1
|
Liu J, Wang J, Zhang M, Wang X, Guo P, Li Q, Ren J, Wei Y, Wu T, Chai B. Protists play important roles in the assembly and stability of denitrifying bacterial communities in copper-tailings drainage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170386. [PMID: 38280613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Unraveling the drivers controlling the assembly and stability of functional communities is a central issue in ecology. Despite extensive research and data, relatively little attention has been paid on the importance of biotic factors and, in particular, on the trophic interaction for explaining the assembly of microbial community. Here, we examined the diversity, assembly, and stability of nirS-, nirK-, and nosZ-type denitrifying bacterial communities in copper-tailings drainages of the Shibahe tailings reservoir in Zhongtiao Mountain, China's. We found that components of nirS-, nirK-, and nosZ-type denitrifying bacterial community diversity, such as taxon relative abundance, richness, and copy number, were strongly correlated with protist community composition and diversity. Assembly of the nirK-type denitrifying bacterial community was governed by dispersal limitation, whereas those of nirS- and nosZ-type communities were controlled by homogeneous selection. The relative importance of protist diversity in the assembly of nirK- and nosZ-type denitrifying bacterial communities was greater than that in nirS-type assembly. In addition, protists reduced the stability of the co-occurrence network of the nosZ-type denitrifying bacterial community. Compared with eukaryotic algae, protozoa had a greater impact on the stability of denitrifying bacterial community co-occurrence networks. Generally, protists affected the assembly and community stability of denitrifying bacteria in copper-tailings drainages. Our findings thus emphasize the importance of protists on affecting the assembly and community stability of denitrifying bacteria in copper-tailings drainages and may be useful for predicting changes in the ecological functions of microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxian Liu
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration for Loess Plateau, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration for Loess Plateau, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Meiting Zhang
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration for Loess Plateau, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration for Loess Plateau, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ping Guo
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration for Loess Plateau, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qianru Li
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration for Loess Plateau, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jiali Ren
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration for Loess Plateau, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yuqi Wei
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration for Loess Plateau, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Tiehang Wu
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460-8042, USA
| | - Baofeng Chai
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration for Loess Plateau, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramasamy KP, Brugel S, Eriksson K, Andersson A. Pseudomonas ability to utilize different carbon substrates and adaptation influenced by protozoan grazing. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023:116419. [PMID: 37321339 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are major utilizers of dissolved organic matter in aquatic systems. In coastal areas bacteria are supplied with a mixture of food sources, spanning from refractive terrestrial dissolved organic matter to labile marine autochthonous organic matter. Modelling scenarios indicate that in northern coastal areas, the inflow of terrestrial organic matter will increase, and autochthonous production will decrease, thus bacteria will experience a change in the food source composition. How bacteria will cope with such changes is not known. Here, we tested the ability of an isolated bacterium from the northern Baltic Sea coast, Pseudomonas sp., to adapt to varying substrates. We performed a 7-months chemostat experiment, where three different substrates were provided: glucose, representing labile autochthonous organic carbon, sodium benzoate representing refractive organic matter, and acetate - a labile but low energy food source. Growth rate has been pointed out as a key factor for fast adaptation, and since protozoan grazers speed-up the growth rate we added a ciliate to half of the incubations. The results show that the isolated Pseudomonas is adapted to utilize both labile and ring-structured refractive substrates. The growth rate was the highest on the benzoate substrate, and the production increased over time indicating that adaptation did occur. Further, our findings indicate that predation can cause Pseudomonas to change their phenotype to resist and promote survival in various carbon substrates. Genome sequencing reveals different mutations in the genome of adapted populations compared to the native populations, suggesting the adaptation of Pseudomonas sp. To changing environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kesava Priyan Ramasamy
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Sweden; Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Umeå University, Hörnefors, Sweden.
| | - Sonia Brugel
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Sweden; Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Umeå University, Hörnefors, Sweden
| | - Karolina Eriksson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Sweden; Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Umeå University, Hörnefors, Sweden
| | - Agneta Andersson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Sweden; Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Umeå University, Hörnefors, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Associational Resistance to Predation by Protists in a Mixed Species Biofilm. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0174122. [PMID: 36656007 PMCID: PMC9972941 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01741-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed species biofilms exhibit increased tolerance to numerous stresses compared to single species biofilms. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of grazing by the heterotrophic protist, Tetrahymena pyriformis, on a mixed species biofilm consisting of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas protegens, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Protozoan grazing significantly reduced the single species K. pneumoniae biofilm, and the single species P. protegens biofilm was also sensitive to grazing. In contrast, P. aeruginosa biofilms were resistant to predation. This resistance protected the otherwise sensitive members of the mixed species biofilm consortium. Rhamnolipids produced by P. aeruginosa were shown to be the primary toxic factor for T. pyriformis. However, a rhamnolipid-deficient mutant of P. aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa ΔrhlAB) maintained grazing resistance in the biofilm, suggesting the presence of at least one additional protective mechanism. P. aeruginosa with a deleted gene encoding the type III secretion system also resisted grazing. A transposon library was generated in the ΔrhlAB mutant to identify the additional factor involved in community biofilm protection. Results indicated that the Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal (PQS), a quorum sensing signaling molecule, was likely responsible for this effect. We confirmed this observation by showing that double mutants of ΔrhlAB and genes in the PQS biosynthetic operon lost grazing protection. We also showed that PQS was directly toxic to T. pyriformis. This study demonstrates that residing in a mixed species biofilm can be an advantageous strategy for grazing sensitive bacterial species, as P. aeruginosa confers community protection from protozoan grazing through multiple mechanisms. IMPORTANCE Biofilms have been shown to protect bacterial cells from predation by protists. Biofilm studies have traditionally used single species systems, which have provided information on the mechanisms and regulation of biofilm formation and dispersal, and the effects of predation on these biofilms. However, biofilms in nature are comprised of multiple species. To better understand how multispecies biofilms are impacted by predation, a model mixed-species biofilm was here exposed to protozoan predation. We show that the grazing sensitive strains K. pneumonia and P. protogens gained associational resistance from the grazing resistant P. aeruginosa. Resistance was due to the secretion of rhamnolipids and quorum sensing molecule PQS. This work highlights the importance of using mixed species systems.
