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Mahmoodi A, Farinas ET. Applications of Bacillus subtilis Protein Display for Medicine, Catalysis, Environmental Remediation, and Protein Engineering. Microorganisms 2024; 12:97. [PMID: 38257924 PMCID: PMC10821481 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis spores offer several advantages that make them attractive for protein display. For example, protein folding issues associated with unfolded polypeptide chains crossing membranes are circumvented. In addition, they can withstand physical and chemical extremes such as heat, desiccation, radiation, ultraviolet light, and oxidizing agents. As a result, the sequence of the displayed protein can be easily obtained even under harsh screening conditions. Next, immobilized proteins have many economic and technological advantages. They can be easily separated from the reaction and the protein stability is increased in harsh environments. In traditional immobilization methods, proteins are expressed and purified and then they are attached to a matrix. In contrast, immobilization occurs naturally during the sporulation process. They can be easily separated from the reaction and the protein stability is increased in harsh environments. Spores are also amenable to high-throughput screening for protein engineering and optimization. Furthermore, they can be used in a wide array of biotechnological and industrial applications such as vaccines, bioabsorbants to remove toxic chemicals, whole-cell catalysts, bioremediation, and biosensors. Lastly, spores are easily produced in large quantities, have a good safety record, and can be used as additives in foods and drugs.
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Desruelle AV, de Maistre S, Gaillard S, Richard S, Tardivel C, Martin JC, Blatteau JE, Boussuges A, Rives S, Risso JJ, Vallee N. Cecal Metabolomic Fingerprint of Unscathed Rats: Does It Reflect the Good Response to a Provocative Decompression? Front Physiol 2022; 13:882944. [PMID: 35655958 PMCID: PMC9152359 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.882944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
On one side, decompression sickness (DCS) with neurological disorders lead to a reshuffle of the cecal metabolome of rats. On the other side, there is also a specific and different metabolomic signature in the cecum of a strain of DCS-resistant rats, that are not exposed to hyperbaric protocol. We decide to study a conventional strain of rats that resist to an accident-provoking hyperbaric exposure, and we hypothesize that the metabolomic signature put forward may correspond to a physiological response adapted to the stress induced by diving. The aim is to verify and characterize whether the cecal compounds of rats resistant to the provocative dive have a cecal metabolomic signature different from those who do not dive. 35 asymptomatic diver rats are selected to be compared to 21 rats non-exposed to the hyperbaric protocol. Because our aim is essentially to study the differences in the cecal metabolome associated with the hyperbaric exposure, about half of the rats are fed soy and the other half of maize in order to better rule out the effect of the diet itself. Lower levels of IL-1β and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity are registered in blood of diving rats. No blood cell mobilization is noted. Conventional and ChemRICH approaches help the metabolomic interpretation of the 185 chemical compounds analyzed in the cecal content. Statistical analysis show a panel of 102 compounds diet related. 19 are in common with the hyperbaric protocol effect. Expression of 25 compounds has changed in the cecal metabolome of rats resistant to the provocative dive suggesting an alteration of biliary acids metabolism, most likely through actions on gut microbiota. There seem to be also weak changes in allocations dedicated to various energy pathways, including hormonal reshuffle. Some of the metabolites may also have a role in regulating inflammation, while some may be consumed for the benefit of oxidative stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Virginie Desruelle
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Equipe de Recherche Subaquatique Opérationnelle, Toulon Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien de Maistre
- Service de Médecine Hyperbare Expertise Plongée, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Sainte-Anne, Toulon Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Catherine Tardivel
- C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, BIOMET, Aix Marseille University, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Charles Martin
- C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, BIOMET, Aix Marseille University, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Eric Blatteau
- Service de Médecine Hyperbare Expertise Plongée, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Sainte-Anne, Toulon Cedex, France
| | - Alain Boussuges
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Equipe de Recherche Subaquatique Opérationnelle, Toulon Cedex, France
| | - Sarah Rives
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Equipe de Recherche Subaquatique Opérationnelle, Toulon Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Risso
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Equipe de Recherche Subaquatique Opérationnelle, Toulon Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Vallee
