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Coburn PS, Miller FC, LaGrow AL, Mursalin H, Gregory A, Parrott A, Astley D, Callegan MC. Virulence-related genotypic differences among Bacillus cereus ocular and gastrointestinal isolates and the relationship to endophthalmitis pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1304677. [PMID: 38106476 PMCID: PMC10722173 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1304677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacillus cereus (Bc) can cause self-limiting gastrointestinal infections, but when infecting the eye, can cause rapid and irreversible blindness. This study investigated whether clinical ocular and gastrointestinal Bc isolates differed in terms of virulence-related genotypes and endophthalmitis virulence. Methods Twenty-eight Bc ocular, gastrointestinal, and laboratory reference isolates were evaluated. Hemolysis assays were performed to assess potential differences in hemolytic activity. The presence of twenty Bc virulence-related genes was assessed by PCR. A subset of ocular and gastrointestinal isolates differing in PCR positivity for 5 virulence genes was compared to strain ATCC14579 in an experimental murine model of endophthalmitis. At 8 hours post infection, retinal function was evaluated by electroretinography, and intraocular bacterial concentrations were determined by plate counts. Results Gastrointestinal Bc isolates were more hemolytic than the Bc ocular isolates and ATCC14579 (p < 0.0001). Bc ocular isolates were more frequently PCR-positive for capK, cytK, hblA, hblC, and plcR compared to the gastrointestinal isolates (p ≤ 0.0002). In the endophthalmitis model, mean A-wave retention did not differ significantly between eyes infected with ATCC14579 and eyes infected with the selected ocular or gastrointestinal isolates (p ≥ 0.3528). Similar results were observed for mean B-wave retention (p ≥ 0.0640). Only one diarrheal isolate showed significantly greater B-wave retention when compared to ATCC14579 (p = 0.0303). No significant differences in mean A-wave (p ≥ 0.1535) or B-wave (p ≥ 0.0727) retention between the selected ocular and gastrointestinal isolates were observed. Intraocular concentrations of ATCC14579 were significantly higher than the selected ocular isolate and 3 of the gastrointestinal isolates (p ≤ 0.0303). Intraocular concentrations of the selected ocular isolate were not significantly different from the gastrointestinal isolates (p ≥ 0.1923). Conclusions Among the subset of virulence-related genes assessed, 5 were significantly enriched among the ocular isolates compared to gastrointestinal isolates. While hemolytic activity was higher among gastrointestinal isolates, retinal function retention and intraocular growth was not significantly different between the selected ocular and gastrointestinal isolates. These results suggest that Bc strains causing gastrointestinal infections, while differing from ocular isolates in hemolytic activity and virulence-related gene profile, are similarly virulent in endophthalmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip S. Coburn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Frederick C. Miller
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Austin L. LaGrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Huzzatul Mursalin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Anna Gregory
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Aaron Parrott
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Daniel Astley
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Michelle C. Callegan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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Green Synthesis of Characterized Silver Nanoparticle Using Cullen tomentosum and Assessment of Its Antibacterial Activity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020203. [PMID: 36830116 PMCID: PMC9952626 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants serve as an important source of medicine and provide suitable candidate compounds to produce eco-friendly therapeutic agents. They also represent a source of bio-reducer and stabilizer for the development of nanoparticles for downstream applications. This study focused on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticle (CTAgNP) using Cullen tomentosum (Thunb.) J.W. Grimes acetone extract and the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the plant extract and biogenic nanoparticles against two Gram-positive bacteria strains, namely Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the phytochemical profile of C. tomentosum was established using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The antibacterial effect of the extract and CTAgNP was moderate based on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values obtained. The MIC values of 2.6 mg/mL and 3.1 mg/mL were recorded for C. tomentosum extract against B. cereus and S. aureus, respectively. On the other hand, the CTAgNP had MIC values of 1.5 mg/mL and 2.6 mg/mL against B. cereus and S. aureus, respectively. The nanoparticle exhibited surface charge of -37 ± 7.67 mV and average hydro-dynamic size of 145 nm. X-ray diffraction illustrates that metallic nanoparticles were formed and had a face-centered cubic structure. Microscopic and spectroscopic techniques revealed that the CTAgNP was covered by a protective shell layer constituted of organic compounds originating from the plant extract. The acetone extract of C. tomentosum could be useful to the bio-pharma industries in the large-scale manufacture of nanoparticle-based medications to fight against microbes that constitute a threat to the survival of humanity.
