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Rønne ME, Tandrup T, Madsen M, Hunt CJ, Myers PN, Moll JM, Holck J, Brix S, Strube ML, Aachmann FL, Wilkens C, Svensson B. Three alginate lyases provide a new gut Bacteroides ovatus isolate with the ability to grow on alginate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0118523. [PMID: 37791757 PMCID: PMC10617595 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01185-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans consume alginate in the form of seaweed, food hydrocolloids, and encapsulations, making the digestion of this mannuronic acid (M) and guluronic acid (G) polymer of key interest for human health. To increase knowledge on alginate degradation in the gut, a gene catalog from human feces was mined for potential alginate lyases (ALs). The predicted ALs were present in nine species of the Bacteroidetes phylum, of which two required supplementation of an endo-acting AL, expected to mimic cross-feeding in the gut. However, only a new isolate grew on alginate. Whole-genome sequencing of this alginate-utilizing isolate suggested that it is a new Bacteroides ovatus strain harboring a polysaccharide utilization locus (PUL) containing three ALs of families: PL6, PL17, and PL38. The BoPL6 degraded polyG to oligosaccharides of DP 1-3, and BoPL17 released 4,5-unsaturated monouronate from polyM. BoPL38 degraded both alginates, polyM, polyG, and polyMG, in endo-mode; hence, it was assumed to deliver oligosaccharide substrates for BoPL6 and BoPL17, corresponding well with synergistic action on alginate. BoPL17 and BoPL38 crystal structures, determined at 1.61 and 2.11 Å, respectively, showed (α/α)6-barrel + anti-parallel β-sheet and (α/α)7-barrel folds, distinctive for these PL families. BoPL17 had a more open active site than the two homologous structures. BoPL38 was very similar to the structure of an uncharacterized PL38, albeit with a different triad of residues possibly interacting with substrate in the presumed active site tunnel. Altogether, the study provides unique functional and structural insights into alginate-degrading lyases of a PUL in a human gut bacterium.IMPORTANCEHuman ingestion of sustainable biopolymers calls for insight into their utilization in our gut. Seaweed is one such resource with alginate, a major cell wall component, used as a food hydrocolloid and for encapsulation of pharmaceuticals and probiotics. Knowledge is sparse on the molecular basis for alginate utilization in the gut. We identified a new Bacteroides ovatus strain from human feces that grew on alginate and encoded three alginate lyases in a gene cluster. BoPL6 and BoPL17 show complementary specificity toward guluronate (G) and mannuronate (M) residues, releasing unsaturated oligosaccharides and monouronic acids. BoPL38 produces oligosaccharides degraded by BoPL6 and BoPL17 from both alginates, G-, M-, and MG-substrates. Enzymatic and structural characterization discloses the mode of action and synergistic degradation of alginate by these alginate lyases. Other bacteria were cross-feeding on alginate oligosaccharides produced by an endo-acting alginate lyase. Hence, there is an interdependent community in our guts that can utilize alginate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette E. Rønne
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tobias Tandrup
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Madsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Cameron J. Hunt
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Enzyme Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pernille N. Myers
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Disease Systems Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Janne M. Moll
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Disease Systems Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jesper Holck
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Enzyme Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Susanne Brix
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Disease Systems Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikael L. Strube
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Bacterial Ecophysiology and Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Finn L. Aachmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Casper Wilkens
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Enzyme Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Structural Enzymology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Hayase E, Hayase T, Mukherjee A, Stinson SC, Jamal MA, Ortega MR, Sanchez CA, Ahmed SS, Karmouch JL, Chang CC, Flores II, McDaniel LK, Brown AN, El-Himri RK, Chapa VA, Tan L, Tran BQ, Pham D, Halsey TM, Jin Y, Tsai WB, Prasad R, Glover IK, Ajami NJ, Wargo JA, Shelburne S, Okhuysen PC, Liu C, Fowler SW, Conner ME, Peterson CB, Rondon G, Molldrem JJ, Champlin RE, Shpall EJ, Lorenzi PL, Mehta RS, Martens EC, Alousi AM, Jenq RR. Bacteroides ovatus alleviates dysbiotic microbiota-induced intestinal graft-versus-host disease. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2460097. [PMID: 36778495 PMCID: PMC9915792 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2460097/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute gastrointestinal intestinal GVHD (aGI-GVHD) is a serious complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and the intestinal microbiota is known to impact on its severity. However, an association between treatment response of aGI-GVHD and the intestinal microbiota has not been well-studied. In a cohort of patients with aGI-GVHD (n=37), we found that non-response to standard therapy with corticosteroids was associated with prior treatment with carbapenem antibiotics and loss of Bacteroides ovatus from the microbiome. In a mouse model of carbapenem-aggravated GVHD, introducing Bacteroides ovatus reduced severity of GVHD and improved survival. Bacteroides ovatus reduced degradation of colonic mucus by another intestinal commensal, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, via its ability to metabolize dietary polysaccharides into monosaccharides, which then inhibit mucus degradation by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and reduce GVHD-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Hayase
