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Doddabematti Prakash S, Rivera J, Sabillón L, Siliveru K. From wheat grain to flour: a review of potential sources of enteric pathogen contamination in wheat milled products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38766719 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2353892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The number of food safety issues linked to wheat milled products have increased in the past decade. These incidents were mainly caused by the contamination of wheat-based products by enteric pathogens. This manuscript is the first of a two-part review on the status of the food safety of wheat-based products. This manuscript focused on reviewing the available information on the potential pre-harvest and post-harvest sources of microbial contamination, and potential foodborne pathogens present in wheat-based products. Potential pre-harvest sources of microbial contamination in wheat included animal activity, water, soil, and manure. Improper grain storage practices, pest activity, and improperly cleaned and sanitized equipment are potential sources of post-harvest microbial contamination for wheat-based foods. Raw wheat flour products and flour-based products are potentially contaminated with enteric pathogens such as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STECs), and Salmonella at low concentrations. Wheat grains and their derived products (i.e., flours) are potential vehicles for foodborne illness in humans due to the presence of enteric pathogens. A more holistic approach is needed for assuring the food safety of wheat-based products in the farm-to-table continuum. Future developments in the wheat supply chain should also be aimed at addressing this emerging food safety threat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jared Rivera
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Luis Sabillón
- Department of Family Consumer Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
- Center of Excellence in Sustainable Food and Agricultural Systems, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Kaliramesh Siliveru
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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2
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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Pathogenic and Commensal Bacteria Recovered from Cattle and Goat Farms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020420. [PMID: 36830330 PMCID: PMC9952079 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of antibiotics in food animals results to antimicrobial resistant bacteria that complicates the ability to treat infections. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of pathogenic and commensal bacteria in soil, water, manure, and milk from cattle and goat farms. A total of 285 environmental and 81 milk samples were analyzed for Enterobacteriaceae by using biochemical and PCR techniques. Susceptibility to antibiotics was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. A total of 15 different Enterobacteriaceae species were identified from goat and cattle farms. Manure had significantly higher (p < 0.05) Enterobacteriaceae (52.0%) than soil (37.2%), trough water (5.4%), and runoff water (5.4%). There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in Enterobacteriaceae in goat milk (53.9%) and cow milk (46.2%). Enterobacteriaceae from environment showed 100% resistance to novobiocin, erythromycin, and vancomycin E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Enterococcus spp., and Listeria monocytogenes displayed three, five, six, and ten. AMR patterns, respectively. NOV-TET-ERY-VAN was the most common phenotype observed in all isolates. Our study suggest that cattle and goat farms are reservoirs of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Food animal producers should be informed on the prudent use of antimicrobials, good agricultural practices, and biosecurity measures.
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Arbab S, Ullah H, Wang W, Zhang J. Antimicrobial drug resistance against Escherichia coli and its harmful effect on animal health. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1780-1786. [PMID: 35608149 PMCID: PMC9297802 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance among pathogenic bacteria is imperilling the worth of antibiotic infection, which has become an emerging problem, which previously transformed the veterinary sciences. Since its discovery, many antibiotics have been effective in treating bacterial infections in animals. Escherichia coli, a bacterium, is one of the reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes in a community. The current use of antibiotics and demographic factors usually increase multidrug resistance. Genetically, the continuous adoption of environmental changes by E. coli allows it to acquire many multidrug resistance. During the host's life, antimicrobial resistance rarely poses a threat to the E. coli strain and pressure, similar to that of a flexible animal lower intestine. In this review, we describe the E. coli antibiotic drug–resistance mechanism driving transmission, the causes of transmission and the harmful effects on animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safia Arbab
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hanif Ullah
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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4
