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Nomoto R, Osawa K, Kinoshita S, Kitagawa K, Nakanishi N, Sarassari R, Raharjo D, Fujisawa M, Kuntaman K, Shirakawa T. Metagenome and Resistome Analysis of Beta-Lactam-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from River Waters in Surabaya, Indonesia. Microorganisms 2024; 12:199. [PMID: 38258025 PMCID: PMC10819989 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents are administered to humans and livestock, and bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antimicrobial agents are released into the environment. In this study, to investigate the trend of AMR in humans, livestock, and the environment, we performed a metagenomic analysis of multidrug-resistant bacteria with CHROMagar ESBL in environmental river water samples, which were collected using syringe filter units from waters near hospitals, downtown areas, residential areas, and water treatment plants in Surabaya, Indonesia. Our results showed that Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Enterobacter, Escherichia, and Klebsiella grew in CHROMagar ESBL; they were most frequently detected in water samples from rivers surrounding hospitals contaminated with various AMR genes (ARGs) in high levels. These results identified bacteria as ARG reservoirs and revealed that hospitals could be sources for various ARGs disseminated into the environment. In conclusion, this study details a novel metagenomic analysis of collected bacteria in environmental water samples using a syringe filter unit for an AMR epidemiological study based on the One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe 650-0046, Japan; (R.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Kayo Osawa
- Department of Medical Technology, Kobe Tokiwa University, Kobe 653-0838, Japan
| | - Shohiro Kinoshita
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (S.K.); (K.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Koichi Kitagawa
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (S.K.); (K.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Noriko Nakanishi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe 650-0046, Japan; (R.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Rosantia Sarassari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia; (R.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Dadik Raharjo
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia;
| | - Masato Fujisawa
- Division of Urology, Department of Organ Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan;
| | - Kuntaman Kuntaman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia; (R.S.); (K.K.)
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia;
| | - Toshiro Shirakawa
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (S.K.); (K.K.); (T.S.)
- Division of Urology, Department of Organ Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan;
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Akazawa H, Fukuda I, Kaneda H, Yoda S, Kimura M, Nomoto R, Ueda S, Shirai Y, Osawa R. Isolation and identification of hyaluronan-degrading bacteria from Japanese fecal microbiota. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284517. [PMID: 37196002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a high-molecular-weight glycosaminoglycan and widely distributed in all connective tissues and organs with diverse biological functions. HA has been increasingly used as dietary supplements targeted to joint and skin health for humans. We here first report isolation of bacteria from human feces that are capable of degrading HA to lower molecular weight HA oligosaccharides (oligo-HAs). The bacteria were successfully isolated via a selective enrichment method, in which the serially diluted feces of healthy Japanese donors were individually incubated in an enrichment medium containing HA, followed by the isolation of candidate strains from streaked HA-containing agar plates and selection of HA-degrading strains by measuring HA using an ELISA. Subsequent genomic and biochemical assays identified the strains as Bacteroides finegoldii, B. caccae, B. thetaiotaomicron, and Fusobacterium mortiferum. Furthermore, our HPLC analysis revealed that the strains degraded HA to oligo-HAs of various lengths. Subsequent quantitative PCR assay targeting the HA degrading bacteria showed that their distribution in the Japanese donors varied. The evidence suggests that dietary HA is degraded by the human gut microbiota with individual variation to oligo-HAs components, which are more absorbable than HA, thereby exerting its beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazuki Akazawa
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Itsuko Fukuda
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Research Center for Food Safety and Security, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Haruna Kaneda
- R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, Sengawa Kewport, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichi Yoda
- R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, Sengawa Kewport, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Kimura
- R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, Sengawa Kewport, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shuji Ueda
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Shirai
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ro Osawa
- Research Center for Food Safety and Security, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Asakura H, Yamamoto S, Yamada K, Kawase J, Nakamura H, Abe KI, Sasaki Y, Ikeda T, Nomoto R. Quantitative detection and genetic characterization of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. in fresh chicken meats at retail in Japan. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1014212. [PMID: 36299715 PMCID: PMC9589359 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1014212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are one of the leading causes of gastrointestinal illnesses, and which are considered to be transmitted to humans mainly from chicken meats. Considering the less availability of quantitative contamination data in the retail chicken meats in Japan, 510 fresh chicken meats retailed at five distinct regions in Japan between June 2019 and March 2021 were examined. The quantitative testing resulted that 45.7% of the samples (254/510) were positive at mean ± standard deviation of 1.15 ± 1.03 logCFU/g, whereas 43 samples (8.4%) exceeded 3.0 logCFU/g. Seasonal comparison revealed increased bacterial counts in fall compared with spring and summer. As for the chicken slaughter age, those slaughtered at >75 days old were less contaminated than those at <75 days old. Genome sequencing analyses of 111 representative C. jejuni isolates resulted in the detection of three antimicrobial resistance genes (gyrA substitution T86I, tetO and blaOXA-61) at 25.2, 27.9 and 42.3%, respectively. In silico MLST analysis revealed the predominance of sequence types (ST)-21 clonal complex (CC), followed by ST-45CC and ST-464CC. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based phylogenetic tree largely classified the sequenced C. jejuni isolates into two clusters (I and II), where all C. jejuni from highly contaminated samples (STs-21CC, -22CC and -45CC) belonged to cluster I, independent of both season and slaughter age. To our knowledge, this is the first example to study the current status of Campylobacter contamination levels in fresh chicken meats retailed in Japan. Our data would be contributable to future quantitative microbial risk assessment, to establish effective control measures for campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Asakura
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hiroshi Asakura,
| | - Shiori Yamamoto
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamada
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Jun Kawase
- Department of Bacteriology, Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakamura
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kou-ichiro Abe
- Kawasaki City Institute of Public Health, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Sasaki
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ikeda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Tanimoto Y, Ito E, Miyamoto S, Mori A, Nomoto R, Nakanishi N, Oka N, Morimoto T, Iwamoto T. SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Wastewater Was Highly Correlated With the Number of COVID-19 Cases During the Fourth and Fifth Pandemic Wave in Kobe City, Japan. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:892447. [PMID: 35756040 PMCID: PMC9223763 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.892447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and associated respiratory infections, has been detected in the feces of patients. Therefore, determining SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in sewage may help to predict the number of infected people within the area. In this study, we quantified SARS-CoV-2 RNA copy number using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR with primers and probes targeting the N gene, which allows the detection of both wild-type and variant strain of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage samples from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Kobe City, Japan, during the fourth and fifth pandemic waves of COVID-19 between February 2021 and October 2021. The wastewater samples were concentrated via centrifugation, yielding a pelleted solid fraction and a supernatant, which was subjected to polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. The SARS-CoV-2 RNA was significantly and frequently detected in the solid fraction than in the PEG-precipitated fraction. In addition, the copy number in the solid fraction was highly correlated with the number of COVID-19 cases in the WWTP basin (WWTP-A: r = 0.8205, p < 0.001; WWTP-B: r = 0.8482, p < 0.001). The limit of capturing COVID-19 cases per 100,000 people was 0.75 cases in WWTP-A and 1.20 cases in WWTP-B, respectively. Quantitative studies of RNA in sewage can be useful for administrative purposes related to public health, including issuing warnings and implementing preventive measures within sewage basins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Tanimoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe City, Japan
| | - Erika Ito
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe City, Japan
| | - Sonoko Miyamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe City, Japan
| | - Ai Mori
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe City, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe City, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakanishi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe City, Japan
| | - Naohiro Oka
- Planning Division, Sewage Works Department, Public Construction Projects Bureau, Kobe City, Japan
| | - Takao Morimoto
- Planning Division, Sewage Works Department, Public Construction Projects Bureau, Kobe City, Japan
| | - Tomotada Iwamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe City, Japan
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Miura M, Shigemura K, Osawa K, Nakanishi N, Nomoto R, Onishi R, Yoshida H, Sawamura T, Fang SB, Chiang YT, Sung SY, Chen KC, Miyara T, Fujisawa M. Genetic characteristics of azithromycin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae collected in Hyogo, Japan during 2015-2019. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35700110 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Azithromycin (AZM) is a therapeutic drug for sexually transmitted infections and is used for Neisseria gonorrhoeae when first- and second-line drugs are not available. Recently, the susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae against AZM has been decreasing worldwide.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Azithromycin-resistance (AZM-R) rates among N. gonorrhoeae in Japan are increasing, and the gene mutations and epidemiological characteristics of AZM-R in N. gonorrhoeae have not been fully investigated.Aim. We determined the susceptibility to AZM and its correlation with genetic characteristics of N. gonorrhoeae.Methodology. We investigated the susceptibility to AZM and genetic characteristics of N. gonorrhoeae. Mutations in domain V of the 23S rRNA gene and mtrR were examined in 93 isolates, including 13 AZM-R isolates. Spread and clonality were examined using sequence types (STs) of multi-antigen sequence typing for N. gonorrhoeae (NG-MAST), and whole genome analysis (WGA) to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms.Results. The number of AZM-R isolates increased gradually from 2015 to 2019 in Hyogo (P=0.008). C2599T mutations in 23S rRNA significantly increased in AZM-R isolates (P<0.001). NG-MAST ST4207 and ST6762 were frequently detected in AZM-R isolates, and they had higher MICs to AZM from 6 to 24 µg/ml. The phylogenic tree-based WGA showed that all isolates with ST4207 were contained in the same clade, and isolates with ST6762 were divided into two clades, AZM-S isolates and AZM-R isolates, which were different from the cluster containing ST1407.Conclusion. Our study showed yearly increases in AZM-R rates in N. gonorrhoeae. NG-MAST ST4207 and ST6762 were not detected in our previous study in 2015 and were frequently identified in isolates with higher MICs to AZM. WGA confirmed that isolates with these STs are closely related to each other. Continued surveillance is needed to detect the emergence and confirm the spread of NG-MAST ST4207 and ST6762.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Miura
- Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka Suma-ku, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe Tokiwa University, 2-6-2 Otani-cho, Nagata-ku, Kobe, 653-0838, Japan
| | - Katsumi Shigemura
- Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka Suma-ku, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan.,Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kayo Osawa
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe Tokiwa University, 2-6-2 Otani-cho, Nagata-ku, Kobe, 653-0838, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakanishi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6-5 Minatojima-nakamichi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0046, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6-5 Minatojima-nakamichi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0046, Japan
| | - Reo Onishi
- Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka Suma-ku, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshida
- Hyogo Clinical Laboratory Corporation, 5-6-2, Aoyamanishi, Himeji, 671-2224 Japan
| | - Toru Sawamura
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe Tokiwa University, 2-6-2 Otani-cho, Nagata-ku, Kobe, 653-0838, Japan
| | - Shiuh-Bin Fang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 291 Jhong Jheng Road, Jhong Ho District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250, Wu Hsing Street, Hsin Yi District, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Te Chiang
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, 291, Zhongzheng Rd, Zhonghe District, Taipei, 23561, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shian-Ying Sung
- Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei, 110, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuan-Cho Chen
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, 291, Zhongzheng Rd, Zhonghe District, Taipei, 23561, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Takayuki Miyara
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masato Fujisawa
- Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
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Takaichi M, Osawa K, Nomoto R, Nakanishi N, Kameoka M, Miura M, Shigemura K, Kinoshita S, Kitagawa K, Uda A, Miyara T, Mertaniasih NM, Hadi U, Raharjo D, Yulistiani R, Fujisawa M, Kuntaman K, Shirakawa T. Antibiotic Resistance in Non-Typhoidal Salmonella enterica Strains Isolated from Chicken Meat in Indonesia. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050543. [PMID: 35631064 PMCID: PMC9143091 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS) has been confirmed in Indonesia by this study. We confirmed the virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibilities of clinical NTS (n = 50) isolated from chicken meat in Indonesia and also detected antimicrobial resistance genes. Of 50 strains, 30 (60%) were non-susceptible to nalidixic acid (NA) and all of them had amino acid mutations in gyrA. Among 27 tetracycline (TC) non-susceptible strains, 22 (81.5%) had tetA and/or tetB. The non-susceptibility rates to ampicillin, gentamicin or kanamycin were lower than that of NA or TC, but the prevalence of blaTEM or aadA was high. Non-susceptible strains showed a high prevalence of virulence genes compared with the susceptible strains (tcfA, p = 0.014; cdtB, p < 0.001; sfbA, p < 0.001; fimA, p = 0.002). S. Schwarzengrund was the most prevalent serotype (23 strains, 46%) and the most frequently detected as multi-antimicrobial resistant. The prevalence of virulence genes in S. Schwarzengrund was significantly higher than other serotypes in hlyE (p = 0.011) and phoP/Q (p = 0.011) in addition to the genes above. In conclusion, NTS strains isolated from Indonesian chicken had a high resistance to antibiotics and many virulence factors. In particular, S. Schwarzengrund strains were most frequently detected as multi-antimicrobial resistant and had a high prevalence of virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minori Takaichi
- Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe 654-0142, Japan; (M.T.); (M.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Kayo Osawa
- Department of Medical Technology, Kobe Tokiwa University, Kobe 653-0838, Japan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe 650-0046, Japan; (R.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Noriko Nakanishi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe 650-0046, Japan; (R.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Masanori Kameoka
- Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe 654-0142, Japan; (M.T.); (M.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Makiko Miura
- Department of Medical Technology, Kobe Tokiwa University, Kobe 653-0838, Japan;
| | - Katsumi Shigemura
- Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe 654-0142, Japan; (M.T.); (M.K.); (K.S.)
- Division of Urology, Department of Organ Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (M.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Shohiro Kinoshita
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (S.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Koichi Kitagawa
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (S.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Atsushi Uda
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (A.U.); (T.M.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyara
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (A.U.); (T.M.)
| | - Ni Made Mertaniasih
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia; (N.M.M.); (U.H.)
| | - Usman Hadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia; (N.M.M.); (U.H.)
| | - Dadik Raharjo
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia; (D.R.); (K.K.)
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Ratna Yulistiani
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur, Surabaya 60294, Indonesia;
| | - Masato Fujisawa
- Division of Urology, Department of Organ Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (M.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Kuntaman Kuntaman
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia; (D.R.); (K.K.)
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Toshiro Shirakawa
- Division of Urology, Department of Organ Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (M.F.); (T.S.)
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (S.K.); (K.K.)
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Nakanishi N, Komatsu S, Iwamoto T, Nomoto R. Characterization of a Novel Plasmid in Serratia marcescens Harbouring bla GES-5 Isolated from a Nosocomial Outbreak in Japan. J Hosp Infect 2021; 121:128-131. [PMID: 34906601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Serratia marcescens is a nosocomial pathogen with carbapenem resistance, which limits the availability of effective treatment options. In this study, we performed molecular characterization of GES-5 carbapenemase-producing S. marcescens isolated from an outbreak in Japan. Comparative genetic analysis revealed that the blaGES-5-encoding plasmid p2020-O-9 is a unique plasmid contributing to carbapenem resistance. Furthermore, this study highlights the necessity of surveillance programs for monitoring novel, along with commonly occurring carbapenemases in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Nakanishi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6-5 Minatojima-nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0046, Japan
| | - Shoko Komatsu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6-5 Minatojima-nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0046, Japan
| | - Tomotada Iwamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6-5 Minatojima-nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0046, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6-5 Minatojima-nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0046, Japan.
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Oktaviani Sulikah SR, Hasanah M, Setyarini W, Parathon H, Kitagawa K, Nakanishi N, Nomoto R, Osawa K, Kinoshita S, Hirai I, Shirakawa T, Kuntaman K. Occurrence of Carriage of Multidrug Resistant Enterobacteriaceae among Pregnant Women in the Primary Health Center and Hospital Setting in Surabaya, Indonesia. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 28:48-55. [PMID: 34348048 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The incidence of healthy individuals carrying multidrug resistant Enterobacteriaceae, including extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E), especially extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-KP), is increasing worldwide. Although ESBL-E causes early or late onset of neonatal sepsis, the prevalence of ESBL-E carriage among pregnant women in Indonesia is not clear. In the present study, we compared the occurrence of carriage of ESBL-E among pregnant women in a primary health center (PHC) versus two hospitals. Materials and Methods: We collected rectal swab samples from 200 pregnant women who visited a PHC or were admitted to two hospitals in Surabaya, Indonesia from July to October 2018. The ESBL-E strains were isolated from the samples and phenotypically and genotypically analyzed. Results: ESBL-E strains were isolated from 25 (24.8%) pregnant women who visited the PHC and 49 (49.5%) pregnant women who were admitted to the hospitals. The rate of ESBL-E carriage of pregnant women in the hospitals was significantly higher than that in the PHC. Among the 74 isolated ESBL-E strains, ESBL-EC was most frequently isolated (62 strains), followed by ESBL-KP (12 strains). In addition, blaCTX-M-15 was the most frequent ESBL gene type of the isolated ESBL-E strains. Conclusions: Our results revealed the high occurrence of ESBL-E carriage in pregnant women, especially those who were admitted to the hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miratul Hasanah
- Post-Graduate Master Program on Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Wahyu Setyarini
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hari Parathon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Dr. Soetomo Academic General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Koichi Kitagawa
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakanishi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kayo Osawa
- Department of Medical Technology, Kobe Tokiwa University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shohiro Kinoshita
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Itaru Hirai
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Toshiro Shirakawa
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kuntaman Kuntaman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Dr. Soetomo Academic General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
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9
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Sekizuka T, Itokawa K, Hashino M, Okubo K, Ohnishi A, Goto K, Tsukagoshi H, Ehara H, Nomoto R, Ohnishi M, Kuroda M. A discernable increase in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 R.1 lineage carrying an E484K spike protein mutation in Japan. Infect Genet Evol 2021; 94:105013. [PMID: 34352360 PMCID: PMC8327703 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Three COVID-19 waves in Japan have been characterized by the presence of distinct PANGO lineages (B.1.1. 162, B.1.1.284, and B.1.1.214). Recently, in addition to the B.1.1.7 lineage, which shows 25% abundance, an R.1 lineage carrying the E484K mutation in the spike protein was found to show up to 40% predominance. E484K could be a pivotal amino acid substitution with the potential to mediate immune escape; thus, more attention should be paid to such potential variants of concern to avoid the emergence of mutants of concern. Such comprehensive real-time genome surveillance has become essential for the containment of COVID-19 clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjyuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Itokawa
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjyuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Hashino
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjyuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Asami Ohnishi
- Sapporo City Institute of Public Health, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keiko Goto
- Ibaraki Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hayato Ehara
- Saitama Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yoshimi, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Ohnishi
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjyuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjyuku, Tokyo, Japan.