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Lu S, Na K, Li Y, Zhang L, Fang Y, Guo X. Bacillus-derived probiotics: metabolites and mechanisms involved in bacteria-host interactions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1701-1714. [PMID: 36066454 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2118659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus probiotics have a sporulation capacity that makes them more suitable for processing and storage and for surviving passage through the gastrointestinal tract. The probiotic functions and regulatory mechanisms of different Bacillus have been exploited in many reports, but little is known about how various Bacillus probiotics perform different functions. This knowledge gap results in a lack of specificity in the selection and application of Bacillus. The probiotic properties are strain-specific and cell-type-specific, and are related to the germination potential and to the diversity of metabolites produced following intestinal germination, as this causes the variation in probiotic function and mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the Bacillus metabolites produced during germination and sporulation in the GI tract, as well as possible processes affecting intestinal homeostasis. We conclude that the oxygen-capturing capability and the production of antimicrobials, exoenzymes, competence and sporulation factors (CSF), exopolysaccharides, lactic acid, and cell components are specifically associated with the functional mechanisms of probiotic Bacillus. The aim of this review is to guide the screening of potential Bacillus strains for probiotics and their application in nutrition research. The information provided will also promote further research on Bacillus-derived functional metabolites in human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Lu
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kai Na
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yuanrong Li
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ying Fang
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Hubei Province, China
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Carter L, Huang MCJ, Han K, Gangiredla J, Yee J, Chase HR, Negrete F, Tall BD. Characterization and Genetic Diversity of Bacillus cereus Strains Isolated from Baby Wipes. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091779. [PMID: 36144383 PMCID: PMC9502454 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus, a ubiquitous environmental microorganism known to cause foodborne illness, was isolated from samples taken from imported baby wipes from two different countries. These strains were characterized using a comprehensive molecular approach involving endpoint PCR, whole genome sequencing (WGS), comparative genomics, and biochemical analyses. A multiplex endpoint PCR assay was used to identify the enterotoxins: hemolysin BL, nonhemolytic enterotoxin, cytotoxin K, and enterotoxin FM toxin genes. Phylogenetically, the strains clustered into two major groups according to sequence type (ST) and singleton. We used the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) GalaxyTrakr BTyper computational tool to characterize the strains further. As an additional means of characterization, we investigated the possible role of carbohydrate transport systems and their role in nutrient uptake by performing a BLAST analysis of the 40 B. cereus genomes recovered from baby wipes. This study outlines a multifaceted workflow that uses the analysis of enterotoxigenic potential, bioinformatics, genomic diversity, genotype, phenotype, and carbohydrate utilization as a comprehensive strategy to characterize these B. cereus strains isolated from baby wipes and further our understanding of the phylogenetic relatedness of strains associated with baby wipe production facilities that could potentially pose an infection risk to a vulnerable infant population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurenda Carter
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Mei-Chiung J. Huang
- Office of Cosmetics and Color, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Kyuyoung Han
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Jenny Yee
- Office of Regulatory Affairs, San Francisco Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Alameda, CA 94502, USA
| | - Hannah R. Chase
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Flavia Negrete
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Ben D. Tall
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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Biggel M, Jessberger N, Kovac J, Johler S. Recent paradigm shifts in the perception of the role of Bacillus thuringiensis in foodborne disease. Food Microbiol 2022; 105:104025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Castulo-Arcos DA, Adame-Gómez R, Castro-Alarcón N, Galán-Luciano A, Santiago Dionisio MC, Leyva-Vázquez MA, Perez-Olais JH, Toribio-Jiménez J, Ramirez-Peralta A. Genetic diversity of enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus strains in coriander in southwestern Mexico. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13667. [PMID: 35795180 PMCID: PMC9252179 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coriander, like other leafy green vegetables, is available all year round and is commonly consumed raw in Mexico as in other countries in the preparation of street or homemade food. Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) is a microorganism that can reach coriander because it is usually found in the soil and in some regions the vegetables are irrigated with polluted water. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determinate the presence of B. cereus in coriander used for human consumption in southwestern Mexico and determine the toxigenic profile, biofilm production, genes associated with the production of biofilms, sporulation rates, enzymatic profile, psychotropic properties, and genetic diversity of B. cereus. Methods Fresh coriander samples were collected from several vegetable retailers in different markets, microbiological analysis was performed. Molecular identification, genes related to the production of biofilm, and toxin gene profiling of B. cereus isolates were determined by PCR. The biofilm formation was measured by performing a crystal violet assay. The genetic diversity of B. cereus strains was determined by PCR of repetitive elements using oligonucleotide (GTG) 5. Results We found a frequency of B. cereus in vegetables was 20% (13/65). In this study, no strains with genes for the HBL toxin were found. In the case of genes related to biofilms, the frequency was low for sipW [5.8%, (1/17)] and tasA [11.7%, (2/17)]. B. cereus strains produce a low amount of biofilm with sporulation rates around 80%. As for genetic diversity, we observed that strains isolated from the same market, but different vegetable retailers are grouped into clusters. In the coriander marketed in southwestern Mexico, were found B. cereus strains with genes associated with the production of diarrheal toxins. Together, these results show actual information about the state of art of B. cereus strains circulating in the southwestern of Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alexander Castulo-Arcos
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patometabolismo Microbiano/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Roberto Adame-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patometabolismo Microbiano/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Natividad Castro-Alarcón
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Microbiología/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Aketzalli Galán-Luciano
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patometabolismo Microbiano/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - María Cristina Santiago Dionisio
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Análisis Microbiológicos/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Marco A. Leyva-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Jose-Humberto Perez-Olais
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular/Unidad Cuajimalpa, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jeiry Toribio-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Microbiologia Molecular y Biotecnologia Ambiental/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Arturo Ramirez-Peralta
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patometabolismo Microbiano/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
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Esmkhani M, Shams S. Cutaneous infection due to Bacillus cereus: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:393. [PMID: 35448975 PMCID: PMC9022346 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive bacterium that can be found in various natural and human-made environments. It is often involved in gastrointestinal infections and food poisoning; yet, it can rarely cause serious non-gastrointestinal tract infections. CASE PRESENTATION Here we describe a case of B. cereus cutaneous infection of a wound on the hand of a young woman from a rural area in Iran. On admission, she had no systemic symptoms other than a cutaneous lesion. The identification of the causative agent was performed using sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of the bacteria isolated from the wound. The isolated microorganism was identified as B. cereus. Targeted antibiotic therapy with ciprofloxacin was successful. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Although non-intestinal infections caused by B. cereus are rare, it should be taken into consideration that this organism might also cause infections in other parts of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Shams
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
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Haixin Z, Yimei H, Shaoshan A, Haohao L, Xiaoqian D, Pan W, Mengyuan F. Land-use patterns determine the distribution of soil microplastics in typical agricultural areas on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:127806. [PMID: 34802828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Land-use patterns may affect the distribution characteristics of soil microplastics (MPs), but the effects in the agricultural areas of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are still unknown. This study investigated the abundance of MPs in facility, farmland, grassland, and orchard soils in the Qaidam basin and Hehuang valley of Qinghai Province and analyzed its shape, size, color, and polymer composition distribution characteristics from 105 sites. The average abundance of MPs in facility, farmland, and grassland soils in the Hehuang valley were 2795.7, 1860.5, and 910.9 items kg-1, which were 1.33, 4.84, and 1.50 times higher than those in the Qaidam basin, respectively. Orchard soils had 1322.2 items kg-1 MPs. Soil MPs abundance in grassland and farmland was positively correlated with precipitation and 0 cm ground temperature; and negatively correlated with average wind speed (p < 0.05). Both the particle size of < 1 mm and pellet-shape MPs abundance showed a positive correlation with SOC (p < 0.05). Land-use patterns had the most significant affecting force (51.35%) on soil MPs abundance (p < 0.0001). Hence, land-use patterns, regional climate, and soil properties influence the distribution characteristics of soil MPs; besides, the land-use patterns were dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Haixin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and The Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Huang Yimei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and The Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Shaanxi, China.
