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Guzmán EA, Peterson TA, Winder PL, Francis KT, McFarland M, Roberts JC, Sandle J, Wright AE. An Assessment of Potential Threats to Human Health from Algae Blooms in the Indian River Lagoon (USA) 2018-2021: Unique Patterns of Cytotoxicity Associated with Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:664. [PMID: 37999526 PMCID: PMC10675324 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Indian River Lagoon (IRL), a 156-mile-long estuary located on the eastern coast of Florida, experiences phytoplankton bloom events due to increased seasonal temperatures coupled with anthropogenic impacts. This study aimed to gather data on the toxicity to human cells and to identify secondary metabolites found in water samples collected in the IRL. Water samples from 20 sites of the IRL were collected during the wet and dry seasons over a three-year period. A panel of cell lines was used to test cytotoxicity. Hemagglutination, hemolysis, and inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) were also measured. Cytotoxic blooms were seen both in the south (Microcystis) and the north (Pyrodinium) of the IRL. Each toxin induced a consistent pattern of cytotoxicity in the panel of human cell lines assayed. During blooms, cytotoxicity due to a single type of toxin is obvious from this pattern. In the absence of blooms, the cytotoxicity seen reflected either a mixture of toxins or it was caused by an unidentified toxin. These observations suggest that other toxins with the potential to be harmful to human health may be present in the IRL. Moreover, the presence of toxins in the IRL is not always associated with blooms of known toxin-producing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther A. Guzmán
- The Florida Center for Coastal and Human Health, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; (T.A.P.); (P.L.W.); (K.T.F.); (M.M.); (J.C.R.); (J.S.); (A.E.W.)
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2
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Bilibana MP, Williams AR, Rassie C, Sunday CE, Makelane H, Wilson L, Ntshongontshi N, Jijana AN, Masikini M, Baker PGL, Iwuoha EI. Electrochemical Aptatoxisensor Responses on Nanocomposites Containing Electro-Deposited Silver Nanoparticles on Poly(Propyleneimine) Dendrimer for the Detection of Microcystin-LR in Freshwater. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 16:E1901. [PMID: 27845719 PMCID: PMC5134560 DOI: 10.3390/s16111901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and reagentless electrochemical aptatoxisensor was developed on cobalt (II) salicylaldiimine metallodendrimer (SDD-Co(II)) doped with electro-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for microcystin-LR (L, l-leucine; R, l-arginine), or MC-LR, detection in the nanomolar range. The GCE|SDD-Co(II)|AgNPs aptatoxisensor was fabricated with 5' thiolated aptamer through self-assembly on the modified surface of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and the electronic response was measured using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Specific binding of MC-LR with the aptamer on GCE|SDD-Co(II)|AgNPs aptatoxisensor caused the formation of a complex that resulted in steric hindrance and electrostatic repulsion culminating in variation of the corresponding peak current of the electrochemical probe. The aptatoxisensor showed a linear response for MC-LR between 0.1 and 1.1 µg·L-1 and the calculated limit of detection (LOD) was 0.04 µg·L-1. In the detection of MC-LR in water samples, the aptatoxisensor proved to be highly sensitive and stable, performed well in the presence of interfering analog and was comparable to the conventional analytical techniques. The results demonstrate that the constructed MC-LR aptatoxisensor is a suitable device for routine quantification of MC-LR in freshwater and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mawethu P Bilibana
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa.
| | - Avril R Williams
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, St. Michael BB11000, Barbados.
| | - Candice Rassie
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa.
| | - Christopher E Sunday
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa.
| | - Hlamulo Makelane
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa.
| | - Lindsay Wilson
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa.
| | - Nomaphelo Ntshongontshi
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa.
| | - Abongile N Jijana
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa.
| | - Milua Masikini
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa.
| | - Priscilla G L Baker
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa.
| | - Emmanuel I Iwuoha
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa.
