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Hembach N, Drechsel V, Sobol M, Kaster AK, Köhler HR, Triebskorn R, Schwartz T. Effect of glyphosate, its metabolite AMPA, and the glyphosate formulation Roundup ® on brown trout ( Salmo trutta f. fario) gut microbiome diversity. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1271983. [PMID: 38298542 PMCID: PMC10829098 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1271983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is used worldwide as a compound of pesticides and is detectable in many environmental compartments. It enters water bodies primarily through drift from agricultural areas so that aquatic organisms are exposed to this chemical, especially after rain events. Glyphosate is advertised and sold as a highly specific herbicide, which interacts with the EPSP synthase, an enzyme of the shikimate metabolism, resulting in inhibition of the synthesis of vital aromatic amino acids. However, not only plants but also bacteria can possess this enzyme so that influences of glyphosate on the microbiomes of exposed organisms cannot be excluded. Those influences may result in subtle and long-term effects, e.g., disturbance of the symbiotic interactions of bionts with microorganisms of their microbiomes. Mechanisms how the transformation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) of glyphosate might interfere in this context have not understood so far. In the present study, molecular biological fingerprinting methods showed concentration-dependent effects of glyphosate and AMPA on fish microbiomes. In addition, age-dependent differences in the composition of the microbiomes regarding abundance and diversity were detected. Furthermore, the effect of exposure to glyphosate and AMPA was investigated for several fish pathogens of gut microbiomes in terms of their gene expression of virulence factors associated with pathogenicity. In vitro transcriptome analysis with the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri revealed that it is questionable whether the observed effect on the microbiome is caused by the intended mode of action of glyphosate, such as the inhibition of EPSP synthase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Hembach
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - V. Drechsel
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M. Sobol
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A.-K. Kaster
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H.-R. Köhler
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - R. Triebskorn
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - T. Schwartz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe, Germany
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2
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Goudarztalejerdi A, Yavari M, Nouri Kalourazi M, Borzouei F, Manouchehri Tabar A, Tolouei Gilani J. Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Factor Gene Profile of Aeromonas hydrophila Isolated from Carp (Cyprinidae) Suspected with Hemorrhagic Septicemia in Gilan, Iran. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:1354-1365. [PMID: 35976044 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine the antibacterial resistance profile of Aeromonas hydrophila (n= 42) isolated from the 100 hemorrhagic septicemia-suspected carp in Gilan, Iran. The prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons, antibiotic resistance genes (ARG), and virulence factor genes (VFG) among these isolates was investigated using PCR. Also, the possible association between the presence of VFGs and the antibiotic resistance profile of isolates was assessed. The majority of A. hydrophila isolates (83.33%) exhibited multi-drug resistance (MDR) profile, and all isolates were resistant to clindamycin, while all isolates were susceptible to amikacin. intI1 and intI2 gene was found in 26.2% and 4.8% isolates, respectively. This is the first report of the presence of the intI2 gene in A. hydrophila isolates in Iran. The blaTEM (40.5%) and tetA (33.3%) genes were found as the predominant ARGs. The most frequently detected VFGs were lip and ahh1(90.5%), while the examined isolates carrying at least three VFGs and the most prevalent VFGs profile was ast+, act+, alt+, ahhl+, aerA+, ahyB+, and lip+. The results of this study indicate a positive association between the presence of VFGs and antibiotic resistance, and most MDR A. hydrophila isolates showed high frequencies of VFGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Goudarztalejerdi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Morteza Yavari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Nouri Kalourazi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Borzouei
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Arash Manouchehri Tabar
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Javad Tolouei Gilani
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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3
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Eid HM, El-Mahallawy HS, Shalaby AM, Elsheshtawy HM, Shetewy MM, Eidaroos NH. Emergence of extensively drug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila complex isolated from wild Mugil cephalus (striped mullet) and Mediterranean seawater. Vet World 2022; 15:55-64. [PMID: 35369605 PMCID: PMC8924385 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.55-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Antibiotic resistance has been a progressively documented problem, resulting in treatment failure in humans and animals. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Aeromonas spp. in wild Mugil cephalus and its surrounding seawater along the coastal road of Port Said, Egypt. Materials and Methods: Specimens were examined bacteriologically, confirmed biochemically, and tested for their sensitivity against 11 antimicrobial agents. Molecular confirmation of the obtained isolates by 16S rRNA was performed, followed by the detection of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes. Results: Aeromonas spp. was recovered from fish (44%) and water samples (36%). A. hydrophila was the most prevalent identified strain, followed by Aeromonas sobria, Aeromonas caviae, and Aeromonas schubertii. Moreover, 90% of the tested isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), while 26.67% were XDR. Tested isolates were resistant to b-lactams and sulfonamides (100%), oxytetracycline (90%), and streptomycin (62.22%) but completely susceptible to cefotaxime. XDR isolates successfully amplified resistance genes (blaTEM , sul1, and tetA(A)) but not the (aadA1) gene, although there was phenotypic resistance to streptomycin on plates. All XDR isolates carry the cytotoxic enterotoxin gene (act), but alt gene was detected in only one isolate (12.5%). Conclusion: Data in this study provide a recent update and highlight the role of wild mullet and seawater as reservoirs for MDR and XDR Aeromonas spp. that may pose a risk to humans as food-borne infection or following direct contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Mohamed Eid
