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Ly YT, Leuko S, Moeller R. An overview of the bacterial microbiome of public transportation systems-risks, detection, and countermeasures. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1367324. [PMID: 38528857 PMCID: PMC10961368 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1367324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
When we humans travel, our microorganisms come along. These can be harmless but also pathogenic, and are spread by touching surfaces or breathing aerosols in the passenger cabins. As the pandemic with SARS-CoV-2 has shown, those environments display a risk for infection transmission. For a risk reduction, countermeasures such as wearing face masks and distancing were applied in many places, yet had a significant social impact. Nevertheless, the next pandemic will come and additional countermeasures that contribute to the risk reduction are needed to keep commuters safe and reduce the spread of microorganisms and pathogens, but also have as little impact as possible on the daily lives of commuters. This review describes the bacterial microbiome of subways around the world, which is mainly characterized by human-associated genera. We emphasize on healthcare-associated ESKAPE pathogens within public transport, introduce state-of-the art methods to detect common microbes and potential pathogens such as LAMP and next-generation sequencing. Further, we describe and discuss possible countermeasures that could be deployed in public transportation systems, as antimicrobial surfaces or air sterilization using plasma. Commuting in public transport can harbor risks of infection. Improving the safety of travelers can be achieved by effective detection methods, microbial reduction systems, but importantly by hand hygiene and common-sense hygiene guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralf Moeller
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
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2
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Choi SS, Lee JH, Kong H, Park EJ. Biofilm removal effect of diatom complex on 3D printed denture base resin. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4034. [PMID: 38369560 PMCID: PMC10874960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
For patients who have difficulty in mechanical cleaning of dental appliances, a denture cleaner that can remove biofilm with dense extracellular polymeric substances is needed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of diatom complex with active micro-locomotion for removing biofilms from 3D printed dentures. The diatom complex, which is made by doping MnO2 nanosheets on diatom biosilica, is mixed with H2O2 to generate fine air bubbles continuously. Denture base resin specimens were 3D printed in a roof shape, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (107 CFU/mL) was cultured on those for biofilm formation. Cleaning solutions of phosphate-buffered saline (negative control, NC), 3% H2O2 with peracetic acid (positive control, PC), denture cleanser tablet (DCT), 3% H2O2 with 2 mg/mL diatom complex M (Melosira, DM), 3% H2O2 with 2 mg/mL diatom complex A (Aulacoseira, DA), and DCT with 2 mg/mL DM were prepared and applied. To assess the efficacy of biofilm removal quantitatively, absorbance after cleaning was measured. To evaluate the stability of long-term use, surface roughness, ΔE, surface micro-hardness, and flexural strength of the 3D printed dentures were measured before and after cleaning. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using Cell Counting Kit-8. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS for Windows with one-way ANOVA, followed by Scheffe's test as a post hoc (p < 0.05). The group treated with 3% H2O2 with DA demonstrated the lowest absorbance value, followed by the groups treated with 3% H2O2 with DM, PC, DCT, DCT + DM, and finally NC. As a result of Scheffe's test to evaluate the significance of difference between the mean values of each group, statistically significant differences were shown in all groups based on the NC group. The DA and DM groups showed the largest mean difference though there was no significant difference between the two groups. Regarding the evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of the denture base resin, no statistically significant differences were observed before and after cleaning. In the cytotoxicity test, the relative cell count was over 70%, reflecting an absence of cytotoxicity. The diatom complex utilizing active micro-locomotion has effective biofilm removal ability and has a minimal effect in physical and mechanical properties of the substrate with no cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Sil Choi
- Department of Dental Laboratory Technology, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, 61801, USA
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, 61801, USA
| | - Eun-Jin Park
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 25, Magokdong-ro 2-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Obe T, Kiess AS, Nannapaneni R. Antimicrobial Tolerance in Salmonella: Contributions to Survival and Persistence in Processing Environments. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:578. [PMID: 38396546 PMCID: PMC10886206 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella remains a top bacterial pathogen implicated in several food-borne outbreaks, despite the use of antimicrobials and sanitizers during production and processing. While these chemicals have been effective, Salmonella has shown the ability to survive and persist in poultry processing environments. This can be credited to its microbial ability to adapt and develop/acquire tolerance and/or resistance to different antimicrobial agents including oxidizers, acids (organic and inorganic), phenols, and surfactants. Moreover, there are several factors in processing environments that can limit the efficacy of these antimicrobials, thus allowing survival and persistence. This mini-review examines the antimicrobial activity of common disinfectants/sanitizers used in poultry processing environments and the ability of Salmonella to respond with innate or acquired tolerance and survive exposure to persists in such environments. Instead of relying on a single antimicrobial agent, the right combination of different disinfectants needs to be developed to target multiple pathways within Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Obe
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Aaron S. Kiess
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Ramakrishna Nannapaneni
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA;
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4
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Garvey M. Medical Device-Associated Healthcare Infections: Sterilization and the Potential of Novel Biological Approaches to Ensure Patient Safety. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:201. [PMID: 38203372 PMCID: PMC10778788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections caused by multi-drug-resistant pathogens are increasing globally, and current antimicrobial options have limited efficacy against these robust species. The WHO details the critically important bacterial and fungal species that are often associated with medical device HAIs. The effective sterilization of medical devices plays a key role in preventing infectious disease morbidity and mortality. A lack of adherence to protocol and limitations associated with each sterilization modality, however, allows for the incidence of disease. Furthermore, issues relating to carcinogenic emissions from ethylene oxide gas (EtO) have motivated the EPA to propose limiting EtO use or seeking alternative sterilization methods for medical devices. The Food and Drug Administration supports the sterilization of healthcare products using low-temperature VH2O2 as an alternative to EtO. With advances in biomaterial and medical devices and the increasing use of combination products, current sterilization modalities are becoming limited. Novel approaches to disinfection and sterilization of medical devices, biomaterials, and therapeutics are warranted to safeguard public health. Bacteriophages, endolysins, and antimicrobial peptides are considered promising options for the prophylactic and meta-phylactic control of infectious diseases. This timely review discusses the application of these biologics as antimicrobial agents against critically important WHO pathogens, including ESKAPE bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Garvey
