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Alsamhary K. Evaluating the Expression of Efflux Pumps in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Exposure to Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride, and Octenidine Dihydrochloride. Microb Drug Resist 2024; 30:385-390. [PMID: 39082183 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2024.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging resistance of Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to commonly used detergents and disinfectant is encountering us with hazard. Inappropriate use of disinfectants has forced bacteria to gain resistance. The ability of bacteria to extrude substrates from the cellular interior to the external environment has enabled them to persist in exposure to toxic compounds, which is due to existence of transport proteins. Efflux pumps, in Gram-negative bacteria, are proteins responsible for exporting molecules outside of the cell, by crossing the two membranes. In this study, 40 P. aeruginosa strains from hospitals, clinics, and burn center laundries and 40 P. aeruginosa strains from urban laundries were collected. This study evaluated the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) level of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), and octenidine dihydrochloride (Od) in P. aeruginosa strains. The real-time PCR was carried out to evaluate the expression of MexAB-OprM, MexCD-OprJ, and MexXY-OprM efflux system. The obtained results indicated a higher MIC level for SDS, DDAC, and Od in medical laundries. The sub-MIC level of DDAC and Od increased the expression level of MexAB-OprM, MexCD-OprJ, and MexXY-OprM in P. aeruginosa strains, suggesting that efflux pumps contribute to disinfectant resistance in P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khawla Alsamhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Zhao P, Ma S, Guo L, Jia Y, Zhang R, Chen M, Wang Z, Liu D, Zhao Y, Wang X, Rong M. Inactivation of microorganisms on fabrics using plasma-activated nebulized mist driven by different plasma gases. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134365. [PMID: 38669926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The disinfection of fabrics is crucial in preventing the spread of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms to maintain public health. A previous study proved that plasma-activated nebulized mist (PANM) could effectively inactivate microorganisms both in aerosol and attached to the surface. In this study, the PANM driven by different plasma gases were employed to inactivate microorganisms on diverse fabrics. The PANM could efficiently inactivate a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, contaminating different fabrics, and even across covering layers of different fabrics. The mites residing on the cotton fabrics both uncovered and covered with various types of fabrics were also effectively inactivated by the PANM. After 30 times repeated treatments of the PANM, notable changes were observed in the color of several fabrics while the structural integrity and mechanical strength of the fabrics were unaffected and maintained similarly to the untreated fabrics with slight changes in elemental composition. Additionally, only trace amounts of nitrate remained in the fabrics after the PANM treatment. Therefore, the PANM treatment supplied an efficient, broad-spectrum, and environmentally friendly strategy for industrial and household disinfection of fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Sihong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.
| | - Yikang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Zifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Dingxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Mingzhe Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
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Konkol JE, Becker B, Paulmann D, Steinmann E, Todt D, Meister TL, Evers S, Weide M, Dotzauer A, Brill FHH. A comprehensive approach for evaluating the virucidal performance of domestic laundry detergents under practical conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae052. [PMID: 38439676 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to develop a method to assess the virucidal performance of domestic laundry in a lab-scale washing machine (Rotawash) based on EN 17658. METHODS AND RESULTS For method development, virus recovery was investigated after drying on cotton carriers for three test viruses murine norovirus (MNV), modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), and bovine coronavirus (BCoV), followed by washing simulations in flasks and Rotawash. MNV and MVA demonstrated sufficient recovery from carriers after drying and washing (up to 40°C and 60 min). BCoV exhibited lower recovery, indicating less relevance as a test virus. Rotawash efficacy tests conducted with MNV, a resistant, non-enveloped virus, showed limited efficacy of a bleach-free detergent, aligning with results from a domestic washing machine. Rotawash washes achieved higher reductions in infectious virus titers than suspension tests, indicating the role of washing mechanics in virus removal. CONCLUSIONS This study established a practical method to test the virucidal efficacy of laundry detergents in Rotawash, simulating domestic washing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna E Konkol
- Dr. Brill and Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen 28259, Germany
| | - Britta Becker
- Dr. Brill and Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen 28259, Germany
| | - Dajana Paulmann
- Dr. Brill and Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen 28259, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Centre (EVBC), 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Toni L Meister
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre, Hamburg 20251, Germany
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg 20359, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Evers
- Henkel AG & Co KGaA, Corporate Microbiology, Henkelstraße 67, Düsseldorf 40191, Germany
| | - Mirko Weide
- Henkel AG & Co KGaA, Microbiology & Hygiene, International R&D Henkel Consumer Brands, Henkelstraße 67, Düsseldorf 40191, Germany
| | - Andreas Dotzauer