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Heba Sayed El-Mahallawy
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Zoonoses, and Animal Behaviour and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Amany Mahmoud Shalaby
- Department of Food Hygiene, Animal Health Research Institute, Port Said Branch, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Hassnaa Mahmoud Elsheshtawy
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | | | - Nada Hussein Eidaroos
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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4
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Soliman AM, Yoon T, Wang J, Stafford JL, Barreda DR. Isolation of Skin Leukocytes Uncovers Phagocyte Inflammatory Responses During Induction and Resolution of Cutaneous Inflammation in Fish. Front Immunol 2021; 12:725063. [PMID: 34630399 PMCID: PMC8497900 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.725063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes offer a critical layer of protection to the host following skin infections. Delineating the kinetics of cutaneous leukocyte recruitment as well as their anti-microbial and regulatory profiles is challenging since it requires the isolation of adequate cell numbers and maintenance of their functional properties. Herein, we took advantage of a modified procedure to gain insights into the contributions of fish phagocytes through induction and resolution phases of acute cutaneous inflammation in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Our data shows early upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which was paired with neutrophil-dominant leukocyte migration of neutrophils from circulation to the injury site. Recruited neutrophils were associated with high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Following pathogen elimination, a reduction in ROS levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression preceded the resolution of inflammation. These results provide a better understanding of the cutaneous immune responses in fish. Moreover, the increased viability and functionality of isolated skin leukocytes opens the door to better understand a range of additional skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro M Soliman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Taekwan Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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5
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Lee HJ, Hoel S, Lunestad BT, Lerfall J, Jakobsen AN. Aeromonas spp. isolated from ready-to-eat seafood on the Norwegian market: prevalence, putative virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 130:1380-1393. [PMID: 33025711 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We aim to investigate the prevalence, putative virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of mesophilic Aeromonas isolated from ready-to-eat (RTE) seafood available on the Norwegian market, and to assess the potential risks by consuming RTE seafood to consumers. METHODS AND RESULTS The prevalence of mesophilic Aeromonas in 148 RTE seafood was investigated and the highest prevalence was found in retail sushi (17%), followed by oysters (10%), fresh salmon loins (10%) and scallops (4%). Among 43 Aeromonas isolates, 75% of them were identified as A. media, 23% as A. salmonicida and 2% as A. bestiarum based on partial gryB gene sequencing. Aeromonas isolates were potentially pathogenic due to the presence of four virulence genes: alt (73%), hylA (22%), aerA (17%) and act (6%). In addition, all isolates were resistant to ampicillin and erythromycin. Most of the isolates (98%) were multidrug resistant. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of potentially pathogenic and multidrug-resistant Aeromonas strains in RTE seafood implies a potential risk to consumers. Our finding suggests that RTE seafood could be a potential vehicle for the transfer of virulent and multidrug-resistant Aeromonas. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY To our knowledge, this is the first study to report multiple antibiotic resistance in Aeromonas associated with RTE seafood in Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-J Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - S Hoel
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - B-T Lunestad
- Section for Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - J Lerfall
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - A N Jakobsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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6
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Jiang Z, Li X, Gao X, Jiang Q, Chen Q, Zhang S, Tong S, Liu X, Zhu J, Zhang X. Pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila causing mass mortalities of Procambarus clarkia and its induced host immune response. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104376. [PMID: 32645422 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of mass mortalities among cultured Procambarus clarkia occurred in a commercial hatchery during the spring of 2019 in Jiangsu province of China. Here, we exploit the pathogenicity and immune response of Aeromonas hydrophila (GPC1-2), which was isolated from diseased P. clarkia. Crayfish challenged showed similar pathological signs to the naturally diseased P. clarkia, lethal dose 50% (LD50) of the strain GPC1-2 to P. clarkia was 3.8 × 106 CFU/mL. Detection of virulence-associated genes by PCR indicated that the strain GPC1-2 carried hlyA, aerA, alt, ast, act, aha, ahp, ahpA, and ahpB. Histopathological analysis of hepatopancreas revealed that the hepatic tubule lumen and the gap between the hepatic tubules became larger, and the brush border disappeared in the P. clarkia infected by GPC1-2. Quantitive real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was undertaken to measure mRNA expression levels for six immune-related genes in P. clarkia after A. hydrophila infection. The expression level of proPO, NOS, ALF1, TLR2, PX, and AST were detected in hemolymph, hepatopancreas, gill and intestine tissues, and clear transcriptional activation of these genes were observed in the infected individuals. These results revealed pathogenicity of A. hydrophila and its activation of host immune response, which will provide a scientific reference for the breeding and disease prevention in P. clarkia culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xixi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojian Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qiyun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shuangming Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shuaiqi Tong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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7