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10
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Lee K, Iguchi A, Uda K, Matsumura S, Miyairi I, Ishikura K, Ohnishi M, Seto J, Ishikawa K, Konishi N, Obata H, Furukawa I, Nagaoka H, Morinushi H, Hama N, Nomoto R, Nakajima H, Kariya H, Hamasaki M, Iyoda S. Whole-Genome Sequencing of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli OX18 from a Fatal Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Case. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1509-1512. [PMID: 33900194 PMCID: PMC8084502 DOI: 10.3201/eid2705.204162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a fatal case of hemolytic uremic syndrome with urinary tract infection in Japan caused by Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli. We genotypically identified the isolate as OX18:H2. Whole-genome sequencing revealed 3 potentially pathogenic lineages (OX18:H2, H19, and H34) that have been continuously isolated in Japan.
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11
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Sekizuka T, Itokawa K, Hashino M, Kawano-Sugaya T, Tanaka R, Yatsu K, Ohnishi A, Goto K, Tsukagoshi H, Ehara H, Sadamasu K, Taira M, Shibata S, Nomoto R, Hiroi S, Toho M, Shimada T, Matsui T, Sunagawa T, Kamiya H, Yahata Y, Yamagishi T, Suzuki M, Wakita T, Kuroda M. A Genome Epidemiological Study of SARS-CoV-2 Introduction into Japan. mSphere 2020; 5:e00786-20. [PMID: 33177213 PMCID: PMC7657588 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00786-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Japan on 15 January 2020, multiple nationwide COVID-19 clusters were identified by the end of February. The Japanese government focused on mitigating the emerging COVID-19 clusters by conducting active nationwide epidemiological surveillance. However, an increasing number of cases continued to appear until early April 2020, many with unclear infection routes and no recent history of travel outside Japan. We aimed to evaluate the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome sequences from the COVID-19 cases that appeared until early April 2020 and to characterize their genealogical networks in order to demonstrate possible routes of spread in Japan. Nasopharyngeal specimens were collected from patients, and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 were performed. Positive RNA samples were subjected to whole-genome sequencing, and a haplotype network analysis was performed. Some of the primary clusters identified during January and February 2020 in Japan descended directly from the Wuhan-Hu-1-related isolates from China and other distinct clusters. Clusters were almost contained until mid-March; the haplotype network analysis demonstrated that the COVID-19 cases from late March through early April may have created an additional large cluster related to the outbreak in Europe, leading to additional spread within Japan. In conclusion, genome surveillance has suggested that there were at least two distinct SARS-CoV-2 introductions into Japan from China and other countries.IMPORTANCE This study aimed to evaluate the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome sequences from COVID-19 cases and to characterize their genealogical networks to demonstrate possible routes of spread in Japan. We found that there were at least two distinct SARS-CoV-2 introductions into Japan, initially from China and subsequently from other countries, including Europe. Our findings can help understand how SARS-CoV-2 entered Japan and contribute to increased knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 in Asia and its association with implemented stay-at-home/shelter-in-place/self-restraint/lockdown measures. This study suggested that it is necessary to formulate a more efficient containment strategy using real-time genome surveillance to support epidemiological field investigations in order to highlight potential infection linkages and mitigate the next wave of COVID-19 in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Itokawa
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Hashino
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Rina Tanaka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Yatsu
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asami Ohnishi
- Sapporo City Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keiko Goto
- Ibaraki Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hayato Ehara
- Saitama Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenji Sadamasu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Taira
- Division of Virology and Medical Zoology, Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Shibata
- Microbiology Department, Nagoya City Public Health Research Institute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hiroi
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miho Toho
- Fukui Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tomoe Shimada
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamano Matsui
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomimasa Sunagawa
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Kamiya
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yahata
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamagishi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoi Suzuki
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Yoshida S, Iwamoto T, Kobayashi T, Nomoto R, Inoue Y, Tsuyuguchi K, Suzuki K. Two New Cases of Pulmonary Infection by Mycobacterium shigaense, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:2728-2732. [PMID: 33079053 PMCID: PMC7588508 DOI: 10.3201/eid2611.200315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report 2 case-patients in Japan with Mycobacterium shigaense pulmonary infections. One patient was given aggressive treatment and the other conservative treatment, according to distinctive radiologic evidence. A close phylogenetic relationship based on whole-genome sequencing was found between strain from the conservatively treated patient and a reference strain of cutaneous origin.
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13
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Abstract
A 74-year-old Japanese man who was taking antacids presented with profuse diarrhea. Stool culture revealed Vibrio cholerae O1 strain, serogroup Ogawa, biotype El tor. He recalled he had consumed some sashimi but denied any history of travelling abroad, and another cholera case with almost the same strain was reported at the same time in a remote prefecture in the Kanto area. This is a rare case of travel-unrelated cholera in Japan, and it illustrates the importance of suspecting cholera in all patients presenting with large volumes of watery diarrhea in Japan, especially in those who are taking antacids, regardless of their international travel history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Tatebe
- Department of Emergency, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan
| | - Asako Doi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan
| | - Seiko Nasu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan
| | | | | | - Eiji Arakawa
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Nishioka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan
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14
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Nakanishi N, Nomoto R, Tanaka S, Arikawa K, Iwamoto T. Analysis of Genetic Characterization and Clonality of Legionella pneumophila Isolated from Cooling Towers in Japan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16091664. [PMID: 31086119 PMCID: PMC6540132 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the genetic characteristics of 161 Legionella pneumophila strains isolated over a period of 10 years from cooling towers in Japan. Minimum spanning tree analysis based on the sequence-based typing (SBT) of them identified three clonal complexes (CCs); CC1 (105/161, 65.2%), CC2 (22 /161, 13.7%), and CC3 (20/161, 12.4%). CC1 was formed by serogroup (SG) 1 and SG7, whereas CC2 was mainly formed by SG1. All of the CC3 isolates except two strains were SG13. The major sequence types (STs) in CC1 and CC2 were ST1 (88/105, 83.8%) and ST154 (15/22, 68.2%), respectively. These STs are known as typical types of L. pneumophila SG1 in Japanese cooling tower. Additionally, we identified 15 strains of ST2603 as the major type in CC3. This ST has not been reported in Japanese cooling tower. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis of the representative strains in the three CCs, which were isolated from various cooling towers over the 10 years, elucidated high clonal population of L. pneumophila in Japanese cooling tower. Moreover, it revealed that the strains of CC2 are phylogenetically distant compared to those of CC1 and CC3, and belonged to L. pneumophila subsp. fraseri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Nakanishi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6-5 Minatojima-nakamichi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan.
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6-5 Minatojima-nakamichi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan.
| | - Shinobu Tanaka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6-5 Minatojima-nakamichi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Arikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6-5 Minatojima-nakamichi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan.
| | - Tomotada Iwamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6-5 Minatojima-nakamichi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0046, Japan.
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15
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Nakanishi N, Nomoto R, Sato K, Koike C, Kusuki M, Nakamura T, Shigemura K, Shirakawa T, Fujisawa M, Tokimatsu I, Osawa K. Acquisition of antimicrobial-resistant variants in repeated infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa revealed by whole genome sequencing. J Infect Chemother 2018; 25:154-156. [PMID: 30126693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, responsible for serious nosocomial-acquired infections, possesses intrinsic antibiotic resistance mechanisms and commonly exhibits multidrug resistance. Here, we report the evolving resistance profiles of strains isolated from the sputum of a patient being treated for repeated P. aeruginosa infections following cancer resection. Whole genome sequencing of six isolates obtained over a 2-month period revealed two key single nucleotide polymorphisms in the mexR and gyrB genes that affected efflux pump expression and antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Nakanishi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kanako Sato
- Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chihiro Koike
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mari Kusuki
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nakamura
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsumi Shigemura
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan; Division of Urology, Department of Organ Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe Japan
| | - Toshiro Shirakawa
- Division of Urology, Department of Organ Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe Japan; Division of Translational Research for Biologics, Department of Internal Medicine Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masato Fujisawa
- Division of Urology, Department of Organ Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe Japan
| | - Issei Tokimatsu
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kayo Osawa
- Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan; Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
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16
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Yamada R, Tien LHT, Arai S, Tohya M, Ishida-Kuroki K, Nomoto R, Kim H, Suzuki E, Osawa R, Watanabe T, Sekizaki T. Development of PCR for identifying Streptococcus parasuis, a close relative of Streptococcus suis. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1101-1107. [PMID: 29877313 PMCID: PMC6068303 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus parasuis has recently been removed taxonomically from Streptococcus suis, a zoonotic pathogen. S. parasuis has been detected
in healthy pigs and in diseased pigs, which suggests that S. parasuis is involved in the normal microbiota of pigs and has potential pathogenicity. However, the
pathogenicity of S. parasuis in pigs is unclear because of the lack of appropriate detection methods that discriminate S. parasuis from S.