- Laboratory for Virus Research, University Bremen/UFT, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Florian H H Brill
- Dr. Brill and Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen 28259, Germany
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Yao N, Li W, Hu L, Fang N. Do mould inhibitors alter the microbial community structure and antibiotic resistance gene profiles on textiles? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168808. [PMID: 38000736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Mould inhibitors are closely associated with human health and have been extensively applied to textiles to prevent mould and insect infestations. However, the impact of these mould inhibitors on the microbial community structure on textiles and antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles remains largely unexplored. In this study, testing techniques, including high-throughput quantitative PCR and Illumina sequencing, were employed to analyse the effects of three types of mould inhibitors -para-dichlorobenzene (PDCB), naphthalene, and natural camphor balls-on the composition of microbial communities and ARG profiles. The microbial mechanisms underlying these effects were also investigated. The experiments revealed that PDCB reduced the diversity of bacterial communities on textiles, whereas naphthalene and natural camphor balls exerted relatively minor effects. In contrast with bacterial diversity, PDCB enhanced the diversity of fungal communities on textiles, but significantly reduced their abundance. Naphthalene had the least impact on fungal communities; however, it notably increased the relative abundance of Basidiomycota. All three types of mould inhibitors substantially altered ARG profiles. Potential mechanisms responsible for the alterations in ARG profiles include microbial community succession and horizontal gene transfer mediated by mobile genetic elements. PDCB prominently increased the abundance of ARGs, mainly attributable to the relative enrichment of potential hosts (including certain γ-Proteobacteria and Bacillales) for specific ARGs. Thus, this study has important implications for the selection of mould inhibitors, as well as the assessment of microbial safety in textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningyuan Yao
- College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Wei Li
- CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Lanfang Hu
- CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Nan Fang
- CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
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5
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Tomšič B, Ofentavšek L, Fink R. Toward sustainable household laundry. Washing quality vs. environmental impacts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:1011-1022. [PMID: 36966505 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2194615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We tested the efficacy of standard soil removal and bacterial reduction from textile. A life cycle analysis for different washing cycles was also performed. The results show that washing at 40 °C and 10 g/L was the most effective and resulted in good removal of standard soiling. However, bacteria reduction was highest at 60 °C, 5 g/L and 40 °C, 20 g/L (> 5 log CFU/carrier). With the 40 °C, 10 g/L scenario, we approached the standard requirements for household laundry of ~ 4 log CFU/carrier reduction and good soil removal. Howsoever, life cycle analysis shows that washing at 40 °C and 10 g/L has a higher environmental impact than 60 °C and 5 g/L due to the significant contribution of the detergent. Reducing energy consumption and reformulation of detergents needs to be implemented in the household laundry to achieve sustainable washing without compromising the quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigita Tomšič
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lara Ofentavšek
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Fink
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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6
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Jung Y, Abney SE, Reynolds KA, Gerba CP, Wilson AM. Evaluating infection risks and importance of hand hygiene during the household laundry process using a quantitative microbial risk assessment approach. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:1377-1383. [PMID: 37271422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contaminated laundry contributes to infectious disease spread in residential and home health care settings. The objectives were to (1) evaluate pathogen transmission risks for individuals doing laundry, and (2) compare hand hygiene timing to reduce risks. METHODS A quantitative microbial risk assessment using experimental data from a laundry washing effectiveness study was applied to estimate infection risks from SARS-CoV-2, rotavirus, norovirus, nontyphoidal Salmonella, and Escherichia coli in 4 laundry scenarios: 1 baseline scenario (no hand hygiene event) and 3 hand hygiene scenarios (scenario 1: after moving dirty clothes to the washing machine, scenario 2: after moving washed clothes to the dryer, and scenario 3: hand hygiene events following scenario 1 and 2). RESULTS The average infection risks for the baseline scenario were all greater than 2 common risk thresholds (1.0×10-6and 1.0×10-4). For all organisms, scenario 1 yielded greater risk reductions (39.95%-99.86%) than scenario 2 (1.35%-55.25%). Scenario 3 further reduced risk, achieving 1.0×10-6(SARS-CoV-2) and 1.0×10-4risk thresholds (norovirus and E. coli). CONCLUSIONS The modeled results suggest individuals should reduce hand-to-facial orifice (eyes, nose, and mouth) contacts and conduct proper hand hygiene when handling contaminated garments. More empirical data are needed to confirm the estimated risks. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The data and code that support the findings of this study can be retrieved via a Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal license in GitHub at https://github.com/yhjung1231/Laundry-QMRAproject-2022.git DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7122065.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonhee Jung
- Department of Community, Environment & Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, AZ, USA.
