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Tatebe M, Doi A, Nasu S, Hama N, Nomoto R, Arakawa E, Izumiya H, Nishioka H. Vibrio cholerae Infection in Japan Not Associated with Overseas Travel. Intern Med 2019; 58:2581-2583. [PMID: 31178496 PMCID: PMC6761338 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.2639-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 74-year-old Japanese man who was taking antacids presented with profuse diarrhea. Stool culture revealed Vibrio cholerae O1 strain, serogroup Ogawa, biotype El tor. He recalled he had consumed some sashimi but denied any history of travelling abroad, and another cholera case with almost the same strain was reported at the same time in a remote prefecture in the Kanto area. This is a rare case of travel-unrelated cholera in Japan, and it illustrates the importance of suspecting cholera in all patients presenting with large volumes of watery diarrhea in Japan, especially in those who are taking antacids, regardless of their international travel history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Tatebe
- Department of Emergency, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan
| | - Asako Doi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan
| | - Seiko Nasu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan
| | | | | | - Eiji Arakawa
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Nishioka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan
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Ruenchit P, Reamtong O, Siripanichgon K, Chaicumpa W, Diraphat P. New facet of non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae hemolysin A: a competitive factor in the ecological niche. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 93:4107107. [PMID: 28961768 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Different serogroups of Vibrio cholerae may inhabit the same ecological niche. However, serogroup O1/O139 strains are rarely isolated from their ecological sources. Quite plausibly, the non-O1/non-O139 vibrios and other bacterial species suppress growth of O1/O139 strains that share the same niche. Our bacterial inhibition assay data indicated that certain non-O1/non-O139 strains used a contact-dependent type VI secretion system (T6SS) to suppress growth of the O1 El Tor, N16961 pandemic strain. Comparative proteomics of the O1 and the suppressive non-O1/non-O139 strains co-cultured in a simulated natural aquatic microcosm showed that SecB and HlyD were upregulated in the latter. The HlyD-related effective factor was subsequently found to be hemolysin A (HlyA). However, not all hlyA-positive non-O1/non-O139 strains mediated growth suppression of the N16961 V. cholerae; only strains harboring intact cluster I HlyA could exert this activity. The key feature of the HlyA is located in the ricin-like lectin domain (β-trefoil) that plays an important role in target cell binding. In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae suppressed the growth of the O1 pandemic strain by using contact-dependent T6SS as well as by secreting the O1-detrimental hemolysin A during their co-persistence in the aquatic habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichet Ruenchit
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand.,Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University, 25/25 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170 Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Kanokrat Siripanichgon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglung Road, Bangkok-noi, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
| | - Pornphan Diraphat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
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Li X, Wang D, Li B, Zhou H, Liang S, Ke C, Deng X, Kan B, Morris JG, Cao W. Characterization of environmental Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 in the Pearl River Estuary, China. Can J Microbiol 2015; 62:139-47. [PMID: 26674584 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Toxigenic isolates of Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 from aquatic reservoirs are a key source for recurrent epidemics of cholera in human populations. However, we do not have an optimal understanding of the microbiology of the strains within these reservoirs, particularly outside of the time periods when there are active cholera cases in the surrounding community. The main objective of the present study was to identify and characterize V. cholerae O1 and O139 in the Pearl River Estuary at a time when active disease was not being identified, despite prior occurrence of epidemic cholera in the region. Water samples were collected at 24 sites in the research area at monthly intervals between 2007 and 2010, and screened for the presence of V. cholerae O1 and O139. All isolates were screened for the presence of ctxAB, ompW, toxR, and tcpA genes. Multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) was used to assess possible relationships among strains. The results show that Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139 was isolated, on average, from 6.7% of the sites screened at each time point. All V. cholerae O1 and O139 isolates were ctxAB negative, and 37% were positive for tcpA. Isolation was most common in the oldest, most urbanized district compared with other districts, and was associated with lower pH. Despite year-to-year variability in isolation rates, there was no evidence of seasonality. MLVA of 27 selected isolates showed evidence of high genetic diversity, with no evidence of clustering by year or geographic location. In this region where cholera has been epidemic in the past, there is evidence of environmental persistence of V. cholerae O1 and O139 strains. However, environmental strains were consistently nontoxigenic, with a high level of genetic diversity; their role as current or future agents of human disease remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Li