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Antaki-Zukoski EM, Li X, Hoar B, Adaska JM, Byrne BA, Atwill ER. Understanding the transmission dynamics of Escherichia coli O157:H7 super-shedding infections in feedlot cattle. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12524. [PMID: 35036119 PMCID: PMC8697766 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) super-shedding cattle in feedlots has the potential to increase the overall number (bio-burden) of E. coli O157:H7 in the environment. It is important to identify factors to reduce the bio-burden of E. coli O157 in feedlots by clarifying practices associated with the occurrence of super-shedders in feedlot cattle. Methods The objective of this study is to (1) identify host, pathogen, and management risk factors associated with naturally infected feedlot cattle excreting high concentrations of E. coli O157:H7 in their feces and (2) to determine whether the ingested dose or the specific strain of E. coli O157:H7 influences a super-shedder infection within experimentally inoculated feedlot cattle. To address this, (1) pen floor fecal samples and herd parameters were collected from four feedlots over a 9-month period, then (2) 6 strains of E. coli O157:H7, 3 strains isolated from normal shedder steers and 3 strains isolated from super-shedder steers, were inoculated into 30 one-year-old feedlot steers. Five steers were assigned to each E. coli O157:H7 strain group and inoculated with targeted numbers of 102, 104, 106, 108, and 1010 CFU of bacteria respectively. Results In the feedlots, prevalence of infection with E. coli O157:H7 for the 890 fecal samples collected was 22.4%, with individual pen prevalence ranging from 0% to 90% and individual feedlot prevalence ranging from 8.4% to 30.2%. Three samples had E. coli O157:H7 levels greater than 104 MPN/g feces, thereby meeting the definition of super-shedder. Lower body weight at entry to the feedlot and higher daily maximum ambient temperature were associated with increased odds of a sample testing positive for E. coli O157:H7. In the experimental inoculation trial, the duration and total environmental shedding load of E. coli O157:H7 suggests that the time post-inoculation and the dose of inoculated E. coli O157:H7 are important while the E. coli O157:H7 strain and shedding characteristic (normal or super-shedder) are not. Discussion Under the conditions of this experiment, super-shedding appears to be the result of cattle ingesting a high dose of any strain of E. coli O157:H7. Therefore strategies that minimize exposure to large numbers of E. coli O157:H7 should be beneficial against the super-shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in feedlots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Antaki-Zukoski
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Xunde Li
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Bruce Hoar
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - John M Adaska
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare Branch, University of California, Tulare, California, USA
| | - Barbara A Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Edward R Atwill
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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5
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Boyd E, Trmcic A, Taylor M, Shyng S, Hasselback P, Man S, Tchao C, Stone J, Janz L, Hoang L, Galanis E. Escherichia coli O121 outbreak associated with raw milk Gouda-like cheese in British Columbia, Canada, 2018. CANADA COMMUNICABLE DISEASE REPORT = RELEVE DES MALADIES TRANSMISSIBLES AU CANADA 2021; 47:11-16. [PMID: 33746616 PMCID: PMC7972179 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v47i01a03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2018, a Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O121 outbreak that affected seven individuals was associated with raw milk Gouda-like cheese produced in British Columbia, Canada. OBJECTIVES To describe the E. coli O121 outbreak investigation and recommend greater control measures for raw milk Gouda-like cheese. METHODS Cases of E. coli O121 were identified through laboratory testing results and epidemiologic surveillance data. The cases were interviewed on exposures of interest, which were analyzed against Foodbook Report values for British Columbia. Environmental inspection of the dairy plant and the cheese products was conducted to ascertain a source of contamination. Whole genome multi-locus sequence typing (wgMLST) was performed on all positive E. coli O121 clinical and food isolates at the provincial laboratory. RESULTS Four out of the seven cases consumed the same raw milk Gouda-like cheese between August and October 2018. The implicated cheese was aged longer than the required minimum of 60 days, and no production deficiencies were noted. One sample of the implicated cheese tested positive for E. coli O121. The seven clinical isolates and one cheese isolate matched by wgMLST within 6.5 alleles. CONCLUSION Raw milk Gouda and Gouda-like cheese has been implicated in three previous Shiga toxin-producing E. coli outbreaks in North America. It was recommended product labelling to increase consumer awareness and thermization of milk to decrease the risk of illness associated with raw milk Gouda and Gouda-like cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Boyd
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC
- Correspondence:
| | - Aljosa Trmcic
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC
| | - Marsha Taylor
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC
| | - Sion Shyng
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC
| | | | - Stephanie Man
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratories, Vancouver, BC
| | - Christine Tchao
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratories, Vancouver, BC
| | | | - Loretta Janz
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratories, Vancouver, BC
| | - Linda Hoang
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratories, Vancouver, BC
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Eleni Galanis
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
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6