- Department of Life Science, Atlantic Technological University, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland;
- Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Atlantic Technological University, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland
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5
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Qamar S, Öberg R, Malyshev D, Andersson M. A hybrid CNN-Random Forest algorithm for bacterial spore segmentation and classification in TEM images. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18758. [PMID: 37907463 PMCID: PMC10618482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a new approach to segment and classify bacterial spore layers from Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images using a hybrid Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Random Forest (RF) classifier algorithm. This approach utilizes deep learning, with the CNN extracting features from images, and the RF classifier using those features for classification. The proposed model achieved 73% accuracy, 64% precision, 46% sensitivity, and 47% F1-score with test data. Compared to other classifiers such as AdaBoost, XGBoost, and SVM, our proposed model demonstrates greater robustness and higher generalization ability for non-linear segmentation. Our model is also able to identify spores with a damaged core as verified using TEMs of chemically exposed spores. Therefore, the proposed method will be valuable for identifying and characterizing spore features in TEM images, reducing labor-intensive work as well as human bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqib Qamar
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
- Integrated Science Lab, Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Öberg
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dmitry Malyshev
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Andersson
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
- Integrated Science Lab, Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå, Sweden.
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Kim SY, Kim SH, Park SH. Inactivation of Foodborne Pathogen Biofilm Cells Using a Combination Treatment with Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide and Aerosolized Sanitizers. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100105. [PMID: 37196846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A biofilm is a three-dimensional microbial community, which is difficult to completely control with a typical sanitizer owing to its complex structure. The aim of this study was to establish a system for the combined treatment of biofilms with 10 ppmv gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and antimicrobial agents (2% citric acid, 2% hydrogen peroxide [H2O2], and 100 ppm peracetic acid [PAA]), and to investigate the synergistic microbicidal efficacy of the combination treatments to inactivate Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in biofilms. The antimicrobial agents were aerosolized using a humidifier on top of a chamber to achieve a relative humidity of 90% (within a range of ±2%). While biofilm treatment with the aerosolized antimicrobial agents for 20 min inactivated approximately 1 log CFU/cm2 (0.72-1.26 log CFU/cm2) of the pathogens and the gaseous ClO2 gas treatment for 20 min inactivated <3 log CFU/cm2 (2.19-2.77 log CFU/cm2), combination treatment with citric acid, H2O2, and PAA for 20 min achieved microbial reductions of 2.71-3.79, 4.56-5.12, and 4.45-4.67 log CFU/cm2, respectively. Our study demonstrates that foodborne pathogens in biofilms can be inactivated by combining gaseous ClO2 treatment with aerosolized antimicrobial agents. The results of this study provide baseline data for the food industry to help control foodborne pathogens in biofilms on inaccessible surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kongju National University, Yesan, Chungnam 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hwan Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kongju National University, Yesan, Chungnam 32439, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Sakis GS, Kapczinski MP, Fraga S, Mengatto CM. Effects of disinfection with a vinegar-hydrogen peroxide mixture on the surface composition and topography of a cobalt-chromium alloy. J Prosthet Dent 2022:S0022-3913(22)00734-X. [PMID: 36543703 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Choosing the best disinfection agent for removable partial dentures may be challenging since most commercially available disinfection solutions alter the properties of the metal framework. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to analyze the changes in the surface topography and elemental composition of a cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy when immersed in a vinegar-hydrogen peroxide mixture. MATERIAL AND METHODS Disk-shaped specimens (N=50) were fabricated with Co-Cr alloy and randomly distributed into 5 groups (N=10) according to the immersion solutions: distilled water (control) (W); 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (H); 3% hydrogen peroxide and water in a 1:1 ratio (HP); vinegar and water in a 1:1 ratio (V); and vinegar and 3% hydrogen peroxide mixture in a 1:1 ratio (VHP). The immersions simulated 90 uses of 10 minutes each. The surface topography and the elemental composition were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy, before (T0) and after (T1) the immersions. The 2-way ANOVA for repeated measures was used for statistical comparisons (α=.05). RESULTS The tested mixture (VHP) did not change the metal surface topography or increase the oxygen proportion, indicating that no corrosion occurred. Similarly, groups W, HP, and V had no topographic changes and nonsignificant statistical differences at T1 for elemental composition (P>.05). However, the specimens immersed in sodium hypochlorite (H) showed staining, surface irregularity, composition change, with an appearance of 22.56% more oxygen, 41% less chromium, and 28.77% less cobalt at T1 (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS The immersion of Co-Cr alloy in a vinegar-hydrogen peroxide mixture did not change the surface structure of the metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Silveira Sakis
- Dental Surgeon, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Myriam Pereira Kapczinski
- Professor, Division of Prosthodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sara Fraga
- Professor, Division of Prosthodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Machado Mengatto
- Professor, Division of Prosthodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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8