Collapse
|
4
|
Manassero V, Vannini C. Protists' microbiome: A fine-scale, snap-shot field study on the ciliate Euplotes. Eur J Protistol 2023; 87:125952. [PMID: 36610375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Host-microbiome relationships play a fundamental role in the evolution and ecology of any living being. As unicellular organisms, protists represent a unique eukaryotic model to investigate selection mechanisms of the prokaryotic microbiome at the cellular level. Field investigations are central to disentangle relative importance of selective drivers in nature. Here we performed an analysis on data from a snap-shot field study reported previously on bacterial microbiomes associated to natural populations of protist ciliates of the genus Euplotes to detect at a fine scale any influence of habitat and/or host identity in microbiome selection. Comparative analyses revealed environment at a relatively large scale (sampling area) as the main driving factor in shaping prokaryotic communities' structures. No evidence of habitat as key-factor emerged when a smaller spatial scale was considered (pond/channel or site). When only microbiomes of ciliates from the same site were compared, a clear assessment on the influence of host identity at the species level was not achieved, probably due to the small and unbalanced number of individuals for the two considered host species. Starting from this point, wider sampling campaigns will contribute in the future to depict a general view of the drivers influencing the prokaryotic microbiomes of natural protist populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Vannini
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bulannga RB, Schmidt S. Uptake and accumulation of microplastic particles by two freshwater ciliates isolated from a local river in South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112123. [PMID: 34571033 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are considered environmental pollutants of serious concern. In freshwater environments, they can affect aquatic biota and accumulate along the food web. Therefore, this study investigated the capacity of bacterivorous freshwater ciliates, essential members of the aquatic food chain, to ingest plain and fluorescently-labeled polystyrene microspheres. Two holotrich ciliates were isolated from a stream in KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) and identified as members of the genera Paramecium and Tetrahymena based on morphological characteristics and 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis. While the larger bacterivorous ciliate Paramecium sp. strain RB1 ingested all three sizes of plain polystyrene microbeads tested (2,5,10 μm), the smaller sized Tetrahymena sp. strain RB2 only ingested microbeads of 2 and 5 μm. The two ciliates ingested polystyrene microbeads at rates ranging from 1650 to 3870 particles x ciliate-1 x hour-1 for all particle sizes ingested, matching rates determined for selected microbial prey (E. coli, S. cerevisiae) of similar size. The ability to ingest non-nutritious microplastic particles was confirmed for both ciliates using fluorescently-labeled microbeads as these were detected in food vacuoles by fluorescence microscopy. Therefore, ciliates such as Paramecium sp. strain RB1 and Tetrahymena sp. strain RB2 can contribute to the transfer and bioaccumulation of microplastics in freshwater food webs in South Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rendani B Bulannga
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Stefan Schmidt
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chan SH, Ismail MH, Tan CH, Rice SA, McDougald D. Microbial predation accelerates granulation and modulates microbial community composition. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:91. [PMID: 33773594 PMCID: PMC8004422 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial communities are responsible for biological nutrient removal and flocculation in engineered systems such as activated floccular sludge. Predators such as bacteriophage and protozoa exert significant predation pressure and cause bacterial mortality within these communities. However, the roles of bacteriophage and protozoan predation in impacting granulation process remain limited. Recent studies hypothesised that protozoa, particularly sessile ciliates, could have an important role in granulation as these ciliates were often observed in high abundance on surfaces of granules. Bacteriophages were hypothesized to contribute to granular stability through bacteriophage-mediated extracellular DNA release by lysing bacterial cells. This current study investigated the bacteriophage and protozoan communities throughout the granulation process. In addition, the importance of protozoan predation during granulation was also determined through chemical killing of protozoa in the floccular sludge. RESULTS Four independent bioreactors seeded with activated floccular sludge were operated for aerobic granulation for 11 weeks. Changes in the phage, protozoa and bacterial communities were characterized throughout the granulation process. The filamentous phage, Inoviridae, increased in abundance at the initiation phase of granulation. However, the abundance shifted towards lytic phages during the maturation phase. In contrast, the abundance and diversity of protozoa decreased initially, possibly due to the reduction in settling time and subsequent washout. Upon the formation of granules, ciliated protozoa from the class Oligohymenophorea were the dominant group of protozoa based on metacommunity analysis. These protozoa had a strong, positive-correlation with the initial formation of compact aggregates prior to granule development. Furthermore, chemical inhibition of these ciliates in the floccular sludge delayed the initiation of granule formation. Analysis of the bacterial communities in the thiram treated sludge demonstrated that the recovery of 'Candidatus Accumulibacter' was positively correlated with the formation of compact aggregates and granules. CONCLUSION Predation by bacteriophage and protozoa were positively correlated with the formation of aerobic granules. Increases in Inoviridae abundance suggested that filamentous phages may promote the structural formation of granules. Initiation of granules formation was delayed due to an absence of protozoa after chemical treatment. The presence of 'Candidatus Accumulibacter' was necessary for the formation of granules in the absence of protozoa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siew Herng Chan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Hafiz Ismail
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuan Hao Tan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Scott A Rice
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Diane McDougald
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
- The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shaheen M, Ashbolt NJ. Differential Bacterial Predation by Free-Living Amoebae May Result in Blooms of Legionella in Drinking Water Systems. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010174. [PMID: 33467483 PMCID: PMC7829821 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular growth of pathogenic Legionella in free-living amoebae (FLA) results in the critical concentrations that are problematic in engineered water systems (EWS). However, being amoeba-resistant bacteria (ARB), how Legionella spp. becomes internalized within FLA is still poorly understood. Using fluorescent microscopy, we investigated in real-time the preferential feeding behavior of three water-related FLA species, Willaertia magna, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, and Vermamoeba vermiformis regarding Legionella pneumophila and two Escherichia coli strains. Although all the studied FLA species supported intracellular growth of L. pneumophila, they avoided this bacterium to a certain degree in the presence of E. coli and mostly fed on it when the preferred bacterial food-sources were limited. Moreover, once L. pneumophila were intracellular, it inhibited digestion of co-occurring E. coli within the same trophozoites. Altogether, based on FLA–bacteria interactions and the shifts in microbial population dynamics, we propose that FLA’s feeding preference leads to an initial growth of FLA and depletion of prey bacteria, thus increases the relative abundance of Legionella and creates a “forced-feeding” condition facilitating the internalization of Legionella into FLA to initiate the cycles of intracellular multiplication. These findings imply that monitoring of FLA levels in EWS could be useful in predicting possible imminent high occurrence of Legionella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Shaheen
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada;
| | - Nicholas J. Ashbolt