- a School of Public Health Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Duochun Wang
- b Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, 155 Chang-Bai Street, Changping District, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Baisheng Li
- c Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijian Zhou
- b Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, 155 Chang-Bai Street, Changping District, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Liang
- d Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Changwen Ke
- c Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- c Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Kan
- b Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, 155 Chang-Bai Street, Changping District, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - J Glenn Morris
- d Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Wuchun Cao
- e State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, People's Republic of China
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Detection of cholera (ctx) and zonula occludens (zot) toxin genes in Vibrio cholerae O1, O139 and non-O1 strains. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 11:572-7. [PMID: 24414916 DOI: 10.1007/bf00286376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/1995] [Accepted: 04/26/1995] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 and V. cholerae non-O1 strains isolated from environmental samples collected in São Paulo, Brazil, during cholera epidemics and pre-epidemic periods were examined for the presence of toxin genes. V. cholerae O1 strains isolated from clinical samples in Peru and Mexico, and V. cholerae O139 strains from India were also examined for the presence of ctx (cholera toxin gene) and zot (zonula occludens toxin gene) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A modified DNA-extraction method applied in this study yielded satisfactory recovery of genomic DNA from vibrios. Results showed that strains of V. cholerae O1 isolated during the preepidemic period were ctx (-)/zot (-) whereas strains isolated during the epidemic were ctx (+)/zot (+). All V. cholerae non-O1 strains tested in the study were ctx (-)/zot (-), whereas all V. cholerae O139 strains were ctx (+)/zot (+). Rapid detection of the virulence genes (ctx and zot) can be achieved by PCR and this can serve as an important tool in the epidemiology and surveillance of V. cholerae.
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Akoachere JFTK, Masalla TN, Njom HA. Multi-drug resistant toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 is persistent in water sources in New Bell-Douala, Cameroon. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:366. [PMID: 23919373 PMCID: PMC3750389 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholera has been endemic in Douala, since 1971 when it was first recorded in Cameroon. Outbreaks have often started in slum areas of the city including New Bell. Despite the devastating nature of outbreaks, always resulting in high mortality and morbidity, a paucity of information exists on the reservoirs of the causative agent, V. cholerae, and factors maintaining its persistence. This has complicated disease prevention, resulting in frequent outbreaks of cholera. We investigated water sources in New Bell for contamination with V. cholerae O1 with pathogenic potential, to highlight their role in disease transmission. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates and the environmental factors maintaining its persistence were investigated. METHOD Water samples from various sources (taps, dug wells, streams) were analyzed for contamination with V. cholerae O1 using standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disc diffusion method. Pathogenic potential of isolates was determined by analyzing for genes for cholera toxin (ctx), toxin co-regulated pilus (tcpA), and zonula occludens toxin (zot) by PCR. Physico-chemical characteristics of water (pH, temperature and salinity) were investigated using standard methods. The Spearman's Rank correlation was used to analyze the relationship between physico-chemical factors and the occurrence of V. cholerae O1. Differences were considered significant at P≤0.05. RESULTS Twenty-five V. cholerae O1 strains were isolated from stream and well samples in both dry and rainy seasons. Twenty-three (92%) isolates were multidrug resistant. All isolates had genes for at least one virulence factor. Cholera toxin gene was detected in 7 isolates. Of the 15 isolates positive for tcpA gene, two had Classical type tcpA while 13 had tcpA El Tor. All tcpA Classical positive isolates were positive for ctx gene. Isolates were grouped into nine genotypes based on the genes analyzed. pH and salinity significantly correlated with isolation of V. cholerae O1. CONCLUSION Multidrug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 with pathogenic potential is present in some wells and streams in study area. pH and salinity are among the factors maintaining the persistence of the organism. Findings indicate an urgent need for potable water supply in study area and in addition, regular disinfection of water from contaminated sources to prevent outbreak of cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane-Francis Tatah Kihla Akoachere
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Thomas Njinuwoh Masalla