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Farinelli G, Coha M, Vione D, Minella M, Tiraferri A. Formation of Halogenated Byproducts upon Water Treatment with Peracetic Acid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5123-5131. [PMID: 35357818 PMCID: PMC9022431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Peracetic acid has quickly gained ground in water treatment over the last decade. Specifically, its disinfection efficacy toward a wide spectrum of microorganisms in wastewater is accompanied by the simplicity of its handling and use. Moreover, peracetic acid represents a promising option to achieve disinfection while reducing the concentration of typical chlorination byproducts in the final effluent. However, its chemical behavior is still amply debated. In this study, the reactivity of peracetic acid in the presence of halides, namely, chloride and bromide, was investigated in both synthetic waters and in a real contaminated water. While previous studies focused on the ability of this disinfectant to form halogenated byproducts in the presence of dissolved organic matter and halides, this work indicates that peracetic acid also contributes itself as a primary source in the formation of these potentially carcinogenic compounds. Specifically, this study suggests that 1.5 mM peracetic acid may form around 1-10 μg/L of bromoform when bromide is present. Bromoform formation reaches a maximum at near neutral pH, which is highly relevant for wastewater management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Farinelli
- Department
of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Coha
- Department
of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Department
of Chemistry, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Minella
- Department
of Chemistry, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Tiraferri
- Department
of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
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9
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Chinchkar AV, Singh A, Singh SV, Acharya AM, Kamble MG. Potential sanitizers and disinfectants for fresh fruits and vegetables: A comprehensive review. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay V. Chinchkar
- Department of Food Science and Technology National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Kundli, Sonipat Haryana‐131028 India
| | - Anurag Singh
- Department of Food Science and Technology National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Kundli, Sonipat Haryana‐131028 India
| | - Sukh Veer Singh
- Department of Food Science and Technology National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Kundli, Sonipat Haryana‐131028 India
| | | | - Meenatai G. Kamble
- Department of Food Science and Technology National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Kundli, Sonipat Haryana‐131028 India
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10
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Bukłaha A, Wieczorek A, Kruszewska E, Majewski P, Iwaniuk D, Sacha P, Tryniszewska E, Wieczorek P. Air Disinfection—From Medical Areas to Vehicle. Front Public Health 2022; 10:820816. [PMID: 35284381 PMCID: PMC8907567 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.820816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cars with air conditioning systems have become the norm, but these systems can be dangerous for human health as a result of the accumulation of different microorganisms, including pathogenic ones, causing severe allergy or inflammation problems. The novel purpose of this study is 2-fold: on the one hand, to test different disinfection agents on a new area, that is, automobile cabins, and on the other, to compare activity in the gas phase of these agents for disinfection of car air conditioning and cabin surfaces. This study shown that tested disinfectant agents dedicated for decontamination medical areas (agent based on peracetic acid and an agent containing didecyldimethylammonium chloride, 2-phenoxyethanol with cinnamaldehyde) can be successfully used for disinfection car air conditioning and cabin surfaces. Both disinfectants were examined in comparison to a commercial “ready-to-use” spray from a local supermarket dedicated to car air conditioning disinfection. Our research found that very effective agents in this regard were acid stabilized by hydrogen peroxide applied by fumigator, and a combination of didecyldimethylammonium chloride, 2-phenoxyethanol, and cinnamaldehyde applied by atomizer. Tested disinfection procedures of car air conditioning significantly influence the quality of cabin air and surfaces by reducing the amount of microorganisms. The comparison of disinfection properties studied agents in the gas phase reveal statistically significant differences between it effect for disinfection car air conditioning and cabin surfaces. Our research found that very effective agents in this regard were acid stabilized by hydrogen peroxide applied by fumigator, and a combination of didecyldimethylammonium chloride, 2-phenoxyethanol, and cinnamaldehyde applied by atomizer. Tested disinfection procedures of car air conditioning significantly influence the quality of cabin air and surfaces by reducing the amount of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bukłaha
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Infectious Immunology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Anna Bukłaha
| | - Anna Wieczorek
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Infectious Immunology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Ewelina Kruszewska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Majewski
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Infectious Immunology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Dominika Iwaniuk
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Infectious Immunology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Paweł Sacha
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Infectious Immunology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Tryniszewska
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Infectious Immunology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Wieczorek
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Infectious Immunology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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Kruszewska E, Czupryna P, Pancewicz S, Martonik D, Bukłaha A, Moniuszko-Malinowska A. Is Peracetic Acid Fumigation Effective in Public Transportation? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052526. [PMID: 35270221 PMCID: PMC8909421 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic made more people aware of the danger of viruses and bacteria, which is why disinfection began to be used more and more often. Epidemiological safety must be ensured not only in gathering places, but also in home and work environments. It is especially challenging in public transportation, which is a perfect environment for the spread of infectious disease. Therefore, the aim of the study was the identification of bacteria in crowded places and the evaluation of the effect of fumigation with peracetic acid (PAA) in public transportation. Inactivation of microorganisms in buses and long-distance coaches was carried out using an automatic commercial fogging device filled with a solution of peracetic acid stabilized with acetic acid (AA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Before and after disinfection, samples were taken for microbiological tests. The most prevalent bacteria were Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus licheniformis.Staphylococcus epidermidis was only present in buses, whereas Staphylococcus hominis and Exiguobacterium acetylicum were only present in coaches. Statistical analysis showed a significant reduction in the number of microorganisms in samples taken from different surfaces after disinfection in vehicles. The overall effectiveness of disinfection was 81.7% in buses and 66.5% in coaches. Dry fog fumigation with peracetic acid is an effective method of disinfecting public transport vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kruszewska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland; (P.C.); (S.P.); (A.M.-M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Piotr Czupryna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland; (P.C.); (S.P.); (A.M.-M.)