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Ohkouchi Y, Tajima S, Nomura M, Itoh S. Inflammatory responses and potencies of various lipopolysaccharides from bacteria and cyanobacteria in aquatic environments and water supply systems. Toxicon 2015; 97:23-31. [PMID: 25666398 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory substances derived from indigenous bacteria in aquatic environments or water systems are of great concern. Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), one of the major inflammatory substances in water, are usually identified using Limurus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay on the basis of their endotoxic activity, but endotoxin levels do not accurately represent their inflammatory potency in humans. In this investigation, the cellular endotoxin contents of pure-cultured bacteria/cyanobacteria, which are frequently detected in water sources and distribution systems, and of indigenous bacteria in a river and in biologically activated carbon (BAC) effluent, were investigated. The indigenous bacteria showed the highest endotoxin contents exceeding 10(-3)EU/cell. The LPSs were then purified from those samples, and their inflammatory potencies were examined using a human monocytic cell line. The LPSs from Acinetobacter lwoffii culture, the river water, and the BAC effluent sample revealed a unique cytokine secretion pattern; they induced both IL-8 and TNF-α more strongly than the other tested bacterial LPSs. These results suggest that natural bacterial/cyanobacterial flora in aquatic environments and water distribution systems have the potential to induce relatively strong inflammatory responses in humans; therefore, further accumulation of data on water quality from the perspective of not just endotoxins but inflammatory potency is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Ohkouchi
- Department of Global Ecology, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura CI-2-233, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Tajima
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura CI-2-233, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nomura
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura CI-2-233, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Itoh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura CI-2-233, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
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Jencek JE, Beaufrère H, Tully TN, Garner MM, Dunker FH, Baszler TV. An outbreak of Chlamydophila psittaci in an outdoor colony of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). J Avian Med Surg 2013; 26:225-31. [PMID: 23409434 DOI: 10.1647/2010-046r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of Chlamydophila psittaci occurred in an outdoor colony of 63 Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) at the San Francisco Zoo. Affected penguins presented with inappetence, lethargy, and light green urates. Hematologic and serum biochemical findings were consistent with chronic inflammation. Penguins did not respond to initial supportive and antimicrobial therapy, and 3 died. Necropsy results of the 3 birds revealed hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, and histologic lesions included necrotizing hepatitis, splenitis, and vasculitis. Chlamydophila psittaci infection was confirmed by results of Gimenez staining, immunohistochemistry, and tissue polymerase chain reaction assay. As additional birds continued to present with similar clinical signs, the entire colony of penguins was prophylactically treated with a 30-day minimum course of doxycycline, administered orally or intramuscularly or as a combination of both. Despite treatment, 9 additional penguins died during a 3-month period. Pathologic results from these birds revealed renal and visceral gout (n = 4), cardiac insufficiency (n = 2), sepsis from a suspected esophageal perforation (n = 2), and no gross lesions (n = 1). During the outbreak, 4 birds presented with seizures, 5 developed dermatitis, and nearly 90% of birds in the colony showed severe keratoconjunctivitis, believed to be related to drug therapy with doxycycline. We report the clinical and pathologic features of Chlamydophila psittaci infection in an outdoor colony of penguins and the associated challenges of treatment.
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Draper WM, Xu D, Perera SK. Electrolyte-Induced Ionization Suppression and Microcystin Toxins: Ammonium Formate Suppresses Sodium Replacement Ions and Enhances Protiated and Ammoniated Ions for Improved Specificity in Quantitative LC-MS-MS. Anal Chem 2009; 81:4153-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802735t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William M. Draper
- California Department of Public Health, Sanitation & Radiation Laboratory, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, California 94804
| | - Dadong Xu
- California Department of Public Health, Sanitation & Radiation Laboratory, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, California 94804
| | - S. Kusum Perera
- California Department of Public Health, Sanitation & Radiation Laboratory, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, California 94804
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6
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Carmichael WW, Jones CL, Mahmood NA, Theiss WC, Krogh P. Algal toxins and water‐based diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10643388509381734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Lincoln RA, Strupinski K, Walker JM. The Use of Artemia nauplii (Brine Shrimp Larvae) to Detect Toxic Compounds from Microalgal Cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1076/phbi.34.5.384.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Lincoln
- Division of Biosciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - K Strupinski
- Division of Biosciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - J M Walker
- Division of Biosciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts, AL10 9AB, UK
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8
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Wase NV, Wright PC. Systems biology of cyanobacterial secondary metabolite production and its role in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 3:903-29. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.8.903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nishikant V Wase
- The University of Sheffield, Biological and Environmental Systems Group, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Mappin St., Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK ;
| | - Phillip C Wright
- The University of Sheffield, Biological and Environmental Systems Group, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Mappin St., Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK ;
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9