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Henry Akum Njom
- Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
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Carli A, Pane L, Casareto L, Bertone S, Pruzzo C. Occurrence of Vibrio alginolyticus in Ligurian Coast Rock Pools (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) and Its Association with the Copepod Tigriopus fulvus (Fisher 1860). Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 59:1960-2. [PMID: 16348971 PMCID: PMC182193 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.6.1960-1962.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A study of heterotrophic bacteria and vibrios adhering to the copepod Tigriopus fulvus, which lives in Ligurian coast rock pools (Tyrrhenian Sea), was carried out from November 1990 to October 1991. Heterotrophic bacteria, which were always found both free in the water and bound to the T. fulvus organisms, showed a correlation with water temperature and salinity. Vibrio alginolyticus was found free in the water and bound to T. fulvus surfaces during the warmest months. Temperature is the main factor influencing the presence of V. alginolyticus in the rock pool. Attachment of this microorganism to the copepod provides a mechanism for its extended geographic distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carli
- Cattedra di Planctologia Istituto di Scienze Ambientali Marine and Istituto di Microbiologia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa 16132, and Istituto di Microbiologia, Facoltá di Medicina, Università di Ancona, Ancona 60131 Italy
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Huq A, Grim C, Colwell RR, Nair GB. Detection, isolation, and identification of Vibrio cholerae from the environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 6:Unit6A.5. [PMID: 18770592 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc06a05s02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microbiological techniques for sampling the aquatic realm have become increasingly sophisticated, especially with advances in molecular biology. These techniques have been used to detect microorganisms that cannot be cultured by conventional bacteriological methods. This has resulted in a deeper and a clearer understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of microorganisms. Important advances have been made in isolation, detection, and identification of Vibrio cholerae over the past decade. The understanding that V. cholerae, like several other pathogenic bacteria, can enter into a state known as "viable but nonculturable" (VBNC) provided important clues on the epidemiology of the pathogen and its ability to cause sudden explosive epidemics at multiple places almost simultaneously. The advances in techniques have also allowed investigators to discern the intricate aspects of the ecology of this pathogen in the aquatic world. In this unit, we present the most accepted methods for the isolation and detection of V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Huq
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Taniguchi K, Yoshida M, Sunagawa T, Tada Y, Okabe N. Imported infectious diseases and surveillance in Japan. Travel Med Infect Dis 2008; 6:349-54. [PMID: 18984479 PMCID: PMC7106133 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance of imported infectious diseases is important because of the need for early detection of outbreaks of international concern as well as information of risk to the travelers. This paper attempts to review how the Japanese surveillance system deals with imported infectious diseases and reviews the trend of these diseases. The cases of acquired infection overseas were extracted from the surveillance data in 1999-2008. The incidence and rate of imported cases of a series of infectious diseases with more than one imported case were observed by the year of diagnosis and place of acquired infection. During the period 10,030 cases that could be considered to be imported infectious diseases were identified. Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported disease, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. The annual trends of these diseases always fluctuated but not every change was investigated. The study reveals that the situation of imported infectious diseases can be identified in the current Japanese surveillance system with epidemiologic features of both temporal and geographic distribution of cases of imported infectious diseases. However, further timely investigation for unusual increase in infectious diseases is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyosu Taniguchi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
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Chen CH, Shimada T, Elhadi N, Radu S, Nishibuchi M. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics and epidemiological significance of ctx+ strains of Vibrio cholerae isolated from seafood in Malaysia. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:1964-72. [PMID: 15066786 PMCID: PMC383156 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.4.1964-1972.