| | - An Shaoshan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Haohao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and The Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Deng Xiaoqian
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fan Mengyuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and The Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Shaanxi, China
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Qu Y, Wei C, Dai X, Bai Y, Zhao X, Lan Q, Wang W, Wu Y, Gao M, Tang W, Zhou C, Suo Y. The Possible Transmission and Potential Enterotoxicity of Bacillus cereus on Lettuce Farms in Five Chinese Provinces. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:746632. [PMID: 34659182 PMCID: PMC8517410 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.746632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a well-characterized human pathogen that produces toxins associated with diarrheal and emetic foodborne diseases. To investigate the possible transmission of B. cereus on lettuce farms in China and determine its enterotoxicity, (I) a total of 524 samples (lettuce: 332, soil: 69, water: 57, manure: 57, pesticide: 9) were collected from 46 lettuce farms in five Chinese provinces, (II) multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to classify B. cereus isolates and for trace analysis, and (III) the presence of toxin genes and enterotoxins (Hbl and Nhe) was detected in 68 strains. The results showed that one hundred and sixty-one lettuce samples (48.5%) tested positive for B. cereus at levels ranging from 10 to 5.3 × 104 CFU/g. Among the environmental sample categories surveyed, the highest positive rate was that of the pesticide samples at 55.6%, followed by soil samples at 52.2% and manure samples at 12.3%. Moreover, one hundred isolates of B. cereus yielded 68 different sequence types (STs) and were classified into five phylogenetic clades. Furthermore, Nhe toxin genes (nheA, nheB, nheC) were broadly distributed and identified in all 68 strains (100%), while Hbl toxin genes (hblA, hblC, hblD) were present in 61 strains (89.7%), entFM was detected in 62 strains (91.2%), and cytK was found in 29 strains (42.6%). All strains were negative for ces. As for the enterotoxin, Nhe was observed in all 68 isolates carrying nheB, while Hbl was present in 76.5% (52/68) of the strains harboring hblC. This study is the first report of possible B. cereus transmission and of its potential enterotoxicity on lettuce farms in China. The results showed that soil and pesticides are the main sources of B. cereus on lettuce farms in China, and the possible transmission routes are as follows: soil-lettuce, manure-lettuce, pesticide-lettuce, manure-soil-lettuce, and water-manure-soil-lettuce. Furthermore, the B. cereus isolates, whether from lettuce or the environment, pose a potential risk to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Co-Elite Agro-Food Testing Service Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Wei
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohang Dai
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yalong Bai
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Institute of Germplasm Resources and Biotechnology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingkuo Lan
- Institute of Germplasm Resources and Biotechnology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Standards and Testing Technology for Agri-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanjuan Wu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Standards and Testing Technology for Agri-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Min Gao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Weihao Tang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Changyan Zhou
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Co-Elite Agro-Food Testing Service Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yujuan Suo
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Co-Elite Agro-Food Testing Service Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
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Chemical, Biological and Morphological Properties of Fine Particles during Local Rice Straw Burning Activities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18158192. [PMID: 34360485 PMCID: PMC8346042 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rice straw is commonly burned openly after harvesting in Malaysia and many other Asian countries where rice is the main crop. This operation emits a significant amount of air pollution, which can have severe consequences for indoor air quality, public health, and climate change. Therefore, this study focuses on determining the compositions of trace elements and the morphological properties of fine particles. Furthermore, the species of bacteria found in bioaerosol from rice burning activities were discovered in this study. For morphological observation of fine particles, FESEM-EDX was used in this study. Two main categories of particles were found, which were natural particles and anthropogenic particles. The zinc element was found during the morphological observation and was assumed to come from the fertilizer used by the farmers. ICP-OES identifies the concentration of trace elements in the fine particle samples. A cultured method was used in this study by using nutrient agar. From this study, several bacteria were identified: Exiguobavterium indicum, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Desulfonema limicola str. Jadabusan, Exiguobacterium acetylicum, Lysinibacillus macrolides, and Bacillus proteolyticus. This study is important, especially for human health, and further research on the biological composition of aerosols should be conducted to understand the effect of microorganisms on human health.