| | - Sarah E Abney
- García-Robles Fulbright Program, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Kelly A Reynolds
- Department of Community, Environment & Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, AZ, USA
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, AZ, USA
| | - Amanda M Wilson
- Department of Community, Environment & Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, AZ, USA
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7
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Lam T, Liu Y, Iuchi F, Huang Y, Du K, Dai Y, Wu J, Lim L, Goo J, Ishida Y, Liu J, Xu J. Impact of antibacterial detergent on used-towel microbiomes at species-level and its effect on malodor control. IMETA 2023; 2:e110. [PMID: 38867935 PMCID: PMC10989987 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The impact of antibacterial detergent on microbial exchanges and its subsequent effect on malodor in used towels were examined. Homogenization of microbiome among postwashed and indoor dried towels that was dominated by known malodor-producing bacteria. The microbial exchange was attenuated, and the abundance of malodor-producing bacteria was reduced in towels laundered with antibacterial detergent. Reduction of malodorous volatile organic compounds produced from towels laundered with antibacterial detergent.
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Affiliation(s)
- TzeHau Lam
- Procter & Gamble Singapore Innovation CenterSingaporeSingapore
| | - Yuxiang Liu
- Procter & Gamble Beijing Innovation CenterBeijingChina
| | - Fumi Iuchi
- Procter & Gamble Kobe Innovation CenterKobeJapan
| | - Yolanda Huang
- Procter & Gamble Beijing Innovation CenterBeijingChina
| | - Kejing Du
- Procter & Gamble Beijing Innovation CenterBeijingChina
| | - Yajie Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Single‐Cell Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoShandongChina
- Shandong Energy InstituteQingdaoShandongChina
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong LaboratoryQingdaoShandongChina
| | - Jia Wu
- Procter & Gamble Beijing Innovation CenterBeijingChina
| | - Linda Lim
- Procter & Gamble Singapore Innovation CenterSingaporeSingapore
| | - Jason Goo
- Procter & Gamble Singapore Innovation CenterSingaporeSingapore
| | - Yoshiki Ishida
- Procter & Gamble Singapore Innovation CenterSingaporeSingapore
| | - Jiquan Liu
- Procter & Gamble Singapore Innovation CenterSingaporeSingapore
| | - Jian Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Single‐Cell Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoShandongChina
- Shandong Energy InstituteQingdaoShandongChina
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong LaboratoryQingdaoShandongChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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8
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Dixit S, Varshney S, Gupta D, Sharma S. Textiles as fomites in the healthcare system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12569-2. [PMID: 37199751 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nosocomial infections or healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are acquired under medical care in healthcare facilities. In hospital environments, the transmission of infectious diseases through textiles such as white coats, bed linen, curtains, and towels are well documented. Textile hygiene and infection control measures have become more important in recent years due to the growing concerns about textiles as fomites in healthcare settings. However, systematic research in this area is lacking; the factors contributing to the transmission of infections through textiles needs to be better understood. The review aims to critically explore textiles as contaminants in healthcare systems, and to identify potential risks they may pose to patients and healthcare workers. It delineates different factors affecting bacterial adherence on fabrics, such as surface properties of bacteria and fabrics, and environmental factors. It also identifies areas that require further research to reduce the risk of HAIs and improve textile hygiene practices. Finally, the review elaborates on the strategies currently employed, and those that can be employed to limit the spread of nosocomial infections through fabrics. Implementing textile hygiene practices effectively in healthcare facilities requires a thorough analysis of factors affecting fabric-microbiome interactions, followed by designing newer fabrics that discourage pathogen load. KEY POINTS: • Healthcare textiles act as a potential reservoir of nosocomial pathogens • Survival of pathogens is affected by surface properties of fabric and bacteria • Guidelines required for fabrics that discourage microbial load, for hospital use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Dixit