suis. In this study, we developed a PCR method that is specific for S. parasuis. The detection limit of the PCR was 350 CFU per reaction. Bacteria isolated from
the saliva of eight pigs were collected and examined by PCR. Sixty-four isolates positive for PCR were obtained from the samples of all pigs. Thirteen of the 64 isolates were genetically
confirmed as S. parasuis, and biologically and biochemically had nearly the same features of known S. parasuis strains, which suggested that strains
positive for PCR were S. parasuis. Among the 64 isolates, 28 isolates were serotypes 20, 22, or 26 in the S. suis serotyping scheme. The remaining 36
isolates were untypeable, which suggested the presence of novel serotypes or a capsule-negative form. Therefore, the PCR method described in this study is a useful tool for identifying
S. parasuis, and can be used in etiological studies on this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Yamada
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Present address: Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Le Hong Thuy Tien
- Department of Biotechnology, Nong Lam University, Quarter 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Sakura Arai
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Present address: Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Mari Tohya
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Present address: Pathogenic Microbe Laboratory, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kasumi Ishida-Kuroki
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Minatojima-Nakamachi 4-6-5, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0045, Japan
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Eriko Suzuki
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ro Osawa
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kobe University, Rokko-dai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takayasu Watanabe
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sekizaki
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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17
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Nomoto R, Takano S, Tanaka K, Tsujikawa Y, Kusunoki H, Osawa R. Isolation and identification of Bifidobacterium species from feces of captive chimpanzees. Biosci Microbiota Food Health 2017; 36:91-99. [PMID: 28748130 PMCID: PMC5510154 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.16-027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, gut-dwelling bifidobacteria from chimpanzees, which are phylogenetically close to humans and have feeding habits similar to humans, have been frequently investigated. Given this, we speculated that like humans,
chimpanzees would have a unique diversity of bifidobacteria. We herein describe a taxonomically novel member of bifidobacteria isolated from fecal samples of captive chimpanzees. Bifidobacteria were detected in all fecal samples
by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A Bifidobacterium pseudolongum-like species, which could not be detected using B. pseudolongum-specific primers targeting the groEL gene
sequence, was dominant in the feces of five chimpanzees. Seven bifidobacterial strains were isolated from this group of five chimpanzees, and all isolates were identified as B. pseudolongum. B.
pseudolongum has previously often been isolated from non-primate animals as well as humans; however, here we demonstrate its presence in a nonhuman primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Bioresource Science, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.,Health Bioscience Team, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shintaro Takano
- Department of Bioresource Science, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kosei Tanaka
- Health Bioscience Team, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Tsujikawa
- Department of Bioresource Science, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kusunoki
- Department of Bioresource Science, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ro Osawa
- Department of Bioresource Science, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.,Health Bioscience Team, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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18
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Kishimoto M, Nomoto R, Mizuno M, Osawa R. An in vitro investigation of immunomodulatory properties of Lactobacillus plantarum and L. delbrueckii cells and their extracellular polysaccharides. Biosci Microbiota Food Health 2017; 36:101-110. [PMID: 28748131 PMCID: PMC5510155 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.17-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many probiotic lactobacilli and their extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) have beneficial immunological properties. However, it is unclear how they elicit the host immune response. We thus investigated the immunological
properties of UV-killed Lactobacillus delbrueckii TU-1 and L. plantarum KM-9 cells as well as their extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs). High-performance liquid chromatography and ion exchange
chromatography analyses showed that their EPSs differ in sugar composition and sugar fractionation. The immunological properties were evaluated in a semi-intestinal model using a Transwell co-culture system that employed human
intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells on the apical side and murine macrophage (RAW264.7) cells on the basolateral side. The UV-killed cells and EPSs were added to the apical side to allow direct contact with Caco-2 cells and
incubated for 6 hr. After incubation, the amounts of tumor necrosis factor-α and several cytokines released by RAW264.7 or Caco-2 cells were quantified by cytotoxic activity on L929 cells (murine fibrosarcoma cell line) and
quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR. We found that the UV-killed cells and their EPSs had immunological effects on RAW264.7 cells via Caco-2 cells. The RAW264.7 cells showed different cytokine production profiles when treated
with UV-killed cells and EPSs. The UV-killed cells and EPSs promoted a Th1-type cellular response. Furthermore, we found that the UV-killed cells sent positive signals through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2. Meanwhile, neither EPS
sent a positive signal through TLR4 and TLR2. This evidence suggests that both UV-killed cells of the lactobacillus strains and their EPSs trigger a Th1-type immune response in a human host, with the former triggering the response
via the TLRs expressed on its epithelium and the latter employing a mechanism yet to be determined, possibly involving a novel receptor that is designed to recognize specific patterns of repeating sugar in the EPSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Kishimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, 10 Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, 10 Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.,Health Bioscience Team, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizuno
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, 10 Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.,Health Bioscience Team, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ro Osawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, 10 Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.,Health Bioscience Team, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.,Research Center for Food Safety and Security, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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19
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Okura M, Osaki M, Nomoto R, Arai S, Osawa R, Sekizaki T, Takamatsu D. Current Taxonomical Situation of Streptococcus suis. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5030045. [PMID: 27348006 PMCID: PMC5039425 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis, a major porcine pathogen and an important zoonotic agent, is considered to be composed of phenotypically and genetically diverse strains. However, recent studies reported several “S. suis-like strains” that were identified as S. suis by commonly used methods for the identification of this bacterium, but were regarded as distinct species from S. suis according to the standards of several taxonomic analyses. Furthermore, it has been suggested that some S. suis-like strains can be assigned to several novel species. In this review, we discuss the current taxonomical situation of S. suis with a focus on (1) the classification history of the taxon of S. suis; (2) S. suis-like strains revealed by taxonomic analyses; (3) methods for detecting and identifying this species, including a novel method that can distinguish S. suis isolates from S. suis-like strains; and (4) current topics on the reclassification of S. suis-like strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Okura
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Makoto Osaki
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6-5 Minatojima-Nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0045, Japan.
| | - Sakura Arai
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Ro Osawa
- Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Sekizaki
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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20
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Arai S, Tohya M, Yamada R, Osawa R, Nomoto R, Kawamura Y, Sekizaki T. Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification to detect Streptococcus suis and its application to retail pork meat in Japan. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 208:35-42. [PMID: 26043307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We here developed a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method to detect Streptococcus suis in raw pork meat. This method, designated LAMPSS, targeted the recombination/repair protein (recN) gene of S. suis and detected all serotypes of S. suis, except those taxonomically removed from authentic S. suis, i.e., serotypes 20, 22, 26, 32, 33, and 34. The specificity of LAMPSS was confirmed and its detection limit was 5.4cfu/reaction. Among the 966 raw pork meat samples examined, including sliced pork, minced pork, and the liver, tongue, heart, and small intestine, 255 samples tested positive with LAMPSS. The rate of contamination was higher in the organs than in pork. No significant difference was observed in the total bacterial count between LAMPSS-positive and -negative samples. The number of shops that provided LAMPSS-positive pork was slightly higher in those that sold swine organs and pork than in those that sold only pork, suggesting that cross contamination occurred from the organs to pork. Among the 255 which tested positive for LAMPSS, only 47 samples tested positive for the previously described LAMP specific for S. suis serotype 2. Two isolates of S. suis serotype 2, belonging to sequence type 28, which is potentially hazardous to humans, as well as those of some other serotypes were obtained from 19 out of 47 samples by combining LAMP with a replica plating method. These results suggest that LAMPSS will be a useful tool for the surveillance of raw pork meat in the retail market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Arai
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mari Tohya
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryoko Yamada
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ro Osawa
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kobe University, Rokko-dai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokko-dai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kawamura
- Department of Microbiology, Aichi Gakuin University, School of Pharmacy, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sekizaki
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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21
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Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether Vibrio cholerae cells exposed to nutrient-limited conditions developed resistance to abiotic stresses because of which most, if not all, starved cells turn coccoid in shape and exhibited marked resistance to freezing, low pH, and chlorine, but not against bile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Shibata
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School Agricultural Science, Kobe University
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22
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Nomoto R, Maruyama F, Ishida S, Tohya M, Sekizaki T, Osawa R. Reappraisal of the taxonomy of Streptococcus suis serotypes 20, 22 and 26: Streptococcus parasuis sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:438-443. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.067116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to clarify the taxonomic position of serotypes 20, 22 and 26 of