- School of Environment, Science & Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore Campus, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Paranjape K, Bédard É, Shetty D, Hu M, Choon FCP, Prévost M, Faucher SP. Unravelling the importance of the eukaryotic and bacterial communities and their relationship with Legionella spp. ecology in cooling towers: a complex network. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:157. [PMID: 33183356 PMCID: PMC7664032 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00926-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cooling towers are a major source of large community-associated outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease, a severe pneumonia. This disease is contracted when inhaling aerosols that are contaminated with bacteria from the genus Legionella, most importantly Legionella pneumophila. How cooling towers support the growth of this bacterium is still not well understood. As Legionella species are intracellular parasites of protozoa, it is assumed that protozoan community in cooling towers play an important role in Legionella ecology and outbreaks. However, the exact mechanism of how the eukaryotic community contributes to Legionella ecology is still unclear. Therefore, we used 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to characterize the eukaryotic communities of 18 different cooling towers. The data from the eukaryotic community was then analysed with the bacterial community of the same towers in order to understand how each community could affect Legionella spp. ecology in cooling towers. RESULTS We identified several microbial groups in the cooling tower ecosystem associated with Legionella spp. that suggest the presence of a microbial loop in these systems. Dissolved organic carbon was shown to be a major factor in shaping the eukaryotic community and may be an important factor for Legionella ecology. Network analysis, based on co-occurrence, revealed that Legionella was correlated with a number of different organisms. Out of these, the bacterial genus Brevundimonas and the ciliate class Oligohymenophorea were shown, through in vitro experiments, to stimulate the growth of L. pneumophila through direct and indirect mechanisms. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Legionella ecology depends on the host community, including ciliates and on several groups of organisms that contribute to its survival and growth in the cooling tower ecosystem. These findings further support the idea that some cooling tower microbiomes may promote the survival and growth of Legionella better than others. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Paranjape
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Émilie Bédard
- Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Deeksha Shetty
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Mengqi Hu
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Fiona Chan Pak Choon
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien P Faucher
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Characterization of coral associated ciliates and their interactions with disease lesion progression of Indian Scleractinian corals. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104472. [PMID: 32926995 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ciliates associated with advanced diseased lesions of Acropora sp. and Porites sp. in the field were isolated and characterised using microscopic and molecular analysis. The identified dominant coral-associated ciliates as Holosticha sp. and Cohnilembusverminus was propagated in vitro and taken for further study. Ciliates high cell numbers with substrate containing bacteria-free mucus confirms the feeding preference for nutrients in mucus instead of bacteria. Therefore, fatty acid composition of the coral mucus was analysed and noted for the different composition levels of SAFA, MUFA and PUFA in both the genera. This suggests the possible feed specific interactions of ciliates with coral mucus and tissues. Conversely, Holosticha sp. was observed for invading the host cells for its voracious ingestion of Symbiodiniaceae cells and tissues. Moreover, the aquarium based investigation revealed that the ciliates migrate to the injured and early disease signs of corals enhancing the tissue loss and disease lesion progression. Thus, our results indicate that the ciliates interact with the immunocompromised disease corals and play a major role in progression of disease lesions leading to rapid coral mortality.
Collapse
|
10
|
Marks JC. Revisiting the Fates of Dead Leaves That Fall into Streams. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As terrestrial leaf litter decomposes in rivers, its constituent elements follow multiple pathways. Carbon leached as dissolved organic matter can be quickly taken up by microbes, then respired before it can be transferred to the macroscopic food web. Alternatively, this detrital carbon can be ingested and assimilated by aquatic invertebrates, so it is retained longer in the stream and transferred to higher trophic levels. Microbial growth on litter can affect invertebrates through three pathways, which are not mutually exclusive. First, microbes can facilitate invertebrate feeding, improving food quality by conditioning leaves and making them more palatable for invertebrates. Second, microbes can be prey for invertebrates. Third, microbes can compete with invertebrates for resources bound within litter and may produce compounds that retard carbon and nitrogen fluxes to invertebrates. As litter is broken down into smaller particles, there are many opportunities for its elements to reenter the stream food web. Here, I describe a conceptual framework for evaluating how traits of leaf litter will affect its fate in food webs and ecosystems that is useful for predicting how global change will alter carbon fluxes into and out of streams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane C. Marks
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gaines A, Ludovice M, Xu J, Zanghi M, Meinersmann RJ, Berrang M, Daley W, Britton D. The dialogue between protozoa and bacteria in a microfluidic device. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222484. [PMID: 31596855 PMCID: PMC6784911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In nature, protozoa play a major role in controlling bacterial populations. This paper proposes a microfluidic device for the study of protozoa behaviors change due to their chemotactic response in the presence of bacterial cells. A three-channel microfluidic device was designed using a nitrocellulose membrane into which channels were cut using a laser cutter. The membrane was sandwiched between two glass slides; a Euglena suspension was then allowed to flow through the central channel. The two side channels were filled with either, 0.1% peptone as a negative control, or a Listeria suspension respectively. The membrane design prevented direct interaction but allowed Euglena cells to detect Listeria cells as secretions diffused through the nitrocellulose membrane. A significant number of Euglena cells migrated toward the chambers near the bacterial cells, indicating a positive chemotactic response of Euglena toward chemical cues released from Listeria cells. Filtrates collected from Listeria suspension with a series of molecular weight cutoffs (3k, 10k and 100k) were examined in Euglena chemotaxis tests. Euglena cells were attracted to all filtrates collected from the membrane filtration with different molecular weight cutoffs, suggesting small molecules from Listeria might be the chemical cues to attract protozoa. Headspace volatile organic compounds (VOC) released from Listeria were collected, spiked to 0.1% peptone and tested as the chemotactic effectors. It was discovered that the Euglena cells responded quickly to Listeria VOCs including decanal, 3,5- dimethylbenzaldehyde, ethyl acetate, indicating bacterial VOCs were used by Euglena to track the location of bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gaines
- Aerospace, Transportation and Advanced Systems Laboratory, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Miranda Ludovice
- Aerospace, Transportation and Advanced Systems Laboratory, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jie Xu
- Aerospace, Transportation and Advanced Systems Laboratory, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Marc Zanghi
- Aerospace, Transportation and Advanced Systems Laboratory, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Meinersmann
- Richard B. Russell Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mark Berrang
- Richard B. Russell Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wayne Daley
- Aerospace, Transportation and Advanced Systems Laboratory, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Doug Britton
