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Adamberg K, Adamberg S, Ernits K, Larionova A, Voor T, Jaagura M, Visnapuu T, Alamäe T. Composition and metabolism of fecal microbiota from normal and overweight children are differentially affected by melibiose, raffinose and raffinose-derived fructans. Anaerobe 2018; 52:100-110. [PMID: 29935270 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the metabolism of non-digestible oligo- and polysaccharides by fecal microbiota, using isothermal microcalorimetry. The five tested substrates were raffinose, melibiose, a mixture of oligo- and polysaccharides produced from raffinose by levansucrase, levan synthesized from raffinose, and levan from timothy grass. Two inocula were comprised of pooled fecal samples from overweight or normal-weight children, from healthy adult volunteers and a pure culture of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron as a reference bacterium for colon microbiota. The growth was analyzed based on the heat evolution curves, and the production of organic acids and gases. Taxonomic profiles of the microbiota were assessed by 16S rDNA sequencing. Raffinose and melibiose promoted the growth of bifidobacteria in all fecal pools. Several pool-specific substrate-related responses to raffinose and melibiose were revealed. Lactate-producing bacteria (Streptococcus and Enterococcus) became enriched in the pool of overweight children resulting in lactic acid as the major fermentation product on short saccharides. Acetic and butyric acids were prevalent at fermentation in the normal-weight pool coinciding with the enrichment of Catenibacterium. In the adult pool, the specific promotion of Bacteroides and Lachnospiraceae by levans was disclosed. In the fecal pool of normal-weight children, levans stimulated the growth of Senegalimassilia and Lachnoclostridium and this particular pool also showed the highest maximum heat production rate at levan fermentation. Levans and raffinose-derived oligosaccharides, but not raffinose and melibiose were completely fermented by a pure culture of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. The main conclusion from the study is that fecal microbiota of normal and overweight children have different compositions and they respond in specific manners to non-digestible oligo- and polysaccharides: raffinose, melibiose, raffinose-derived oligosaccharides and levans. The potential of the tested saccharides to support a healthy balance of colon microbiota requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaarel Adamberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia; Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Signe Adamberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Karin Ernits
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Anneli Larionova
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Tiia Voor
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Madis Jaagura
- Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Triinu Visnapuu
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Tiina Alamäe
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.
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Reddy SK, Bågenholm V, Pudlo NA, Bouraoui H, Koropatkin NM, Martens EC, Stålbrand H. A β-mannan utilization locus in Bacteroides ovatus involves a GH36 α-galactosidase active on galactomannans. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2106-18. [PMID: 27288925 PMCID: PMC5094572 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Bacova_02091 gene in the β‐mannan utilization locus of Bacteroides ovatus encodes a family GH36 α‐galactosidase (BoGal36A), transcriptionally upregulated during growth on galactomannan. Characterization of recombinant BoGal36A reveals unique properties compared to other GH36 α‐galactosidases, which preferentially hydrolyse terminal α‐galactose in raffinose family oligosaccharides. BoGal36A prefers hydrolysing internal galactose substitutions from intact and depolymerized galactomannan. BoGal36A efficiently releases (> 90%) galactose from guar and locust bean galactomannans, resulting in precipitation of the polysaccharides. As compared to other GH36 structures, the BoGal36A 3D model displays a loop deletion, resulting in a wider active site cleft which likely can accommodate a galactose‐substituted polymannose backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitha K Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Viktoria Bågenholm
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Nicholas A Pudlo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hanene Bouraoui
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Nicole M Koropatkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric C Martens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Henrik Stålbrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Sweden
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Aga1, the first alpha-Galactosidase from the human bacteria Ruminococcus gnavus E1, efficiently transcribed in gut conditions. Res Microbiol 2011; 163:14-21. [PMID: 22036918 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Differential gene expression analysis was performed in monoxenic mice colonized with Ruminococcus gnavus strain E1, a major endogenous member of the gut microbiota. RNA arbitrarily primed-PCR fingerprinting assays allowed to specifically detect the in vivo expression of the aga1 gene, which was further confirmed by RT-PCR. The aga1 gene encoded a protein of 744 residues with calculated molecular mass of 85,207 Da. Aga1 exhibited significant similarity with previously characterized α-Galactosidases of the GH 36 family. Purified recombinant protein demonstrated high catalytic activity (104 ± 7 U mg(-1)) and efficient p-nitrophenyl-α-d-galactopyranoside hydrolysis [k(cat)/K(m) = 35.115 ± 8.82 s(-1) mM(-1) at 55 °C and k(cat)/K(m) = 17.48 ± 4.25 s(-1) mM(-1) at 37 °C].