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland; (P.C.); (S.P.); (A.M.-M.)
| | - Diana Martonik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Białystok, Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Anna Bukłaha
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Infectious Immunology, Medical University of Białystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, Żurawia 14, 15-540 Białystok, Poland; (P.C.); (S.P.); (A.M.-M.)
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12
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An Evaluation of Sporicidal Treatments against Blown Pack Spoilage Associated Clostridium estertheticum and Clostridium gasigenes Spores. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Blown pack spoilage (BPS) occurs when meat is cross-contaminated with Clostridium estertheticum or Clostridium gasigenes spores, often from the meat processing environment. This study tested the efficacy of four sporicidal disinfectants commonly used in beef processing plants against C. estertheticum and C. gasigenes spores in a suspension test. D-values were obtained under model ‘clean’ (sterile distilled water, SDW) and ‘dirty’ (3 g/L bovine serum albumin, BSA) conditions. Mean concentration (log10 CFU/mL) were calculated from direct counts. The levels of dipicolinic acid (DPA), indicating damage to the core of these spores, was also monitored using a terbium (Tb)-DPA assay for treatment 1 (peracetic acid as the active ingredient) in SDW and BSA. In SDW sporicidal treatment 3 (containing peroxymonosulphate) was the most effective against C. estertheticum spores but under ‘dirty’ (BSA) conditions sporicidal treatments 1 and 2 were more effective. A similar pattern was obtained with C. gasigenes with treatment 3 being the most effective in SDW but treatment 2 (sodium hypochlorite as the active ingredient) being more effective in BSA. The lower DPA concentrations obtained in SDW versus BSA demonstrated the protective effect of organic matter. It was concluded that meat processors should use a 5% formulation containing sodium hypochlorite, sodium hydroxide and alkylamine oxide to eliminate BPS Clostridial spores in the abattoir.
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13
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Malyshev D, Öberg R, Dahlberg T, Wiklund K, Landström L, Andersson PO, Andersson M. Laser induced degradation of bacterial spores during micro-Raman spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 265:120381. [PMID: 34562861 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Micro-Raman spectroscopy combined with optical tweezers is a powerful method to analyze how the biochemical composition and molecular structures of individual biological objects change with time. In this work we investigate laser induced effects in the trapped object. Bacillus thuringiensis spores, which are robust organisms known for their resilience to light, heat, and chemicals are used for this study. We trap spores and monitor the Raman peak from CaDPA (calcium dipicolinic acid), which is a chemical protecting the spore core. We see a correlation between the amount of laser power used in the trap and the release of CaDPA from the spore. At a laser power of 5 mW, the CaDPA from spores in water suspension remain intact over the 90 min experiment, however, at higher laser powers an induced effect could be observed. SEM images of laser exposed spores (after loss of CaDPA Raman peak was confirmed) show a notable alteration of the spores' structure. Our Raman data indicates that the median dose exposure to lose the CaDPA peak was ∼60 J at 808 nm. For decontaminated/deactivated spores, i.e., treated in sodium hypochlorite or peracetic acid solutions, the sensitivity on laser power is even more pronounced and different behavior could be observed on spores treated by the two chemicals. Importantly, the observed effect is most likely photochemical since the increase of the spore temperature is in the order of 0.1 K as suggested by our numerical multiphysics model. Our results show that care must be taken when using micro-Raman spectroscopy on biological objects since photoinduced effects may substantially affect the results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasmus Öberg
- Dept of Physics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Per Ola Andersson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, Sweden; Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Andersson
- Dept of Physics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå, Sweden.
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Insights into the Structure and Protein Composition of Moorella thermoacetica Spores Formed at Different Temperatures. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010550. [PMID: 35008975 PMCID: PMC8745062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Moorella thermoacetica produces the most heat-resistant spores of any spoilage-causing microorganism known in the food industry. Previous work by our group revealed that the resistance of these spores to wet heat and biocides was lower when spores were produced at a lower temperature than the optimal temperature. Here, we used electron microcopy to characterize the ultrastructure of the coat of the spores formed at different sporulation temperatures; we found that spores produced at 55 °C mainly exhibited a lamellar inner coat tightly associated with a diffuse outer coat, while spores produced at 45 °C showed an inner and an outer coat separated by a less electron-dense zone. Moreover, misarranged coat structures were more frequently observed when spores were produced at the lower temperature. We then analyzed the proteome of the spores obtained at either 45 °C or 55 °C with respect to proteins putatively involved in the spore coat, exosporium, or in spore resistance. Some putative spore coat proteins, such as CotSA, were only identified in spores produced at 55 °C; other putative exosporium and coat proteins were significantly less abundant in spores produced at 45 °C. Altogether, our results suggest that sporulation temperature affects the structure and protein composition of M. thermoacetica spores.
