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Zhang P, Zhang Y, Pang W, Alonazi MA, Alwathnani H, Rensing C, Xie R, Zhang T. Cenococcum geophilum impedes cadmium toxicity in Pinus massoniana by modulating nitrogen metabolism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174296. [PMID: 38944303 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is of great significance to the absorption, distribution and detoxification of cadmium (Cd). Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are able to affect the key processes of plant N uptake to resist Cd stress, while the mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, we explored potential strategies of Cenococcum geophilum (C. geophilum) symbiosis to alleviate Cd stress in Pinus massoniana (P. massoniana) from the perspective of plant N metabolism and soil N transformation. The results showed that inoculation of C. geophilum significantly increased the activities of NR, NiR and GS in the shoots and roots of P. massoniana, thereby promoting the assimilation of NO3- and NH4+ into amino acids. Moreover, C. geophilum promoted soil urease and protease activities, but decreased soil NH4+ content, indicating that C. geophilum might increase plant uptake of soil inorganic N. qRT-PCR results showed that C3 symbiosis significantly up-regulated the expression of genes encoding functions involved in NH4+ uptake (AMT3;1), NO3- uptake (NRT2.1, NRT2.4, NRT2.9), as well as Cd resistance (ABCC1 and ABCC2), meanwhile down-regulated the expression of NRT7.3, Cd transporter genes (HMA2 and NRAMP3) in the roots of P. massoniana seedlings. These results demonstrated that C. geophilum was able to alleviate Cd stress by increasing the absorption and assimilation of inorganic N in plants and inhibiting the transport of Cd from roots to shoots, which provided new insights into how EMF improved host resistance to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory of Forest Symbiology, College of Juncao Science and Ecology (College of Carbon Neutrality), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuhu Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory of Forest Symbiology, College of Juncao Science and Ecology (College of Carbon Neutrality), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenbo Pang
- International Joint Laboratory of Forest Symbiology, College of Juncao Science and Ecology (College of Carbon Neutrality), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Madeha A Alonazi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hend Alwathnani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Rongzhang Xie
- Forestry Bureau, Sanyuan District, Sanming 365000, China
| | - Taoxiang Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory of Forest Symbiology, College of Juncao Science and Ecology (College of Carbon Neutrality), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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2
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Lofgren L, Nguyen NH, Kennedy P, Pérez-Pazos E, Fletcher J, Liao HL, Wang H, Zhang K, Ruytinx J, Smith AH, Ke YH, Cotter HVT, Engwall E, Hameed KM, Vilgalys R, Branco S. Suillus: an emerging model for the study of ectomycorrhizal ecology and evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1448-1475. [PMID: 38581203 PMCID: PMC11045321 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Research on mycorrhizal symbiosis has been slowed by a lack of established study systems. To address this challenge, we have been developing Suillus, a widespread ecologically and economically relevant fungal genus primarily associated with the plant family Pinaceae, into a model system for studying ectomycorrhizal (ECM) associations. Over the last decade, we have compiled extensive genomic resources, culture libraries, a phenotype database, and protocols for manipulating Suillus fungi with and without their tree partners. Our efforts have already resulted in a large number of publicly available genomes, transcriptomes, and respective annotations, as well as advances in our understanding of mycorrhizal partner specificity and host communication, fungal and plant nutrition, environmental adaptation, soil nutrient cycling, interspecific competition, and biological invasions. Here, we highlight the most significant recent findings enabled by Suillus, present a suite of protocols for working with the genus, and discuss how Suillus is emerging as an important model to elucidate the ecology and evolution of ECM interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotus Lofgren
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Nhu H. Nguyen
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawai‘i at Māno, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Peter Kennedy
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 1475 Gortner Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1475 Gortner Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Eduardo Pérez-Pazos
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1475 Gortner Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jessica Fletcher
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver 1151 Arapahoe St, SI 2071, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Hui-Ling Liao
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Rd Quincy, FL 3235, USA
- Department of Soil, Water and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, 1692 McCarty Dr, Room 2181, Building A, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Haihua Wang
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Rd Quincy, FL 3235, USA
- Department of Soil, Water and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, 1692 McCarty Dr, Room 2181, Building A, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kaile Zhang
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Rd Quincy, FL 3235, USA
| | - Joske Ruytinx
- Research Group of Microbiology and Plant Genetics, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium, USA
| | - Alexander H. Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver 1151 Arapahoe St, SI 2071, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Yi-Hong Ke
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - H. Van T. Cotter
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Herbarium, 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eiona Engwall
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Khalid M. Hameed