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Ding XS, Li XY, Duan HY, Chung IK, Lee JA. Toxic effects of Microcystis cell extracts on the reproductive system of male mice. Toxicon 2006; 48:973-9. [PMID: 17010404 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the reproductive toxicity of male mice treated with Microcystis aeruginosa cell extracts containing microcystins was examined. In contrast to the control group, male mice exposed intraperitoneally to 3.33 or 6.67 microg microcystins/kg body weight for 14 days had decreased mean body weight, and the mean absolute weight of the testes and epididymides was decreased. However, the mean relative weight of the testes increased compared to the controls. In addition, histological examination of microcystin-treated mice indicated that the testes were damaged and the space between the seminiferous tubules was more pronounced compared to control mice. The quality of mature sperm in the seminiferous tubules was also decreased in treated mice compared with the control group. Further studies showed that motility and viability of the sperm from microcystin-treated mice were reduced, but no significant difference was found in the concentration and abnormality of the sperm from treated mice compared to the control. This study indicated that microcystins had numerous toxic effects on the reproductive system of male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Sheng Ding
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xin Xiang 453007, PR China
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10
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11
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Determination of microcystin-LR in surface water using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem electrospray ionization mass detector. Talanta 2004; 62:191-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2003.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2003] [Revised: 07/11/2003] [Accepted: 07/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Jimbo M, Yamaguchi M, Muramoto K, Kamiya H. Cloning of the Microcystis aeruginosa M228 lectin (MAL) gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 273:499-504. [PMID: 10873634 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned and characterized the gene encoding Microcystis aeruginosa (strain M228) lectin (MAL). The gene contains 1551 nucleotides and an open reading frame for a protein of 517 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 55,159 Da. The carboxy-terminal region of MAL has three tandemly repeated homologous domains composed of 61 amino acids. These regions show similarity to the corresponding regions of the alpha-amylase of Clostridium beijerinckii (23% identity). The mal gene lies adjacent to an ORF that display homology to cytochrome P-450 and polyketide synthase. Southern hybridization showed that the genomic DNA of the strain M228 contained, in addition to MAL gene (mal), at least two other mal like gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jimbo
- Department of Marine Biochemistry, Kitasato University, Sanriku, Iwate, 022-0101, Japan.
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13
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Abstract
Preparative reversed-phase liquid chromatography was successfully used to purify two microcystins (microcystin LR and microcystin LA) from a cyanobacterial process waste. The separation protocol involved extraction of lyophilized cells by methanol, isolation and concentration by solid-phase extraction, and purification by reversed-phase HPLC. Milligram-level loading of microcystins was obtained on a solid-phase extraction cartridge packed with 0.5 g of C18 stationary phase. The separations were first carried out on an analytical column and then scaled-up to a preparative column. The microcystins were quantified by HPLC and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A method to remove microcystins rapidly and economically from the cyanobacterial process waste is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramanan
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331-3906, USA
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14
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Yamaguchi M, Ogawa T, Muramoto K, Kamio Y, Jimbo M, Kamiya H. Isolation and characterization of a mannan-binding lectin from the freshwater cyanobacterium (blue-green algae) Microcystis viridis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 265:703-8. [PMID: 10600484 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microcystis viridis NIES-102 strain, a unicellular freshwater bloom-forming cyanobacterium, showed transient hemagglutinating activity in laboratory culture during stationary phase under nonaeration conditions. However, the hemagglutinating activity which was inhibited with yeast mannan could not be observed during culture with aeration. A mannan-binding lectin named MVL was isolated with the assay of the hemagglutinating activity against rabbit erythrocytes from the cyanobacterium by successive hydrophobic and gel filtration chromatography. MVL was composed of a single polypeptide of 13 kDa. The gene (mvl) for MVL was cloned from a genomic DNA of NIES-102 strain as a template, and its sequence was determined. The deduced amino acid sequence showed that MVL consisted of 113 amino acid residues and was composed of two tandemly repeated homologous domains of 54 amino acid residues. MVL showed no sequence homology to any other lectins or proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan
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15
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Hummert C, Reichelt M, Legrand C, Graneli E, Luckas B. Rapid clean-up and effective sample preparation procedure for unambiguous determination of the cyclic peptides microcystin and nodularin. Chromatographia 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Yamaguchi M, Jimbo M, Sakai R, Muramoto K, Kamiya H. Purification and characterization of Microcystis aeruginosa (freshwater cyanobacterium) lectin. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998; 119:593-7. [PMID: 9734343 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(98)00033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa, strain M228, a laboratory culture of freshwater cyanobacterium, showed hemagglutinating activity against rabbit, horse and human ABO erthrocytes. Crossed absorption tests revealed the presence of a single type of lectin in the extract of M228 strain cells. The lectin, termed MAL, was purified in combination with the affinity chromatography on acid-treated agarose gel and the gel permeation chromatography in an electrophoretically pure form. MAL was a glycoprotein containing 7.8% neutral sugars and was composed of a single polypeptide having a molecular weight of 57 kDa. Isoelectric point was estimated to be pH 6.4. Hemagglutinating activity of the lectin was inhibited effectively by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and by glycoproteins. D-galactose and lactose also showed moderate inhibitory activity. The destruction of the hemagglutinating activity by a 2-mercaptoethanol treatment suggests the presence of intra-chain disulfide bond(s) essential for the activity in the molecule. The sequence of the amino-terminal region of MAL was determined as Val-Leu-Ala-Ser-Leu-Val-Ser-Thr-Ser-Gln-Ala-Gly-Ser-Leu-Glu-Leu-Leu- Ala [corrected].