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Rather MA, Willayat MM, Wani SA, Hussain SA, Shah SA. Enterotoxin gene profile and molecular epidemiology of Aeromonas species from fish and diverse water sources. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:921-931. [PMID: 31211898 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This investigation was undertaken to study the prevalence, enterotoxin gene profile and molecular epidemiology of Aeromonads from various sources of water (182) and fish (173). METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 116 Aeromonas sp. were isolated, of which 48 (26·37%) were from water and 68 (34·62%) were from fish samples collected from retail markets and fish farms. The Aeromonads were recovered from all types of water sources viz. drinking water (13%), surface waters (26%) and fish ponds (69%). The most prevalent species recovered from drinking water was A. hydrophila, from fish ponds it was A. caviae, from surface water sources A. hydrophila and A. caviae were recovered more frequently, and A. hydrophila and A. veronii bv. sobria were isolated predominantly from gills of fish samples. On multiplex PCR analysis for the detection of enterotoxin genes (act, alt, ast), the above mentioned Aeromonas species frequently contained enterotoxin genes, irrespective of their sources. From isolates across all the sources, act (63%) and alt (57%) genes were encountered more frequently than ast (6%). The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences polymerase chain reaction was used for typing of isolates and most of the isolates from water and fish were related, owing to similar ecosystem. CONCLUSION A wide distribution of enterotoxin genes in Aeromonads from water and fish is a potential public health threat and molecular genotyping can be helpful to study epidemiology of the pathogen. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A high proportion of isolates recovered from diverse water sources, particularly potable drinking water and fish samples carried one or more enterotoxin genes thereby indicating a potential pathogenic nature of isolates from these sources. The genetic relatedness was detected amongst many isolates recovered from water sources and fish samples indicating circulation of familiar virulent clones in the aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rather
- Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shuhama, J&K, India
| | - M M Willayat
- Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shuhama, J&K, India
| | - S A Wani
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shuhama, J&K, India
| | - S A Hussain
- Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shuhama, J&K, India
| | - S A Shah
- Division of Veterinary Pathology of Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shuhama, J&K, India
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8
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Xiong J, Huang B, Guo SL, Xu JS, Huang W. A novel multiplex PCR assay for rapid detection of virulent Aeromonas in cultured eels. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:418-428. [PMID: 31136041 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Under intensive and stressful aquaculture conditions, cultured eels are highly susceptible to virulent Aeromonas sp. infections. To rapidly and simultaneously confirm Aeromonas isolate and its virulence, a two-tube multiplex PCR (mPCR) assay incorporating gyrB gene for genus-specific recognition and seven major virulence genes for virulence assessment was developed. METHODS AND RESULTS Eight pairs of primers were designed and divided into two groups-gyrB, ahpA, epr and aerA in tube 1 and alt, act, ast and hlyA in tube 2. The optimized mPCR conditions were the same except for their final concentrations. The specificity of the mPCR was validated by the extracted DNA of 10 Aeromonas and 8 non-Aeromonas species, or mixed DNA templates. Detection limits were determined to be 200 copies per μl in tube 1 and 20 copies per μl in tube 2. The mPCR reproducibility was tested by both artificial challenge and clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS The results showed this two-tube mPCR assay was rapid, specific, sensitive and reliable. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY To our knowledge, this is the first report to distinguish virulent Aeromonas isolates from nonvirulent ones by seven popular and major virulence genes at the genus-specific level. And it will be useful for large-scale screening of virulent Aeromonas sp. in cultured eels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xiong
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Xiamen, China
| | - B Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Xiamen, China
| | - S-L Guo
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Xiamen, China
| | - J-S Xu
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Xiamen, China
| | - W Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Xiamen, China
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9
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Virulence genes contributing to Aeromonas hydrophila pathogenicity in Oreochromis niloticus. Int Microbiol 2019; 22:479-490. [PMID: 30989358 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial diseases are the main cause of high economic loss in aquaculture, particularly gram-negative bacteria. This study was conducted for the isolation and identification of Aeromonas and Pseudomonas spp. from diseased fish. Twenty-two Aeromonas and sixteen Pseudomonas isolates were recovered from diseased Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) raised in eight earthen ponds in Elhox, Metoubes, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt. The recovered isolates were further identified using PCR as 22 Aeromonas hydrophila, 11 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 5 Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates. The 22 A. hydrophila isolates were screened for the presence of four virulence genes. Sixteen of the isolates (72.72%) were positive for the aerolysin gene (aer); 4 (18.18%) harbored the cytotoxic enterotoxin gene (act); and 2 (9.09%) carried the hemolysin A gene (hylA) while the cytotonic heat-stable enterotoxin gene (ast) was absent from all the tested isolates. The pathogenicity test indicated the direct relationship between the mortality percentage and the genotype of the tested A. hydrophila isolates as the mortality rates were 63.3 and 73.3% for isolates with two virulence genes (aer+ & act+, and aer+ and hylA+, respectively), followed by 40, 53.3, and 56.6% for isolates with only one virulence gene (hylA, act, and aer, respectively) and 20% for isolates lacking virulence genes. Based on the sensitivity test, the multi-antibiotic resistance profiles were as follows: 90.9% of the A. hydrophila isolates were sensitive to florfenicol and doxycycline; then 68.18% were susceptible to oxytetracycline, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin; and 63.63% were susceptible to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, while only 27.27 and 4.5% were sensitive to erythromycin and cephradine, respectively, and all the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin.