- Aerospace, Transportation and Advanced Systems Laboratory, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Long-term persistence of infectious Legionella with free-living amoebae in drinking water biofilms. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:678-686. [PMID: 31036480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prolific growth of pathogenic Legionella pneumophila within engineered water systems and premise plumbing, and human exposure to aerosols containing this bacterium results in the leading health burden of any water-related pathogen in developed regions. Ecologically, free-living amoebae (FLA) are an important group of the microbial community that influence biofilm bacterial diversity in the piped-water environment. Using fluorescent microscopy, we studied in-situ the colonization of L. pneumophila in the presence of two water-related FLA species, Willaertia magna and Acanthamoeba polyphaga in drinking water biofilms. During water flow as well as after periods of long-stagnation, the attachment and colonization of L. pneumophila to predeveloped water-biofilm was limited. Furthermore, W. magna and A. polyphaga showed no immediate interactions with L. pneumophila when introduced to the same natural biofilm environment. A. polyphaga encysted within 5-7 d after introduction to the tap-water biofilms and mostly persisted in cysts till the end of the study period (850 d). W. magna trophozoites, however, exhibited a time delay in feeding on Legionella and were observed with internalized L. pneumophila cells after 3 weeks from their introduction to the end of the study period and supported putative (yet limited) intracellular growth. The culturable L.pneumophila in the bulk water was reduced by 2-log over 2 years at room temperature but increased (without a change in mip gene copies by qPCR) when the temperature was elevated to 40 °C within the same closed-loop tap-water system without the addition of nutrients or fresh water. The overall results suggest that L. pneumophila maintains an ecological balance with FLA within the biofilm environment, and higher temperature improve the viability of L. pneumophila cells, and intracellular growth of Legionella is possibly cell-concentration dependent. Observing the preferential feeding behavior, we hypothesize that an initial increase of FLA numbers through feeding on a range of other available bacteria could lead to an enrichment of L. pneumophila, and later force predation of Legionella by the amoeba trophozoites results in rapid intracellular replication, leading to problematic concentration of L. pneumophila in water. In order to find sustainable control options for legionellae and various other saprozoic, amoeba-resisting bacterial pathogens, this work emphasizes the need for better understanding of the FLA feeding behavior and the range of ecological interactions impacting microbial population dynamics within engineered water systems.
Collapse
|
13
|
Aybar M, Perez-Calleja P, Li M, Pavissich JP, Nerenberg R. Predation creates unique void layer in membrane-aerated biofilms. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 149:232-242. [PMID: 30447528 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) is a novel wastewater treatment technology based on oxygen-supplying membranes. The counter diffusion of oxygen and electron donors in MABRs leads to unique behavior, and we hypothesized it also could impact predation. We used optical coherence tomography (OCT), microsensor analyses, and mathematical modeling to investigate predation in membrane-aerated biofilms (MABs). When protozoa were excluded from the inoculum, the MAB's OCT-observable void fraction was around 5%. When protozoa were included, the void fraction grew to nearly 50%, with large, continuous voids at the base of the biofilm. Real-time OCT imaging showed highly motile protozoa in the voids. MABs with protozoa and a high bulk COD (270 mg/L) only had 4% void fraction. DNA sequencing revealed a high relative abundance of amoeba in both high and low-COD MABs. Flagellates were only abundant in the low-COD MAB. Modeling also suggested a relationship between substrate concentrations, diffusion mode (co- or counter-diffusion), and biofilm void fraction. Results suggest that amoeba proliferate in the biofilm interior, especially in the aerobic zones. Voids form once COD limitation at the base of MABs allows predation rates to exceed microbial growth rates. Once formed, the voids provide a niche for motile protozoa, which expand the voids into a large, continuous gap. This increases the potential for biofilm sloughing, and may have detrimental effects on slow-growing, aerobic microorganisms such as nitrifying bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Aybar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Concepción, Ciudad Universitaria, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
| | - P Perez-Calleja
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - M Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - J P Pavissich
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA; Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES-UC), Santiago, Chile.
| | - R Nerenberg
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang H, Peng C, Peng P, Lin Y, Zhang X, Ren H. Towards the biofilm characterization and regulation in biological wastewater treatment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:1115-1129. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9511-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
15
|
Weitere M, Erken M, Majdi N, Arndt H, Norf H, Reinshagen M, Traunspurger W, Walterscheid A, Wey JK. The food web perspective on aquatic biofilms. ECOL MONOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Weitere
- Department River Ecology; Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Research - UFZ; Brückstrasse 3a 39114 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Martina Erken
- Department River Ecology; Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Research - UFZ; Brückstrasse 3a 39114 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Nabil Majdi
- Department of Animal Ecology; University of Bielefeld; Konsequenz 45 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hartmut Arndt
- General Ecology; Zoological Institute; Cologne Biocenter; University of Cologne; Zülpicher Strasse 47b 50674 Cologne Germany
| | - Helge Norf
- Department River Ecology; Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Research - UFZ; Brückstrasse 3a 39114 Magdeburg Germany
- Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analyses and Management; Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Research - UFZ; Brückstrasse 3a 39114 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Michael Reinshagen
- General Ecology; Zoological Institute; Cologne Biocenter; University of Cologne; Zülpicher Strasse 47b 50674 Cologne Germany
| | - Walter Traunspurger
- Department of Animal Ecology; University of Bielefeld; Konsequenz 45 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Anja Walterscheid
- General Ecology; Zoological Institute; Cologne Biocenter; University of Cologne; Zülpicher Strasse 47b 50674 Cologne Germany
| | - Jennifer K. Wey
- Department River Ecology; Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Research - UFZ; Brückstrasse 3a 39114 Magdeburg Germany
- Department of Animal Ecology; Federal Institute of Hydrology; Am Mainzer Tor 1 56068 Koblenz Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Raghupathi PK, Liu W, Sabbe K, Houf K, Burmølle M, Sørensen SJ. Synergistic Interactions within a Multispecies Biofilm Enhance Individual Species Protection against Grazing by a Pelagic Protozoan. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2649. [PMID: 29375516 PMCID: PMC5767253 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation has been shown to confer protection against grazing, but little information is available on the effect of grazing on biofilm formation and protection in multispecies consortia. With most biofilms in nature being composed of multiple bacterial species, the interactions and dynamics of a multispecies bacterial biofilm subject to grazing by a pelagic protozoan predator were investigated. To this end, a mono and multispecies biofilms of four bacterial soil isolates, namely Xanthomonas retroflexus, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, Microbacterium oxydans and Paenibacillus amylolyticus, were constructed and subjected to grazing by the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. In monocultures, grazing strongly reduced planktonic cell numbers in P. amylolyticus and S. rhizophila and also X. retroflexus. At the same time, cell numbers in the underlying biofilms increased in S. rhizophila and X. retroflexus, but not in P. amylolyticus. This may be due to the fact that while grazing enhanced biofilm formation in the former two species, no biofilm was formed by P. amylolyticus in monoculture, either with or without grazing. In four-species biofilms, biofilm formation was higher than in the best monoculture, a strong biodiversity effect that was even more pronounced in the presence of grazing. While cell numbers of X. retroflexus, S. rhizophila, and P. amylolyticus in the planktonic fraction were greatly reduced in the presence of grazers, cell numbers of all three species strongly increased in the biofilm. Our results show that synergistic interactions between the four-species were important to induce biofilm formation, and suggest that bacterial members that produce more biofilm when exposed to the grazer not only protect themselves but also supported other members which are sensitive to grazing, thereby providing a "shared grazing protection" within the four-species biofilm model. Hence, complex interactions shape the dynamics of the biofilm and enhance overall community fitness under stressful conditions such as grazing. These emerging inter- and intra-species interactions could play a vital role in biofilm dynamics in natural environments like soil or aquatic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prem K. Raghupathi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wenzheng Liu