Streptococcus suis
, biochemical and molecular genetic studies were performed on isolates (SUT-7, SUT-286T, SUT-319, SUT-328 and SUT-380) reacted with specific antisera of serotypes 20, 22 or 26 from the saliva of healthy pigs as well as reference strains of serotypes 20, 22 and 26. Comparative recN gene sequencing showed high genetic relatedness among our isolates, but marked differences from the type strain
S. suis
NCTC 10234T, i.e. 74.8–75.7 % sequence similarity. The genomic relatedness between the isolates and other strains of species of the genus
Streptococcus
, including
S. suis,
was calculated using the average nucleotide identity values of whole genome sequences, which indicated that serotypes 20, 22 and 26 should be removed taxonomically from
S. suis
and treated as a novel genomic species. Comparative sequence analysis revealed 99.0–100 % sequence similarities for the 16S rRNA genes between the reference strains of serotypes 20, 22 and 26, and our isolates. Isolate STU-286T had relatively high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with
S. suis
NCTC 10234T (98.8 %). SUT-286T could be distinguished from
S. suis
and other closely related species of the genus
Streptococcus
using biochemical tests. Due to its phylogenetic and phenotypic similarities to
S. suis
we propose naming the novel species Streptococcus parasuis sp. nov., with SUT-286T ( = JCM 30273T = DSM 29126T) as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Nomoto
- Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokko-dai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - F. Maruyama
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Section of Bacterial Phathogenesis, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 45-5-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - S. Ishida
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - M. Tohya
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - T. Sekizaki
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ro Osawa
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kobe University, Rokko-dai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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Matsubara K, Takegawa H, Sakizono K, Nomoto R, Yamamoto G, Osawa R. Transient Bacteremia Due to Streptococcus gallolyticus Subsp. pasteurianus in a 3-Year-Old Infant. Jpn J Infect Dis 2015; 68:251-3. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2014.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Takegawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital
| | - Kenji Sakizono
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University
| | - Go Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nishi-Kobe Medical Center
| | - Ro Osawa
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University
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Kishimoto M, Nomoto R, Osawa R. In vitro evaluation of immunological properties of extracellular polysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii strains. Biosci Microbiota Food Health 2014; 34:11-23. [PMID: 25625033 PMCID: PMC4300312 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2014-013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the variation in immunological properties of the extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) produced by different Lactobacillus delbrueckii strains as well as that of their monosaccharide composition. The monosaccharide composition of each EPS produced by L. delbrueckii strains, as determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC), showed an appreciable variation in a strain-dependent manner, which could be broadly assigned to 4 TLC groups. Meanwhile, the immunological properties of the EPSs produced by 10 L. delbrueckii strains were evaluated in a semi-intestinal model using a Transwell co-culture system, which employed human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells on the apical side and murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells on the basolateral side. Each EPS was added to the apical side to allow direct contact with Caco-2 cells and incubated for 6 hr. After incubation, the amounts of TNF-α and several cytokines that had
been released by either RAW264.7 or Caco-2 cells were then quantified by cytotoxic activity on L929 cells or the RT-PCR method. It was found that the EPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells express different profiles of cytokine production via Caco-2 cells but that the profile difference could not be related to the above TLC grouping. The evidence suggests that the EPSs of L. delbrueckii strains are diverse not only in their biochemical structure but also in their immunological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Kishimoto
- Department of Bioresource Science, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Bioresource Science, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan ; Health Bioscience Team, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ro Osawa
- Department of Bioresource Science, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan ; Health Bioscience Team, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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25
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Takagi R, Tsujikawa Y, Nomoto R, Osawa R. Comparison of the Growth of Lactobacillus delbrueckii, L. paracasei and L. plantarum on Inulin in Co-culture Systems. Biosci Microbiota Food Health 2014; 33:139-46. [PMID: 25379361 PMCID: PMC4219980 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.33.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus delbrueckii TU-1, which apparently takes intact inulin into its cells and then degrades it
intracellularly, was co-cultured in vitro with L. paracasei KTN-5, an extracellular inulin
degrader; or L. plantarum 22A-3, a strain that is able to utilize fructose but not inulin; or both in order to
prequalify inulin as a prebiotic agent in vivo. When L. delbrueckii TU-1 was co-cultured with
L. paracasei KTN-5 on fructose or inulin, the growth of L. delbrueckii TU-1 on inulin was
markedly higher than that of L. paracasei KTN-5, whereas the growth of L. delbrueckii TU-1 on
fructose was much lower than that of L. paracasei KTN-5. These results suggest that
L. delbrueckii TU-1 and L. paracasei KTN-5 were efficient at utilizing inulin and fructose,
respectively. When L. plantarum 22A-3 was co-cultured with L. delbrueckii TU-1 on inulin, the
growth of L. plantarum 22A-3 was enhanced by L. paracasei KTN-5 but not by
L. delbrueckii TU-1, suggesting that the fructose moiety that L. paracasei KTN-5 released
temporarily into the medium was “scavenged” by L. plantarum 22A-3. Thus, L. delbrueckii TU-1,
L. paracasei KTN-5, and L. plantarum 22A-3 were then cultured altogether on inulin. The growth
of L. delbrueckii TU-1 was unaffected but that of L. paracasei KTN-5 was markedly suppressed.
This evidence suggests that prebiotic use of inulin supported the selective growth of intracellular inulin degraders such as
L. delbrueckii rather than extracellular inulin degraders such as L. paracasei in the host
microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Takagi
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Tsujikawa
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ro Osawa
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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26
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Ueda S, Nomoto R, Yoshida KI, Osawa R. Comparison of three tannases cloned from closely related lactobacillus species: L. Plantarum, L. Paraplantarum, and L. Pentosus. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:87. [PMID: 24708557 PMCID: PMC4233993 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tannase (tannin acyl hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.20) specifically catalyzes the hydrolysis of the galloyl ester bonds in hydrolyzable tannins to release gallic acid. The enzyme was found not only in fungal species but also many bacterial species including Lactobacillus plantarum, L. paraplantarum, and L. pentosus. Recently, we identified and expressed a tannase gene of L. plantarum, tanLpl, to show remarkable differences to characterized fungal tannases. However, little is known about genes responsible for tannase activities of L. paraplantarum and L. pentosus. We here identify the tannase genes (i.e. tanLpa and tanLpe) of the above lactobacilli species, and describe their molecular diversity among the strains as well as enzymological difference between species inclusive of L. plantarum. RESULTS The genes encoding tannase, designated tanLpa and tanLpe, were cloned from Lactobacillus paraplantarum NSO120 and Lactobacillus pentosus 21A-3, which shared 88% and 72% amino acid identity with TanLpl, cloned from Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917(T), respectively. These three enzymes could comprise a novel tannase subfamily of independent lineage, because no other tannases in the databases share significant sequence similarity with them. Each of tanLpl, tanLpa, and tanLpe was expressed in Bacillus subtilis RIK 1285 and recombinant enzymes were secreted and purified. The K(m) values of the enzymes on each galloyl ester were comparable; however, the k(cat)/K(m) values of TanLpa for EGCg, ECg, Cg, and GCg were markedly higher than those for TanLpl and TanLpe. Their enzymological properties were compared to reveal differences at least in substrate specificity. CONCLUSION Two tannase genes responsible for tannase activities of L. paraplantarum and L. pentosus were identified and characterized. TanLpl, TanLpa and TanLpe forming a phylogenetic cluster in the known bacterial tannase genes and had a limited diversity in each other. Their enzymological properties were compared to reveal differences at least in substrate specificity. This is the first comparative study of closely related bacterial tannases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokko-dai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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Nomoto R, Tien LHT, Sekizaki T, Osawa R. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus gallolyticus isolated from humans and animals. Jpn J Infect Dis 2014; 66:334-6. [PMID: 23883848 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.66.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibilities to some antimicrobial agents and distribution of genes associated with resistance were examined in a total of 66 Streptococcus gallolyticus isolates and reference strains from various sources. All the tested bacteria were susceptible to vancomycin, penicillin G, and ampicillin. Most of the erythromycin-resistant isolates were observed in human clinical samples. Tetracycline and doxycycline resistance was prevalent in the isolates from human patients, diseased animals, and healthy broiler chickens, while the prevalence was significantly lower in the isolates from healthy mammals. All the isolates resistant to tetracycline possessed tet(M) and/or tet(L) and/or tet(O) genes. However, most isolates from healthy animals, which were susceptible to tetracycline, possessed the above-cited resistance genes, implying the potential ability for resistance under exposure to the corresponding antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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Tsujikawa Y, Nomoto R, Osawa R. Difference in Degradation Patterns on Inulin-type Fructans among Strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus paracasei. Biosci Microbiota Food Health 2013; 32:157-65. [PMID: 24936375 PMCID: PMC4034334 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.32.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus delbrueckii strains were assessed for their degradation
patterns of various carbohydrates with specific reference to inulin-type fructans in
comparison with those of Lactobacillus paracasei strains. Firstly, growth
curves on glucose, fructose, sucrose and inulin-type fructans with increasing degrees of
fructose polymerization (i.e., 1-kestose, fructo-oligosaccharides and inulin) of the
strains were compared. L. paracasei DSM 20020 grew well on all these
sugars, while the growth rates of the 4 L. delbrueckii strains were
markedly higher on the fructans with a greater degree of polymerization than on fructose
and sucrose. Secondly, sugar compositions of spent cultures of the strains of L.
delbrueckii and L. paracasei grown in mMRS containing either
the fructans or inulin were determined by thin layer chromatography, in which the spent
cultures of L. paracasei DSM 20020 showed spots of short fructose and
sucrose fractions, whereas those of the L. delbrueckii strains did not
show such spots at all. These results suggest that, unlike the L.