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Stanton E, Wahlig TA, Park D, Kaspar CW. Chronological set of E. coli O157:H7 bovine strains establishes a role for repeat sequences and mobile genetic elements in genome diversification. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:562. [PMID: 32807088 PMCID: PMC7430833 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC) is a significant foodborne pathogen that resides asymptomatically within cattle and other ruminants. The EHEC genome harbors an extensive collection of mobile genetic elements (MGE), including multiple prophage, prophage-like elements, plasmids, and insertion sequence (IS) elements. Results A chronological collection of EHEC strains (FRIK804, FRIK1275, and FRIK1625) isolated from a Wisconsin dairy farm (farm X) comprised a closely related clade genetically differentiated by structural alterations to the chromosome. Comparison of the FRIK804 genome with a reference EHEC strain Sakai found a unique prophage like element (PLE, indel 1) and an inversion (1.15 Mb) situated symmetrically with respect to the terminus region. Detailed analysis determined the inversion was due to homologous recombination between repeat sequences in prophage. The three farm X strains were distinguished by the presence or absence of indel 3 (61 kbp) and indel 4 (48 kbp); FRIK804 contained both of these regions, FRIK1275 lacked indel 4, and indels 3 and 4 were both absent in FRIK1625. Indel 3 was the stx2 prophage and indel 4 involved a deletion between two adjacent prophage with shared repeat sequences. Both FRIK804 and FRIK1275 produced functional phage while FRIK1625 did not, which is consistent with indel 3. Due to their involvement in recombination events, direct and inverted repeat sequences were identified, and their locations mapped to the chromosome. FRIK804 had a greater number and overall length of repeat sequences than E. coli K12 strain MG1655. Repeat sequences were most commonly associated with MGE. Conclusions This research demonstrated that three EHEC strains from a Wisconsin dairy farm were closely related and distinguished by variability within prophage regions and other MGE. Chromosome alterations were associated with recombination events between repeat sequences. An inventory of direct and inverted repeat sequences found a greater abundance and total length of repeat sequences in the EHEC strains compared to E. coli strain MG1655. The locations of the repeat sequences were biased towards MGE. The findings from this study expand our understanding of the precise molecular events and elements that contributed to genetic diversification of wild-type EHEC in the bovine and farm environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot Stanton
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Taylor A Wahlig
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,University of Utah, School of Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Dongjin Park
- Food Science and Technology Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Charles W Kaspar
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA. .,Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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7
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Dawson DE, Farthing TS, Sanderson MW, Lanzas C. Transmission on empirical dynamic contact networks is influenced by data processing decisions. Epidemics 2019; 26:32-42. [PMID: 30528207 PMCID: PMC6613374 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic contact data can be used to inform disease transmission models, providing insight into the dynamics of infectious diseases. Such data often requires extensive processing for use in models or analysis. Therefore, processing decisions can potentially influence the topology of the contact network and the simulated disease transmission dynamics on the network. In this study, we examine how four processing decisions, including temporal sampling window (TSW), spatial threshold of contact (SpTh), minimum contact duration (MCD), and temporal aggregation (daily or hourly) influence the information content of contact data (indicated by changes in entropy) as well as disease transmission model dynamics. We found that changes made to information content by processing decisions translated to significant impacts to the transmission dynamics of disease models using the contact data. In particular, we found that SpTh had the largest independent influence on information content, and that some output metrics (R0, time to peak infection) were more sensitive to changes in information than others (epidemic extent). These findings suggest that insights gained from transmission modeling using dynamic contact data can be influenced by processing decisions alone, emphasizing the need to carefully consideration them prior to using contact-based models to conduct analyses, compare different datasets, or inform policy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Dawson
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
| | - Trevor S Farthing
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Michael W Sanderson
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Cristina Lanzas
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
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8