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King MR, White BA, Blaschek HP, Chassy BM, Mackie RI, Cann IKO. Purification and characterization of a thermostable alpha-galactosidase from Thermoanaerobacterium polysaccharolyticum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:5676-5682. [PMID: 12236697 DOI: 10.1021/jf0202281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Food ingredients containing alpha-1,6-galactoside bonds elicit gastrointestinal disturbances in monogastric animals, including humans. Pretreatment of such ingredients with alpha-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22) has the potential to alleviate this condition. For this purpose, a thermostable alpha-galactosidase from Thermoanaerobacterium polysaccharolyticum was purified by a combination of anion exchange and size exclusion chromatographies. The enzyme has a monomeric molecular weight of approximately 80 kDa; however, it is active as a dimer. The optimum temperature for enzyme activity is 77.5 degrees C. Approximately 84 and 88% of enzyme activity remained after 36.5 h of incubation at 70 and 65 degrees C, respectively. Optimum activity was observed at pH 8.0, with a broad range of activity from pH 5.0 to 9.0. Different transition metals had weak to strong inhibitory effects on enzyme activity. The K(m) and V(max) of the enzyme are 0.29-0.345 mM and 200-232 micromol/min/mg of protein, respectively. Importantly, enzyme activity was only slightly inhibited by 75-100 mM galactose, an end product of hydrolysis. Enzyme activity was specific for the alpha-1,6-galactosyl bond, and activity was demonstrated on melibiose and soy molasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R King
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, USA
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Abstract
Despite the fact that genetic manipulation is an essential adjunct of studies of microbial physiology, many important bacterial species are still not accessible to genetic manipulation. In many cases, the people who know the organism best and have studied its physiology extensively have little experience with genetic techniques and are uncertain how to set up a new system. In this article, we describe what we have learned in the process of developing a genetic system for Bacteroides spp. and helping to develop genetic tools for two related species of bacteria: Porphromonas gingivalis and Prevotella ruminicola. We discuss the relative usefulness of different types of genetic tools and make some suggestions about how to construct them.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Salyers
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, 601 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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Hautefort I, Roels A, Tailliez P, Ladiré M, Raibaud P, Ducluzeau R, Fons M. Selection of Lactobacillus fermentum strains able to durably colonize the digestive tract of mice harboring a complex human flora. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a ubiquitous pathogen that produces many toxins and hydrolytic enzymes. Because the toxin-encoding genes can be located on extrachromosomal elements or in variable regions of the chromosome, several pathovars have arisen, each of which is involved in a specific disease. Pathovar identification is required for a precise diagnosis of associated pathologies and to define vaccine requirements. For these purposes, toxin genotyping is more reliable than the classical toxinotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Petit
- Centre National de Reference des Anaérobies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Valentine PJ, Arnold P, Salyers AA. Cloning and partial characterization of two chromosomal loci from Bacteroides ovatus that contain genes essential for growth on guar gum. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:1541-8. [PMID: 1622223 PMCID: PMC195638 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.5.1541-1548.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we isolated three transposon insertion mutants of Bacteroides ovatus (M-4, M-5, and M-7) that were unable to grow on the branched polysaccharide guar gum. In this study, we used a tetracycline resistance gene on the transposon to clone chromosomal DNA adjacent to the transposon insertions in each of the three mutants. Restriction analysis of the flanking chromosomal DNA in M-4 and M-7 revealed that the insertions in these two mutants were in the same location. The cloned DNA adjacent to the insertions in M-5 and M-7 was used as a hybridization probe to clone the wild-type loci. Two clones of about 10 kbp in size were obtained. Restriction analysis showed that these two clones did not overlap. The clone of the M-5 locus appeared to contain all of the genes affected by the M-5 insertion, but we were unable to demonstrate complementation of the M-5 mutation because of the instability of the clone in this background. Analysis of the clone of the M-7 locus showed that it contained a guar gum-regulated promoter, but the transcript originating from this promoter was not affected by the transposon insertion. Thus, the M-7 locus apparently contains at least two separate transcriptional units, the one defined by this promoter and the one interrupted by the transposon insertion. Insertion mutations downstream of the guar gum-regulated promoter demonstrated that there were essential guar gum utilization genes in this region. The M-7 mutant was eliminated by the wild type in the intestinal tracts of germfree mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Valentine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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