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15
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Pazhani GP, Chowdhury G, Ramamurthy T. Adaptations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus to Stress During Environmental Survival, Host Colonization, and Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:737299. [PMID: 34690978 PMCID: PMC8530187 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.737299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) is an aquatic Gram-negative bacterium that may infect humans and cause gastroenteritis and wound infections. The first pandemic of Vp associated infection was caused by the serovar O3:K6 and epidemics caused by the other serovars are increasingly reported. The two major virulence factors, thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and/or TDH-related hemolysin (TRH), are associated with hemolysis and cytotoxicity. Vp strains lacking tdh and/or trh are avirulent and able to colonize in the human gut and cause infection using other unknown factors. This pathogen is well adapted to survive in the environment and human host using several genetic mechanisms. The presence of prophages in Vp contributes to the emergence of pathogenic strains from the marine environment. Vp has two putative type-III and type-VI secretion systems (T3SS and T6SS, respectively) located on both the chromosomes. T3SS play a crucial role during the infection process by causing cytotoxicity and enterotoxicity. T6SS contribute to adhesion, virulence associated with interbacterial competition in the gut milieu. Due to differential expression, type III secretion system 2 (encoded on chromosome-2, T3SS2) and other genes are activated and transcribed by interaction with bile salts within the host. Chromosome-1 encoded T6SS1 has been predominantly identified in clinical isolates. Acquisition of genomic islands by horizontal gene transfer provides enhanced tolerance of Vp toward several antibiotics and heavy metals. Vp consists of evolutionarily conserved targets of GTPases and kinases. Expression of these genes is responsible for the survival of Vp in the host and biochemical changes during its survival. Advanced genomic analysis has revealed that various genes are encoded in Vp pathogenicity island that control and expression of virulence in the host. In the environment, the biofilm gene expression has been positively correlated to tolerance toward aerobic, anaerobic, and micro-aerobic conditions. The genetic similarity analysis of toxin/antitoxin systems of Escherichia coli with VP genome has shown a function that could induce a viable non-culturable state by preventing cell division. A better interpretation of the Vp virulence and other mechanisms that support its environmental fitness are important for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and spread of infections. This review identifies some of the common regulatory pathways of Vp in response to different stresses that influence its survival, gut colonization and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gururaja Perumal Pazhani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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16
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Noda M, Sakai Y, Sakaguchi Y, Hayashi N. Evaluation of Low-Temperature Sterilization using Hydrogen Peroxide Gas Containing Peracetic Acid. Biocontrol Sci 2021; 25:185-191. [PMID: 33281176 DOI: 10.4265/bio.25.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
In low-temperature sterilization for the medical field, hydrogen peroxide sterilization is widely used for its safety. However, its low penetrability and residual amount of sterilant are major concerns. Recently, the combination of hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid has been found to enforce sporicidal effect, with low concentration in hydrogen peroxide. The application of this finding in medical sterilization is still very limited. To elucidate the combination effect, we compare peracetic acid containing hydrogen peroxide gas sterilizer and conventional hydrogen peroxide gas (plasma) sterilizers. The sterilant penetrability was examined in hollow load process challenge devices with inner diameters of 1 and 2 mm and lengths of 1, 2, and 3 m. As a result, peracetic acid containing hydrogen peroxide gas sterilizer demonstrated total inactivation with all diameters and lengths and achieved the highest sterilant penetrability in this study. The amount of residual sterilant on the surface of the sterilized object was 4.2 μg/cm2, which corresponds to half amount of those of conventional hydrogen peroxide gas sterilizers. These results suggest that the addition of peracetic acid to hydrogen peroxide gas sterilizer can enhance sterilization efficiency and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Noda
- Saga University Hospital Medical Engineering Center
| | | | | | - Nobuya Hayashi
- Kyushu University Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences
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17
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Richards T, Harrhy JH, Lewis RJ, Howe AGR, Suldecki GM, Folli A, Morgan DJ, Davies TE, Loveridge EJ, Crole DA, Edwards JK, Gaskin P, Kiely CJ, He Q, Murphy DM, Maillard JY, Freakley SJ, Hutchings GJ. A residue-free approach to water disinfection using catalytic in situ generation of reactive oxygen species. Nat Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-021-00642-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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McSharry S, Koolman L, Whyte P, Bolton D. Investigation of the Effectiveness of Disinfectants Used in Meat-Processing Facilities to Control Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridioides difficile Spores. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061436. [PMID: 34205779 PMCID: PMC8234884 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spore-forming bacteria are a major concern for the food industry as they cause both spoilage and food safety issues. Moreover, as they are more resistant than vegetative cells, their removal from the food processing environment may be difficult to achieve. This study investigated the efficacy of the ten most commonly used disinfectant agents (assigned 1–10), used at the recommended concentrations in the meat industry, for their ability to eliminate Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridioides difficile spores. Test-tube based suspension assays suggested that disinfectants 2 (10% v/v preparation of a mixture of hydrogen peroxide (10–30%), acetic acid (1–10%) and peracetic acid (1–10%)), 7 (4% w/v preparation of a mixture of peroxymonosulphate (30–50%), sulphamic acid (1–10%) and troclosene sodium (1–10%)) and 10 (2% v/v preparation of a mixture of glutaraldehyde (10–30%), benzalkonium chloride (1–10%)) were the most effective formulations. D-values for these ranged from 2.1 to 8.4 min at 20 °C for the target spores. Based on these findings, it is recommended that these disinfectants are used to control Clostridium spores in the meat plant environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán McSharry
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, 15 Dublin, Ireland; (S.M.); (L.K.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Leonard Koolman
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, 15 Dublin, Ireland; (S.M.); (L.K.)