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Dawson DE, Keung JH, Napoles MG, Vella MR, Chen S, Sanderson MW, Lanzas C. Investigating behavioral drivers of seasonal Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia Coli (STEC) patterns in grazing cattle using an agent-based model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205418. [PMID: 30304002 PMCID: PMC6179278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of seasonal variability in pathogen transmission are not well understood, and have not been comprehensively investigated. In an example for enteric pathogens, incidence of Escherichia coli O157 (STEC) colonization in cattle is consistently higher during warmer months compared to cooler months in various cattle production systems. However, actual mechanisms for this seasonality remain elusive. In addition, the influence of host (cattle) behavior on this pattern has not been thoroughly considered. To that end, we constructed a spatially explicit agent-based model that accounted for the effect of temperature fluctuations on cattle behavior (direct contact among cattle and indirect between cattle and environment), as well as its effect on pathogen survival in the environment. We then simulated the model in a factorial approach to evaluate the hypothesis that temperature fluctuations can lead to seasonal STEC transmission dynamics by influencing cattle aggregation, grazing, and drinking behaviors. Simulation results showed that higher temperatures increased the frequency at which cattle aggregated under shade in pasture, resulting in increased direct contact and transmission of STEC between individual cattle, and hence higher incidence over model simulations in the warm season. In contrast, increased drinking behavior during warm season was not an important transmission pathway. Although sensitivity analyses suggested that the relative importance of direct vs. indirect (environmental) pathways depend to upon model parameterization, model simulations indicated that factors influencing cattle aggregation, such as temperature, were likely strong drivers of transmission dynamics of enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Dawson
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jocelyn H. Keung
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis (NIMBioS), Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Monica G. Napoles
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis (NIMBioS), Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Vella
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis (NIMBioS), Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shi Chen
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Sanderson
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Cristina Lanzas
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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9
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Miletic S, Hünerberg M, Kaldis A, MacDonald J, Leuthreau A, McAllister T, Menassa R. A Plant-Produced Candidate Subunit Vaccine Reduces Shedding of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in Ruminants. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28869356 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are commonly present in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle and cause serious infectious disease in humans. Immunizing cattle against EHEC is a promising strategy to decrease the risk of food contamination; however, veterinary vaccines against EHEC such as Econiche have not been widely adopted by the agricultural industry, and have been discontinued, prompting the need for more cost-effective EHEC vaccines. The objective of this project is to develop a platform to produce plant-made antigens for oral vaccination of ruminants against EHEC. Five recombinant proteins were designed as vaccine candidates and expressed transiently in Nicotiana benthamiana and transplastomically in Nicotiana tabacum. Three of these EHEC proteins, NleA, Stx2b, and a fusion of EspA accumulated when transiently expressed. Transient protein accumulation was the highest when EHEC proteins were fused to an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) tag. In the transplastomic lines, EspA accumulated up to 479 mg kg-1 in lyophilized leaf material. Sheep that were administered leaf tissue containing recombinant EspA shed less E. coli O157:H7 when challenged, as compared to control animals. These results suggest that plant-made, transgenic EspA has the potential to reduce EHEC shedding in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Miletic
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, 1391 Sandford Street, London N5V 4T3, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 3K7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Hünerberg
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1 Avenue South, Lethbridge T1J 4P4, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ruminant Nutrition Unit, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Angelo Kaldis
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, 1391 Sandford Street, London N5V 4T3, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline MacDonald
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, 1391 Sandford Street, London N5V 4T3, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antoine Leuthreau
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, 1391 Sandford Street, London N5V 4T3, Ontario, Canada
- Université de Bordeaux and INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'ornon, France
| | - Tim McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1 Avenue South, Lethbridge T1J 4P4, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rima Menassa