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Of 97 strains of Vibrio cholerae isolated from various seafoods in Malaysia in 1998 and 1999, 20 strains carried the ctx gene and produced cholera toxin. Fourteen, one, and five of these toxigenic strains belonged to the O139, O1 Ogawa, and rough serotypes, respectively. The rough strains had the rfb gene of the O1 serotype. The toxigenic strains varied in their biochemical characteristics, the amount of cholera toxin produced, their antibiograms, and the presence or absence of the pTLC plasmid sequence. DNA fingerprinting analysis by arbitrarily primed PCR, ribotyping, and a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis method classified the toxigenic strains into 3, 7, and 10 types, respectively. The relatedness of these toxigenic strains to clinical strains isolated in other countries and from international travelers was examined by using a dendrogram constructed from the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles. The results of the examination of the antibiogram and the possession of the toxin-linked cryptic plasmid were consistent with the dendrogram-based relatedness: the O139 strains isolated from Malaysian seafoods could be separated into two groups that appear to have been introduced from the Bengal area independently. The rough strains of Malaysian seafood origin formed one group and belonged to a cluster unique to the Thailand-Malaysia-Laos region, and this group may have persisted in this area for a long period. The single O1 Ogawa strain detected in Malaysian seafood appears to have an origin and route of introduction different from those of the O139 and the rough strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsien Chen
- Graduate School of Medicine. Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Karunasagar I, Rivera I, Joseph B, Kennedy B, Shetty VR, Huq A, Karunasagar I, Colwell RR. ompU genes in non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae associated with aquaculture. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 95:338-43. [PMID: 12859767 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study was undertaken with the objective of understanding the virulence-associated genes of the CTX and TCP gene clusters in environmental isolates of Vibrio cholerae, an important human pathogen, isolated from the aquaculture environment. The involvement of the ompU gene in conferring bile resistance in these isolates was also evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS The V. cholerae isolates were tested by PCR and fluorescent antibody test for O1 (Ogawa and Inaba) and O139 serotypes. All isolates were found to be non-toxigenic V. cholerae confirmed by their positive PCR reaction for toxR but negative for ctx, zot and tcp gene. The hlyA gene was detected in 85% of the strains and ompU in 77%. The results on the bactericidal effect of bile salts suggest that ompU may play a role in conferring bile resistance in non-O1/non-O139 strains. CONCLUSION The results of the study indicate that most environmental strains lacked the CTX and TCP gene clusters. However, most isolates had the hlyA gene indicating the potential of these environmental strains to cause mild gastroenteritis. It was also observed that strains lacking ompU showed less tolerance to bile salts. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Information on virulence factors of V. cholerae associated with aquaculture environment and products would be of value in risk assessment for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Karunasagar
- Department of Fishery Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, College of Fisheries, Mangalore, India
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Al-Turki K, Qadri MH, Fontaine RE, Cameron D. Seasonal, nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa infections in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis 2001; 4:198-202. [PMID: 11231182 DOI: 10.1016/s1201-9712(00)90109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surveillance for Vibrio cholerae in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia has been ongoing since 1985 to detect and prevent local proliferation of imported cholera. In 1996 and 1997 the authors performed additional microbiologic and epidemiologic assessment of V. cholerae surveillance to better characterize a recurrent summertime pattern of V. cholerae infections in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. METHODS All health facilities routinely submitted stool or rectal swab specimens for isolation of V. cholerae from patients with gastroenteritis. In addition, specimens were taken from expatriate workers and household contacts of persons with confirmed V. cholerae infection. Forty-two isolates were evaluated for cholera enterotoxin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, cholera toxin polymerase chain reaction, and Y1 adrenal cell assay; 12 isolates also were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Interviews about potential exposures were done for all V. cholerae infections. RESULTS Vibrio cholerae O1 serotype Ogawa biotype El Tor was identified in 113 gastroenteritis patients (6.0 per 100,000 population per year), 28 asymptomatic expatriate workers, and 16 of 982 household contacts of index patients. All symptomatic infected persons had mild illness that was not typical of cholera, and all 42 isolates evaluated were nontoxigenic. All 12 isolates evaluated by PFGE had an indistinguishable pattern (pattern 81). Infections appeared in late May, decreased in mid-July through August, increased again in September, and disappeared from December through April. Infections had a uniform geographic distribution and affected all ages. No linkage was identified between affected households, or between community cases and food-handlers or domestic servants. DISCUSSION Surveillance in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia has identified a novel strain of nontoxigenic V. cholerae O1 Ogawa. This strain probably has a local environmental reservoir. Since cholera toxin is the primary virulence factor involved in the cause of cholera, assays for cholera toxin should be included in cholera surveillance.