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Rytas Vilgalys
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Sara Branco
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver 1151 Arapahoe St, SI 2071, Denver, CO 80204, USA
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3
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Guo H, Liu W, Xie Y, Wang Z, Huang C, Yi J, Yang Z, Zhao J, Yu X, Sibirina LA. Soil microbiome of shiro reveals the symbiotic relationship between Tricholoma bakamatsutake and Quercus mongolica. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1361117. [PMID: 38601932 PMCID: PMC11004381 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1361117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tricholoma bakamatsutake is a delicious and nutritious ectomycorrhizal fungus. However, its cultivation is hindered owing to limited studies on its symbiotic relationships. The symbiotic relationship between T. bakamatsutake and its host is closely related to the shiro, a complex network composed of mycelium, mycorrhizal roots, and surrounding soil. To explore the symbiotic relationship between T. bakamatsutake and its host, soil samples were collected from T. bakamatsutake shiro (Tb) and corresponding Q. mongolica rhizosphere (CK) in four cities in Liaoning Province, China. The physicochemical properties of all the soil samples were then analyzed, along with the composition and function of the fungal and bacterial communities. The results revealed a significant increase in total potassium, available nitrogen, and sand in Tb soil compared to those in CK soil, while there was a significant decrease in pH, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and silt. The fungal community diversity in shiro was diminished, and T. bakamatsutake altered the community structure of its shiro by suppressing other fungi, such as Russula (ectomycorrhizal fungus) and Penicillium (phytopathogenic fungus). The bacterial community diversity in shiro increased, with the aggregation of mycorrhizal-helper bacteria, such as Paenibacillus and Bacillus, and plant growth-promoting bacteria, such as Solirubrobacter and Streptomyces, facilitated by T. bakamatsutake. Microbial functional predictions revealed a significant increase in pathways associated with sugar and fat catabolism within the fungal and bacterial communities of shiro. The relative genetic abundance of carboxylesterase and gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase in the fungal community was significantly increased, which suggested a potential symbiotic relationship between T. bakamatsutake and Q. mongolica. These findings elucidate the microbial community and relevant symbiotic environment to better understand the relationship between T. bakamatsutake and Q. mongolica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Guo
- College of Life Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun, China
- Primorye State Agricultural Academy, Ussuriysk, Russia
| | - Weiye Liu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuqi Xie
- College of Life Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Life Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun, China
| | - Chentong Huang
- College of Life Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun, China
| | - Jingfang Yi
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhaoqian Yang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiachen Zhao
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaodan Yu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lidiya Alekseevna Sibirina
- Primorye State Agricultural Academy, Ussuriysk, Russia
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
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4
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Maillard F, Kohler A, Morin E, Hossann C, Miyauchi S, Ziegler-Devin I, Gérant D, Angeli N, Lipzen A, Keymanesh K, Johnson J, Barry K, Grigoriev IV, Martin FM, Buée M. Functional genomics gives new insights into the ectomycorrhizal degradation of chitin. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:845-858. [PMID: 36702619 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi play a crucial role in the mineral nitrogen (N) nutrition of their host trees. While it has been proposed that several EcM species also mobilize organic N, studies reporting the EcM ability to degrade N-containing polymers, such as chitin, remain scarce. Here, we assessed the capacity of a representative collection of 16 EcM species to acquire 15 N from 15 N-chitin. In addition, we combined genomics and transcriptomics to identify pathways involved in exogenous chitin degradation between these fungal strains. Boletus edulis, Imleria badia, Suillus luteus, and Hebeloma cylindrosporum efficiently mobilized N from exogenous chitin. EcM genomes primarily contained genes encoding for the direct hydrolysis of chitin. Further, we found a significant relationship between the capacity of EcM fungi to assimilate organic N from chitin and their genomic and transcriptomic potentials for chitin degradation. These findings demonstrate that certain EcM fungal species depolymerize chitin using hydrolytic mechanisms and that endochitinases, but not exochitinases, represent the enzymatic bottleneck of chitin degradation. Finally, this study shows that the degradation of exogenous chitin by EcM fungi might be a key functional trait of nutrient cycling in forests dominated by EcM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Maillard
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Emmanuelle Morin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Christian Hossann
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, Silvatech, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Shingo Miyauchi
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | | | - Dominique Gérant
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Angeli
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, Silvatech, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Anna Lipzen
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Keykhosrow Keymanesh
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jenifer Johnson
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kerrie Barry
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Francis M Martin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Marc Buée