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Koen Sabbe
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kurt Houf
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren J. Sørensen
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bastos Gomes G, Jerry DR, Miller TL, Hutson KS. Current status of parasitic ciliates Chilodonella spp. (Phyllopharyngea: Chilodonellidae) in freshwater fish aquaculture. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:703-715. [PMID: 27474174 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater fish farming contributes to more than two-thirds of global aquaculture production. Parasitic ciliates are one of the largest causes of production loss in freshwater farmed fishes, with species from the genus Chilodonella being particularly problematic. While Chilodonella spp. include 'free-living' fauna, some species are involved in mortality events of fish, particularly in high-density aquaculture. Indeed, chilodonellosis causes major productivity losses in over 16 species of farmed freshwater fishes in more than 14 countries. Traditionally, Chilodonella species are identified based on morphological features; however, the genus comprises yet uncharacterized cryptic species, which indicates the necessity for molecular diagnostic methods. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the biology, ecology and geographic distribution of harmful Chilodonella spp. and examines pathological signs, diagnostic methods and treatments. Recent advances in molecular diagnostics and the ability to culture Chilodonella spp. in vitro will enable the development of preventative management practices and sustained freshwater fish aquaculture production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Bastos Gomes
- Marine Biology and Aquaculture Sciences, College of Science and Engineering and Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - D R Jerry
- Marine Biology and Aquaculture Sciences, College of Science and Engineering and Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - T L Miller
- Marine Biology and Aquaculture Sciences, College of Science and Engineering and Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Fish Health Laboratory, Department of Fisheries Western Australia, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - K S Hutson
- Marine Biology and Aquaculture Sciences, College of Science and Engineering and Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Predator trait evolution alters prey community composition. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
19
|
Santos SS, Hendriksen NB, Jakobsen HH, Winding A. Effects of Bacillus cereus Endospores on Free-Living Protist Growth. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 73:699-709. [PMID: 27928597 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0905-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied the predator-prey interactions between heterotrophic protists and endospores of Bacillus cereus group bacteria, in order to gain insight on survival and dispersal of B. cereus endospores in the environment. It has been hypothesised that the spore stage protects against digestion by predating protists. Therefore, experiments were carried out to investigate the impact of B. cereus endospores and vegetative cells, as the only food source, on individual amoeboid, flagellated and ciliated protists. The presence of fluorescent-labelled intracellular bacteria confirmed that B. cereus endospores as well as vegetative cells were ingested by protists and appeared intact in the food vacuoles when observed by epifluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, protist growth and bacterial predation were followed by qPCR. Protists were able to grow on vegetative cells as well as endospores of B. cereus, despite the lower cell division rates observed for some protists when feeding on bacterial endospores. Survival and proliferation of ingested bacteria inside protists cells was also observed. Finally, B. cereus spore germination and growth was observed within all protists with higher abundance in the amoeboid protist after antibiotic treatment of the protist surface. These observations support that protists can act as a potential breeding ground for B. cereus endospores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana S Santos
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Niels Bohse Hendriksen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Anne Winding
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Eukaryotic molecular diversity at different steps of the wastewater treatment plant process reveals more phylogenetic novel lineages. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:44. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
21
|
Saleem M, Fetzer I, Harms H, Chatzinotas A. Trophic complexity in aqueous systems: bacterial species richness and protistan predation regulate dissolved organic carbon and dissolved total nitrogen removal. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20152724. [PMID: 26888033 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loading of water bodies with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved total nitrogen (DTN) affects their integrity and functioning. Microbial interactions mitigate the negative effects of high nutrient loads in these ecosystems. Despite numerous studies on how biodiversity mediates ecosystem functions, whether and how diversity and complexity of microbial food webs (horizontal, vertical) and the underlying ecological mechanisms influence nutrient removal has barely been investigated. Using microbial microcosms accommodating systematic combinations of prey (bacteria) and predator (protists) species, we showed that increasing bacterial richness improved the extent and reliability of DOC and DTN removal. Bacterial diversity drove nutrient removal either due to species foraging physiology or functional redundancy, whereas protistan diversity affected nutrient removal through bacterial prey resource partitioning and changing nutrient balance in the system. Our results demonstrate that prey-predator diversity and trophic interactions interactively determine nutrient contents, thus implying the vital role of microbial trophic complexity as a biological buffer against DOC and DTN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany Department of Soil and Plant Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ingo Fetzer
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm 11419, Sweden
| | - Hauke Harms
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Antonis Chatzinotas
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Grazing of particle-associated bacteria-an elimination of the non-viable fraction. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 48:37-42. [PMID: 27939850 PMCID: PMC5221368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of bacteria being grazed by microzooplankton is gaining importance since they serve as energy subsidies for higher trophic levels which consequently influence fish production. Hence, grazing pressure on viable and non-viable fraction of free and particle-associated bacteria in a tropical estuary controlled mainly by protist grazers was estimated using the seawater dilution technique. In vitro incubations over a period of 42h showed that at the end of 24h, growth coefficient (k) of particle-associated bacteria was 9 times higher at 0.546 than that of free forms. Further, 'k' value of viable cells on particles was double that of free forms at 0.016 and 0.007, respectively. While bacteria associated with particles were grazed (coefficient of removal (g)=0.564), the free forms were relatively less grazed indicating that particle-associated bacteria were exposed to grazers in these waters. Among the viable and non-viable forms, 'g' of non-viable fraction (particle-associated bacteria=0.615, Free=0.0086) was much greater than the viable fraction (particle-associated bacteria=0.056, Free=0.068). Thus, grazing on viable cells was relatively low in both the free and attached states. These observations suggest that non-viable forms of particle-associated bacteria were more prone to grazing and were weeded out leaving the viable cells to replenish the bacterial standing stock. Particle colonization could thus be a temporary refuge for the "persistent variants" where the viable fraction multiply and release their progeny.