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Dalsgaard A. The occurrence of human pathogenic Vibrio spp. and Salmonella in aquaculture*. Int J Food Sci Technol 1998. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2621.1998.3320127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Carvajal GH, Sanchez J, Ayala ME, Hase A. Differences among marine and hospital strains of Vibrio cholerae during Peruvian epidemic. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 1998; 44:27-33. [PMID: 12501290 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.44.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
During a period of 18 months of an epidemic of Vibrio cholerae, cultures from 450 samples of fish, shellfish and seawater were isolated. The highest frequencies of occurrence observed were 5.2% in fish from inshore waters, 3.9% in marine snails, and 1.8% in mussels and crabs. No incidents were isolated from cultures of fish in the open seas or cultures from frozen shrimp. Cultures of marine origin were compared with cultures from hospitalized patients, and these revealed marked serological and toxigenic differences. Marine strains were mainly non-O1 V. cholerae, non toxigenic. We presume fishing off-shore not to be the cause of this outbreak. However, marine species from contaminated waters could contain toxigenic V. cholerae remaining viable and potentially pathogenic. Methods used were more sensitive and specific for detecting marine strains. In this paper the need to use more specific methods is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy H. Carvajal
- Instituto Tecnologico, Pesquero del Peru, Apartado Postal 0360, Callao 1, Peru
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Okuda J, Ishibashi M, Hayakawa E, Nishino T, Takeda Y, Mukhopadhyay AK, Garg S, Bhattacharya SK, Nair GB, Nishibuchi M. Emergence of a unique O3:K6 clone of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Calcutta, India, and isolation of strains from the same clonal group from Southeast Asian travelers arriving in Japan. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:3150-5. [PMID: 9399511 PMCID: PMC230139 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.35.12.3150-3155.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Active surveillance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection among hospitalized patients in Calcutta, India, was initiated in January 1994. The incidence of cases of V. parahaemolyticus infection suddenly increased in February 1996 and has remained high since then. One hundred thirty-four strains of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from January 1994 to August 1996 were examined for serovar, the presence of the thermostable direct hemolysin gene (tdh) and tdh-related hemolysin genes (trh1 and trh2), production of urease, and antibiogram. Strains of the O3:K6 serovar appeared for the first time in February 1996. The O3:K6 serovar strains accounted for 50 to 80% of the strains isolated during the high-incidence period (February to August 1996). All of the serovar O3:K6 strains carried the tdh gene but not the trh genes and did not produce urease. All of the isolates except two were sensitive to all of the antibiotics tested. These and the results of analysis by an arbitrarily primed PCR method indicated that the O3:K6 serovar strains belong to a unique clone. When the O3:K6 serovar strains, isolated from travelers arriving in Japan from Southeast Asian countries, were compared by the arbitrarily primed PCR method, the strains isolated between 1982 and 1993 were distinct from Calcutta O3:K6 while the strains isolated in 1995 and 1996 were indistinguishable from the Calcutta O3:K6 strains. The results suggest that this unique O3:K6 clone may have become prevalent not only in Calcutta but also in Southeast Asian countries very recently. Not only the O3:K6 strains but also the non-O3:K6, tdh-bearing strains isolated in 1996 produced thermostable direct hemolysin at high levels, and thus the level of hemolysin produced does not appear to have influenced the high incidence of serovar O3:K6 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Okuda
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Japan
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Caldini G, Neri A, Cresti S, Boddi V, Rossolini GM, Lanciotti E. High Prevalence of Vibrio cholerae Non-O1 Carrying Heat-Stable-Enterotoxin-Encoding Genes among Vibrio Isolates from a Temperate-Climate River Basin of Central Italy. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:2934-9. [PMID: 16535661 PMCID: PMC1389216 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.7.2934-2939.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio spp. of clinical interest from the Arno River basin (Tuscany, Italy) were investigated in this study. Vibrios were isolated from 70% of water samples. Vibrio cholerae non-O1 was the most prevalent species (82% of isolates), followed by Vibrio mimicus (10%) and Vibrio metschnikovii (8%). Recovery of vibrios was correlated with temperature, pH, and various indicators of municipal pollution. None of the 150 Vibrio isolates carried ctx-related genomic sequences, whereas 18 (14.6%) of the 123 V. cholerae non-O1 isolates and 1 (6.7%) of the 15 V. mimicus isolates carried sto alleles. These findings indicate that considerable circulation of sto-positive vibrios may occur in temperate-climate freshwater environments.