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10
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Neuman C, Hatje E, Smullen R, Bowman J, Katouli M. The effect of fishmeal inclusion and prebiotic supplementation on the hindgut faecal microbiota of farmed Tasmanian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.). J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:952-963. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Neuman
- Genecology Research Centre; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering; University of the Sunshine Coast; Maroochydore DC Qld Australia
| | - E. Hatje
- Genecology Research Centre; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering; University of the Sunshine Coast; Maroochydore DC Qld Australia
| | - R. Smullen
- Ridley Aqua-Feed Pty; Narangba Qld Australia
| | - J.P. Bowman
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - M. Katouli
- Genecology Research Centre; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering; University of the Sunshine Coast; Maroochydore DC Qld Australia
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11
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Hammad AM, Moustafa AEH, Mansour MM, Fahmy BM, Hamada MG, Shimamoto T, Shimamoto T. Molecular and Phenotypic Analysis of Hemolytic Aeromonas Strains Isolated from Food in Egypt Revealed Clinically Important Multidrug Resistance and Virulence Profiles. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1015-1021. [PMID: 29757009 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the public health significance of hemolytic Aeromonas species isolated from 213 food samples in Egypt, based on their virulence and antimicrobial-resistance potential. We recovered 63 strains, isolated from fish, raw milk, karish cheeses, and ras cheese in 29 (31.18%) of 93, 10 (25.00%) of 40, 13 (32.50%) of 40, and 11 (27.50%) of 40 samples, respectively. The most prevalent virulence gene was alt (50.79%), followed by aerA (34.92%), asa1 (39.68%), ahh1 (20.63%), act (11.11%), and ast (3.17%). Thirteen strains screened in this study carried no hemolysin gene, but only the alt gene, and another eight hemolytic strains screened, carried no virulence gene. The virulence signatures " ahh1+ aerA" and " alt+ act," in which the genes interact synergistically to induce severe diarrhea, were detected in two and four strains, respectively. Most showed resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, aztreonam, and imipenem, which indicates the complexity of the β-lactamase production in our hemolytic Aeromonas strains. Fourteen (22.22%) of 63 strains carried one or more antimicrobial-resistance markers, including the blaCTX-M, blaTEM, tet(A), tet(E), and intI1 genes, which were detected in 6.34, 3.17, 3.17, 4.76, and 14.28% of isolates, respectively. In conclusion, the majority of hemolytic Aeromonas strains isolated from the intestinal contents of healthy fish and naturally contaminated milk and cheeses were not commensal but had developed multidrug-resistance and virulence profiles, indicating an emerging potential health risk. Importantly, screening for certain hemolysin genes may not be reliable in predicting the pathogenic potential of Aeromonas species and, thereby, the safety of analyzed foods. Our findings indicate that specific criteria are required for the phenotypic and molecular analysis of Aeromonas species in food items, particularly those eaten without further treatment, to ensure their safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alaa-Eldin H Moustafa
- 2 Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat 32897, Egypt; and
| | - Maha M Mansour
- 2 Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat 32897, Egypt; and
| | - Bashier M Fahmy
- 2 Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat 32897, Egypt; and
| | | | - Toshi Shimamoto
- 3 Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-0595 [Ta.S.])
| | - Tadashi Shimamoto
- 3 Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-0595 [Ta.S.])
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12
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Genotypic Detection of Some Virulence Factors Among Aeromonas hydrophila Isolated from Diarrhea Cases (Iraq). JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Amarante JF, Kolling L, Ferronato AI, Vargas AC, Costa MM, Amarante TAB. RESISTÊNCIA AOS ANTIMICROBIANOS DE BACTÉRIAS OBTIDAS DE CARPAS (Cyprinus carpio) CULTIVADAS EM SISTEMA SEMI-INTENSIVO. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v19e-34647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Objetivando determinar o perfil de sensibilidade às drogas antimicrobianas de bactérias presentes em carpas, foi utilizado o teste de sensibilidade de difusão em disco Kirb Bauer modificado. Foram avaliados 60 isolados bacterianos, analisados e encontrados os seguintes gêneros: Staphylococcus spp. (27), Streptococcus spp. (03), Aeromonas spp. (15), Proteus spp. (04), Acinetobacter spp. (05), Pseudomonas spp. (01) e Enterobacteriaceae (05). O perfil de sensibilidade observado foi de: amicacina (35%), amoxicilina (65%), apramicina (32%), ceftiofur (37%), doxicilina (32%), enrofloxacina (15%), josamicina (75%), lincomicina (37%), nitrofurantoina (60%), ácido nalidíxico (32%), novobiocina (82%), penicilina (70%) e sulfozotrim (40%). O índice de resistência múltipla às drogas antimicrobianas médio variou de 0,33 para Streptococcus spp até 0,71 para bactérias da família Enterobacteriaceae. Dessa forma, o maior perfil de resistência às drogas antimicrobianas testadas foi observado para novobiocina, enquanto que o menor foi observado para a enrofloxacina. Os isolados bacterianos obtidos de carpas apresentaram resistência múltipla às drogas testadas, sendo três isolados resistentes a todos os antimicrobianos testados.
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Coscelli GA, Casabonne C, Morón-Alcain E, Arancegui N, Vigliano FA. Aeromonas sobria, an outbreak of natural infection in cultured silver catfish Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) in Argentina. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1929-1933. [PMID: 28548705 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G A Coscelli
- Cátedra de Patología General y Especial Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Casilda, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Piscicultura Experimental (CIPEX), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Casilda, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - C Casabonne
- Área Bacteriología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E Morón-Alcain
- Centro de Investigaciones en Piscicultura Experimental (CIPEX), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Casilda, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Piscicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Casilda, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - N Arancegui
- Cátedra de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - F A Vigliano