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France
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5
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Symbiotic niche mapping reveals functional specialization by two ectomycorrhizal fungi that expands the host plant niche. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Tian Z, Wang T, Tunlid A, Persson P. Proteolysis of Iron Oxide-Associated Bovine Serum Albumin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5121-5130. [PMID: 32208652 PMCID: PMC7311061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are a substantial nitrogen source in soils provided that they can be hydrolyzed into bioavailable small peptides or amino acids. However, the strong associations between proteins and soil minerals restrict such proteolytic reactions. This study focused on how an extracellular fungal protease (Rhizopus sp.) hydrolyzed iron oxide-associated bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the factors that affected the proteolysis. We combined batch experiments with size-exclusion and reversed phase liquid chromatography and in situ infrared spectroscopic measurements to monitor the generation of proteolytic products in solution as well as the real-time changes of the adsorbed BSA during 24 h. Results showed that protease hydrolyzed the iron oxide-associated BSA directly at the surface without an initial desorption of BSA. Concurrently, the protease was adsorbed to vacant surface sites at the iron oxides, which significantly slowed down the rate of proteolysis. This inhibiting effect was counteracted by the presence of preadsorbed phosphate or by increasing the BSA coverage, which prevented protease adsorption. Fast initial rates of iron oxide-associated BSA proteolysis, comparable to proteolysis of BSA in solution, and very slow rates at prolonged proteolysis suggest a large variability in mineral-associated proteins as a nitrogen source in soils and that only a fraction of the protein is bioavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomo Tian
- Department
of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund
University, Ecology Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Centre
for Environmental and Climate Research (CEC), Lund University, Ecology
Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tao Wang
- Department
of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund
University, Ecology Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Tunlid
- Department
of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund
University, Ecology Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Persson
- Department
of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund
University, Ecology Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Centre
for Environmental and Climate Research (CEC), Lund University, Ecology
Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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7
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Stuart EK, Plett KL. Digging Deeper: In Search of the Mechanisms of Carbon and Nitrogen Exchange in Ectomycorrhizal Symbioses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1658. [PMID: 31993064 PMCID: PMC6971170 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi is an advantageous partnership for trees in nutrient-limited environments. Ectomycorrhizal fungi colonize the roots of their hosts and improve their access to nutrients, usually nitrogen (N) and, in exchange, trees deliver a significant portion of their photosynthetic carbon (C) to the fungi. This nutrient exchange affects key soil processes and nutrient cycling, as well as plant health, and is therefore central to forest ecosystem functioning. Due to their ecological importance, there is a need to more accurately understand ECM fungal mediated C and N movement within forest ecosystems such that we can better model and predict their role in soil processes both now and under future climate scenarios. There are a number of hurdles that we must overcome, however, before this is achievable such as understanding how the evolutionary history of ECM fungi and their inter- and intra- species variability affect their function. Further, there is currently no generally accepted universal mechanism that appears to govern the flux of nutrients between fungal and plant partners. Here, we consider the current state of knowledge on N acquisition and transport by ECM fungi and how C and N exchange may be related or affected by environmental conditions such as N availability. We emphasize the role that modern genomic analysis, molecular biology techniques and more comprehensive and standardized experimental designs may have in bringing cohesion to the numerous ecological studies in this area and assist us in better understanding this important symbiosis. These approaches will help to build unified models of nutrient exchange and develop diagnostic tools to study these fungi at various scales and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krista L. Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
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8
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Zak DR, Pellitier PT, Argiroff W, Castillo B, James TY, Nave LE, Averill C, Beidler KV, Bhatnagar J, Blesh J, Classen AT, Craig M, Fernandez CW, Gundersen P, Johansen R, Koide RT, Lilleskov EA, Lindahl BD, Nadelhoffer KJ, Phillips RP, Tunlid A. Exploring the role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in soil carbon dynamics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:33-39. [PMID: 30636276 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi enable plants to access organic nitrogen (N) bound in soil organic matter (SOM) and transfer this growth-limiting nutrient to their plant host, has important implications for our understanding of plant-fungal interactions, and the cycling and storage of carbon (C) and N in terrestrial ecosystems. Empirical evidence currently supports a range of perspectives, suggesting that ECM vary in their ability to provide their host with N bound in SOM, and that this capacity can both positively and negatively influence soil C storage. To help resolve the multiplicity of observations, we gathered a group of researchers to explore the role of ECM fungi in soil C dynamics, and propose new directions that hold promise to resolve competing hypotheses and contrasting observations. In this Viewpoint, we summarize these deliberations and identify areas of inquiry that hold promise for increasing our understanding of these fundamental and widespread plant symbionts and their role in ecosystem-level biogeochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Zak