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Equipe de Recherche Subaquatique Opérationnelle, Toulon Cedex, France
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Vallee,
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Mohsin MZ, Omer R, Huang J, Mohsin A, Guo M, Qian J, Zhuang Y. Advances in engineered Bacillus subtilis biofilms and spores, and their applications in bioremediation, biocatalysis, and biomaterials. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2021; 6:180-191. [PMID: 34401544 PMCID: PMC8332661 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a commonly used commercial specie with broad applications in the fields of bioengineering and biotechnology. B. subtilis is capable of producing both biofilms and spores. Biofilms are matrix-encased multicellular communities that comprise various components including exopolysaccharides, proteins, extracellular DNA, and poly-γ-glutamic acid. These biofilms resist environmental conditions such as oxidative stress and hence have applications in bioremediation technologies. Furthermore, biofilms and spores can be engineered through biotechnological techniques for environmentally-friendly and safe production of bio-products such as enzymes. The ability to withstand with harsh conditions and producing spores makes Bacillus a suitable candidate for surface display technology. In recent years, the spores of such specie are widely used as it is generally regarded as safe to use. Advances in synthetic biology have enabled the reprogramming of biofilms to improve their functions and enhance the production of value-added products. Globally, there is increased interest in the production of engineered biosensors, biocatalysts, and biomaterials. The elastic modulus and gel properties of B. subtilis biofilms have been utilized to develop living materials. This review outlines the formation of B. subtilis biofilms and spores. Biotechnological engineering processes and their increasing application in bioremediation and biocatalysis, as well as the future directions of B. subtilis biofilm engineering, are discussed. Furthermore, the ability of B. subtilis biofilms and spores to fabricate functional living materials with self-regenerating, self-regulating and environmentally responsive characteristics has been summarized. This review aims to resume advances in biological engineering of B. subtilis biofilms and spores and their applications.
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Key Words
- Bacillus subtilis
- Biocatalysis
- Biofilms
- Biomaterials
- Bioremediation
- Extracellular DNA, (eDNA)
- Extracellular Polymeric Substance/ Exopolysaccharide, (EPS)
- Gold nanoparticles, (AuNPs)
- Green fluorescent protein, (GFP)
- Isopropylthio-β-d-galactoside, (IPTG)
- Menaquinoe-7, (MK-7)
- Microbial fuel cell, (MFC)
- Mono (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid, (MHET)
- N-Acetyl-d-neuraminic Acid, (Neu5Ac)
- N-acetylglucosamine, (GlcNAc)
- Nanoparticles, (NPs)
- Nickel nitriloacetic acid, (Ni-NTA)
- Organophosphorus hydrolase, (OPH)
- Paranitrophenol, (PNP)
- Paraoxon, (PAR)
- Quantum dots, (QDs)
- Spores
- Synthetic biology
- d-psicose 3-epimerase, (DPEase)
- l-Arabinose Isomerase, (L-AI)
- p-aminophenol, (PAP)
- β-Galactosidase, (β-Gal)
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair Mohsin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Rabia Omer
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jiaofang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Ali Mohsin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Meijin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jiangchao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yingping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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Yang H, Lu L, Chen X. An overview and future prospects of sialic acids. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 46:107678. [PMID: 33285252 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias) are negatively charged functional monosaccharides present in a wide variety of natural sources (plants, animals and microorganisms). Sias play an important role in many life processes, which are widely applied in the medical and food industries as intestinal antibacterials, antivirals, anti-oxidative agents, food ingredients, and detoxification agents. Most Sias are composed of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac, >99%), and Sia is its most commonly used name. In this article, we review Sias in terms of their structures, applications, determination methods, metabolism, and production strategies. In particular, we summarise and compare different production strategies, including extraction from natural sources, chemical synthesis, polymer decomposition, enzymatic synthesis, whole-cell catalysis, and de novo biosynthesis via microorganism fermentation. We also discuss research on their physiological functions and applications, barriers to efficient production, and strategies for overcoming these challenges. We focus on efficient de novo biosynthesis strategies for Neu5Ac via microbial fermentation using novel synthetic biology tools and methods that may be applied in future. This work provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances on Sias, and addresses future challenges regarding their functions, applications, and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liping Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; College of life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Pang Q, Han H, Xu Y, Liu X, Qi Q, Wang Q. Exploring Amino Sugar and Phosphoenolpyruvate Metabolism to Improve Escherichia coli N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11758-11764. [PMID: 32960055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