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Swati Varshney
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Deepti Gupta
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Shilpi Sharma
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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9
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Potential for Microbial Cross Contamination of Laundry from Public Washing Machines. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres13040072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although clothes washing machines remove dirt, microorganisms are not reliably removed by modern cold-water machine-washing practices. Microbial bioburden on clothing originates from the wearer’s skin, the environment (indoor and outdoor), and the washing machine itself. While most clothing microbes are commensals, microbes causing odors and opportunistic pathogens may also be present. Understanding the extent of microbial transfer from washing machines to clothes may inform strategies for odor control and for mitigating the transmission of microbes through the laundering process. This study was designed to quantify and identify bacteria/fungi transferred from laundromat machines to sentinel cotton washcloths under standard cold-water conditions. Bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS sequencing enabled identification of microorganisms in the washcloths following laundering. Total plate-based enumeration of viable microorganisms also was performed, using growth media appropriate for bacteria and fungi. Opportunistic human bacterial pathogens, including Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp., were recovered. The fungal bioburden was ~two-fold lower than the bacterial bioburden. Most sequences recovered were assigned to non-pathogenic fungi, such as those from genera Malassezia and Ascomycota. These results suggest that public washing machines represent a source of non-pathogenic and pathogenic microbial contamination of laundered garments.
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Qiu Y, Zhou Y, Chang Y, Liang X, Zhang H, Lin X, Qing K, Zhou X, Luo Z. The Effects of Ventilation, Humidity, and Temperature on Bacterial Growth and Bacterial Genera Distribution. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192215345. [PMID: 36430064 PMCID: PMC9691097 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteria are readily nourished in airtight environments with high humidity, such as storage cabinets, clothing closets, and corners, where ventilation is normally low and humidity is high. OBJECTIVES We characterized the role of humidity and ventilation in bacterial growth and genus distribution at different temperatures (26 °C and 34 °C). METHODS Fresh pork, which was used as the substrate for bacterial culture, was placed in storage cabinets. Bacterial growth and genera distribution on the surface of pork placed in a storage cabinet under different temperatures (26 °C and 34 °C); relative humidity levels (RH: 50%, 70%, 90%); and ventilation conditions (no ventilation and low, medium, and high levels of ventilation) were assessed by rDNA sequencing. RESULTS Increased ventilation and reduced humidity significantly decreased bacterial growth at 26 °C and 34 °C. The contribution of increased ventilation to the reduction in bacterial growth exceeded that of decreased humidity. Ventilation had the greatest effect on reducing bacterial growth compared to the unventilated conditions at 70% RH. At 34 °C, medium and high levels of ventilation were required to reduce bacterial growth. High temperatures greatly increased bacterial growth, but ventilation could reduce the degree of this increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Qiu
- Department of Physiology, The School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Physiology, The School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yanfen Chang
- Department of Physiology, The School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Xinyue Liang
- Department of Physiology, The School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Center for the Built Environment, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 2506, USA
| | - Xiaorui Lin
- China Vanke Co., Ltd., Changsha 410000, China
| | - Ke Qing
- China Vanke Co., Ltd., Changsha 410000, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhou
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Ziqiang Luo
- Department of Physiology, The School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (Z.L.)