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamaguchi
- Department of Marine Biochemistry, School of Fisheries Sciences, Kitasato University, Iwate, Japan
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17
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Bateman KP, Thibault P, Douglas DJ, White RL. Mass spectral analyses of microcystins from toxic cyanobacteria using on-line chromatographic and electrophoretic separations. J Chromatogr A 1995; 712:253-68. [PMID: 8556152 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00438-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The application of capillary electrophoresis and of reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry is presented for the analysis of microcystins isolated from toxic strains of Microcystis aeruginosa. The separation performance of these two techniques is compared in terms of both sensitivity and of resolution of closely related microcystins. Quantitation of microcystin-LR present at low micrograms/ml concentrations in cell extracts is demonstrated using both techniques. A marked advantage of capillary electrophoresis over liquid chromatography was its ability to resolve different desmethyl microcystin-LR analogues. Identification of these positional isomers was facilitated using capillary electrophoresis combined with tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS). Rationalization of fragment ions observed in MS-MS spectra of microcystins was made possible through comparison with 15N labelled microcystins obtained from stable isotope feeding experiments. The potential of tandem mass spectrometry in providing selective detection of microcystins in cell extracts, and in structural characterization of novel microcystins, was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Bateman
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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18
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Bagchi SN, Chauhan VS, Marwah JB. Effect of an antibiotic fromOscillatoria late-virens on growth, photosynthesis, and toxicity ofmicrocystis aeruginosa. Curr Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01577380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Henning K, Meyer H, Kraatz-Wadsack G, Cremer J. Detection of a cytotoxic substance produced by the cyanobacteriumMicrocystis aeruginosa strain PCC 7806: Isolation and differentiation from the peptide toxin microcystin-LR by cytotoxicity assays. Curr Microbiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01571020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Shirai M, Ohtake A, Sano T, Matsumoto S, Sakamoto T, Sato A, Aida T, Harada K, Shimada T, Suzuki M. Toxicity and toxins of natural blooms and isolated strains of Microcystis spp. (Cyanobacteria) and improved procedure for purification of cultures. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57:1241-5. [PMID: 1905521 PMCID: PMC182875 DOI: 10.1128/aem.57.4.1241-1245.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
All samples of cyanobacterial blooms collected from 1986 to 1989 from Lake Kasumigaura, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, were hepatotoxic. The 50% lethal doses (LD50s) of the blooms to mice ranged from 76 to 556 mg/kg of body weight. Sixty-eight Microcystis cell clones (67 Microcystis aeruginosa and 1 M. viridis) were isolated from the blooms. Twenty-three strains (including the M. viridis strain) were toxic. However, the ratio of toxic to nontoxic strains among the blooms varied (6 to 86%). Microcystins were examined in six toxic strains. Five toxic strains produced microcystin-RR, -YR, and -LR, with RR being the dominant toxin in these strains. Another strain produced 7-desmethylmicrocystin-LR and an unknown microcystin. This strain showed the highest toxicity. Establishment of axenic strains from the Microcystis cells exhibiting extracellularly mucilaginous materials was successful by using a combination of the agar plate technique and two-step centrifugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shirai
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
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21
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Rojas M, Nuñez MT, Zambrano F. Inhibitory effect of a toxic peptide isolated from a waterbloom of Microcystis sp. (Cyanobacteria) on iron uptake by rabbit reticulocytes. Toxicon 1990; 28:1325-32. [PMID: 2128422 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(90)90097-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a soluble toxin purified from the algae bloom of a eutrophic lake dominated by Microcystis on the receptor-mediated endocytosis of ferro-transferrin in rabbit reticulocytes was studied. The toxin was a very effective inhibitor of cell iron uptake. Kinetic studies using 125I, 59Fe-labeled transferrin indicated that the step of ferrotransferrin internalization was selectively inhibited by the toxin while the surface receptor-binding capacity, the externalization of previously internalized transferrin, and the cellular ATP levels were not affected. These findings indicate that the reduction of iron uptake caused by the toxin is due to inhibition of the internalization of surface-located transferrin-transferrin receptor complexes, perhaps due to a disruption of cytoskeleton integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rojas
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile
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22