N-acetyl-d-neuraminic acid (NeuAc) has attracted considerable attention because of its wide-ranging applications. The use of cheap carbon sources such as glucose without the addition of any precursor in microbial NeuAc production has many advantages. In this study, improved NeuAc production was attained through the optimization of amino sugar metabolism pathway kinetics and reservation of a phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) pool in Escherichia coli. N-acylglucosamine 2-epimerase and N-acetylneuraminate synthase from different sources and their best combinations were used to obtain optimized enzyme kinetics and expression intensity, which resulted in a significant increase in NeuAc production. Next, after a design was engineered for enabling the PEP metabolic pathway to retain the PEP pool, the production of NeuAc reached 16.7 g/L, which is the highest NeuAc production rate that has been reported from using glucose as the sole carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiao Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Hao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Ya Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Qingsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
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6
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Microbial production of sialic acid and sialylated human milk oligosaccharides: Advances and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:787-800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zhao L, Tian R, Shen Q, Liu Y, Liu L, Li J, Du G. Pathway Engineering of
Bacillus subtilis
for Enhanced
N
‐Acetylneuraminic Acid Production via Whole‐Cell Biocatalysis. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800682. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
| | - Rongzhen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
| | - Qingyang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University214122 Wuxi China
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Chen X, Zhou J, Zhang L, Pu Z, Liu L, Shen W, Fan Y. Development of an Escherichia coli-based biocatalytic system for the efficient synthesis of N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid. Metab Eng 2018; 47:374-382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chen H, Ullah J, Jia J. Progress in Bacillus subtilis Spore Surface Display Technology towards Environment, Vaccine Development, and Biocatalysis. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 27:159-167. [DOI: 10.1159/000475177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spore surface display is the most desirable with enhanced effects, low cost, less time consuming and the most promising technology for environmental, medical, and industrial development. Spores have various applications in industry due to their ability to survive in harsh industrial processes including heat resistance, alkaline tolerance, chemical tolerance, easy recovery, and reusability. Yeast and bacteria, including gram-positive and -negative, are the most frequently used organisms for the display of various proteins (eukaryotic and prokaryotic), but unlike spores, they can rupture easily due to nutritive properties, susceptibility to heat, pH, and chemicals. Hence, spores are the best choice to avoid these problems, and they have various applications over nonspore formers due to amenability for laboratory purposes. Various strains of <i>Clostridium</i> and <i>Bacillus</i> are spore formers, but the most suitable choice for display is <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> because, according to the WHO, it is safe to humans and considered as “GRAS” (generally recognized as safe). This review focuses on the application of spore surface display towards industries, vaccine development, the environment, and peptide library construction, with cell surface display for enhanced protein expression and high enzymatic activity. Different vectors, coat proteins, and statistical analyses can be used for linker selection to obtain greater expression and high activity of the displayed protein.
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Wang H, Wang Y, Yang R. Recent progress in Bacillus subtilis spore-surface display: concept, progress, and future. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:933-949. [PMID: 28062973 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With the increased knowledge on spore structure and advances in biotechnology engineering, the newly developed spore-surface display system confers several inherent advantages over other microbial cell-surface display systems including enhanced stability and high safety. Bacillus subtilis is the most commonly used Bacillus species for spore-surface display. The expression of heterologous antigen or protein on the surface of B. subtilis spores has now been practiced for over a decade with noteworthy success. As an update and supplement to other previous reviews, we comprehensively summarize recent studies in the B. subtilis spore-surface display technique. We focus on its benefits as well as the critical factors affecting its display efficiency and offer suggestions for the future success of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, 311800, China.