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Peter T Pellitier
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - WilliamA Argiroff
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Buck Castillo
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Timothy Y James
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lucas E Nave
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Colin Averill
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kaitlyn V Beidler
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Blesh
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Aimée T Classen
- The Rubenstein School of Environment & Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
- The Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Matthew Craig
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | | | - Per Gundersen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1711, Denmark
| | - Renee Johansen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Santa Fe, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Roger T Koide
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Erik A Lilleskov
- US Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 410 Mac Innes Dr., Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Björn D Lindahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - Knute J Nadelhoffer
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | - Anders Tunlid
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden
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9
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Bogar L, Peay K, Kornfeld A, Huggins J, Hortal S, Anderson I, Kennedy P. Plant-mediated partner discrimination in ectomycorrhizal mutualisms. MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:97-111. [PMID: 30617861 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-00879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although ectomycorrhizal fungi have well-recognized effects on ecological processes ranging from plant community dynamics to carbon cycling rates, it is unclear if plants are able to actively influence the structure of these fungal communities. To address this knowledge gap, we performed two complementary experiments to determine (1) whether ectomycorrhizal plants can discriminate among potential fungal partners, and (2) to what extent the plants might reward better mutualists. In experiment 1, split-root Larix occidentalis seedlings were inoculated with spores from three Suillus species (S. clintonianus, S. grisellus, and S. spectabilis). In experiment 2, we manipulated the symbiotic quality of Suillus brevipes isolates on split-root Pinus muricata seedlings by changing the nitrogen resources available, and used carbon-13 labeling to track host investment in fungi. In experiment 1, we found that hosts can discriminate in multi-species settings. The split-root seedlings inhibited colonization by S. spectabilis whenever another fungus was available, despite similar benefits from all three fungi. In experiment 2, we found that roots and fungi with greater nitrogen supplies received more plant carbon. Our results suggest that plants may be able to regulate this symbiosis at a relatively fine scale, and that this regulation can be integrated across spatially separated portions of a root system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bogar
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Kabir Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ari Kornfeld
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Julia Huggins
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Sara Hortal
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Ian Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Peter Kennedy
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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10
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Lohberger A, Spangenberg JE, Ventura Y, Bindschedler S, Verrecchia EP, Bshary R, Junier P. Effect of Organic Carbon and Nitrogen on the Interactions of Morchella spp. and Bacteria Dispersing on Their Mycelium. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:124. [PMID: 30881350 PMCID: PMC6405442 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated how the source of organic carbon (Corg) and nitrogen (Norg) affects the interactions between fungi of the genus Morchella and bacteria dispersing along their hyphae (fungal highways; FH). We demonstrated that bacteria using FH increase the hydrolysis of an organic nitrogen source that only the fungus can degrade. Using purified fungal exudates, we found that this increased hydrolysis was due to bacteria enhancing the activity of proteolytic enzymes produced by the fungus. The same effect was shown for various fungal and bacterial strains. The effect of this enhanced proteolytic activity on bacterial and fungal biomass production varied accordingly to the source of Corg and Norg provided. An increase in biomass for both partners 5 days post-inoculation was only attained with a Norg source that the bacterium could not degrade and when additional Corg was present in the medium. In contrast, all other combinations yielded a decrease on biomass production in the co-cultures compared to individual growth. The coupled cycling of Corg and Norg is rarely considered when investigating the role of microbial activity on soil functioning. Our results show that cycling of these two elements can be related through cross-chemical reactions in independent, albeit interacting microbes. In this way, the composition of organic material could greatly alter nutrient turnover due to its effect on the outcome of interactions between fungi and bacteria that disperse on their mycelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lohberger
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Biogeosciences, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jorge E. Spangenberg
- Stable Isotope and Organic Geochemistry Laboratories, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yolanda Ventura
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Saskia Bindschedler