paracasei strains, the L. delbrueckii strains do not degrade
the inulin-type fructans extracellularly, but transport the fructans capable of greater
polymerization preferentially into their cells to be degraded intracellularly for their
growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Tsujikawa
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ro Osawa
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Shibata Y, Tien LHT, Nomoto R, Osawa R. Development of a multilocus sequence typing scheme for Streptococcus gallolyticus. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 160:113-122. [PMID: 24131946 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.071605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus gallolyticus is often found as a member of the normal gut microflora in various animals. However, it has been reported to cause mastitis in cattle, septicaemia in pigeons, and meningitis, septicaemia and endocarditis in humans. However, little is known about the epidemiology and crucial virulence factors of S. gallolyticus. To help address these issues, we developed a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for S. gallolyticus. Seven housekeeping gene fragments were sequenced from each of 58 S. gallolyticus isolates collected from diverse origins and sources. The MLST scheme had good discriminatory ability. The 63 strains, including the 5 whole genome sequenced strains examined, resolved into 57 sequence types (STs), with 52 STs represented by only a single strain. With respect to the identification of S. gallolyticus subspecies (i.e. S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus, S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus and S. gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus), the results of biochemical tests and DNA-DNA hybridization were in high concordance with those of the MLST scheme. The MLST scheme developed in this study may be a useful tool capable of replacing the conventional methods used for S. gallolyticus subspecies identification. The results of this study suggest that the biology and virulence of two pathogenic S. gallolyticus subspecies (i.e. S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus and S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus) are very different. The MLST scheme offers researchers a valuable typing tool that will promote further investigation of the epidemiology of S. gallolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Shibata
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokko-dai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Le Hong Thuy Tien
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokko-dai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokko-dai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ro Osawa
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokko-dai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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30
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Tien LHT, Nishibori T, Nishitani Y, Nomoto R, Osawa R. Reappraisal of the taxonomy of Streptococcus suis serotypes 20, 22, 26, and 33 based on DNA-DNA homology and sodA and recN phylogenies. Vet Microbiol 2012; 162:842-849. [PMID: 23245487 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To date, Streptococcus suis was divided into thirty-three serotypes based on its polysaccharide capsular antigens. Although 16S rRNA sequence similarities of serotypes 20, 22, 26, and 33 reference strains to the type strain NCTC 10234(T) were below the threshold value of 98.5% to assign them to S. suis species, no strong evidence support to reclassification. Here, their taxonomic identities were determined by DNA-DNA hybridization assays and by partial sequencing of the sodA and recN genes. Our results confirmed that the serotype 20, 22, 26, and 33 reference strains were distantly related to the type strain NCTC 10234(T) and the whole sequence strain P1/7 of S. suis. Moreover, the reference strains of serotypes 20, 22, and 26 were closely related to each other but distinct from the serotype 33 reference strain. Sequencing analyses of sodA and recN of a total 33 serotype reference strains showed that the serotype 20, 22, and 26 reference strains and the serotype 33 reference strain did not fall with not only other serotypes of S. suis, but also other streptococcal species (63 strains of 56 species for sodA and 87 strains of 55 species for recN). The evidence further substantiates the view that the reference strains of serotypes 20, 22, 26 and 33 should be taxonomically removed from S. suis, although their taxonomic designations and determinative phenotypic characteristics are yet to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Hong Thuy Tien
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokko-dai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nishibori
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokko-dai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nishitani
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokko-dai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokko-dai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ro Osawa
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokko-dai 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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Nomoto R, Tezuka T, Miyazono KI, Tanokura M, Horinouchi S, Ohnishi Y. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of SGR6054, a Streptomyces homologue of the mycobacterial integration host factor mIHF. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:1085-8. [PMID: 22949201 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mycobacterial integration host factor (mIHF) is a small nonspecific DNA-binding protein that is essential for the growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis. mIHF homologues are widely distributed among Actinobacteria, and a Streptomyces homologue of mIHF is involved in control of sporulation and antibiotic production in S. coelicolor A3(2). Despite their important biological functions, a structure of mIHF or its homologues has not been elucidated to date. Here, the S. griseus mIHF homologue (SGR6054) was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli and crystallized in the presence of a 16-mer duplex DNA by the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method. The plate-shaped crystal belonged to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 88.53, b = 69.35, c = 77.71 Å, β = 96.63°, and diffracted X-rays to 2.22 Å resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Shimahara Y, Nakamura A, Nomoto R, Itami T, Chen SC, Yoshida T. Genetic and phenotypic comparison of Nocardia seriolae isolated from fish in Japan. J Fish Dis 2008; 31:481-488. [PMID: 18482385 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypic and genetic characterizations of 58 isolates of the fish pathogen Nocardia seriolae, from amberjack, Seriolae dumerili, yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata, Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, and chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus, in Japan from 1970-2005, were examined to investigate the epidemiological relationship between isolates. The phenotypic and genetic characterizations were determined by alpha-glucosidase activity and biased sinusoidal field gel electrophoresis (BSFGE) analysis, respectively. There was no alpha-glucosidase activity in strains isolated from 2000-05 (n = 50) with a few exceptions (n = 3), while all strains isolated from 1970-90 (n = 8) were positive. In BSFGE analysis, digestions with restriction enzymes Xba I and Ase I produced 15 and 16 restriction patterns, respectively. All restriction patterns obtained from 50 strains isolated during 2000-05 were unrelated to those obtained from eight strains isolated during 1970-90, with the exception of two strains isolated during recent outbreaks. Based on the phenotypic and genetic characterizations, recent outbreaks of nocardiosis in Japan are suggested to be epidemiologically unrelated to earlier outbreaks in Japan. Although a low genetic relationship was observed in the restriction pattern between recent and earlier isolates, identity was confirmed between these groups of isolates because five representative strains showed 99.9% homology with N. seriolae ATCC43993(T) in the 16S rRNA sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shimahara
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Nomoto R, Kagawa H, Yoshida T. Partial sequencing of sodA gene and its application to identification of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae isolated from farmed fish. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 46:95-100. [PMID: 17971096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the difference between Lancefield group C Streptococcus dysgalactiae (GCSD) strains isolated from diseased fish and animals by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the sodA gene. METHODS AND RESULTS The sodA gene of Strep. dysgalactiae strains isolated from fish and animals were amplified and its nucleotide sequences were determined. Although 100% sequence identity was observed among fish GCSD strains, the determined sequences from animal isolates showed variations against fish isolate sequences. Thus, all fish GCSD strains were clearly separated from the GCSD strains of other origin by using phylogenetic tree analysis. In addition, the original primer set was designed based on the determined sequences for specifically amplify the sodA gene of fish GCSD strains. The primer set yield amplification products from only fish GCSD strains. CONCLUSIONS By sequencing analysis of the sodA gene, the genetic divergence between Strep. dysgalactiae strains isolated from fish and mammals was demonstrated. Moreover, an original oligonucletide primer set, which could simply detect the genotype of fish GCSD strains was designed. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study shows that Strep. dysgalactiae isolated from diseased fish could be distinguished from conventional GCSD strains by the difference in the sequence of the sodA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nomoto
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Nomoto R, Mishima A, Kobayashi K, McCabe JF, Darvell BW, Watts DC, Momoi Y, Hirano S. Quantitative determination of radio-opacity: equivalence of digital and film X-ray systems. Dent Mater 2007; 24:141-7. [PMID: 17923153 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the equivalence of a digital X-ray system (DenOptix) to conventional X-ray film in terms of the measured radio-opacity of known filled-resin materials and the suitability of attenuation coefficient for radio-opacity determination. METHODS Discs of five thicknesses (0.5-2.5mm) and step-wedges of each of three composite materials of nominal aluminum-equivalence of 50%, 200% and 450% were used. X-ray images of a set of discs (or step-wedge), an aluminum step-wedge, and a lead block were taken at 65 kV and 10 mA at a focus-film distance of 400 mm for 0.15s and 1.6s using an X-ray film or imaging plate. Radio-opacity was determined as equivalent aluminum thickness and attenuation coefficient. The logarithm of the individual optical density or gray scale value, corrected for background, was plotted against thickness, and the attenuation coefficient determined from the slope. The method of ISO 4049 was used for equivalent aluminum thickness. RESULTS The equivalent aluminum thickness method is not suitable for materials of low radio-opacity, while the attenuation coefficient method could be used for all without difficulty. The digital system gave attenuation coefficients of greater precision than did film, but the use of automatic gain control (AGC) distorted the outcome unusably. CONCLUSION Attenuation coefficient is a more precise and generally applicable approach to the determination of radio-opacity. The digital system was equivalent to film but with less noise. The use of AGC is inappropriate for such determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nomoto
- Department of Dental Engineering, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama, Japan.