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Tomo Hayase
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Akash Mukherjee
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Stuart C. Stinson
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mohamed A. Jamal
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Miriam R. Ortega
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Christopher A. Sanchez
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Saira S. Ahmed
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Karmouch
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Chia-Chi Chang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Ivonne I. Flores
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Lauren K. McDaniel
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Alexandria N. Brown
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Rawan K. El-Himri
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Valerie A. Chapa
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Lin Tan
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77230, USA
| | - Bao Q. Tran
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77230, USA
| | - Dung Pham
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Taylor M. Halsey
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Yimei Jin
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Wen-Bin Tsai
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Rishika Prasad
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Israel K. Glover
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Nadim J. Ajami
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Wargo
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Samuel Shelburne
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Pablo C. Okhuysen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Stephanie W. Fowler
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Margaret E. Conner
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christine B. Peterson
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Gabriela Rondon
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Molldrem
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Richard E. Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Philip L. Lorenzi
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77230, USA
| | - Rohtesh S. Mehta
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Eric C. Martens
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Amin M. Alousi
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Robert R. Jenq
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- CPRIT Scholar in Cancer Research, Houston, Texas, USA
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Li Y, Sun H, Huang Y, Yin A, Zhang L, Han J, Lyu Y, Xu X, Zhai Y, Sun H, Wang P, Zhao J, Sun S, Dong H, Zhu F, Wang Q, Augusto Rohde L, Xie X, Sun X, Xiong L. Gut metagenomic characteristics of ADHD reveal low Bacteroides ovatus-associated host cognitive impairment. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2125747. [PMID: 36128620 PMCID: PMC9519028 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2125747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heterogeneous psychiatric disorder that can have three phenotypical presentations: inattentive (I-ADHD), hyperactive-impulsive (HI-ADHD), and combined (C-ADHD). Environmental factors correlated with the gut microbiota community have been implicated in the development of ADHD. However, whether different ADHD symptomatic presentations are associated with distinct microbiota compositions and whether patients could benefit from the correction of aberrant bacterial colonization are still largely unclear. We carried out metagenomic shotgun analysis with 207 human fecal samples to characterize the gut microbial profiles of patients with ADHD grouped according to their phenotypical presentation. Then, we transplanted the candidate low-abundance bacteria identified in patient subgroups into ADHD rats and evaluated ADHD-associated behaviors and neuronal activation in these rats. Patients with C-ADHD had a different gut microbial composition from that of healthy controls (HCs) (p = .02), but not from that of I-ADHD patients. Eight species became progressively attenuated or enriched when comparing the compositions of HCs to those of I-ADHD and C-ADHD; in particular, the abundance of Bacteroides ovatus was depleted in patients with C-ADHD. In turn, Bacteroides ovatus supplementation ameliorated spatial working memory deficits and reversed θ electroencephalogram rhythm alterations in ADHD rats. In addition, Bacteroides ovatus induced enhanced neuronal activation in the hippocampal CA1 subregion. These findings indicate that gut microbial characteristics that are unique to patients with C-ADHD may be masked when considering a more heterogeneous group of patients. We link the gut microbiota to brain function in an ADHD animal model, suggesting the relevance of testing a potential bacteria-based intervention for some aspects of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China,CONTACT Yan Li Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiting Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | | | - Anqi Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Linjuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiao Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yixuan Lyu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiangzhao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yifang Zhai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Huan Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | | | | | - Hailong Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- ADHD and Developmental Psychiatry Programs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Xuefeng Xie