Collapse
|
23
|
Plattner H. Trichocysts-Paramecium'sProjectile-like Secretory Organelles. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 64:106-133. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Plattner
- Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; PO Box M625 78457 Konstanz Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Siqueira-Castro ICV, Greinert-Goulart JA, Bonatti TR, Yamashiro S, Franco RMB. First report of predation of Giardia sp. cysts by ciliated protozoa and confirmation of predation of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts by ciliate species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:11357-11362. [PMID: 27098881 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6689-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ciliated protozoa are important components of the microbial food web in various habitats, especially aquatic environments. These organisms are useful bioindicators for both environmental quality assessment and the wastewater purification process. The pathogenic parasitic protozoan species Giardia and Cryptosporidium represent a significant concern for human health, being responsible for numerous disease outbreaks worldwide. The predation of cysts and oocysts in 15 ciliate species from water and sewage samples collected in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil were verified under laboratory conditions. The ciliated protozoan species were selected based on their mode of nutrition, and only bacterivorous and suspension-feeders were considered for the experiments. The species Blepharisma sinuosum, Euplotes aediculatus, Sterkiella cavicola, Oxytricha granulifera, Vorticella infusionum, Spirostomum minus, and Stentor coeruleus ingested cysts and oocysts, the resistance forms of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp., respectively. This is the first time that the ingestion of Giardia cysts by ciliated protozoa has been reported. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the biological removal of these pathogens from aquatic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cristina Vidal Siqueira-Castro
- Protozoology Laboratory, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, CEP 13.083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Juliane Araújo Greinert-Goulart
- Protozoology Laboratory, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Parasitology Laboratory, Regional University of Blumenau (FURB), Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Tais Rondello Bonatti
- Protozoology Laboratory, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Yamashiro
- Protozoology Laboratory, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Protozoology Laboratory, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Røder HL, Sørensen SJ, Burmølle M. Studying Bacterial Multispecies Biofilms: Where to Start? Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:503-513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
26
|
Lang JM, McEwan RW, Benbow ME. Abiotic autumnal organic matter deposition and grazing disturbance effects on epilithic biofilm succession. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiv060. [PMID: 26038240 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stream epilithic biofilm community assembly is influenced in part by environmental factors. Autumn leaf deposition is an annual resource subsidy to streams, but the physical effects of leaves settling on epilithic biofilms has not been investigated.We hypothesized that bacterial and microeukaryotic community assembly would follow a successional sequence that was mediated by abiotic effects that were simulating leaf deposition (reduced light and flow) and by biotic (snail grazing)disturbance. This hypothesis was tested using an in situ experimental manipulation. Ambient biofilms had greater algal biomass and distinct ARISA community profiles compared to biofilms developed under manipulated conditions. There were no significant differences in biofilm characteristics associated with grazing, suggesting that results were driven by reduced light/flow rather than invertebrate disturbance; however, grazing appeared to increase bacterial taxon richness.Interestingly at day 38, all treatments grouped together in ordination space and had similar algal/total biomass ratios. We suggest that algal priming promoted a shift in ambient biofilms but that this effect is dependent upon successional timing of algal establishment. These data demonstrate that abiotic effects were more influential than local grazing disturbance and imply that leaf litter deposition may have bottom-up effects on the stream ecosystem through altered epilithic biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Lang
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469-2320, USA
| | - Ryan W McEwan
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469-2320, USA
| | - M Eric Benbow
- Department of Entomology and Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, Michigan State University, 243 Natural Science Bldg., 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang J, Ormälä-Odegrip AM, Mappes J, Laakso J. Top-down effects of a lytic bacteriophage and protozoa on bacteria in aqueous and biofilm phases. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:4444-53. [PMID: 25512841 PMCID: PMC4264894 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lytic bacteriophages and protozoan predators are the major causes of bacterial mortality in natural microbial communities, which also makes them potential candidates for biological control of bacterial pathogens. However, little is known about the relative impact of bacteriophages and protozoa on the dynamics of bacterial biomass in aqueous and biofilm phases. Here, we studied the temporal and spatial dynamics of bacterial biomass in a microcosm experiment where opportunistic pathogenic bacteria Serratia marcescens was exposed to particle-feeding ciliates, surface-feeding amoebas, and lytic bacteriophages for 8 weeks, ca. 1300 generations. We found that ciliates were the most efficient enemy type in reducing bacterial biomass in the open water, but least efficient in reducing the biofilm biomass. Biofilm was rather resistant against bacterivores, but amoebae had a significant long-term negative effect on bacterial biomass both in the open-water phase and biofilm. Bacteriophages had only a minor long-term effect on bacterial biomass in open-water and biofilm phases. However, separate short-term experiments with the ancestral bacteriophages and bacteria revealed that bacteriophages crash the bacterial biomass dramatically in the open-water phase within the first 24 h. Thereafter, the bacteria evolve phage-resistance that largely prevents top-down effects. The combination of all three enemy types was most effective in reducing biofilm biomass, whereas in the open-water phase the ciliates dominated the trophic effects. Our results highlight the importance of enemy feeding mode on determining the spatial distribution and abundance of bacterial biomass. Moreover, the enemy type can be crucially important predictor of whether the rapid defense evolution can significantly affect top-down regulation of bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland ; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni-Maria Ormälä-Odegrip
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland ; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Mappes
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jouni Laakso
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland ; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Risse-Buhl U, Felsmann K, Mutz M. Colonization dynamics of ciliate morphotypes modified by shifting sandy sediments. Eur J Protistol 2014; 50:345-55. [PMID: 25129834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sandy stream-bed sediments colonized by a diverse ciliate community are subject to various disturbance regimes. In microcosms, we investigated the effect of sediment shifting on the colonization dynamics of 3 ciliate morphotypes differing in morphology, behavior and feeding strategy. The dynamics of the ciliate morphotypes inhabiting sediment pore water and overlying water were observed at 3 sediment shifting frequencies: (1) stable sediments, (2) periodically shifting sediments such as migrating ripples, and (3) continuously shifting sediments as occurring during scour events of the uppermost sediment. Sediment shifting significantly affected the abundance and growth rate of the ciliate morphotypes. The free-swimming filter feeder Dexiostoma campylum was vulnerable to washout by sediment shifting since significantly higher numbers occurred in the overlying water than in pore water. Abundance of D. campylum only increased in pore water of stable sediments. On the contrary, the vagile grasper feeder Chilodonella uncinata and the sessile filter feeder Vorticella convallaria had positive growth rates and successfully colonized sediments that shifted periodically and continuously. Thus, the spatio-temporal pattern of sediment dynamics acts as an essential factor of impact on the structure, distribution and function of ciliate communities in sand-bed streams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Risse-Buhl
- Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, Department of Freshwater Conservation, Seestraße 45, 15526 Bad Saarow, Germany.