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Nomoto R, Unose N, Shimahara Y, Nakamura A, Hirae T, Maebuchi K, Harada S, Misawa N, Itami T, Kagawa H, Yoshida T. Characterization of Lancefield group C Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolated from farmed fish. J Fish Dis 2006; 29:673-82. [PMID: 17169114 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2006.00763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A Lancefield group C streptococcal (GCS) infection caused by Streptococcus dysgalactiae that is characterized by severe necrotic lesions of the caudal peduncle has been an increasing cause of mortality in farmed fish such as amberjack, Seriola dumerili, and yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata, in the southern part of Kyushu, Japan. In this study, enzymatic profiles of GCS strains from fish and mammals were investigated using the API ZYM system, and genotypic characterization of GCS strains was performed using biased sinusoidal field gel electrophoresis (BSFGE). The partial sequence of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region of the GCS strain isolates from fish and mammals was also compared. The API ZYM test indicated that it is difficult to differentiate isolates of S. dysgalactiae from fish and animals based on enzymological variations. In the BSFGE analysis, the macrorestriction profiles, which were obtained using SmaI or ApaI as a restriction enzyme, revealed variations between the fish and animal isolates. The partial sequence of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region of all the tested fish isolates differed from all mammalian isolates in one or two nucleotides. The possibility of a clonal expansion of S. dysgalactiae strains in farmed fish was also suggested by the BSFGE profiles of fish isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nomoto
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Nomoto R, Munasinghe LI, Jin DH, Shimahara Y, Yasuda H, Nakamura A, Misawa N, Itami T, Yoshida T. Lancefield group C Streptococcus dysgalactiae infection responsible for fish mortalities in Japan. J Fish Dis 2004; 27:679-686. [PMID: 15575875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A Lancefield serological group C Streptococcus sp. was isolated from cultured amberjack, Seriola dumerili Risso, and yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata Temminck and Schlegel, immunized with Lactococcus garvieae commercial vaccines in Japan. The isolated bacteria were Gram-positive cocci, auto-aggregating in saline, morphologically long chains in growth medium, catalase negative and alpha-haemolytic on blood agar. An almost complete gene sequence of the 16S rDNA of two isolates was determined and compared with that of bacterial strains in the database. The isolates were identified as Streptococcus dysgalactiae based on the results of the 16S rDNA sequence, the bacteriological properties and the Lancefield serological grouping. Oligonucleotide primers specifically designed for the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region of S. dysgalactiae amplified a gene from all the fish isolates, as well as the type strains alpha-haemolytic S. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae ATCC430738 and beta-haemolytic S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis ATCC35666, but not those of S. equi ATCC33398, Lactococcus garvieae ATCC43921 and L. garvieae KG9408. The severe necrotic lesions of the caudal peduncle seen in experimentally infected fish were similar to those seen in naturally infected fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nomoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the suitability of a shear punch test for determining the mechanical properties of dental restorative materials. The method was evaluated by measuring and comparing the shear punch strength of seven different restorative materials, that is amalgam, composite resin, compomer, composite containing pre-reacted glass ionomer filler, resin modified glass ionomer, glass ionomer and polycarboxylate cement. METHOD The effects of specimen restraining conditions, specimen thickness and test speed on the shear punch strength were evaluated using polycarboxylate cement and two different equipment set-ups. Using the preferred testing regime as determined in the preliminary experiments, the shear punch strength of seven different materials were measured and compared. Twenty disc specimens, 0.5mm thick and 10mm diameter, were prepared for each material, restrained within the test equipment and tested at a speed of 1.0mm/min. RESULTS The shear punch strength increased as the torque used for restraining a specimen was increased. There was no difference in shear punch strength for specimens of different thickness. The greatest shear punch strength was obtained at the test speed of 1.0mm/min. The shear punch strength values decreased in the order composite>composite containing pre-reacted glass ionomer filler>amalgam>compomer>resin-modified glass ionomer>glass ionomer>polycarboxylate. A difference in the shear punch strength for seven different kinds of restorative materials clearly emerged. Specimen fracture occurred by circumferential cracking for the shear-punch test. However, for some glass ionomer and amalgam specimens radial cracking was also observed. SIGNIFICANCE This study suggests that the simple test described is suitable for standardization purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nomoto
- Dental Materials Science Unit, Department of Restorative Dentistry, The Dental School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of the mixing method on the compressive strength and porosity of dental glass ionomer cements. METHOD Five glass ionomer cements were chosen for use in the study. Two were hand mixed and three were encapsulated. The latter were mixed either by shaking or rotating. Following mixing by rotation some samples were centrifuged before use. The 24h compressive strength was determined for each cement/mixing regime combination and fracture surfaces were examined using SEM. RESULTS The mixing method had a significant effect on compressive strength (P<0.05). For the luting/lining cement, hand mixing produced a significantly greater compressive strength (P<0.05). For the restorative cement, there were only small differences between specimens mixed by different methods and hand mixing gave a significantly lower compressive strength than mixing by rotation followed by centrifuging (P<0.05). Porosity was incorporated in all samples and low values of compressive strength were associated with larger pores. SIGNIFICANCE The strength of glass ionomer cements is affected by incorporated porosity and this is dependent on the method of mixing. For some cements hand mixing is favoured in order to reduce porosity and increase strength but this is not generally applicable to all cements.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nomoto
- Dental Materials Science Unit, The Dental School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate a new erosion test for dental cements that has been developed as an alternative to the impinging jet erosion test used in current standards. The method was evaluated by measuring and comparing the extent of the erosion of three different types of dental cement. METHODS The erosion of three different types of cement; zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate and glass ionomer, were evaluated by measuring the depth loss of the cement placed in a cylindrical cavity in PMMA sheet after immersed in lactic acid solution (pH 2.74) or lactic acid/sodium lactate buffer solution (pH 2.74). The depth loss was measured by a dial gauge. Changes in the pH of the eroding solutions were monitored. Identical specimens were immersed in distilled water and the degree of hygroscopic expansion was also confirmed. RESULTS Depth loss and pH increased with increasing immersion period. The depth losses of all cements were considerably more in the buffer solution than in the acid solution. A difference in the eroded depth for three different kinds of cements clearly emerged. The depth loss for polycarboxylate was more than that for zinc phosphate, which was more than that for glass ionomer. Although hygroscopic expansion was observed for glass ionomer, the value after 24h immersion was negligible compared with the eroded depth. SIGNIFICANCE The results appear to correlate with those obtained using a jet erosion test and with published data on clinical performance. This suggests that the simpler test described here is suitable for standardization purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nomoto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Material Science Unit, The Dental School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish a method using FTIR to evaluate the polymerization characteristics of UDMA-based resins. Three kinds of experimental UDMA-based resins were prepared with various molar fractions. IR spectra of the cured film specimens were measured with FTIR before and after extracting residual monomer from each specimen by MeOH. From the IR spectra, the changes in the number of double bonds were measured, with the NH absorbance peak as an internal standard, and the amounts of residual monomers (RM) were calculated. The MeOH-immersed specimens were analyzed by HPLC. The RM measured by FTIR were compared with those measured by HPLC. The RM measured by HPLC were more than those by FTIR. Since these differences could be due to the difference in the area measured, this FTIR estimation method of residual monomers in cured resins using the NH absorbance peak as an internal standard could be an appropriate method when the resin monomer does not contain aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nomoto
- Department of Dental Engineering, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Abstract
Experimental light-cured composite resins were exposed to a narrow-band light at a constant quantum number using a narrow-band interference filter. The IR spectra of the cured resin specimens were measured before and after extraction of residual monomers. Degree of conversion (DC) and polymerization conversion (PC) were calculated from these IR spectra. The light in 410-550 nm could be polymerized. With a brief exposure (5 s), DC and PC were affected by the wavelength. The effect of wavelength between 410 and 490 nm decreased with increasing duration of exposure. The most efficient wavelength was 470 nm and the most adequate wavelength was in the 450-490 nm wavelength range. The absorbance of camphorquinone strongly affected polymerization, especially during the initial stage. However, from the relationship between DC or PC and exposure energy, polymerization depended not only on the wavelength of the light, but also on the exposure energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nomoto
- Department of Dental Engineering, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Abstract
SUS444 stainless steel filled chemically cured resin composites that can attract magnet were fabricated. The filler was treated with various concentrations of silane. The experimental composite was easy to handle and showed a good shelf life. The maximal properties obtained are as follows; The attraction force to a magnetic attachment was 1/3-1/4 lower than the commercially available magnet-keeper system for dental magnetic attachment. Flexural strength and Knoop hardness of the composite were 76MPa (7.7 kgf/mm2) and 64 KHN. These values were lower than the commercially available chemically cured composite used as a reference. Eluted metal from the composite in 1% lactic acid solution for 7 days showed 0.7 mg/cm2, but in 0.9% NaCl solution for 7 days, it could not be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hirano
- Department of Dental Engineering, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Abstract