- BGI-Sanya, Sanya, China,Xuefeng Xie BGI-Sanya, Sanya, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China,Xin Sun Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lize Xiong
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence & Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai, China,Lize Xiong Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence & Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai, China
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Wang W, Wang Y, Yi H, Liu Y, Zhang G, Zhang L, Mayo KH, Yuan Y, Zhou Y. Biochemical Characterization of Two Rhamnogalacturonan Lyases From Bacteroides ovatus ATCC 8483 With Preference for RG-I Substrates. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:799875. [PMID: 35087500 PMCID: PMC8787155 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.799875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan lyase (RGL) cleaves backbone α-1,4 glycosidic bonds between L-rhamnose and D-galacturonic acid residues in type I rhamnogalacturonan (RG-I) by β-elimination to generate RG oligosaccharides with various degrees of polymerization. Here, we cloned, expressed, purified and biochemically characterized two RGLs (Bo3128 and Bo4416) in the PL11 family from Bacteroides ovatus ATCC 8483. Bo3128 and Bo4416 displayed maximal activity at pH 9.5 and pH 6.5, respectively. Whereas the activity of Bo3128 could be increased 1.5 fold in the presence of 5 mM Ca2+, Bo4416 required divalent metal ions to show any enzymatic activity. Both of RGLs showed a substrate preference for RG-I compared to other pectin domains. Bo4416 and Bo3128 primarily yielded unsaturated RG oligosaccharides, with Bo3128 also producing them with short side chains, with yields of 32.4 and 62.4%, respectively. Characterization of both RGLs contribute to the preparation of rhamnogalacturonan oligosaccharides, as well as for the analysis of the fine structure of RG-I pectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yibing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Haoting Yi
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Guojing Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ye Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Correia VG, Trovão F, Pinheiro BA, Brás JLA, Silva LM, Nunes C, Coimbra MA, Liu Y, Feizi T, Fontes CMGA, Mulloy B, Chai W, Carvalho AL, Palma AS. Mapping Molecular Recognition of β1,3-1,4-Glucans by a Surface Glycan-Binding Protein from the Human Gut Symbiont Bacteroides ovatus. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0182621. [PMID: 34817219 DOI: 10.1128/Spectrum.01826-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A multigene polysaccharide utilization locus (PUL) encoding enzymes and surface carbohydrate (glycan)-binding proteins (SGBPs) was recently identified in prominent members of Bacteroidetes in the human gut and characterized in Bacteroides ovatus. This PUL-encoded system specifically targets mixed-linkage β1,3-1,4-glucans, a group of diet-derived carbohydrates that promote a healthy microbiota and have potential as prebiotics. The BoSGBPMLG-A protein encoded by the BACOVA_2743 gene is a SusD-like protein that plays a key role in the PUL’s specificity and functionality. Here, we perform a detailed analysis of the molecular determinants underlying carbohydrate binding by BoSGBPMLG-A, combining carbohydrate microarray technology with quantitative affinity studies and a high-resolution X-ray crystallography structure of the complex of BoSGBPMLG-A with a β1,3-1,4-nonasaccharide. We demonstrate its unique binding specificity toward β1,3-1,4-gluco-oligosaccharides, with increasing binding affinities up to the octasaccharide and dependency on the number and position of β1,3 linkages. The interaction is defined by a 41-Å-long extended binding site that accommodates the oligosaccharide in a mode distinct from that of previously described bacterial β1,3-1,4-glucan-binding proteins. In addition to the shape complementarity mediated by CH-π interactions, a complex hydrogen bonding network complemented by a high number of key ordered water molecules establishes additional specific interactions with the oligosaccharide. These support the twisted conformation of the β-glucan backbone imposed by the β1,3 linkages and explain the dependency on the oligosaccharide chain length. We propose that the specificity of the PUL conferred by BoSGBPMLG-A to import long β1,3-1,4-glucan oligosaccharides to the bacterial periplasm allows Bacteroidetes to outcompete bacteria that lack this PUL for utilization of β1,3-1,4-glucans. IMPORTANCE With the knowledge of bacterial gene systems encoding proteins that target dietary carbohydrates as a source of nutrients and their importance for human health, major efforts are being made to understand carbohydrate recognition by various commensal bacteria. Here, we describe an integrative strategy that combines carbohydrate microarray technology with structural studies to further elucidate the molecular determinants of carbohydrate recognition by BoSGBPMLG-A, a key protein expressed at the surface of Bacteroides ovatus for utilization of mixed-linkage β1,3-1,4-glucans. We have mapped at high resolution interactions that occur at the binding site of BoSGBPMLG-A and provide evidence for the role of key water-mediated interactions for fine specificity and affinity. Understanding at the molecular level how commensal bacteria, such as prominent members of Bacteroidetes, can differentially utilize dietary carbohydrates with potential prebiotic activities will shed light on possible ways to modulate the microbiome to promote human health.