| | - Paul Whyte
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, 4 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Declan Bolton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, 15 Dublin, Ireland; (S.M.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-0-1-805-9539
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19
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Malyshev D, Dahlberg T, Wiklund K, Andersson PO, Henriksson S, Andersson M. Mode of Action of Disinfection Chemicals on the Bacterial Spore Structure and Their Raman Spectra. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3146-3153. [PMID: 33523636 PMCID: PMC7893628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Contamination of
toxic spore-forming bacteria is problematic since
spores can survive a plethora of disinfection chemicals and it is
hard to rapidly detect if the disinfection chemical has inactivated
the spores. Thus, robust decontamination strategies and reliable detection
methods to identify dead from viable spores are critical. In this
work, we investigate the chemical changes of Bacillus
thuringiensis spores treated with sporicidal agents
such as chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, and sodium hypochlorite
using laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy. We also image treated spores
using SEM and TEM to verify if we can correlate structural changes
in the spores with changes to their Raman spectra. We found that over
30 min, chlorine dioxide did not change the Raman spectrum or the
spore structure, peracetic acid showed a time-dependent decrease in
the characteristic DNA/DPA peaks and ∼20% of the spores were
degraded and collapsed, and spores treated with sodium hypochlorite
showed an abrupt drop in DNA and DPA peaks within 20 min and some
structural damage to the exosporium. Structural changes appeared in
spores after 10 min, compared to the inactivation time of the spores,
which is less than a minute. We conclude that vibrational spectroscopy
provides powerful means to detect changes in spores but it might be
problematic to identify if spores are live or dead after a decontamination
procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Per Ola Andersson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Umeå, 906 21 Sweden.,Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Box 35 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Henriksson
- Umeå Core Facility for Electron Microscopy, Umeå University, Umeå, 901 87 Sweden
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Inactivation of Prions by Low-Temperature Sterilization Technology Using Vaporized Gas Derived from a Hydrogen Peroxide-Peracetic Acid Mixture. Pathogens 2020; 10:pathogens10010024. [PMID: 33396428 PMCID: PMC7824636 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are proteopathies that cause neurodegenerative disorders in humans and animals. Prion is highly resistant to both chemical and physical inactivation. Here, vaporized gas derived from a hydrogen peroxide–peracetic acid mixture (VHPPA) was evaluated for its ability to inactivate prion using a STERIACE 100 instrument (Saraya Co., Ltd.). Brain homogenates of scrapie (Chandler strain) prion-infected mice were placed on a cover glass, air-dried, sealed in a Tyvek package, and subjected to VHPPA treatment at 50–55 °C using 8% hydrogen peroxide and <10% peracetic acid for 47 min (standard mode, SD) or 30 min (quick mode, QC). Untreated control samples were prepared in the same way but without VHPPA. The resulting samples were treated with proteinase K (PK) to separate PK-resistant prion protein (PrPres), as a marker of the abnormal isoform (PrPSc). Immunoblotting showed that PrPres was reduced by both SD and QC VHPPA treatments. PrPres bands were detected after protein misfolding cyclic amplification of control but not VHPPA-treated samples. In mice injected with prion samples, VHPPA treatment of prion significantly prolonged survival relative to untreated samples, suggesting that it decreases prion infectivity. Taken together, the results show that VHPPA inactivates prions and might be applied to the sterilization of contaminated heat-sensitive medical devices.
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21
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Scaramuzza N, Mutti P, Cigarini M, Berni E. Effect of peracetic acid on ascospore-forming molds and test microorganisms used for bio-validations of sanitizing processes in food plants. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 332:108772. [PMID: 32622248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Industrial sterilization of packaging and filling machineries by peracetic acid (PAA) is a widespread practice. In our study we assessed the resistance to PAA of three ascospore-forming molds (Chaetomium globosum ATCC 6205; Talaromyces bacillisporus SSICA 10915; Aspergillus hiratsukae SSICA 3913) compared to that of Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404 and Bacillus atrophaeus DSM 675, that are currently used as test microorganisms during industrial bio-validations of food packaging and machineries. Tests were carried out at 40 °C using 1,000 mg/l of PAA, with or without a supporting material (aluminium, tin-plate, PET). At all conditions tested, a greater resistance to PAA was registered for C. globosum, followed by T. bacillisporus, A. hiratsukae, A. brasiliensis and B. atrophaeus. D-values of C. globosum varied from 23 to 68 min, whereas T. bacillisporus showed D-values from 83 to 352 s and A. hiratsukae showed D-values from 32 to 65 s. Surprisingly, both test microorganisms (A. brasiliensis and B. atrophaeus) proved less resistant than ascospore-forming molds tested, their D-values being always lower than 30 s. Cells treated without a supporting material proved more resistant than those deposited on plastic or metallic strips, with the exception of tin-plate, where results approaching those obtained without a supporting materials were obtained. Based on the results obtained in this paper, test microorganisms currently used for bio-validations in industrial plants and also heat-resistant strains proved sensibly less resistant to PAA than C. globosum. Therefore, for practical purposes C. globosum should be furtherly studied to understand if its use during bio-validations of sanitizing processes could lead to more performing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Scaramuzza
- Stazione Sperimentale per l'Industria delle Conserve Alimentari, SSICA, Viale F. Tanara, 31/A, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Mutti
- Stazione Sperimentale per l'Industria delle Conserve Alimentari, SSICA, Viale F. Tanara, 31/A, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Massimo Cigarini
- Stazione Sperimentale per l'Industria delle Conserve Alimentari, SSICA, Viale F. Tanara, 31/A, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Elettra Berni
- Stazione Sperimentale per l'Industria delle Conserve Alimentari, SSICA, Viale F. Tanara, 31/A, 43121 Parma, Italy.