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17
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Osawa R, Okitsu T, Sata S, Yamai S. Rapid screening method for identification of cholera toxin-producing Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:951-3. [PMID: 9157159 PMCID: PMC229707 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.35.4.951-953.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel method of identifying cholera enterotoxin (CT)-producing Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 was developed. The method uses degradation of NAD as a specific biochemical marker for the CT-producing strains. The substrate NAD at a concentration of 100 mumol/liter was markedly degraded when it was incubated at 37 degrees C for 2 h with the CT-producing stains at a final cell density equivalent to that of a twofold dilution of a McFarland no. 1 standard. NAD degradation was monitored by an enzyme-amplified color development assay. Subsequent tests conducted with a total of 119 strains of V. cholerae, including both clinical and environmental isolates, confirmed a significant correlation between NAD degradation and CT production for all V. cholerae strains belonging to serogroups O1 and O139. Since 2 of 11 non-O1, non-O139 V. cholerae strains not carrying the CT gene degraded NAD, serotyping of the strains prior to the test is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Osawa
- Department of Bacteriology and Pathology, Kanagawa Prefectural Public Health Laboratory, Yokohama, Japan
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18
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Olsen JE, Aabo S, Hill W, Notermans S, Wernars K, Granum PE, Popovic T, Rasmussen HN, Olsvik O. Probes and polymerase chain reaction for detection of food-borne bacterial pathogens. Int J Food Microbiol 1995; 28:1-78. [PMID: 8751091 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(94)00159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA-hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are techniques commonly used to detect pathogenic bacteria. In this paper, the use of these techniques for detection of Salmonella, E. coli, V. cholerae, non-O1 Vibrio, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, and C. botulinum is reviewed with emphasis on application in food microbiology. In food control, DNA-techniques have most often been used in a 'culture confirmation' fashion, i.e. bacteria are enriched and sometimes even purified by traditional culture procedures and thereafter identified by the use of DNA-based methods. The most desirable approach is, however, to detect organisms directly in the food, but major problems remain to be solved before this can be routinely performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Olsen
- KVL - Centre for Food Research, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
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19
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Shangkuan YH, Show YS, Wang TM. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect toxigenic Vibrio cholerae and to biotype Vibrio cholerae O1. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1995; 79:264-73. [PMID: 7592121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1995.tb03136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed to identify cholera toxin-producing Vibrio cholerae and to biotype V. cholerae O1. Enterotoxin-producing V. cholerae strains were identified with a primer pair that amplified a fragment of the ctxA2-B gene. Vibrio cholerae O1 strains were simultaneously differentiated into biotypes with three primers specified for the hylA gene in the same reaction. The hlyA amplicon in the multiplex PCR serves as an internal control when testing toxin-producing strains, as hlyA gene sequences exist in all tested V. cholerae strains. Enrichment of V. cholerae present on oysters for 6 h in alkaline peptone water before detection by a nested PCR with internal primers for ctxA2-B gene yielded a detection limit lower than 3 colony-forming units (cfu) per gram of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Shangkuan
- Division of Epidemiology, National Defense Medical Center, Sanhsia, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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20