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Pan L, Ai X, Fu T, Ren L, Shang Q, Li G, Yu G. In vitro fermentation of hyaluronan by human gut microbiota: Changes in microbiota community and potential degradation mechanism. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 269:118313. [PMID: 34294327 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) has been widely used as a dietary supplement which can be degraded by gut microbiota. However, the interactions between HA and gut microbiota have not been fully characterized. Here, using an in vitro system, we found that HA is readily fermented by human gut microbiota but with differing fermentative activities among individuals. HA-fermentation boosted Bacteroides spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Dialister spp., Faecalibacterium spp. and produced a significant amount of acetate, propionate and butyrate. Fermentation products profiling indicated that HA could be degraded into unsaturated even-numbered and saturated odd-numbered oligosaccharides. Further, polysaccharide lyases (PLs) and glycoside hydrolases (GHs) including GH88, PL8, PL29, PL35 and PL33 were identified from B. ovatus E3, which can help to explain the structure of the fermentation products. Collectively, our study sheds new light into the metabolism of HA and forms the basis for understanding the bioavailability of HA from a gut microbiota perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xuze Ai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Tianyu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Li Ren
- CP Pharmaceutical Qingdao Co., Ltd., Economic and Techchnological Development Zone, Qingdao 266432, China
| | - Qingsen Shang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Guoyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China.
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7
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Tanihiro R, Sakano K, Oba S, Nakamura C, Ohki K, Hirota T, Sugiyama H, Ebihara S, Nakamura Y. Effects of Yeast Mannan Which Promotes Beneficial Bacteroides on the Intestinal Environment and Skin Condition: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123673. [PMID: 33260560 PMCID: PMC7761098 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast mannan (YM) is an indigestible water-soluble polysaccharide of the yeast cell wall. In vitro fecal fermentation studies showed that YM could exhibit a notable prebiotic effect. The aim of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to assess the efficacy of YM intake on the intestinal environment and skin condition. One hundred and ten healthy female subjects aged 30–49 years were supplemented with YM or placebo for eight weeks. Skin dryness was set as the primary endpoint. No side effects were observed during the study. Microbiota analyses revealed that YM intake selectively increased the relative abundance of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Bacteroides ovatus compared to that by placebo. Feces and urine analyses showed that YM intake lowered the concentration of fecal p-cresol, indole, and skatole, and elevated urinal equol levels compared to those in placebo. Furthermore, YM supplementation ameliorated subjective skin dryness. This study suggests that YM intake could promote beneficial Bacteroides and improve the intestinal environment and skin condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Tanihiro
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan; (K.S.); (S.O.); (C.N.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (Y.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-297-46-9347
| | - Katsuhisa Sakano
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan; (K.S.); (S.O.); (C.N.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (Y.N.)
| | - Shunsuke Oba
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan; (K.S.); (S.O.); (C.N.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (Y.N.)
| | - Chikako Nakamura
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan; (K.S.); (S.O.); (C.N.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (Y.N.)
| | - Kohji Ohki
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan; (K.S.); (S.O.); (C.N.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (Y.N.)
| | - Tatsuhiko Hirota
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan; (K.S.); (S.O.); (C.N.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (Y.N.)
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan; (K.S.); (S.O.); (C.N.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (Y.N.)
| | - Shukuko Ebihara
- Chiyoda Paramedical Care Clinic, 3-3-5 Uchikanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0047, Japan;
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality and Innovations, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan; (K.S.); (S.O.); (C.N.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.S.); (Y.N.)
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8
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Pan L, Sun W, Shang Q, Niu Q, Liu C, Li G, Yu G. In vitro fermentation and isolation of heparin-degrading bacteria from human gut microbiota. Anaerobe 2021; 68:102289. [PMID: 33137435 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Heparin and its derivative are commonly used as injectable anticoagulants in clinical procedures, but possess poor oral bioavailability. To explore the role of gut microbiota in the poor oral effect of heparin, the degradation profiles of heparin on six human gut microbiota were investigated. The heparin-degradation ability varied significantly among individuals. Furthermore, two strains of heparin-degrading bacteria, Bacteroides ovatus A2 and Bacteroides cellulosilyticus B19, were isolated from the gut microbiota of different individuals and the degradation products of the isolates were profiled. The ΔUA2S-GlcNS6S was the major end product with almost no desulfation. 3-O-sulfo group-containing tetrasaccharides were detected, which indicated that the antithrombin binding site was broken and this explained the lost anticoagulant activity of heparin. Collectively, the present study assessed the degradation profiles of heparin by human gut microbiota and provided references for the development of oral administration of heparin from a gut microbiota perspective.