| | - Katja Felsmann
- Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, Department of Freshwater Conservation, Seestraße 45, 15526 Bad Saarow, Germany
| | - Michael Mutz
- Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, Department of Freshwater Conservation, Seestraße 45, 15526 Bad Saarow, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Quaiser A, Bodi X, Dufresne A, Naquin D, Francez AJ, Dheilly A, Coudouel S, Pedrot M, Vandenkoornhuyse P. Unraveling the stratification of an iron-oxidizing microbial mat by metatranscriptomics. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102561. [PMID: 25033299 PMCID: PMC4102501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A metatranscriptomic approach was used to study community gene expression in a naturally occurring iron-rich microbial mat. Total microbial community RNA was reversely transcribed and sequenced by pyrosequencing. Characterization of expressed gene sequences provided accurate and detailed information of the composition of the transcriptionally active community and revealed phylogenetic and functional stratifications within the mat. Comparison of 16S rRNA reads and delineation of OTUs showed significantly lower values of metatranscriptomic-based richness and diversity in the upper parts of the mat than in the deeper regions. Taxonomic affiliation of rRNA sequences and mRNA genome recruitments indicated that iron-oxidizing bacteria affiliated to the genus Leptothrix, dominated the community in the upper layers of the mat. Surprisingly, type I methanotrophs contributed to the majority of the sequences in the deep layers of the mat. Analysis of mRNA expression patterns showed that genes encoding the three subunits of the particulate methane monooxygenase (pmoCAB) were the most highly expressed in our dataset. These results provide strong hints that iron-oxidation and methane-oxidation occur simultaneously in microbial mats and that both groups of microorganisms are major players in the functioning of this ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Achim Quaiser
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS UMR6553 EcoBio, Rennes, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Xavier Bodi
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS UMR6553 EcoBio, Rennes, France
| | | | - Delphine Naquin
- CNRS FRC3115 Centre de Recherches de Gif-sur-Yvette, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Alexandra Dheilly
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS UMS3343 OSUR, Plateforme génomique environnementale et fonctionnelle, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Coudouel
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS UMS3343 OSUR, Plateforme génomique environnementale et fonctionnelle, Rennes, France
| | - Mathieu Pedrot
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS UMR6118 Géosciences, Rennes, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Johnke J, Cohen Y, de Leeuw M, Kushmaro A, Jurkevitch E, Chatzinotas A. Multiple micro-predators controlling bacterial communities in the environment. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 27:185-90. [PMID: 24598212 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Predator-prey interactions are a main issue in ecological theory, including multispecies predator-prey relationships and intraguild predation. This knowledge is mainly based on the study of plants and animals, while its relevance for microorganisms is not well understood. The three key groups of micro-predators include protists, predatory bacteria and bacteriophages. They greatly differ in size, in prey specificity, in hunting strategies and in the resulting population dynamics. Yet, their potential to jointly control bacterial populations and reducing biomass in complex environments such as wastewater treatment plants is vast. Here, we present relevant ecological concepts and recent findings on micropredators, and propose that an integrative approach to predation at the microscale should be developed enabling the exploitation of this potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Johnke
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yossi Cohen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Marina de Leeuw
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and The National Institute for Biotechnology, Ben Gurion University, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ariel Kushmaro
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and The National Institute for Biotechnology, Ben Gurion University, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Edouard Jurkevitch
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Antonis Chatzinotas
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Neu TR, Lawrence JR. Investigation of microbial biofilm structure by laser scanning microscopy. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 146:1-51. [PMID: 24840778 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microbial bioaggregates and biofilms are hydrated three-dimensional structures of cells and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Microbial communities associated with interfaces and the samples thereof may come from natural, technical, and medical habitats. For imaging such complex microbial communities confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is the method of choice. CLSM allows flexible mounting and noninvasive three-dimensional sectioning of hydrated, living, as well as fixed samples. For this purpose a broad range of objective lenses is available having different working distance and resolution. By means of CLSM the signals detected may originate from reflection, autofluorescence, reporter genes/fluorescence proteins, fluorochromes binding to specific targets, or other probes conjugated with fluorochromes. Recorded datasets can be used not only for visualization but also for semiquantitative analysis. As a result CLSM represents a very useful tool for imaging of microbiological samples in combination with other analytical techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Neu
- Department of River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Brueckstrasse 3a, 39114, Magdeburg, Germany,
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Fernandes I, Duarte S, Cássio F, Pascoal C. Effects of riparian plant diversity loss on aquatic microbial decomposers become more pronounced with increasing time. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2013; 66:763-772. [PMID: 23963224 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We examined the potential long-term impacts of riparian plant diversity loss on diversity and activity of aquatic microbial decomposers. Microbial assemblages were obtained in a mixed-forest stream by immersion of mesh bags containing three leaf species (alder, oak and eucalyptus), commonly found in riparian corridors of Iberian streams. Simulation of species loss was done in microcosms by including a set of all leaf species, retrieved from the stream, and non-colonized leaves of three, two or one leaf species. Leaves were renewed every month throughout six months, and microbial inoculum was ensured by a set of colonized leaves from the previous month. Microbial diversity, leaf mass loss and fungal biomass were assessed at the second and sixth months after plant species loss. Molecular diversity of fungi and bacteria, as the total number of operational taxonomic units per leaf diversity treatment, decreased with leaf diversity loss. Fungal biomass tended to decrease linearly with leaf species loss on oak and eucalyptus, suggesting more pronounced effects of leaf diversity on lower quality leaves. Decomposition of alder and eucalyptus leaves was affected by leaf species identity, mainly after longer times following diversity loss. Leaf decomposition of alder decreased when mixed with eucalyptus, while decomposition of eucalyptus decreased in mixtures with oak. Results suggest that the effects of leaf diversity on microbial decomposers depended on leaf species number and also on which species were lost from the system, especially after longer times. This may have implications for the management of riparian forests to maintain stream ecosystem functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Fernandes