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Shiba T, Hill RT, Straube WL, Colwell RR. Decrease in culturability of Vibrio cholerae caused by glucose. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:2583-8. [PMID: 7618870 PMCID: PMC167530 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.7.2583-2588.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The culturability of Vibrio cholerae O1 serotype Inaba strain 569B was decreased by the addition of glucose to cell suspensions in starvation media. A similar effect was observed with sucrose, maltose, and fructose. We term this inhibitory effect glucose shock. It was not observed with arabinose or xylose or with carboxylates, such as acetate and pyruvate. No acidification of the medium occurred in the presence of these carbohydrates. Glucose shock was prevented by the addition of nitrogen or phosphorus sources. In the presence of phosphate, the bacterium produced formic acid from glucose. The phenomenon of glucose shock was also observed in V. cholerae O1 serotype Inaba strain RIMD 2203082 but not in strain RIMD 2203088 (O1 Inaba), IID 936 (O1 Ogawa), or RIMD 2214034 (non-O1). The culturability of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Listonella anguillarum did not decrease in starvation media with added glucose. Hence, the phenomenon should have ecological significance in determining the distribution of bacteria in marine ecosystems in situations where carbohydrates are abundant, but nitrogen and phosphorus are limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shiba
- Shimonoseki University of Fisheries, Nagata-Honmachi Shimonoseki, Japan
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21
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Abstract
Despite more than a century of study, cholera still presents challenges and surprises to us. Throughout most of the 20th century, cholera was caused by Vibrio cholerae of the O1 serogroup and the disease was largely confined to Asia and Africa. However, the last decade of the 20th century has witnessed two major developments in the history of this disease. In 1991, a massive outbreak of cholera started in South America, the one continent previously untouched by cholera in this century. In 1992, an apparently new pandemic caused by a previously unknown serogroup of V. cholerae (O139) began in India and Bangladesh. The O139 epidemic has been occurring in populations assumed to be largely immune to V. cholerae O1 and has rapidly spread to many countries including the United States. In this review, we discuss all aspects of cholera, including the clinical microbiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of the disease. Special attention will be paid to the extraordinary advances that have been made in recent years in unravelling the molecular pathogenesis of this infection and in the development of new generations of vaccines to prevent it.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Kaper
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201
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22
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Miyagi K, Matsumoto Y, Hayashi K, Yoh M, Yamamoto K, Honda T. Successful application of enzyme-labeled oligonucleotide probe for rapid and accurate cholera diagnosis in a clinical laboratory. Microbiol Immunol 1994; 38:301-4. [PMID: 7935049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1994.tb01780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two cholera cases were diagnosed using an enzyme-labeled oligonucleotide probe (ELONP) hybridization test for detection of cholera toxin gene (ctx) in a clinical laboratory at Osaka Airport Quarantine Station. The ELONP test with suspicious colonies of Vibrio cholerae O1 grown on TCBS or Vibrio agar plates gave positive result for ctx within 3 hr. We also tried to apply the ELONP test for direct detection of ctx in their stool and their non-selective culture. Specimens from Case #1, which contained 5.9 x 10(5) CFU/g of V. cholerae O1 in the stool, cultured for 7-8 hr or longer in alkaline peptone water or Marine broth at 37C, became positive for ctx. On the other hand, specimens from Case #2, which contained 8.7 x 10(8) CFU/ml (of V. cholerae O1 in the stool), gave positive result in this stool itself without any further culture. These data suggest that the ELONP test provides successfully a more rapid and accurate means of identifying "toxigenic" V. cholerae O1 in a clinical laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Miyagi
- Quarantine Station, Osaka Airport, Japan
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23
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Yoh M, Miyagi K, Matsumoto Y, Hayashi K, Takarada Y, Yamamoto K, Honda T. Development of an enzyme-labeled oligonucleotide probe for the cholera toxin gene. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:1312-4. [PMID: 8501233 PMCID: PMC262925 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.31.5.1312-1314.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
An alkaline phosphatase-conjugated 30-mer oligonucleotide probe was developed to detect the cholera toxin gene (ctx) in Vibrio cholerae O1. For rapid identification, V. cholerae O1 was grown on selective agar (thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts agar) or in alkaline peptone water and organisms were transferred directly to nylon membranes. Lysis of cells, denaturation of DNA, neutralization, and hybridization were carried out on the membrane. These procedures required only 3 h for completion. The results of the hybridization test with 88 clinical and 20 environmental isolates agreed almost exactly with the results of the immunological tests (anti-cholera toxin antibody-sensitized latex agglutination tests). The specificity of the probe was also tested with strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, V. cholerae non-O1, and Vibrio mimicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yoh