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9
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Centanni M, Bell TJ, Sims IM, Tannock GW. Preferential use of plant glycans for growth by Bacteroides ovatus. Anaerobe 2020; 66:102276. [PMID: 32927049 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
B. ovatus is a member of the human gut microbiota with a broad capability to degrade complex glycans. Here we show that B. ovatus degrades plant polysaccharides in a preferential order, and that glycan structural complexity plays a role in determining the prioritisation of polysaccharide usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Centanni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Tracey J Bell
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
| | - Ian M Sims
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
| | - Gerald W Tannock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand; Riddet Institute Centre of Research Excellence, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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10
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Yang C, Mogno I, Contijoch EJ, Borgerding JN, Aggarwala V, Li Z, Siu S, Grasset EK, Helmus DS, Dubinsky MC, Mehandru S, Cerutti A, Faith JJ. Fecal IgA Levels Are Determined by Strain-Level Differences in Bacteroides ovatus and Are Modifiable by Gut Microbiota Manipulation. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:467-475.e6. [PMID: 32075742 PMCID: PMC7213796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fecal IgA production depends on colonization by a gut microbiota. However, the bacterial strains that drive gut IgA production remain largely unknown. Here, we assessed the IgA-inducing capacity of a diverse set of human gut microbial strains by monocolonizing mice with each strain. We identified Bacteroides ovatus as the species that best induced gut IgA production. However, this induction varied bimodally across different B. ovatus strains. The high IgA-inducing B. ovatus strains preferentially elicited more IgA production in the large intestine through the T cell-dependent B cell-activation pathway. Remarkably, a low-IgA phenotype in mice could be robustly and consistently converted into a high-IgA phenotype by transplanting a multiplex cocktail of high IgA-inducing B. ovatus strains but not individual ones. Our results highlight the critical importance of microbial strains in driving phenotype variation in the mucosal immune system and provide a strategy to robustly modify a gut immune phenotype, including IgA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ilaria Mogno
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eduardo J Contijoch
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joshua N Borgerding
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Varun Aggarwala
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zhihua Li
- Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sophia Siu
- Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Emilie K Grasset
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Drew S Helmus
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Susan and Leonard Feinstein IBD Clinical Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marla C Dubinsky
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Susan and Leonard Feinstein IBD Clinical Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Saurabh Mehandru
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrea Cerutti
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Catalan Institute for Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Jeremiah J Faith
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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11
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Ribaldone DG, Caviglia GP, Abdulle A, Pellicano R, Ditto MC, Morino M, Fusaro E, Saracco GM, Bugianesi E, Astegiano M. Adalimumab Therapy Improves Intestinal Dysbiosis in Crohn's Disease. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101646. [PMID: 31601034 PMCID: PMC6832711 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The response to treatment with biologic drugs, in patients with Crohn’s disease, could be associated with changes in gut microbiota composition. The aim of our study was to analyse the modification of microbiota during adalimumab therapy in patients with Crohn’s disease. We performed a prospective study in patients with Crohn’s disease analysing gut microbiota before start of adalimumab therapy (T0) and after six months of therapy (T1). Among the 20 included patients, the phylum Proteobacteria fell from 15.7 ± 3.5% at T0 to 10.3 ± 3.4% at T1 (p = 0.038). Furthermore, the trend in relation to therapeutic success was analysed. Regarding bacterial phyla, Proteobacteria decreased in patients in whom therapeutic success was obtained, passing from a value of 15.8% (± 4.6%) to 6.8 ± 3.1% (p = 0.049), while in non-responder patients, percentages did not change (T0 = 15.6 ± 5.7%, T1 = 16.8 ± 7.6%, p = 0.890). Regarding the Lachnospiraceae family, in patients with normalization of C reactive protein six 6 months of adalimumab therapy, it increased from 16.6 ± 3.1% at T0 to 23.9 ± 2.6% at T1 (p = 0.049). In conclusion, in patients who respond to Adalimumab therapy by decreasing inflammation, there is a trend of intestinal eubiosis being restored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amina Abdulle
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy.
| | | | - Maria Chiara Ditto
- S.C. Reumatologia, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Mario Morino
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy.