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, 1391 Sandford Street, London N5V 4T3, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 3K7, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Stein RA, Katz DE. Escherichia coli, cattle and the propagation of disease. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:3059138. [PMID: 28333229 PMCID: PMC7108533 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several early models describing host–pathogen interaction have assumed that each individual host has approximately the same likelihood of becoming infected or of infecting others. More recently, a concept that has been increasingly emphasized in many studies is that for many infectious diseases, transmission is not homogeneous but highly skewed at the level of populations. In what became known as the ‘20/80 rule’, about 20% of the hosts in a population were found to contribute to about 80% of the transmission potential. These heterogeneities have been described for the interaction between many microorganisms and their human or animal hosts. Several epidemiological studies have reported transmission heterogeneities for Escherichia coli by cattle, a phenomenon with far-reaching agricultural, medical and public health implications. Focusing on E. coli as a case study, this paper will describe super-spreading and super-shedding by cattle, review the main factors that shape these transmission heterogeneities and examine the interface with human health. Escherichia coli super-shedding and super-spreading by cattle are shaped by microorganism-specific, cattle-specific and environmental factors. Understanding the factors that shape heterogeneities in E. coli dispersion by cattle and the implications for human health represent key components that are critical for targeted infection control initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College, City University of New York, Long Island City, NY 11101, USA
| | - David E Katz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem 91031, Israel
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11
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Swift JM, Foster DM, Rogers AT, Sylvester HJ, Griffith EH, Jacob ME. Efficacy of an Escherichia coli O157:H7 SRP Vaccine in Orally Challenged Goats and Strain Persistence Over Time. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:160-166. [PMID: 28075607 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminants have been implicated in outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 at livestock exhibitions throughout the United States. Additionally, goat meat or milk may serve as a reservoir for foodborne transmission of the organism. These associations highlight the public health importance of an effective strategy to reduce E. coli O157:H7 shedding in goats. We examined the efficacy of the SRP® vaccine in goats orally challenged with E. coli O157:H7. Mixed-breed goats (n = 14) were randomly allocated into vaccinated and unvaccinated treatments (n = 7 per treatment). Goats were housed with a vaccinated and unvaccinated animal in each pen. Feces were collected for 3 weeks, then at necropsy, gastrointestinal contents were collected to determine the concentration of E. coli O157:H7. Three isolates per positive sample were saved and evaluated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to assess strain persistence over time. The mean concentration of E. coli O157:H7 in the feces of goats was numerically reduced in the vaccinated treatment; however, it was not statistically significant. In addition, the total number of days goats were fecal positive for E. coli O157:H7 were not different between vaccinated and unvaccinated treatments. Pulsotypes of isolates revealed that goats initially shed two of the four challenge strains of E. coli O157:H7, after which there was a distinct shift to two different strains. Further work is needed to evaluate cost-effective intervention strategies that reliably reduce E. coli O157:H7 shedding in goats, particularly those that may reduce the risk of transmission at public events, including petting zoos and fairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Swift
- 1 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Derek M Foster
- 1 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Anna T Rogers
- 1 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Hannah J Sylvester
- 1 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Emily H Griffith
- 2 Department of Statistics, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Megan E Jacob
- 1 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
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Brookes VJ, Jordan D, Davis S, Ward MP, Heller J. Saltelli Global Sensitivity Analysis and Simulation Modelling to Identify Intervention Strategies to Reduce the Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 Contaminated Beef Carcasses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0146016. [PMID: 26713610 PMCID: PMC4694618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Strains of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli O157 (STEC O157) are important foodborne pathogens in humans, and outbreaks of illness have been associated with consumption of undercooked beef. Here, we determine the most effective intervention strategies to reduce the prevalence of STEC O157 contaminated beef carcasses using a modelling approach. Method A computational model simulated events and processes in the beef harvest chain. Information from empirical studies was used to parameterise the model. Variance-based global sensitivity analysis (GSA) using the Saltelli method identified variables with the greatest influence on the prevalence of STEC O157 contaminated carcasses. Following a baseline scenario (no interventions), a series of simulations systematically introduced and tested interventions based on influential variables identified by repeated Saltelli GSA, to determine the most effective intervention strategy. Results Transfer of STEC O157 from hide or gastro-intestinal tract to carcass (improved abattoir hygiene) had the greatest influence on the prevalence of contaminated carcases. Due to interactions between inputs (identified by Saltelli GSA), combinations of interventions based on improved abattoir hygiene achieved a greater reduction in maximum prevalence than would be expected from an additive effect of single interventions. The most effective combination was improved abattoir hygiene with vaccination, which achieved a greater than ten-fold decrease in maximum prevalence compared to the baseline scenario. Conclusion Study results suggest that effective interventions to reduce the prevalence of STEC O157 contaminated carcasses should initially be based on improved abattoir hygiene. However, the effect of improved abattoir hygiene on the distribution of STEC O157 concentration on carcasses is an important information gap—further empirical research is required to determine whether reduced prevalence of contaminated carcasses is likely to result in reduced incidence of STEC O157 associated illness in humans. This is the first use of variance-based GSA to assess the drivers of STEC O157 contamination of beef carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J. Brookes