- Centro de Investigaciones en Piscicultura Experimental (CIPEX), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Casilda, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Piscicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Casilda, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Centro Científico Tecnológico Rosario-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Hoel S, Vadstein O, Jakobsen AN. Species Distribution and Prevalence of Putative Virulence Factors in Mesophilic Aeromonas spp. Isolated from Fresh Retail Sushi. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:931. [PMID: 28596762 PMCID: PMC5442234 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. are ubiquitous bacteria that have received increasing attention as human pathogens because of their widespread occurrence in food, especially seafood and vegetables. The aim of this work was to assess the species identity and phylogenetic relationship of 118 Aeromonas strains isolated from fresh retail sushi from three producers, and to characterize the isolates with respect to genetic and phenotypic virulence factors. We also evaluate the potential hazard associated with their presence in ready-to-eat seafood not subjected to heat treatment. Mesophilic Aeromonas salmonicida was most prevalent (74%), followed by A. bestiarum (9%), A. dhakensis (5%), A. caviae (5%), A. media (4%), A. hydrophila (2%), and A. piscicola (1%). All isolates were considered potentially pathogenic due to the high prevalence of genes encoding hemolysin (hlyA) (99%), aerolysin (aerA) (98%), cytotoxic enterotoxin (act) (86%), heat-labile cytotonic enterotoxin (alt) (99%), and heat-stable cytotonic enterotoxin (ast) (31%). The shiga-like toxins 1 and 2 (stx-1 and stx-2) were not detected. Moreover, there was heterogeneity in toxin gene distribution among the isolates, and the combination of act/alt/hlyA/aerA was most commonly detected (63%). β-hemolysis was species-dependent and observed in 91% of the isolates. All A. media and A. caviae strains were non-hemolytic. For isolates belonging to this group, lack of hemolysis was possibly related to the absence of the act gene. Swimming motility, linked to adhesion and host invasion, occurred in 65% of the isolates. Partial sequencing of the gyrB gene demonstrated its suitability as a genetic marker for Aeromonas species identification and for assessment of the phylogenetic relationship between the isolates. The gyrB sequence divergence within a given species ranged from 1.3 to 2.9%. A. bestiarum, A. salmonicida, and A. piscicola were the most closely related species; their sequences differed by 2.7-3.4%. The average gyrB sequence similarity between all species was 93%, demonstrating its acceptable taxonomic resolution. The presence of multiple species of potential pathogenic Aeromonas in fresh retail sushi raises new food safety issues related to the increased consumption of ready-to-eat food composed of raw ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunniva Hoel
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway
| | - Olav Vadstein
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway
| | - Anita N Jakobsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway
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WIMALASENA SHMP, SHIN GW, HOSSAIN S, HEO GJ. Potential enterotoxicity and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Aeromonas species isolated from pet turtles and their environment. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:921-926. [PMID: 28392536 PMCID: PMC5447983 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the potential enterotoxicity and antimicrobial resistance of aeromonads from pet turtles as a risk for human infection, one hundred and two Aeromonas spp. were isolated from the feces, skin and rearing environments of pet turtles and identified by biochemical and gyrB sequence analyses. Aeromonas enteropelogenes was the predominant species among the isolates (52.9%) followed by A. hydrophila (32.4%), A. dharkensis (5.9%), A. veronii (4.9%) and A. caviae (3.9%). Their potential enterotoxicities were evaluated by PCR assays for detecting genes encoding cytotoxic enterotoxin (act) and two cytotonic enterotoxins (alt and ast). 75.8% of A. hydrophila isolates exhibited the act+/alt+/ast+ genotype, whereas 94.4% of A. enteropelogenes isolates were determined to be act-/alt-/ast-. In an antimicrobial susceptibility test, most isolates were susceptible to all tested antibiotics except amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Non-susceptible isolates to penicillins (ampicillin and amoxicillin) and fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin) were frequently observed among the A. enteropelogenes isolates. Few isolates were resistant to imipenem, amikacin, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. Collectively, these results suggest that pet turtles may pose a public health risk of infection by enterotoxigenic and antimicrobial resistant Aeromonas strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. H. M. P. WIMALASENA
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Gee-Wook SHIN
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54596, Korea
| | - Sabrina HOSSAIN
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Gang-Joon HEO
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Králová S, Staňková E, Sedláček I. Classification of Aeromonas spp. isolated from water and clinical sources and distribution of virulence genes. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2016; 61:513-521. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-016-0464-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Igbinosa IH, Igbinosa EO, Okoh AI. Antibiogram characterization and putative virulence genes in Aeromonas species isolated from pig fecal samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:12199-205. [PMID: 26971520 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas species are broadly distributed in nature and agricultural environments and have been isolated from feces, bedding, and drinking water of healthy pigs. We assessed the incidence, virulence properties, and antimicrobial resistance profile of Aeromonas spp., isolated from pig feces. Antibiogram was done using the disc diffusion methods, and polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection of putative virulence genes. Identification of isolates revealed three phenotypic species with percentage distribution as follows: Aeromonas hydrophila 23 (45.1 %), Aeromonas caviae 16 (31.4 %), and Aeromonas sobria 12 (23.5 %). All Aeromonas isolates in the study were absolutely susceptible to cefotaxime and resistant to penicillin. A. cavaie and A. sobria demonstrated absolute susceptibility against ciprofloxacin and streptomycin. Aeromonas species showed varied susceptibility to cephalothin as follows: A. hydrophila 78.3 %, A. cavaie 93.7 %, and A. sobria 91.7 %. The percentage distribution of virulence genes among Aeromonas isolates were as follows: Aerolysin (aer) 74.5 %, flagellin gene (fla) 68.6 %, cytotoxin (hly A) 43.1 %, lipase (lip) 39.2 %, enterotoxic activities (ast) 31.3 %, and cytotonic gene (alt) 13.7 %. Reports from this study shows that Aeromonas species isolated from pig fecal samples are multi-drug resistant and possess virulence potential which may result to possible risk of human or animal infection and likely contamination of food and water from this sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isoken H Igbinosa
- SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Faculty of Life Science University of Benin, Private Mail Bag 1154, Benin City, 300283, Nigeria.