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12
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Pan-Genome Portrait of Bacillus mycoides Provides Insights into the Species Ecology and Evolution. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0031121. [PMID: 34287030 PMCID: PMC8552610 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00311-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus mycoides is poorly known despite its frequent occurrence in a wide variety of environments. To provide direct insight into its ecology and evolutionary history, a comparative investigation of the species pan-genome and the functional gene categorization of 35 isolates obtained from soil samples from northeastern Poland was performed. The pan-genome of these isolates is composed of 20,175 genes and is characterized by a strong predominance of adaptive genes (∼83%), a significant amount of plasmid genes (∼37%), and a great contribution of prophages and insertion sequences. The pan-genome structure and phylodynamic studies had suggested a wide genomic diversity among the isolates, but no correlation between lineages and the bacillus origin was found. Nevertheless, the two B. mycoides populations, one from Białowieża National Park, the last European natural primeval forest with soil classified as organic, and the second from mineral soil samples taken in a farm in Jasienówka, a place with strong anthropogenic pressure, differ significantly in the frequency of genes encoding proteins enabling bacillus adaptation to specific stress conditions and production of a set of compounds, thus facilitating their colonization of various ecological niches. Furthermore, differences in the prevalence of essential stress sigma factors might be an important trail of this process. Due to these numerous adaptive genes, B. mycoides is able to quickly adapt to changing environmental conditions. IMPORTANCE This research allows deeper understanding of the genetic organization of natural bacterial populations, specifically, Bacillus mycoides, a psychrotrophic member of the Bacillus cereus group that is widely distributed worldwide, especially in areas with continental cold climates. These thorough analyses made it possible to describe, for the first time, the B. mycoides pan-genome, phylogenetic relationship within this species, and the mechanisms behind the species ecology and evolutionary history. Our study indicates a set of functional properties and adaptive genes, in particular, those encoding sigma factors, associated with B. mycoides acclimatization to specific ecological niches and changing environmental conditions.
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Nakayama T, Yamaguchi T, Jinnai M, Yamamoto S, Li HT, Ngo PT, Tran DNM, Nguyen OTH, Hoang PH, Do Nguyen P, Van Dang C, Kumeda Y, Hase A. Untargeted Phylogenetic Group III of Multi-drug-Resistant Bacillus cereus Isolated Using Fraser Medium from Retail Chickens in Ho Chi Minh City. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3115-3123. [PMID: 34173839 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02562-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of food-borne bacteria in developing countries is less well understood than in developed countries. The ISO11290-1 isolation method is commonly used to study Listeria contamination in chicken; however, all isolates are identified as untargeted Bacillus cereus. This study aimed to determine the classification, antibiotic susceptibility, and virulence genes of B. cereus isolated from retail chickens in Vietnam. Bacterial isolation using the ISO11290-1 method yielded 12 strains of B. cereus from seven out of 60 chickens. For determining bacterial diversity, panC and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analyses were performed. PanC analysis showed that all seven strains belong to the phylogenetic group III, to which the highest risk of foodborne illnesses was associated. MLST analysis showed that most strains contained a ST205 complex; further, all strains were found to be resistant to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline. Virulence genes were also investigated. ces, a cereulide-related gene, was detected in 50% of the isolated strains, followed by cytK, nheA, and hblA enterotoxins in 41.7%, 16.7%, and 25% of the strains, respectively. In conclusion, B. cereus may be erroneously detected when attempting to detect Listeria in food using the ISO11290-1 method. Further study of the prevalence of B. cereus in Vietnamese food is needed to improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nakayama
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan.
