll M, Longhurst PJ, Pollard SJT, Drew GH. Use of dispersion modelling for Environmental Impact Assessment of biological air pollution from composting: Progress, problems and prospects. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 70:22-29. [PMID: 28889991 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in composting asa sustainable waste management option, biological air pollution (bioaerosols) from composting facilities have become a cause of increasing concern due to their potential health impacts. Estimating community exposure to bioaerosols is problematic due to limitations in current monitoring methods. Atmospheric dispersion modelling can be used to estimate exposure concentrations, however several issues arise from the lack of appropriate bioaerosol data to use as inputs into models, and the complexity of the emission sources at composting facilities. This paper analyses current progress in using dispersion models for bioaerosols, examines the remaining problems and provides recommendations for future prospects in this area. A key finding is the urgent need for guidance for model users to ensure consistent bioaerosol modelling practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Douglas
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - E T Hayes
- Air Quality Management Resource Centre, University of the West of England, Faculty of Environment and Technology, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - W B Williams
- Air Quality Management Resource Centre, University of the West of England, Faculty of Environment and Technology, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - S F Tyrrel
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - R P Kinnersley
- Environment Agency, Environment and Business Directorate, Deanery Road, Bristol BS1 5AH, UK.
| | - K Walsh
- Environment Agency, Environment and Business Directorate, Deanery Road, Bristol BS1 5AH, UK.
| | - M O'Driscoll
- Environment Agency, Air Quality Modelling Assessment Unit, Deanery Road, Bristol BS1 5AH, United Kingdom.
| | - P J Longhurst
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - S J T Pollard
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - G H Drew
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK.
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