| | - Etinosa O Igbinosa
- SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of life Sciences, University of Benin, Private Mail Bag 1154, Benin City, 300283, Nigeria
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
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Albarral V, Sanglas A, Palau M, Miñana-Galbis D, Fusté MC. Potential pathogenicity ofAeromonas hydrophilacomplex strains isolated from clinical, food, and environmental sources. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:296-306. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas are autochthonous inhabitants of aquatic environments, including chlorinated and polluted waters, although they can also be isolated from a wide variety of environmental and clinical sources. They cause infections in vertebrates and invertebrates and are considered to be an emerging pathogen in humans, producing intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases. Most of the clinical isolates correspond to A. hydrophila, A. caviae, and A. veronii bv. Sobria, which are described as the causative agents of wound infections, septicaemia, and meningitis in immunocompromised people, and diarrhoea and dysenteric infections in the elderly and children. The pathogenic factors associated with Aeromonas are multifactorial and involve structural components, siderophores, quorum-sensing mechanisms, secretion systems, extracellular enzymes, and exotoxins. In this study, we analysed a representative number of clinical and environmental strains belonging to the A. hydrophila species complex to evaluate their potential pathogenicity. We thereby detected their enzymatic activities and antibiotic susceptibility pattern and the presence of virulence genes (aer, alt, ast, and ascV). The notably high prevalence of these virulence factors, even in environmental strains, indicated a potential pathogenic capacity. Additionally, we determined the adhesion capacity and cytopathic effects of this group of strains in Caco-2 cells. Most of the strains exhibited adherence and caused complete lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicenta Albarral
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Ariadna Sanglas
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Montserrat Palau
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - David Miñana-Galbis
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Fusté
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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Arslan S, Küçüksari R. Phenotypic and Genotypic Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance of Motile A
eromonas
spp. from Fish and Ground Beef. J Food Saf 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seza Arslan
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Abant Izzet Baysal University; 14280 Gölköy/ Bolu Turkey
| | - Rümeysa Küçüksari
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Abant Izzet Baysal University; 14280 Gölköy/ Bolu Turkey
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Craveiro S, Alves-Barroco C, Barreto Crespo MT, Salvador Barreto A, Semedo-Lemsaddek T. Aeromonasbiofilm on stainless steel: efficiency of commonly used disinfectants. Int J Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Craveiro
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal; Avenida da Universidade Técnica; 1300-477 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Cynthia Alves-Barroco
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal; Avenida da Universidade Técnica; 1300-477 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Barreto Crespo
- ITQB - Instituto de Tecnologia Quí?mica e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
| | - António Salvador Barreto
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal; Avenida da Universidade Técnica; 1300-477 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Teresa Semedo-Lemsaddek
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Lisboa; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal; Avenida da Universidade Técnica; 1300-477 Lisboa Portugal
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22
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Rather M, Willayat M, Wani S, Munshi Z, Hussain S. A multiplex PCR for detection of enterotoxin genes in Aeromonas
species isolated from foods of animal origin and human diarrhoeal samples. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:1721-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Rather
- Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology; Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry; Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir; Srinagar India
| | - M.M. Willayat
- Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology; Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry; Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir; Srinagar India
| | - S.A. Wani
- Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology; Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry; Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir; Srinagar India
| | - Z.H. Munshi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology; Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry; Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir; Srinagar India
| | - S.A. Hussain
- Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology; Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry; Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir; Srinagar India
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Robertson BK, Harden C, Selvaraju SB, Pradhan S, Yadav JS. Molecular Detection, Quantification, and Toxigenicity Profiling of Aeromonas spp. in Source- and Drinking-Water. Open Microbiol J 2014; 8:32-9. [PMID: 24949108 PMCID: PMC4062929 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801408010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas is ubiquitous in aquatic environments and has been associated with a number of extra-gastrointestinal and gastrointestinal illnesses. This warrants monitoring of raw and processed water sources for pathogenic and toxigenic species of this human pathogen. In this study, a total of 17 different water samples [9 raw and 8 treated samples including 4 basin water (partial sand filtration) and 4 finished water samples] were screened for Aeromonas using selective culturing and a genus-specific real-time quantitative PCR assay. The selective culturing yielded Aeromonas counts ranging 0 - 2 x 10(3)CFU/ml and 15 Aeromonas isolates from both raw and treated water samples. The qPCR analysis indicated presence of a considerable nonculturable population (3.4 x 10(1) - 2.4 x 10(4) cells/ml) of Aeromonas in drinking water samples. Virulence potential of the Aeromonas isolates was assessed by multiplex/singleplex PCR-based profiling of the hemolysin and enterotoxin genes viz cytotoxic heat-labile enterotoxin (act), heat-labile cytotonic enterotoxin (alt), heat-stable cytotonic enterotoxin (ast), and aerolysin (aerA) genes. The water isolates yielded five distinct toxigenicity profiles, viz. act, alt, act+alt, aerA+alt, and aerA+alt+act. The alt gene showed the highest frequency of occurrence (40%), followed by the aerA (20%), act (13%), and ast (0%) genes. Taken together, the study demonstrated the occurrence of a considerable population of nonculturable Aeromonads in water and prevalence of toxigenic Aeromonas spp. potentially pathogenic to humans. This emphasizes the importance of routine monitoring of both source and drinking water for this human pathogen and role of the developed molecular approaches in improving the Aeromonas monitoring scheme for water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boakai K Robertson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36101
| | - Carol Harden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36101
| | - Suresh B Selvaraju
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH 45267-0056
| | - Suman Pradhan
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH 45267-0056
| | - Jagjit S Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36101
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Interaction of Aeromonas strains with lactic acid bacteria via Caco-2 cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:681-6. [PMID: 24242240 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03200-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Aeromonas includes some species that have now been identified as human pathogens of significant medical importance. We investigated the ability of 13 selected Aeromonas strains belonging to nine species isolated from clinical cases (n = 5), environmental waters (n = 5), and fish (n = 3) to adhere to and translocate Caco-2 cells in the absence and presence of two lactic acid bacteria (LAB), i.e., Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium breve. Aeromonas isolates were also assessed for their cytotoxicity, the presence of virulence genes, and hemolysin production. Among the clinical isolates, one strain of Aeromonas veronii biovar veronii and two strains of Aeromonas hydrophila carried cytotoxin (act), heat-labile toxin (alt), hemolysin (hlyA), and aerolysin (aerA) genes, were cytotoxic to Vero cells, produced hemolysin, and showed higher adherence to Caco-2 cells. In contrast, this was seen in only one environmental strain, a strain of A. veronii biovar sobria. When Aeromonas strains were coinoculated with LAB onto Caco-2 cells, their level of adhesion was reduced. However, their rate of translocation in the presence of LAB increased and was significantly (P < 0.05) higher among fish strains. We suggest that either the interaction between Aeromonas and LAB strains could have a detrimental effect on the Caco-2 cells, allowing the Aeromonas to translocate more readily, or the presence of the LAB stimulated the Aeromonas strains to produce more toxins and/or increase their translocation rate.