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Wright BW, Ross GA, Smith RD. Capillary zone electrophoresis with laser fluorescence detection of marine toxins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/mcs.1220010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Eriksson JE, Hägerstrand H, Isomaa B. Cell selective cytotoxicity of a peptide toxin from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 930:304-10. [PMID: 3115307 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(87)90003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a cyclic peptide toxin, isolated from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, on cell morphology and ion transport in human erythrocytes, isolated rat hepatocytes and mouse fibroblasts (3T3) were studied. Neither in erythrocytes nor in fibroblasts did the toxin cause morphological alterations. In hepatocytes the toxin induced marked morphological alterations at a concentration of about 50 nM. In erythrocytes and fibroblasts no effects on ion transport were observed. In hepatocytes the toxin induced a significant increase in both phosphate and potassium efflux at concentrations far below the concentration causing morphological alterations (0.1 and 1 nM, respectively). It is suggested that the cytotoxicity of the toxin is not due to a non-specific interaction with the plasma membrane and that the effects of the toxin in hepatocytes are probably due to an interaction of the toxin with cytoskeletal elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Eriksson
- Department of Biology, Abo Akademi, Turku, Finland
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Berg K, Søli E. Effects of Oscillatoria agardhii-toxins on blood pressure and isolated organ preparations. Acta Vet Scand 1986. [PMID: 3938183 DOI: 10.1186/bf03546537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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van der Westhuizen AJ, Eloff JN. Effect of temperature and light on the toxicity and growth of the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa (UV-006). PLANTA 1985; 163:55-9. [PMID: 24249268 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/1984] [Accepted: 07/19/1984] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity and growth of Microcystis aeruginosa (UV-006) from the Hartbeespoort Dam, South Africa were investigated at different temperatures and photon fluence rates under laboratory conditions. Cells harvested in late logarithmic growth phase were most toxic when grown at 20°C (LD50) median lethal dose [IP, mouse]=25.4 mg kg(-1)). Toxicity was markedly reduced at growth temperatures above 28° C. Fluence rate had a smaller effect on the toxicity of the cells, but toxicity tended to be less at the very low and high light fluences. Optimal conditions for growth did not coincide with those for toxin production. Well-aerated cultures of this isolate kept at pH 9.5 by CO2 addition, a temperature of 20-24° C, a fluence rate of 145 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1) and harvested in the late logarithmic growth phase yielded the maximum quantity of toxin.
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Berg K, Søli NE. Effects of Oscillatoria agardhii-toxins on blood pressure and isolated organ preparations. Acta Vet Scand 1985; 26:374-84. [PMID: 3938183 PMCID: PMC8202708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic extracts of the blue-green alga Oscillatoria agardhii were tested for their effect on various isolated laboratory animal preparations. The Oscillatoria-toxins did not show hemagglutinative or hemolytical properties. An immediate rise in blood pressure was seen after intravenous injection in rats. As regards isolated organs, effects were most marked on the liver. Addition of toxic extract to isolated liver perfusion fluid led to physiological, biochemical and pathological changes indicating severe damage to the organ. Negative chronotropic and inotropic effects were found on the isolated heart. The toxins did not influence isolated smooth muscle or nerve striated muscle preparations.
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Grabow WO, Du Randt WC, Prozesky OW, Scott WE. Microcystis aeruginosa toxin: cell culture toxicity, hemolysis, and mutagenicity assays. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982; 43:1425-33. [PMID: 6808921 PMCID: PMC244250 DOI: 10.1128/aem.43.6.1425-1433.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Crude toxin was prepared by lyophilization and extraction of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa from four natural sources and a unicellular laboratory culture. The responses of cultures of liver (Mahlavu and PCL/PRF/5), lung (MRC-5), cervix (HeLa), ovary (CHO-K1), and kidney (BGM, MA-104, and Vero) cell lines to these preparations did not differ significantly from one another, indicating that toxicity was not specific for liver cells. The results of a trypan blue staining test showed that the toxin disrupted cell membrane permeability within a few minutes. Human, mouse, rat, sheep, and Muscovy duck erythrocytes were also lysed within a few minutes. Hemolysis was temperature dependent, and the reaction seemed to follow first-order kinetics. Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, and Tetrahymena pyriformis were not significantly affected by the toxin. The toxin yielded negative results in Ames/Salmonella mutagenicity assays. Microtiter cell culture, trypan blue, and hemolysis assays for Microcystis toxin are described. The effect of the toxin on mammalian cell cultures was characterized by extensive disintegration of cells and was distinguishable from the effects of E. coli enterotoxin, toxic chemicals, and pesticides. A possible reason for the acute lethal effect of Microcystis toxin, based on cytolytic activity, is discussed.
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