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Eric P. Verrecchia
- Laboratory of Biogeosciences, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Redouan Bshary
- Laboratory of Eco-ethology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Pilar Junier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Antibus RK, Hobbie EA, Cripps CL. Sporocarp δ15N and use of inorganic and organic nitrogen in vitro differ among host-specific suilloid fungi associated with high elevation five-needle pines. MYCOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Nicholson BA, Jones MD. Early-successional ectomycorrhizal fungi effectively support extracellular enzyme activities and seedling nitrogen accumulation in mature forests. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:247-260. [PMID: 27900594 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
After stand-replacing disturbance, regenerating conifer seedlings become colonized by different ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) than the locally adapted EMF communities present on seedlings in mature forests. We studied whether EMF species that colonized subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) seedlings in clearcuts differed from those that colonized seedlings in adjacent mature forests with respect to mycorrhizoplane extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) and N status of the seedlings. We tested two alternate hypotheses: (1) that EEAs would differ between the two EMF communities, with higher activities associated with forest-origin communities, and (2) that acclimation to soil environment was considerable enough that EEAs would be determined primarily by the soil type in which the ectomycorrhizas were growing. Naturally colonized fir seedlings were reciprocally transplanted between clearcuts and forests, carrying different EMF communities with them. EEAs were influenced more by destination environment than by EMF community. EEAs were as high in early-successional as in late-successional communities in both destination environments. Buds of clearcut-origin seedlings had the same or higher N contents as forest seedlings after a growing season in either environment. These results indicate that (i) symbiotic EMF and/or their associated microbial communities demonstrate substantial ability to acclimate to new field environments; (ii) the ability to produce organic matter-degrading enzymes is not a trait that necessarily distinguishes early- and late-successional EMF communities in symbiosis; (iii) early-successional EMF are as capable of supporting seedling N accumulation in forest soils as late-successional EMF; and (iv) disturbed ecosystems where early-successional EMF are present should have high resilience for organic matter degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey A Nicholson
- Biology Department, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, Sci 385 - 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Melanie D Jones
- Biology Department, University of British Columbia, Okanagan campus, Sci 385 - 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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Qin Y, Pan X, Kubicek C, Druzhinina I, Chenthamara K, Labbé J, Yuan Z. Diverse Plant-Associated Pleosporalean Fungi from Saline Areas: Ecological Tolerance and Nitrogen-Status Dependent Effects on Plant Growth. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:158. [PMID: 28220113 PMCID: PMC5292420 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to mycorrhizal mutualists, the rhizospheric and endophytic fungi are also considered to act as active regulators of host fitness (e.g., nutrition and stress tolerance). Despite considerable work in selected model systems, it is generally poorly understood how plant-associated fungi are structured in habitats with extreme conditions and to what extent they contribute to improved plant performance. Here, we investigate the community composition of root and seed-associated fungi from six halophytes growing in saline areas of China, and found that the pleosporalean taxa (Ascomycota) were most frequently isolated across samples. A total of twenty-seven representative isolates were selected for construction of the phylogeny based on the multi-locus data (partial 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, and transcription elongation factor 1-α), which classified them into seven families, one clade potentially representing a novel lineage. Fungal isolates were subjected to growth response assays by imposing temperature, pH, ionic and osmotic conditions. The fungi had a wide pH tolerance, while most isolates showed a variable degree of sensitivity to increasing concentration of either salt or sorbitol. Subsequent plant-fungal co-culture assays indicated that most isolates had only neutral or even adverse effects on plant growth in the presence of inorganic nitrogen. Interestingly, when provided with organic nitrogen sources the majority of the isolates enhanced plant growth especially aboveground biomass. Most of the fungi preferred organic nitrogen over its inorganic counterpart, suggesting that these fungi can readily mineralize organic nitrogen into inorganic nitrogen. Microscopy revealed that several isolates can successfully colonize roots and form melanized hyphae and/or microsclerotia-like structures within cortical cells suggesting a phylogenetic assignment as dark septate endophytes. This work provides a better understanding of the symbiotic relationship between plants and pleosporalean fungi, and initial evidence for the use of this fungal group in benefiting plant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qin
- Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of ForestryHangzhou, China
| | - Xueyu Pan
- Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of ForestryHangzhou, China
| | - Christian Kubicek
- Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU WienVienna, Austria
| | - Irina Druzhinina
- Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU WienVienna, Austria
| | - Komal Chenthamara
- Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU WienVienna, Austria
| | - Jessy Labbé
- Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU WienVienna, Austria
| | - Zhilin Yuan
- Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of ForestryHangzhou, China
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