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michio Jinnai
- Department of Microbiology, Kanagawa Prefecture Institute of Public Health, Chigasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shiori Yamamoto
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hien Thi Li
- Ho Chi Minh Institute of Public Health, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phong Thanh Ngo
- Ho Chi Minh Institute of Public Health, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | - Phuc Do Nguyen
- Ho Chi Minh Institute of Public Health, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Chinh Van Dang
- Ho Chi Minh Institute of Public Health, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Yuko Kumeda
- Center for Microorganism Control, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hase
- Faculty of Contemporary Human Life Science, Tezukayama University, Nara, Japan
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Carroll LM, Cheng RA, Wiedmann M, Kovac J. Keeping up with the Bacillus cereus group: taxonomy through the genomics era and beyond. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7677-7702. [PMID: 33939559 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1916735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Bacillus cereus group, also known as B. cereus sensu lato (s.l.), is a species complex that contains numerous closely related lineages, which vary in their ability to cause illness in humans and animals. The classification of B. cereus s.l. isolates into species-level taxonomic units is thus essential for informing public health and food safety efforts. However, taxonomic classification of these organisms is challenging. Numerous-often conflicting-taxonomic changes to the group have been proposed over the past two decades, making it difficult to remain up to date. In this review, we discuss the major nomenclatural changes that have accumulated in the B. cereus s.l. taxonomic space prior to 2020, particularly in the genomic sequencing era, and outline the resulting problems. We discuss several contemporary taxonomic frameworks as applied to B. cereus s.l., including (i) phenotypic, (ii) genomic, and (iii) hybrid nomenclatural frameworks, and we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each. We offer suggestions as to how readers can avoid B. cereus s.l. taxonomic ambiguities, regardless of the nomenclatural framework(s) they choose to employ. Finally, we discuss future directions and open problems in the B. cereus s.l. taxonomic realm, including those that cannot be solved by genomic approaches alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Carroll
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rachel A Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jasna Kovac
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus cereus. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020098. [PMID: 33525722 PMCID: PMC7911051 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous soil bacterium responsible for two types of food-associated gastrointestinal diseases. While the emetic type, a food intoxication, manifests in nausea and vomiting, food infections with enteropathogenic strains cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Causative toxins are the cyclic dodecadepsipeptide cereulide, and the proteinaceous enterotoxins hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) and cytotoxin K (CytK), respectively. This review covers the current knowledge on distribution and genetic organization of the toxin genes, as well as mechanisms of enterotoxin gene regulation and toxin secretion. In this context, the exceptionally high variability of toxin production between single strains is highlighted. In addition, the mode of action of the pore-forming enterotoxins and their effect on target cells is described in detail. The main focus of this review are the two tripartite enterotoxin complexes Hbl and Nhe, but the latest findings on cereulide and CytK are also presented, as well as methods for toxin detection, and the contribution of further putative virulence factors to the diarrheal disease.
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Manktelow CJ, White H, Crickmore N, Raymond B. Divergence in environmental adaptation between terrestrial clades of the Bacillus cereus group. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 97:5974271. [PMID: 33175127 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus cereus group encompasses beneficial and harmful species in diverse niches and has a much debated taxonomy. Investigating whether selection has led to ecological divergence between phylogenetic clades can help understand the basis of speciation, and has implications for predicting biological safety across this group. Using three most terrestrial species in this group (B. cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus mycoides) we charactererized ecological specialization in terms of resource use, thermal adaptation and fitness in different environmental conditions and tested whether taxonomic species or phylogenetic clade best explained phenotypic variation. All isolates grew vigorously in protein rich media and insect cadavers, but exploitation of soil or plant derived nutrients was similarly weak for all. For B. thuringiensis and B. mycoides, clade and taxonomic species were important predictors of relative fitness in insect infections. Fully psychrotolerant isolates could outcompete B. thuringiensis in insects at low temperature, although psychrotolerance predicted growth in artificial media better than clade. In contrast to predictions, isolates in the Bacillus anthracis clade had sub-optimal growth at 37°C. The common ecological niche in these terrestrial B. cereus species is the ability to exploit protein rich resources such as cadavers. However, selection has led to different phylogenetic groups developing different strategies for accessing this resource. Thus, clades, as well as traditional taxonomic phenotypes, predict biologically important traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C James Manktelow
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Hugh White
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Neil Crickmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Ben Raymond
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
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