| | - Yunxiang Wang
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, 311800, China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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Klermund L, Riederer A, Hunger A, Castiglione K. Protein engineering of a bacterial N-acyl-d-glucosamine 2-epimerase for improved stability under process conditions. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 87-88:70-8. [PMID: 27178797 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic cascade reactions, i.e. the combination of several enzyme reactions in one pot without isolation of intermediates, have great potential for the establishment of sustainable chemical processes. However, many cascade reactions suffer from cross-inhibitions and enzyme inactivation by components of the reaction system. This study focuses on the two-step enzymatic synthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) using an N-acyl-d-glucosamine 2-epimerase from Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 (AvaAGE) in combination with an N-acetylneuraminate lyase (NAL) from Escherichia coli. AvaAGE epimerizes N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) to N-acetyl-d-mannosamine (ManNAc), which then reacts with pyruvate in a NAL-catalyzed aldol condensation to form Neu5Ac. However, AvaAGE is inactivated by high pyruvate concentrations, which are used to push the NAL reaction toward the product side. A biphasic inactivation was observed in the presence of 50-800mM pyruvate resulting in activity losses of the AvaAGE of up to 60% within the first hour. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that pyruvate modifies one of the four lysine residues in the ATP-binding site of AvaAGE. Because ATP is an allosteric activator of the epimerase and the binding of the nucleotide is crucial for its catalytic properties, saturation mutagenesis at position K160 was performed to identify the most compatible amino acid exchanges. The best variants, K160I, K160N and K160L, showed no inactivation by pyruvate, but significantly impaired kinetic parameters. For example, depending on the mutant, the turnover number kcat was reduced by 51-68% compared with the wild-type enzyme. A mechanistic model of the Neu5Ac synthesis was established, which can be used to select the AvaAGE variant that is most favorable for a given process condition. The results show that mechanistic models can greatly facilitate the choice of the right enzyme for an enzymatic cascade reaction with multiple cross-inhibitions and inactivation phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Klermund
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Amelie Riederer
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Annique Hunger
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Kathrin Castiglione
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Klermund L, Riederer A, Groher A, Castiglione K. High-level soluble expression of a bacterial N-acyl-d-glucosamine 2-epimerase in recombinant Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 111:36-41. [PMID: 25804337 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
N-Acyl-d-glucosamine 2-epimerase (AGE) is an important enzyme for the biocatalytic synthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). Due to the wide range of biological applications of Neu5Ac and its derivatives, there has been great interest in its large-scale synthesis. Thus, suitable strategies for achieving high-level production of soluble AGE are needed. Several AGEs from various organisms have been recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli. However, the soluble expression level was consistently low with an excessive formation of inclusion bodies. In this study, the effects of different solubility-enhancement tags, expression temperatures, chaperones and host strains on the soluble expression of the AGE from the freshwater cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 (AvaAGE) were examined. The optimum combination of tag, expression temperature, co-expression of chaperones and host strain (His6-tag, 37°C, GroEL/GroES, E. coli BL21(DE3)) led to a 264-fold improvement of the volumetric epimerase activity, a measure of the soluble expression, compared to the starting conditions (His6-maltose-binding protein-tag, 20°C, without chaperones, E. coli BL21(DE3)). A maximum yield of 22.5mg isolated AvaAGE per liter shake flask culture was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Klermund
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Amelie Riederer
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Anna Groher
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Castiglione
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Schüürmann J, Quehl P, Festel G, Jose J. Bacterial whole-cell biocatalysts by surface display of enzymes: toward industrial application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8031-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Catalytic transformation of HODAs using an efficient meta-cleavage product hydrolase-spore surface display system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Klermund L, Groher A, Castiglione K. New N-acyl-D-glucosamine 2-epimerases from cyanobacteria with high activity in the absence of ATP and low inhibition by pyruvate. J Biotechnol 2013; 168:256-63. [PMID: 23850800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetylneuraminic acid, an important component of glycoconjugates with various biological functions, can be produced from N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and pyruvate using a one-pot, two-enzyme system consisting of N-acyl-D-glucosamine 2-epimerase (AGE) and N-acetylneuraminate lyase (NAL). In this system, the epimerase catalyzes the conversion of GlcNAc into N-acetyl-D-mannosamine (ManNAc). However, all currently known AGEs have one or more disadvantages, such as a low specific activity, substantial inhibition by pyruvate and strong dependence on allosteric activation by ATP. Therefore, four novel AGEs from the cyanobacteria Acaryochloris marina MBIC 11017, Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413, Nostoc sp. PCC 7120, and Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102 were characterized. Among these enzymes, the AGE from the Anabaena strain showed the most beneficial characteristics. It had a high specific activity of 117±2 U mg(-1) at 37 °C (pH 7.5) and an up to 10-fold higher inhibition constant for pyruvate as compared to other AGEs indicating a much weaker inhibitory effect. The investigation of the influence of ATP revealed that the nucleotide has a more pronounced effect on the Km for the substrate than on the enzyme activity. At high substrate concentrations (≥200 mM) and without ATP, the enzyme reached up to 32% of the activity measured with ATP in excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Klermund
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Enhanced production of N-acetyl-d-neuraminic acid by multi-approach whole-cell biocatalyst. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4775-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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