| | - Enrico Fusaro
- S.C. Reumatologia, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | | | | | - Marco Astegiano
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Molinette Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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12
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Bågenholm V, Wiemann M, Reddy SK, Bhattacharya A, Rosengren A, Logan DT, Stålbrand H. A surface-exposed GH26 β-mannanase from Bacteroides ovatus: Structure, role, and phylogenetic analysis of BoMan26B. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9100-9117. [PMID: 31000630 PMCID: PMC6556568 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The galactomannan utilization locus (BoManPUL) of the human gut bacterium Bacteroides ovatus encodes BoMan26B, a cell-surface–exposed endomannanase whose functional and structural features have been unclear. Our study now places BoMan26B in context with related enzymes and reveals the structural basis for its specificity. BoMan26B prefers longer substrates and is less restricted by galactose side-groups than the mannanase BoMan26A of the same locus. Using galactomannan, BoMan26B generated a mixture of (galactosyl) manno-oligosaccharides shorter than mannohexaose. Three defined manno-oligosaccharides had affinity for the SusD-like surface–exposed glycan-binding protein, predicted to be implicated in saccharide transport. Co-incubation of BoMan26B and the periplasmic α-galactosidase BoGal36A increased the rate of galactose release by about 10-fold compared with the rate without BoMan26B. The results suggested that BoMan26B performs the initial attack on galactomannan, generating oligosaccharides that after transport to the periplasm are processed by BoGal36A. A crystal structure of BoMan26B with galactosyl-mannotetraose bound in subsites −5 to −2 revealed an open and long active-site cleft with Trp-112 in subsite −5 concluded to be involved in mannosyl interaction. Moreover, Lys-149 in the −4 subsite interacted with the galactosyl side-group of the ligand. A phylogenetic tree consisting of GH26 enzymes revealed four strictly conserved GH26 residues and disclosed that BoMan26A and BoMan26B reside on two distinct phylogenetic branches (A and B). The three other branches contain lichenases, xylanases, or enzymes with unknown activities. Lys-149 is conserved in a narrow part of branch B, and Trp-112 is conserved in a wider group within branch B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Bågenholm
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University P. O. Box 124, S-221 00, Lund, Sweden and
| | - Mathias Wiemann
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University P. O. Box 124, S-221 00, Lund, Sweden and
| | - Sumitha K Reddy
- the Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7015, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Abhishek Bhattacharya
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University P. O. Box 124, S-221 00, Lund, Sweden and
| | - Anna Rosengren
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University P. O. Box 124, S-221 00, Lund, Sweden and
| | - Derek T Logan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University P. O. Box 124, S-221 00, Lund, Sweden and
| | - Henrik Stålbrand
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University P. O. Box 124, S-221 00, Lund, Sweden and
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13
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Lavoie S, Conway KL, Lassen KG, Jijon HB, Pan H, Chun E, Michaud M, Lang JK, Gallini Comeau CA, Dreyfuss JM, Glickman JN, Vlamakis H, Ananthakrishnan A, Kostic A, Garrett WS, Xavier RJ. The Crohn's disease polymorphism, ATG16L1 T300A, alters the gut microbiota and enhances the local Th1/Th17 response. eLife 2019; 8:39982. [PMID: 30666959 PMCID: PMC6342529 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is driven by dysfunction between host genetics, the microbiota, and immune system. Knowledge gaps remain regarding how IBD genetic risk loci drive gut microbiota changes. The Crohn's disease risk allele ATG16L1 T300A results in abnormal Paneth cells due to decreased selective autophagy, increased cytokine release, and decreased intracellular bacterial clearance. To unravel the effects of ATG16L1 T300A on the microbiota and immune system, we employed a gnotobiotic model using human fecal transfers into ATG16L1 T300A knock-in mice. We observed increases in Bacteroides ovatus and Th1 and Th17 cells in ATG16L1 T300A mice. Association of altered Schaedler flora mice with B. ovatus specifically increased Th17 cells selectively in ATG16L1 T300A knock-in mice. Changes occur before disease onset, suggesting that ATG16L1 T300A contributes to dysbiosis and immune infiltration prior to disease symptoms. Our work provides insight for future studies on IBD subtypes, IBD patient treatment and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Lavoie
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States.,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Kara L Conway
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Kara G Lassen
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, United States.,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Humberto B Jijon
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Hui Pan
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, United States
| | - Eunyoung Chun
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States.,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Monia Michaud
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States.,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Jessica K Lang
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States.,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Carey Ann Gallini Comeau
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States.,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | | | - Jonathan N Glickman
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, United States
| | - Hera Vlamakis
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, United States
| | - Ashwin Ananthakrishnan
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Aleksander Kostic
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States.,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, United States.,Department and Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, United States