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Hussain IA, Jeyasekaran G, Shakila RJ, Raj KT, Jeevithan E. Detection of hemolytic strains of Aeromonas hydrophila and A . sobria along with other Aeromonas spp. from fish and fishery products by multiplex PCR. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2013; 51:401-7. [PMID: 24493904 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-1190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hemolytic strains of Aeromonas spp. from fish and fishery products were detected by multiplex PCR. The selected primers for the amplification of segments of ahh1, asa1 and 16S rRNA gene yielded products with the size of 130 bp, 249 bp and 356 bp, respectively. This assay was found to be highly sensitive, as it could detect 7 and 9 cells of Aeromonas hydrophila and A. sobria with a detection limit of 1 pg of pure genomic DNA. The assay, when screened for 73 commercial fish and fishery product samples consisting of freshwater, marine fish and shellfish, showed 56 % positive for Aeromonas spp., 16 % for Aeromonas hydrophila and 13 % for A. sobria. This assay provides specific and reliable results and can be a powerful tool for the simultaneous detection of hemolytic strains of A. hydrophila A. sobria and other Aeromonas spp. from fish and fishery products.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Hussain
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fish Quality Monitoring and Certification Centre, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tuticorin, 628 008 India
| | - G Jeyasekaran
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fish Quality Monitoring and Certification Centre, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tuticorin, 628 008 India
| | - R Jeya Shakila
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fish Quality Monitoring and Certification Centre, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tuticorin, 628 008 India
| | - K T Raj
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fish Quality Monitoring and Certification Centre, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tuticorin, 628 008 India
| | - E Jeevithan
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fish Quality Monitoring and Certification Centre, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tuticorin, 628 008 India
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Gao X, Jian J, Li WJ, Yang YC, Shen XW, Sun ZR, Wu Q, Chen GQ. Genomic study of polyhydroxyalkanoates producing Aeromonas hydrophila 4AK4. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:9099-109. [PMID: 24000047 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome of Gram-negative Aeromonas hydrophila 4AK4 that has been used for industrial production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) was sequenced and annotated. Its chromosome is 4,527,993 bp in size encoding 4,272 genes, including 28 rRNA genes and 104 tRNA genes. Comparative analysis indicated that genome of A. hydrophila 4AK4 was similar to that of the A. hydrophila ATCC 7966(T), an intensively studied aeromonad for its pathogenicity related to its genomic information. Genes possibly coming from other species or even other genus were identified in A. hydrophila 4AK4. A large number of putative virulent genes were predicted. However, a cytotonic enterotoxin (Ast) is absent in A. hydrophila 4AK4, allowing the industrial strain to be different from other A. hydrophila strains, indicating possible reduced virulence of strain 4AK4, which is very important for industrial fermentation. Genes involved in polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) metabolism were predicted and analyzed. The resulting genomic information is useful for improved production of PHA via metabolic engineering of A. hydrophila 4AK4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gao
- MOE Key Lab of Bioinformatics, School of Life Science, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Keeling SE, Brosnahan CL, Johnston C, Wallis R, Gudkovs N, McDonald WL. Development and validation of a real-time PCR assay for the detection of Aeromonas salmonicida. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2013; 36:495-503. [PMID: 23121198 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A real-time PCR assay using a molecular beacon was developed and validated to detect the vapA (surface array protein) gene in the fish pathogen, Aeromonas salmonicida. The assay had 100% analytical specificity and analytical sensitivities of 5 ± 0 fg (DNA), 2.2 × 10(4) ± 1 × 10(4) CFU g(-1) (without enrichment) and 40 ± 10 CFU g(-1) (with enrichment) in kidney tissue. The assay was highly repeatable and proved to be robust following equivalency testing using a different real-time PCR platform. Following analytical validation, diagnostic specificity was determined using New Zealand farmed Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), (n = 750) and pink shubunkin, Carassius auratus (L.) (n = 157). The real-time PCR was run in parallel with culture and all fish tested were found to be negative by both methods for A. salmonicida, resulting in 100% diagnostic specificity (95% confidence interval). The molecular beacon real-time PCR system is specific, sensitive and a reproducible method for the detection of A. salmonicida. It can be used for diagnostic testing, health certification and active surveillance programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Keeling
- Animal Health Laboratory, Investigation and Diagnostic Centre - Wallaceville, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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28