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22
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Verticillium Wilt of Olive and its Control: What Did We Learn during the Last Decade? PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060735. [PMID: 32545292 PMCID: PMC7356185 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) wilt is one of the most devastating diseases affecting olive (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea) cultivation. Its effective control strongly relies on integrated management strategies. Olive cultivation systems are experiencing important changes (e.g., high-density orchards, etc.) aiming at improving productivity. The impact of these changes on soil biology and the incidence/severity of olive pests and diseases has not yet been sufficiently evaluated. A comprehensive understanding of the biology of the pathogen and its populations, the epidemiological factors contributing to exacerbating the disease, the underlying mechanisms of tolerance/resistance, and the involvement of the olive-associated microbiota in the tree's health is needed. This knowledge will be instrumental to developing more effective control measures to confront the disease in regions where the pathogen is present, or to exclude it from V. dahliae-free areas. This review compiles the most recent advances achieved to understand the olive-V. dahliae interaction as well as measures to control the disease. Aspects such as the molecular basis of the host-pathogen interaction, the identification of new biocontrol agents, the implementation of "-omics" approaches to unravel the basis of disease tolerance, and the utilization of remote sensing technology for the early detection of pathogen attacks are highlighted.
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23
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Sanitizing efficacy and antimicrobial mechanism of peracetic acid against histamine-producing bacterium, Morganella psychrotolerans. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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The efficacy of a simulated tunnel washer process on removal and destruction of Clostridioides difficile spores from health care textiles. Am J Infect Control 2019; 47:1375-1381. [PMID: 31239175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2019.04.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on reducing Clostridioides difficile spore contamination of textiles via laundering is needed. We evaluated the sporicidal properties of 5 laundry chemicals and then determined the ability of a peracetic acid (PAA) laundry cycle to inactivate and/or remove spores from cotton swatches during a simulated tunnel washer (TW) process. METHODS In phase I, spore-inoculated swatches were immersed in alkaline detergent, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, or PAA for 8 minutes. In phase II, inoculated swatches were passed through a simulated 24-minute TW process employing 5 wash liquids. Spore survivors on swatches and in test chemical fluids in both studies were enumerated using standard microbiologic assay methods. RESULTS In phase I, hypochlorite solutions achieved >5 log10 spore reductions on swatches and >3 log10 reductions for wash solutions. PAA achieved minimal spore reduction in the wash solution (0.26 log10). In phase II, the PAA equilibrium-containing process achieved a >5 log10 spore reduction on swatches. In wash solution tests, the cumulative spore reduction peaked at >3.08 log10 in the final module. CONCLUSIONS Sodium hypochlorite as a laundry additive is sporicidal. The cumulative effects of a TW process, coupled with a PAA bleach agent at neutral pH, may render textiles essentially free of C difficile spore contamination.
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25
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Tso KM, Ni B, Wong HC. Oxidative Disinfectants Activate Different Responses in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1890-1895. [PMID: 31622162 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a prevalent seafoodborne enteropathogen that has become a global concern since the spread of its pandemic strain in 1996. This study investigates the responses of this pathogen to the oxidative disinfectants hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, and peracetic acid. Expression of the regulator genes oxyR and rpoS, determined by reverse transcription PCR, in V. parahaemolyticus wild-type, oxyR mutant, and rpoS mutant strains exhibited similar patterns in response to the tested oxidative disinfectants. The transcription of the rpoS gene was markedly enhanced in the oxyR mutant strain in the exponential phase. The expression of catalase KatE1 was tracked by using a LacZ fusion reporter in these strains. The experimental results revealed that KatE1 was a significant scavenger of hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid in V. parahaemolyticus, and RpoS may partially compensate for the regulatory role of OxyR in the oxyR mutant strain. In contrast to its responses to hydrogen peroxide and paracetic acid, KatE1 was not the primary scavenger of chlorine dioxide in these V. parahaemolyticus strains. This study shows that these disinfectants activated a basic oxidative response in this pathogen with different features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ming Tso
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan 111, Republic of China (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5556-7416 [H.-C.W.])
| | - Bin Ni
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan 111, Republic of China (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5556-7416 [H.-C.W.])
| | - Hin-Chung Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan 111, Republic of China (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5556-7416 [H.-C.W.])
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26
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Moody LV, Miyamoto Y, Ang J, Richter PJ, Eckmann L. Evaluation of Peroxides and Chlorine Oxides as Disinfectants for Chemical Sterilization of Gnotobiotic Rodent Isolators. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019; 58:558-568. [PMID: 31319899 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gnotobiotic animal research has expanded markedly over the past decade. Although germ-free animals were first described more than 100 y ago, little evidence-based guidance is available on best operational procedures. A key aspect of gnotobiotic technology is the sterilization of animal enclosures, most commonly flexible vinyl film isolators. The objective of this study was to determine the most effective methods for chemical sterilization of gnotobiotic isolators and associated equipment. As test microbes, we used bacteria from 4 different accidental isolator contaminations that occurred in a gnotobiotic core facility. Identification by 16S ribotyping revealed facultative anaerobic firmicutes, including several Paenibacillus and Bacillus species, and obligate aerobic actinobacteria, namely Micrococcus luteus, among the contaminants. We selected 6 products commonly used for disinfecting hospital rooms, kitchens, and veterinary facilities to represent chlorine-oxide- and peroxide-based disinfectants and tested the hypothesis that these 2 classes are equally effective. However, evaluation of bactericidal and sporicidal activity in liquid cultures revealed that chlorine oxide-based disinfectants were more effective than peroxide-based disinfectants. In both groups, various products effectively sterilized gnotobiotic isolators by fogging in field tests, although bactericidal concentrations were markedly higher than those in suspension cultures, and effectiveness was contact-time-dependent. In addition, in both groups, some disinfectants were excessively corrosive to ferrous metals and acrylic. These results demonstrate that no single disinfectant has all desirable properties and that the different characteristics of disinfectants must be balanced during their selection. However, chlorine oxide-based disinfectants were generally more effective and less corrosive than peroxide-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaTisha V Moody