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Saleem M, Fetzer I, Harms H, Chatzinotas A. Diversity of protists and bacteria determines predation performance and stability. THE ISME JOURNAL 2013; 7:1912-21. [PMID: 23765100 PMCID: PMC3965320 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2013.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Predation influences prey diversity and productivity while it effectuates the flux and reallocation of organic nutrients into biomass at higher trophic levels. However, it is unknown how bacterivorous protists are influenced by the diversity of their bacterial prey. Using 456 microcosms, in which different bacterial mixtures with equal initial cell numbers were exposed to single or multiple predators (Tetrahymena sp., Poterioochromonas sp. and Acanthamoeba sp.), we showed that increasing prey richness enhanced production of single predators. The extent of the response depended, however, on predator identity. Bacterial prey richness had a stabilizing effect on predator performance in that it reduced variability in predator production. Further, prey richness tended to enhance predator evenness in the predation experiment including all three protists predators (multiple predation experiment). However, we also observed a negative relationship between prey richness and predator production in multiple predation experiments. Mathematical analysis of potential ecological mechanisms of positive predator diversity-functioning relationships revealed predator complementarity as a factor responsible for both enhanced predator production and prey reduction. We suggest that the diversity at both trophic levels interactively determines protistan performance and might have implications in microbial ecosystem processes and services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ingo Fetzer
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Stockholm Resilience Center, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hauke Harms
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antonis Chatzinotas
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
McFall-Ngai M, Hadfield MG, Bosch TCG, Carey HV, Domazet-Lošo T, Douglas AE, Dubilier N, Eberl G, Fukami T, Gilbert SF, Hentschel U, King N, Kjelleberg S, Knoll AH, Kremer N, Mazmanian SK, Metcalf JL, Nealson K, Pierce NE, Rawls JF, Reid A, Ruby EG, Rumpho M, Sanders JG, Tautz D, Wernegreen JJ. Animals in a bacterial world, a new imperative for the life sciences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:3229-36. [PMID: 23391737 PMCID: PMC3587249 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1218525110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1561] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, the widespread application of genetic and genomic approaches has revealed a bacterial world astonishing in its ubiquity and diversity. This review examines how a growing knowledge of the vast range of animal-bacterial interactions, whether in shared ecosystems or intimate symbioses, is fundamentally altering our understanding of animal biology. Specifically, we highlight recent technological and intellectual advances that have changed our thinking about five questions: how have bacteria facilitated the origin and evolution of animals; how do animals and bacteria affect each other's genomes; how does normal animal development depend on bacterial partners; how is homeostasis maintained between animals and their symbionts; and how can ecological approaches deepen our understanding of the multiple levels of animal-bacterial interaction. As answers to these fundamental questions emerge, all biologists will be challenged to broaden their appreciation of these interactions and to include investigations of the relationships between and among bacteria and their animal partners as we seek a better understanding of the natural world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret McFall-Ngai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | | | - Thomas C. G. Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hannah V. Carey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | | | - Angela E. Douglas
- Department of Entomology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Nicole Dubilier
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Symbiosis Group, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Gerard Eberl
- Lymphoid Tissue Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Tadashi Fukami
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Scott F. Gilbert
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Ute Hentschel
- Julius-von-Sachs Institute, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuezburg, Germany
| | - Nicole King
- Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Staffan Kjelleberg
- Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, and Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | | | - Natacha Kremer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | | | | | - Kenneth Nealson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Naomi E. Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - John F. Rawls
- Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Ann Reid
- American Academy of Microbiology, Washington, DC 20036
| | - Edward G. Ruby
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Mary Rumpho
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Jon G. Sanders
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Diethard Tautz
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, D-24306 Plön, Germany; and
| | - Jennifer J. Wernegreen
- Nicholas School and Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Roy JS, Poulson-Ellestad KL, Drew Sieg R, Poulin RX, Kubanek J. Chemical ecology of the marine plankton. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:1364-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np70056a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
36
|
Seasonal and successional influences on bacterial community composition exceed that of protozoan grazing in river biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:2013-24. [PMID: 22247162 DOI: 10.1128/aem.06517-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of protozoa (heterotrophic flagellates and ciliates) on the morphology and community composition of bacterial biofilms were tested under natural background conditions by applying size fractionation in a river bypass system. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to monitor the morphological structure of the biofilm, and fingerprinting methods (single-stranded conformation polymorphism [SSCP] and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis [DGGE]) were utilized to assess changes in bacterial community composition. Season and internal population dynamics had a greater influence on the bacterial biofilm than the presence of protozoa. Within this general framework, bacterial area coverage and microcolony abundance were nevertheless enhanced by the presence of ciliates (but not by the presence of flagellates). We also found that the richness of bacterial operational taxonomic units was much higher in planktonic founder communities than in the ones establishing the biofilm. Within the first 2 h of colonization of an empty substrate by bacteria, the presence of flagellates additionally altered their biofilm community composition. As the biofilms matured, the number of bacterial operational taxonomic units increased when flagellates were present in high abundances. The additional presence of ciliates tended to at first reduce (days 2 to 7) and later increase (days 14 to 29) bacterial operational taxonomic unit richness. Altogether, the response of the bacterial community to protozoan grazing pressure was small compared to that reported in planktonic studies, but our findings contradict the assumption of a general grazing resistance of bacterial biofilms toward protozoa.
Collapse
|