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14
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Tan H, Yu Z, Wang C, Zhang Q, Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhai Q, Chen W. Pilot Safety Evaluation of a Novel Strain of Bacteroides ovatus. Front Genet 2018; 9:539. [PMID: 30459813 PMCID: PMC6232662 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteroides ovatus ELH-B2 is considered as a potential next-generation probiotic due to its preventive effects on lipopolysaccharides-associated inflammation and intestinal microbiota disorders in mice. To study safety issues associated with B. ovatus ELH-B2, we conducted comprehensive and systematic experiments, including in vitro genetic assessments of potential virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, and an in vivo acute toxicity study of both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice via cyclophosphamide treatment. The results indicated that this novel strain is non-toxigenic, fragilysin is not expressed, and most of potential virulence genes are correlated with cellular structures such as capsular polysaccharide and polysaccharide utilizations. The antibiotic resistance features are unlikely be transferred to other intestinal microorganisms as no plasmids nor related genomic islands were identified. Side effects were not observed in mice. B. ovatus ELH-B2 also alleviated the damages caused by cyclophosphamide injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qingsong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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15
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Yoon S, Yu J, McDowell A, Kim SH, You HJ, Ko G. Bile salt hydrolase-mediated inhibitory effect of Bacteroides ovatus on growth of Clostridium difficile. J Microbiol 2017; 55:892-899. [PMID: 29076071 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-7340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is one of the most common nosocomial infections. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota due to consumption of antibiotics is a major contributor to CDI. Recently, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been applied to treat CDI. However, FMT has important limitations including uncontrolled exposure to pathogens and standardization issues. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate alternative treatment methods, such as bacteriotherapy, as well as the mechanism through which beneficial bacteria inhibit the growth of C. difficile. Here, we report bile acid-mediated inhibition of C. difficile by Bacteroides strains which can produce bile salt hydrolase (BSH). Bacteroides strains are not commonly used to treat CDI; however, as they comprise a large proportion of the intestinal microbiota, they can contribute to bile acid-mediated inhibition of C. difficile. The inhibitory effect on C. difficile growth increased with increasing bile acid concentration in the presence of Bacteroides ovatus SNUG 40239. Furthermore, this inhibitory effect on C. difficile growth was significantly attenuated when bile acid availability was reduced by cholestyramine, a bile acid sequestrant. The findings of this study are important due to the discovery of a new bacterial strain that in the presence of available bile acids inhibits growth of C. difficile. These results will facilitate development of novel bacteriotherapy strategies to control CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soobin Yoon
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsun Yu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrea McDowell
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Kim
- KoBioLabs, Inc., Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju You
- Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,KoBioLabs, Inc., Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Li M, Shang Q, Li G, Wang X, Yu G. Degradation of Marine Algae-Derived Carbohydrates by Bacteroidetes Isolated from Human Gut Microbiota. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15040092. [PMID: 28338633 PMCID: PMC5408238 DOI: 10.3390/md15040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carrageenan, agarose, and alginate are algae-derived undigested polysaccharides that have been used as food additives for hundreds of years. Fermentation of dietary carbohydrates of our food in the lower gut of humans is a critical process for the function and integrity of both the bacterial community and host cells. However, little is known about the fermentation of these three kinds of seaweed carbohydrates by human gut microbiota. Here, the degradation characteristics of carrageenan, agarose, alginate, and their oligosaccharides, by Bacteroides xylanisolvens, Bacteroides ovatus, and Bacteroides uniforms, isolated from human gut microbiota, are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Qingsen Shang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | | | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Guangli Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Bågenholm V, Reddy SK, Bouraoui H, Morrill J, Kulcinskaja E, Bahr CM, Aurelius O, Rogers T, Xiao Y, Logan DT, Martens EC, Koropatkin NM, Stålbrand H. Galactomannan Catabolism Conferred by a Polysaccharide Utilization Locus of Bacteroides ovatus: ENZYME SYNERGY AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A β-MANNANASE. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:229-243. [PMID: 27872187 PMCID: PMC5217682 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.746438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A recently identified polysaccharide utilization locus (PUL) from Bacteroides ovatus ATCC 8483 is transcriptionally up-regulated during growth on galacto- and glucomannans. It encodes two glycoside hydrolase family 26 (GH26) β-mannanases, BoMan26A and BoMan26B, and a GH36 α-galactosidase, BoGal36A. The PUL also includes two glycan-binding proteins, confirmed by β-mannan affinity electrophoresis. When this PUL was deleted, B. ovatus was no longer able to grow on locust bean galactomannan. BoMan26A primarily formed mannobiose from mannan polysaccharides. BoMan26B had higher activity on galactomannan with a high degree of galactosyl substitution and was shown to be endo-acting generating a more diverse mixture of oligosaccharides, including mannobiose. Of the two β-mannanases, only BoMan26B hydrolyzed galactoglucomannan. A crystal structure of BoMan26A revealed a similar structure to the exo-mannobiohydrolase CjMan26C from Cellvibrio japonicus, with a conserved glycone region (−1 and −2 subsites), including a conserved loop closing the active site beyond subsite −2. Analysis of cellular location by immunolabeling and fluorescence microscopy suggests that BoMan26B is surface-exposed and associated with the outer membrane, although BoMan26A and BoGal36A are likely periplasmic. In light of the cellular location and the biochemical properties of the two characterized β-mannanases, we propose a scheme of sequential action by the glycoside hydrolases encoded by the β-mannan PUL and involved in the β-mannan utilization pathway in B. ovatus. The outer membrane-associated BoMan26B initially acts on the polysaccharide galactomannan, producing comparably large oligosaccharide fragments. Galactomanno-oligosaccharides are further processed in the periplasm, degalactosylated by BoGal36A, and subsequently hydrolyzed into mainly mannobiose by the β-mannanase BoMan26A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Bågenholm
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University P. O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Sumitha K Reddy
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University P. O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Hanene Bouraoui
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University P. O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Johan Morrill
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University P. O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Evelina Kulcinskaja
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University P. O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Constance M Bahr
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Oskar Aurelius
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University P. O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Theresa Rogers
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Yao Xiao
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Derek T Logan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University P. O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Eric C Martens
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Nicole M Koropatkin
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Henrik Stålbrand
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University P. O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden and
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Reddy SK, Bågenholm V, Pudlo NA, Bouraoui H, Koropatkin NM, Martens EC, Stålbrand H. A β-mannan utilization locus in Bacteroides ovatus involves a GH36 α-galactosidase active on galactomannans. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2106-18. [PMID: 27288925 PMCID: PMC5094572 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Bacova_02091 gene in the β‐mannan utilization locus of Bacteroides ovatus encodes a family GH36 α‐galactosidase (BoGal36A), transcriptionally upregulated during growth on galactomannan. Characterization of recombinant BoGal36A reveals unique properties compared to other GH36 α‐galactosidases, which preferentially hydrolyse terminal α‐galactose in raffinose family oligosaccharides. BoGal36A prefers hydrolysing internal galactose substitutions from intact and depolymerized galactomannan. BoGal36A efficiently releases (> 90%) galactose from guar and locust bean galactomannans, resulting in precipitation of the polysaccharides. As compared to other GH36 structures, the BoGal36A 3D model displays a loop deletion, resulting in a wider active site cleft which likely can accommodate a galactose‐substituted polymannose backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitha K Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Viktoria Bågenholm
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Nicholas A Pudlo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hanene Bouraoui
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Nicole M Koropatkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric C Martens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Henrik Stålbrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Sweden
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Li M, Li G, Shang Q, Chen X, Liu W, Pi X, Zhu L, Yin Y, Yu G, Wang X. In vitro fermentation of alginate and its derivatives by human gut microbiota. Anaerobe 2016; 39:19-25. [PMID: 26891629 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alginate (Alg) has a long history as a food ingredient in East Asia. However, the human gut microbes responsible for the degradation of alginate and its derivatives have not been fully understood yet. Here, we report that alginate and the low molecular polymer derivatives of mannuronic acid oligosaccharides (MO) and guluronic acid oligosaccharides (GO) can be completely degraded and utilized at various rates by fecal microbiota obtained from six Chinese individuals. However, the derivative of propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfate (PSS) was not hydrolyzed. The bacteria having a pronounced ability to degrade Alg, MO and GO were isolated from human fecal samples and were identified as Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Alg, MO and GO can increase the production level of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), but GO generates the highest level of SCFA. Our data suggest that alginate and its derivatives could be degraded by specific bacteria in the human gut, providing the basis for the impacts of alginate and its derivates as special food additives on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Guangsheng Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Qingsen Shang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiuxia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiong'e Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yeshi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangli Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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