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
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24
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Karasawa T, Mihara T, Kurazono H, Nair GB, Garg S, Ramamurthy T, Takeda Y. Distribution of the zot (zonula occludens toxin) gene among strains of Vibrio cholerae 01 and non-01. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993; 106:143-5. [PMID: 8454179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb05950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution of the zot gene that encodes the zonula occludens toxin, a newly described toxin of Vibrio cholerae, among clinical, environmental and food isolates of V. cholerae 01 and non-01 was investigated. Both the zot gene and the ctx gene that encode cholera toxin were found in 247 of 257 clinical strains and 62 of 415 environmental or food isolates of V. cholerae 01. The zot gene, but not the ctx gene was found in 37 strains (one clinical strain and 36 environmental or food isolates). In addition, two of 31 clinical strains and six of 98 environmental or food isolates of V. cholerae' non-01 possessed both the zot gene and the ctx gene. These results demonstrated the predominantly concurrent occurrence of the zot gene and ctx genes among strains of V. cholerae 01 which suggests a possible synergistic role of ZOT in the causation of acute dehydrating diarrhea produced by V. cholerae 01.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Karasawa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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25
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Wright AC, Guo Y, Johnson JA, Nataro JP, Morris JG. Development and testing of a nonradioactive DNA oligonucleotide probe that is specific for Vibrio cholerae cholera toxin. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:2302-6. [PMID: 1400994 PMCID: PMC265496 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.30.9.2302-2306.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An alkaline phosphatase-labeled oligonucleotide DNA probe (CTAP) that was specific for the cholera toxin gene (ctxA) was identified. All cholera toxin-producing strains of Vibrio cholerae, regardless of serotype, hybridized with the CTAP probe, while nontoxigenic strains from either environmental sources or from deletion or substitution mutations did not hybridize. Unlike the whole-gene probes for either ctxA or for the heat-labile toxin or Escherichia coli (eltA), this 23-base sequence did not hybridize with E. coli or with vibrios other than V. cholerae that produce related toxins. By using CTAP to identify colonies grown on nonselective medium, V. cholerae was enumerated at concentrations of 10(3) to 10(7)/g from stool samples of volunteers who had ingested V. cholerae O1 strain 569B. CTAP provides a specific and sensitive tool for diagnosis and environmental monitoring of cholera toxin-producing V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Wright
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201
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26
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Miyagi K, Matsumoto Y, Hayashi K, Takarada Y, Shibata S, Yoh M, Yamamoto K, Honda T. Cholera diagnosed in clinical laboratory by DNA hybridisation. Lancet 1992; 339:988-9. [PMID: 1348815 DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91561-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Mossel DA, Struijk CB, Jansen JT. Control of the transmission of Vibrio cholerae and other enteropathogens by foods originating from endemic areas in South America and elsewhere as a model situation. Int J Food Microbiol 1992; 15:1-11. [PMID: 1622746 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(92)90131-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cholera-pandemic raging in South and Middle America and endemic cholera in other countries call for measures of health protection of the local population, but particularly with respect to the young, old, pregnant and immunocompromised citizens of countries importing food from the areas where the disease has struck. Instead of harshly barring importation, a more humanitarian policy is recommended, relying on assistance of areas presenting risks, with the introduction of and adherence to rigorous measures of longitudinally integrated microbiological safety assurance. This model is equally applicable to other enteric diseases transmitted by food. Examples are given of how canned foods of neutral pH, fishery products, vegetables and certain fruits should be processed for safety. Importation monitoring strategies, linked to this proactive approach to consumer protection, are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Mossel
- Eijkman Foundation, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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