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11
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Dear K, Gan D, Stavrakoglou A, Nixon R, Ronaldson C. Hyperkeratotic flexural erythema (more commonly known as granular parakeratosis) with use of laundry rinses containing benzalkonium chloride – a case series. Clin Exp Dermatol 2022; 47:2196-2200. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.15358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Dear
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre Skin Health Institute, Level 1/80 Drummond Street Carlton Victoria Australia 3053
| | - Desmond Gan
- Melbourne Eastside Dermatology, 210 Canterbury Rd, Blackburn South Victoria Australia 3130
| | | | - Rosemary Nixon
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre Skin Health Institute, Level 1/80 Drummond Street Carlton Victoria Australia 3053
| | - Claire Ronaldson
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre Skin Health Institute, Level 1/80 Drummond Street Carlton Victoria Australia 3053
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12
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Zinn MK, Flemming HC, Bockmühl D. A Comprehensive View of Microbial Communities in the Laundering Cycle Suggests a Preventive Effect of Soil Bacteria on Malodour Formation. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071465. [PMID: 35889184 PMCID: PMC9318688 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are an important factor in the wash-and-use cycle of textiles since they can cause unwanted aesthetic effects, such as malodour formation, and even pose health risks. In this regard, a comprehensive view of the microbial communities in washing machines and consideration of the microbial contamination of used textiles is needed to understand the formation of malodour and evaluate the infection risk related to laundering. So far, neither the compositions of washing machine biofilms leading to the formation of or protection against malodour have been investigated intensively, nor have microbial communities on used towels been analysed after normal use. Our results link the qualitative and quantitative analysis of microbial communities in washing machines and on used towels with the occurrence of malodour and thus not only allow for a better risk evaluation but also suggest bacterial colonizers of washing machines that might prevent malodour formation. It was shown that soil bacteria such as Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Bosea, and Microbacterium in particular are found in non-odourous machines, and that Rhizobium species are able to prevent malodour formation in an in vitro model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Kevin Zinn
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, 47533 Kleve, Germany;
- Biofilm Centre, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45131 Essen, Germany;
| | - Hans-Curt Flemming
- Biofilm Centre, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45131 Essen, Germany;
| | - Dirk Bockmühl
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, 47533 Kleve, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-2821-806-73-208
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13
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Mikelonis A, Archer J, Wyrzykowska-Ceradini B, Morris E, Sawyer J, Chamberlain T, Abdel-Hady A, Monge M, Touati A. Determining Viral Disinfection Efficacy of Hot Water Laundering. J Vis Exp 2022:10.3791/64164. [PMID: 35816011 PMCID: PMC9811351 DOI: 10.3791/64164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This protocol provides an example of a laboratory process for conducting laundering studies that generate data on viral disinfection. While the protocol was developed for research during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is intended to be a framework, adaptable to other virus disinfection studies; it demonstrates the steps for preparing the test virus, inoculating the test material, assessing visual and integrity changes to the washed items due to the laundering process, and quantifying the reduction in viral load. Additionally, the protocol outlines the necessary quality control samples for ensuring the experiments are not biased by contamination and measurements/observations that should be recorded to track the material integrity of the personal protective equipment (PPE) items after multiple laundering cycles. The representative results presented with the protocol use the Phi6 bacteriophage inoculated onto cotton scrub, denim, and cotton face-covering materials and indicate that the hot water laundering and drying process achieved over a 3-log (99.9%) reduction in viral load for all samples (a 3-log reduction is the disinfectant performance metric in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Product Performance Test Guideline 810.2200). The reduction in viral load was uniform across different locations on the PPE items. The results of this viral disinfection efficacy testing protocol should help the scientific community explore the effectiveness of home laundering for other types of test viruses and laundering procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mikelonis
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Homeland Security and Materials Management Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency;
| | - John Archer
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Homeland Security and Materials Management Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Akhoundi M, Nasrallah J, Marteau A, Chebbah D, Izri A, Brun S. Effect of Household Laundering, Heat Drying, and Freezing on the Survival of Dermatophyte Conidia. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050546. [PMID: 35628801 PMCID: PMC9143173 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatomycoses are one of the most common dermatological infectious diseases. Dermatophytoses, such as tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) in adults and tinea capitis in children, are the most prevalent fungal diseases caused by dermatophytes. The transmission of anthropophilic dermatophytoses occurs almost exclusively through indirect contact with patient-contaminated belongings or environments and, subsequently, facilitates the spread of the infection to others. Hygienic measures were demonstrated to have an important role in removing or reducing the fungal burden. Herein, we evaluated the effectiveness of physical-based methods of laundering, heat drying, and freezing in the elimination of Trichophyton tonsurans, T. rubrum, and T. interdigitale conidia in diverse temperatures and time spectra. Based on our findings, laundering at 60 °C was effective for removing the dermatophyte conidia from contaminated linens. On the contrary, heat drying using domestic or laundromat machines; freezing at −20 °C for 24 h, 48 h, or one week; and direct heat exposure at 60 °C for 10, 30, or 90 min were unable to kill the dermatophytes. These results can be helpful for clinicians, staff of children’s communities, and hygiene practitioners for implementing control management strategies against dermatophytoses caused by mentioned dermatophyte species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Akhoundi
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93009 Bobigny, France; (J.N.); (A.M.); (D.C.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (S.B.)
| | - Jade Nasrallah
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93009 Bobigny, France; (J.N.); (A.M.); (D.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Anthony Marteau
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93009 Bobigny, France; (J.N.); (A.M.); (D.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Dahlia Chebbah
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93009 Bobigny, France; (J.N.); (A.M.); (D.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Arezki Izri
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93009 Bobigny, France; (J.N.); (A.M.); (D.C.); (A.I.)