- Animal Care Program, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jonathan Ang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Philip J Richter
- Animal Care Program, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California;,
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27
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Skowron K, Wałecka-Zacharska E, Grudlewska K, Białucha A, Wiktorczyk N, Bartkowska A, Kowalska M, Kruszewski S, Gospodarek-Komkowska E. Biocidal Effectiveness of Selected Disinfectants Solutions Based on Water and Ozonated Water against Listeria monocytogenes Strains. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E127. [PMID: 31083467 PMCID: PMC6560509 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the biocidal effectiveness of disinfectants solutions prepared with ozonated and non-ozonated water against Listeria monocytogenes. Six L. monocytogenes strains were the research material (four isolates from food: meat (LMO-M), dairy products (LMO-N), vegetables (LMO-W), and fish (LMO-R); one clinical strain (LMO-K) and reference strain ATCC 19111). The evaluation of the biocidal effectiveness of disinfectant solutions (QAC-quaternary ammonium compounds; OA-oxidizing agents; ChC-chlorine compounds; IC-iodine compounds; NANO-nanoparticles) was carried out, marking the MBC values. Based on the obtained results, the effectiveness coefficient (A) were calculated. The smaller the A value, the greater the efficiency of disinfection solutions prepared on the basis of ozonated versus non-ozonated water. Ozonated water showed biocidal efficacy against L. monocytogenes. Among tested disinfectentants, independent on type of water used for preparation, the most effective against L. monocytogenes were: QAC 1 (benzyl-C12-18-alkydimethyl ammonium chlorides) (1.00 × 10-5-1.00 × 10-4 g/mL) in quaternary ammonium compounds, OA 3 (peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, bis (sulphate) bis (peroxymonosulfate)) (3.08 × 10-4 -3.70 × 10-3 g/mL) in oxidizing agents, ChC 1 (chlorine dioxide) (5.00 × 10-8 -7.00 × 10-7 g/mL) in chlorine compounds, IC 1 (iodine) (1.05-2.15 g/mL) in iodine compounds, and NANO 1 (nanocopper) (1.08 × 10-4 - 1.47 × 10-4 g/mL) in nanoparticles. The values of the activity coefficient for QAC ranged from 0.10 to 0.40, for OA-0.15-0.84, for ChC-0.25-0.83, for IC-0.45-0.60, and for NANO-0.70-0.84. The preparation of disinfectants solution on the basis of ozonated water, improved the microbicidal efficiency of the tested disinfectant, especially the quaternary ammonium compounds. An innovative element of our work is the use of ozonated water for the preparation of working solutions of the disinfection agents. Use ozonated water can help to reduce the use of disinfectant concentrations and limit the increasing of microbial resistance to disinfectants. This paper provides many new information to optimize hygiene plans in food processing plants and limit the spread of microorganisms such as L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 9 M. Skłodowska-Curie St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 31 C.K. Norwida St., 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Grudlewska
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 9 M. Skłodowska-Curie St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Agata Białucha
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 9 M. Skłodowska-Curie St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Natalia Wiktorczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 9 M. Skłodowska-Curie St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Agata Bartkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 9 M. Skłodowska-Curie St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Maria Kowalska
- Department of Food Analytics and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Stefan Kruszewski
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jagiellońska 13-15 St., 85⁻067 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 9 M. Skłodowska-Curie St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Wood JP, Adrion AC. Review of Decontamination Techniques for the Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis and Other Spore-Forming Bacteria Associated with Building or Outdoor Materials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4045-4062. [PMID: 30901213 PMCID: PMC6547374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the intentional release of Bacillus anthracis spores through the U.S. Postal Service in the fall of 2001, research and development related to decontamination for this biological agent have increased substantially. This review synthesizes the advances made relative to B. anthracis spore decontamination science and technology since approximately 2002, referencing the open scientific literature and publicly available, well-documented scientific reports. In the process of conducting this review, scientific knowledge gaps have also been identified. This review focuses primarily on techniques that are commercially available and that could potentially be used in the large-scale decontamination of buildings and other structures, as well as outdoor environments. Since 2002, the body of scientific data related to decontamination and microbial sterilization has grown substantially, especially in terms of quantifying decontamination efficacy as a function of several factors. Specifically, progress has been made in understanding how decontaminant chemistry, the materials the microorganisms are associated with, environmental factors, and microbiological methods quantitatively impact spore inactivation. While advancement has been made in the past 15 years to further the state of the science in the inactivation of bacterial spores in a decontamination scenario, further research is warranted to close the scientific gaps that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Wood
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Offce of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina United States
- Corresponding Author: Phone: (919) 541-5029;
| | - Alden Charles Adrion
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Offce of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Postdoctoral Fellow, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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Wong HC, Liao R, Hsu P, Tang CT. Molecular response of Vibrio parahaemolyticus to the sanitizer peracetic acid. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 286:139-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Trunet C, Mtimet N, Mathot AG, Postollec F, Leguérinel I, Couvert O, Carlin F, Coroller L. Effect of incubation temperature and pH on the recovery of Bacillus weihenstephanensis spores after exposure to a peracetic acid-based disinfectant or to pulsed light. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 278:81-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Malleck T, Daufouy G, André S, Broussolle V, Planchon S. Temperature impacts the sporulation capacities and spore resistance of Moorella thermoacetica. Food Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Oberländer J, Mayer M, Greeff A, Keusgen M, Schöning MJ. Spore-based biosensor to monitor the microbicidal efficacy of gaseous hydrogen peroxide sterilization processes. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 104:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wesgate R, Rauwel G, Criquelion J, Maillard JY. Impact of standard test protocols on sporicidal efficacy. J Hosp Infect 2016; 93:256-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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