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Yi SW, You MJ, Cho HS, Lee CS, Kwon JK, Shin GW. Molecular characterization of Aeromonas species isolated from farmed eels (Anguilla japonica). Vet Microbiol 2013; 164:195-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Peixoto L, SÁ M, Gordiano L, Costa M. Aeromonas spp.: fatores de virulência e perfis de resistência a antimicrobianos e metais pesados. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1808-16572012000300020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As bactérias do gênero Aeromonas spp. são considerados como patógenos oportunistas carreadores de múltiplos fatores de virulência. O fenômeno da resistência aos antimicrobianos e metais pesados constitui outro problema, podendo ocorrer por diferentes fatores, dentre eles o uso indiscriminado de agentes antimicrobianos, poluição ambiental e a presença de mecanismos de resistência, como bombas de efluxo, sendo que muitos destes podem ser transmitidos por elementos genéticos móveis como os plasmídeos. O objetivo desse artigo é fazer uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os fatores de virulência, resistência a antimicrobianos e metais pesados, bem como os mecanismos que podem intervir nessa resistência e sua transferência entre bactérias do gênero Aeromonas. Os estudos dos fatores envolvidos no mecanismo de surgimento da resistência, aliado aos estudos de biologia molecular, fornecem subsídios para elaboração de métodos de controle e profilaxia dessas enfermidades de impacto aos organismos aquáticos, seres humanos e meio ambiente.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M.C.A SÁ
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Brasil
| | - L.A Gordiano
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Brasil
| | - M.M. Costa
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Brasil
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30
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A universal primer multiplex PCR method for typing of toxinogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1579-87. [PMID: 22923133 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a well-known opportunistic pathogen that can cause acute nosocomial necrotizing pneumonia and genetic disorder cystic fibrosis of lung patients. Pathogenic interactions between P. aeruginosa and hosts are often guided by the secreted virulence determinants that interact with specific host targets. Exotoxin A, pyocyanin, elastase, and type III secretion system are the most significant virulence determinants and cause great concern. However, P. aeruginosa in various environments has high genotypic diversity, leading to deficiency of exotoxin genes for some P. aeruginosa strains. In current study, a universal primer-multiplex PCR method (UP-MPCR) was employed for the detection of five significant enterotoxin genes (toxA, phzM, lasB, ExoU, and ExoS) and one internal control gene ecfX in P. aeruginosa. Owing to the application of universal primer (UP), different targeted products have identical amplified efficiency and the sensitivity of multiplex PCR is improved. In addition, the complexity of multiplex PCR system is reduced and the compatibility of primers in a reaction is greatly increased. This UP-MPCR method can detect the presence of five P. aeruginosa enterotoxin genes in a single assay more rapidly and sensitively than conventional methods. In 214 drinking water and environmental isolates, the ExoU, ExoS, phzM, toxA, and lasB genes were detected in 20 (9 %), 180 (84 %), 179 (84 %), 196 (92 %), and 171 (80 %) isolates, respectively.
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Puthucheary SD, Puah SM, Chua KH. Molecular characterization of clinical isolates of Aeromonas species from Malaysia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30205. [PMID: 22383958 PMCID: PMC3287994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aeromonas species are common inhabitants of aquatic environments giving rise to infections in both fish and humans. Identification of aeromonads to the species level is problematic and complex due to their phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity. Methodology/Principal Findings Aeromonas hydrophila or Aeromonas sp were genetically re-identified using a combination of previously published methods targeting GCAT, 16S rDNA and rpoD genes. Characterization based on the genus specific GCAT-PCR showed that 94 (96%) of the 98 strains belonged to the genus Aeromonas. Considering the patterns obtained for the 94 isolates with the 16S rDNA-RFLP identification method, 3 clusters were recognised, i.e. A. caviae (61%), A. hydrophila (17%) and an unknown group (22%) with atypical RFLP restriction patterns. However, the phylogenetic tree constructed with the obtained rpoD sequences showed that 47 strains (50%) clustered with the sequence of the type strain of A. aquariorum, 18 (19%) with A. caviae, 16 (17%) with A. hydrophila, 12 (13%) with A. veronii and one strain (1%) with the type strain of A. trota. PCR investigation revealed the presence of 10 virulence genes in the 94 isolates as: lip (91%), exu (87%), ela (86%), alt (79%), ser (77%), fla (74%), aer (72%), act (43%), aexT (24%) and ast (23%). Conclusions/Significance This study emphasizes the importance of using more than one method for the correct identification of Aeromonas strains. The sequences of the rpoD gene enabled the unambiguous identication of the 94 Aeromonas isolates in accordance with results of other recent studies. Aeromonas aquariorum showed to be the most prevalent species (50%) containing an important subset of virulence genes lip/alt/ser/fla/aer. Different combinations of the virulence genes present in the isolates indicate their probable role in the pathogenesis of Aeromonas infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Puthucheary
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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32
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Aguilera-Arreola MG, Martínez AAC, Castro-Escarpulli G. An in-house multiplex pcr method to detect of putative virulence factors in aeromonas species. Braz J Microbiol 2011; 42:1314-20. [PMID: 24031758 PMCID: PMC3768746 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220110004000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A pentaplex PCR was developed and optimised to detect the genes that encode the five most important putative virulence factors in Aeromonas isolates. It seems to be more efficient than previously reported techniques and promises to be a powerful tool for more accurate risk assessments and for monitoring pathogenic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Graciela Castro-Escarpulli
- Corresponding Author. Mailing address: Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Microbiology Department. ENCB-IPN. Esq. Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n Col. Plutarco Elías Calles. Del. Miguel Hidalgo. CP 11340. Mexico D.F.; Tel. (+-52–55) 57 29 63 00 ext. 62374 Fax. (+-52–55) 57 29 62 07.; E-mail:
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