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Université-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Brun
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93009 Bobigny, France; (J.N.); (A.M.); (D.C.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (S.B.)
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15
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Khalid Ijaz M, Nims RW, McKinney J, Gerba CP. Virucidal efficacy of laundry sanitizers against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses and influenza viruses. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5247. [PMID: 35347149 PMCID: PMC8960219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The clothes laundering process affords numerous opportunities for dissemination of infectious virus from contaminated clothing to appliance surfaces and other household surfaces and eventually to launderer's hands. We have explored the efficacy of laundry sanitizers for inactivating coronaviruses and influenza viruses. Virucidal efficacy was tested using standardized suspension inactivation methods (EN 14476) or hard-surface inactivation methods (ASTM E1053-20) against SARS-CoV-2, human coronavirus 229E (HCoV 229E), influenza A virus (2009-H1N1 A/Mexico), or influenza B virus (B/Hong Kong). Efficacy was measured in terms of log10 reduction in infectious virus titer, after 15 min contact time (suspension studies) or 5 min contact time (hard surface studies) at 20 ± 1 °C. In liquid suspension studies, laundry sanitizers containing p-chloro-m-xylenol (PCMX) or quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) caused complete inactivation (≥ 4 log10) of HCoV 229E and SARS-CoV-2 within 15 min contact time at 20 ± 1 °C. In hard surface studies, complete inactivation (≥ 4 log10) of each coronavirus or influenza virus, including SARS-CoV-2, was observed following a 5-min contact time at 20 ± 1 °C. Respiratory viruses may remain infectious on clothing/fabrics and environmental surfaces for hours to days. The use of a laundry sanitizer containing microbicidal actives may afford mitigation of the risk of contamination of surfaces during handling of the laundry and washing appliances (i.e., washer/dryer or basin), adjacent surfaces, the waste water stream, and the hands of individuals handling clothes contaminated with SARS-CoV-2, influenza viruses, or other emerging enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khalid Ijaz
- Global Research and Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, One Philips Parkway, Montvale, NJ, 07645, USA.
| | - Raymond W Nims
- RMC Pharmaceutical Solutions, Inc., 1851 Lefthand Circle, Suite A, Longmont, CO, 80501, USA
| | - Julie McKinney
- Global Research and Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, One Philips Parkway, Montvale, NJ, 07645, USA
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Tavčer PF, Brenčič K, Fink R, Tomšič B. Influence of Hydrogen Peroxide on Disinfection and Soil Removal during Low-Temperature Household Laundry. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010195. [PMID: 35011427 PMCID: PMC8746306 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Water, Energy and Waste Directive, the European Commission provides for the use of household washing programmes with lower temperatures (30–40 °C) and lower water consumption. However, low washing temperatures and the absence of oxidising agents in the liquid detergents, and their reduced content in powder detergents, allow biofilm formation in washing machines and the development of an unpleasant odour, while the washed laundry can become a carrier of pathogenic bacteria, posing a risk to human health. The aim of the study was to determine whether the addition of hydrogen peroxide (HP) to liquid detergents in low-temperature household washing allows disinfection of the laundry without affecting the properties of the washed textiles even after several consecutive washes. Fabrics of different colours and of different raw material compositions were repeatedly washed in a household washing machine using a liquid detergent with the addition of 3% stabilised HP solution in the main wash, prewash or rinse. The results of the antimicrobial activity, soil removal activity, colour change and tensile strength confirmed the excellent disinfection activity of the 3% HP, but only if added in the main wash. Its presence did not discolour nor affect the tensile strength of the laundry, thus maintaining its overall appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Forte Tavčer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.); (B.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katja Brenčič
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.); (B.T.)
| | - Rok Fink
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Brigita Tomšič
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.); (B.T.)
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