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Pugsley Place, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - David Jordan
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Davis
- School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Jane Heller
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Pugsley Place, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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Gomez SA, Kulow M, Anklam KS, Park D, Kaspar CW, Ivanek R, Döpfer D. Gene markers of generic Escherichia coli associated with colonization and persistence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle. Prev Vet Med 2014; 117:140-8. [PMID: 25112682 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 are important foodborne pathogens whose major reservoir are asymptomatic cattle. There is evidence suggesting that nonpathogenic E. coli and bacteriophages in the gastro-intestinal tract can influence the pathogenicity of EHEC O157. The factors contributing to the onset and persistence of shedding EHEC O157 in cattle are not completely elucidated. This study used Bayesian network analysis to identify genetic markers of generic E. coli associated with shedding of EHEC O157 in cattle from data generated during an oral experimental challenge study in 4 groups of 6 steers inoculated with three different EHEC O157 strains. The quantification of these associations was accomplished using mixed effects logistic regression. The results showed that the concurrent presence of generic E. coli carrying the prophage marker R4-N and the virulence marker stx2 increased the odds of the onset of EHEC O157 shedding. The presence of prophage markers z2322 and X011C increased, while C1.N decreased the odds of shedding EHEC O157 two days later. A significant antagonist interaction effect between the presence of the virulence marker stx2 on the day of shedding EHEC O157 and two days before shedding was also found. In terms of the persistence of EHEC O157 shedding, the presence of prophage marker R4-N (OR=16, and 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 252) was found to increase the odds of stopping EHEC O157 shedding, whereas prophage marker C1.N (OR=0.16, CI: 0.03, 0.7) and the enterohemolysin gene hly (OR=0.03, CI: 0.001, 0.8) were found to significantly decrease the odds of stopping EHEC O157 shedding. In conclusion, the study found that the presence of certain genetic markers in the generic E. coli genome can influence the pathogenicity of EHEC O157.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia A Gomez
- Department of Statistics, UW-Madison, 1220 Medical Sciences Center, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Megan Kulow
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, UW-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kelly S Anklam
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, UW-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Donjin Park
- Department of Bacteriology, UW-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Charles W Kaspar
- Department of Bacteriology, UW-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Renata Ivanek
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, 4458 Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Dörte Döpfer
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, UW-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle is influenced by the level of environmental contamination. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:274-87. [PMID: 24731271 PMCID: PMC4301210 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814000867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A pen infection-transmission experiment was conducted to elucidate the role of pathogen strain and environmental contamination in transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ECO157) in cattle. Five steers were inoculated with a three-strain mixture of ECO157 and joined with five susceptible steers in each of two experimental replicates. Faecal and environmental samples were monitored for ECO157 presence over 30 days. One ECO157 strain did not spread. Transmission rates for the other two strains were estimated using a generalized linear model developed based on a modified ‘Susceptible–Infectious–Susceptible’ mathematical model. Transmission rates estimated for the two strains (0·11 and 0·14) were similar. However, the rates significantly (P = 0·0006) increased 1·5 times for every 1-unit increase in the level of environmental contamination measured as log10 c.f.u. Depending on the level of environmental contamination, the estimated basic reproduction numbers varied from <1 to 8. The findings indicate the importance of on-farm measures to reduce environmental contamination for ECO157 control in cattle that should be validated under field conditions.
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Ayaz ND, Gencay YE, Erol I. Prevalence and molecular characterization of sorbitol fermenting and non-fermenting Escherichia coli O157:H7+/H7– isolated from cattle at slaughterhouse and slaughterhouse wastewater. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 174:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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