The depths of cure and the distributions of degree of conversion (DC), polymerization conversion (PC) and percent pendant double bonds (PDB) of light-cured composite resins cured under various intensities of light were investigated. When the total amount of exposure, represented by the product of the light intensity and the irradiation time, was kept constant, each of the depth of cure and the distributions of DC, PC and PDB were the same for each material regardless of the light intensity and irradiation time. The depth of cure could be expressed as a logarithmic function of the total amount of exposure. From regression analysis, the attenuation coefficient and the critical total amount of exposure capable of initiating polymerization of each composite resin could be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nomoto
- Department of Dental Engineering, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Japan
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Kodama K, Jo T, Fujiwara Y, Kuwahara T, Kawada H, Hara Y, Matsubara W, Hamada N, Nomoto R. [An elderly case of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 1993; 30:130-7. [PMID: 8483287 DOI: 10.3143/geriatrics.30.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A 78-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of disorientation and fever on January 21, 1992. Two days before admission she experienced vomiting, anorexia and general malaise. Laboratory examinations on admission disclosed a hemoglobin level of 11.1 g/dl and a platelet count of 8,000/microliters. The peripheral blood smear revealed anisocytosis with numerous schistocytes and poikilocytes. Polychromatophilic and nucleated red blood cells were also seen, and the reticulocyte count was 38/1000. Her serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) value was 2,977 WU and the total serum bilirubin level was 3.5 mg/dl with 2.7 mg/dl indirect reacting fraction. Serum creatinine was 4.7 mg/dl. Her consciousness became semicomatose after a systemic seizure which lasted approximately 15 seconds and her hemoglobin level decreased to 8.5 g/dl on hospital day 2. Therefore, we diagnosed her as having thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) because of the presence of all 5 features, that is, thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, fluctuating neurologic abnormalities, renal dysfunction and fever. A plasmapheresis with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) replacement was begun on that day. She was also treated with anti-platelet agents, 80 mg/day aspirin, and 300 mg/day dipyridamole. Moreover, packed red blood cells (PRC) were infused. While also receiving diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital to prevent convulsions, status epilepticus developed on day 3. Because of inhibited spontaneous respiration which was an adverse effect derived from diazepam and sodium thiamylal administered intravenously to treat the status epilepticus, an artificial respiration was initiated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kodama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital
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Abstract
Microareas (100 x 100 microns 2) of thin visible light-cured composite sections irradiated for 10-60 s were analyzed with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer equipped with a microscopic unit before and after extraction of residual monomers to determine the percent unreacted double bonds (UDB) and percent pendant double bonds (PDB). The percent eluted double bonds (EDB) was calculated using these percents. Analysis was conducted at various depths along the midline from the irradiated surface to the base. There were significant differences among the tested materials at each depth in UDB, PDB and EDB percents. The percent PDB of each material remained almost constant (25-40%) to a certain depth. This depth was equivalent to 70-80% of the depth of cure for each material. The range of depths at which percent PDB was constant indicated greater than 35-40% degree of conversion. At these locations, the composites may polymerize with a high rate of crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nomoto
- Department of Dental Engineering, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Kodama K, Jo T, Fujiwara Y, Marumoto K, Kawada H, Matsubara W, Hamada N, Nomoto R, Furuya K, Nishikawa T. [Clinical characteristics of postinfarction left ventricular aneurysm with extensive calcification]. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 1992; 29:565-73. [PMID: 1434053 DOI: 10.3143/geriatrics.29.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The authors experienced 4 cases of calcified postinfarction aneurysm of the left ventricle. They were all male, aged 55 to 71 (mean 64). Risk factor for coronary artery disease was only smoking in 2 patients, but there was none in the others. They had had acute anteroseptal or extensive anterior infarction at age 41-57 years (mean 49.3), and associated major cardiac events 10-22 years (mean 14.5) after acute myocardial infarction. Ventricular tachycardia, congestive heart failure and systemic thromboembolism were seen in 4, 2 and 1 patients respectively. However, none developed angina pectoris. In the 2 patients in whom signal-averaged electrocardiogram was performed, late potential was detected, so it was suspected that ventricular tachycardia could be due to reentry. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was elevated in all patients except one and ranged from 11 to 22 mmHg. Left ventricle was dilated in all cases and the end-diastolic volume index ranged from 143 to 503 ml/m2. The left ventricular ejection fraction ranged from 11 to 24%. However, in 2 of the 4 patients, the cardiac index was within normal limits, and evidence of congestive heart failure was absent. In 2 other patients with associated congestive heart failure, cardiac indices were 2.32, 1.56 l/min/m2 respectively. Coronary arteriogram showed a total occlusion in the left anterior descending (LAD) artery in all cases, and only the LAD artery was affected in 2 patients. In the remaining 2 patients, the right coronary arteries also were significantly stenotic or totally occluded, i.e., they had 2-vessel disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kodama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital
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Kodama K, Okayama H, Tamura A, Suetsugu M, Honda T, Doiuchi J, Hamada N, Nomoto R, Akamatsu A, Jo T. Kawasaki disease complicated by acute myocardial infarction due to thrombotic occlusion of coronary aneurysms 19 years after onset. Intern Med 1992; 31:774-7. [PMID: 1392180 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.31.774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A 25-year-old man with a history of Kawasaki disease from the age of 7 had acute inferior myocardial infarction. Emergency right coronary arteriogram showed successive coronary aneurysms at the proximal to middle portion of the right coronary artery, and total occlusion at the proximal segment. Intracoronary thrombolysis was performed and the right coronary artery was recanalized. On left coronary arteriography, coronary aneurysms and mild localized stenoses at the inlet and outlet of the aneurysms were found. It was suggested that the myocardial infarction was caused by thrombotic occlusion of coronary aneurysms complicated with Kawasaki disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kodama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
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Matsuda A, Shinozaki M, Yamaguchi T, Homma H, Nomoto R, Miyasaka T, Watanabe Y, Abiru T. Nucleosides and nucleotides. 103. 2-Alkynyladenosines: a novel class of selective adenosine A2 receptor agonists with potent antihypertensive effects. J Med Chem 1992; 35:241-52. [PMID: 1732541 DOI: 10.1021/jm00080a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and receptor-binding activities at A1 and A2 adenosine receptors for a series of 2-alkynyladenosines are described. The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of 2-iodoadenosine (4a) with various terminal alkynes in the presence of bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium dichloride and cuprous iodide in N,N-dimethylformamide containing triethylamine gives 2-alkynyladenosines (5a-r). An economical synthetic method for the preparation of 9-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-6-chloro-2-iodopurine++ + (2), which is a precursor of 4a, is also included. Several transformation reactions of 2-(1-octyn-1-yl)adenosine (5e) and 2-(1-ethyn-1-yl)adenosine (9) and a similar cross-coupling reaction of 6-chloropurine derivative 11 and 8-bromoadenosine (13) with 1-octyne are also reported. Many of these 2-alkynyladenosines tested for A1 and A2 adenosine receptor binding activities in rat brain are selective for the A2 adenosine receptor. Among them, 2-(1-hexyn-1-yl)adenosine (5c) has the highest affinity for both A1 and A2 receptors with Ki values of 126.5 and 2.8 nM, respectively. The structure-activity relationship of this series of compounds including 6- or 8-alkynylpurine nucleosides and 2-alkyl- and 2-alkenyladenosines is discussed in terms of potency at both receptor subtypes. Additionally, we describe how hypotensive activity and heart rate decrease brought on by 5 and some other compounds with spontaneously hypertensive rats are proportional to the order of the potency to both A1 and A2 binding affinities. Thus, 2-alkynyladenosines are interesting and promising as antihypertensive agents that should be considered for further detailed preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matsuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Honda T, Okayama H, Tamura A, Kodama K, Suetsugu M, Doiuchi J, Hamada N, Nomoto R, Akamatsu A, Joh T. A case of clinically diagnosed pure septal infarction. Jpn Circ J 1991; 55:966-71. [PMID: 1744982 DOI: 10.1253/jcj.55.966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interventricular septal involvement in myocardial infarction is usually associated with infarction of the left ventricular anterior free wall, as the obstruction is at the major portion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Acute myocardial infarction with obstruction only of the first septal branch is rare. We describe here a case of pure septal infarction. The case was diagnosed by emergency coronary arteriogram (CAG). Although the patient had a large first septal branch, his global left ventricular function was preserved. Abnormal findings were localized in only septal region as determined by left ventriculography (LVG), two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE), and 99mtechnetium pyrophosphate (99m Tc-PYP) and 201thallium (201Tl) myocardial scintigraphy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Honda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Japan
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Hirabayashi S, Nomoto R, Harashima I, Hirasawa T. [The surface degradation of various light-cured composite resins by thermal cycling]. Shika Zairyo Kikai 1990; 9:53-64. [PMID: 2134813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The durability of four commercially available light-cured composite resins was investigated by thermal cycling, GR containing inorganic fillers treated with the graft polymerization of acryl ester, LF inorganic fillers treated with a silane coupling agent, PC silanized inorganic fillers and organic composite fillers, and the MFR-type SI containing the organic composite fillers. These materials were given 10,000, 30,000 and 50,000 thermal cycles (4 degrees C-60 degrees C) and the deterioration of materials by thermal cycling was evaluated by the measurement of the mechanical properties and the SEM observations of the surface of the thermocycled materials. Compressive strength and bending elastic moduli for all materials did not change greatly by thermal cycling. However, bending strength, toothbrush abrasion resistance and surface hardness decreased with increasing number of thermal cycles between 0 and 30,000, and changed little after 30,000 cycles. The percentage of bending strength after 50,000 thermal cycles to that of the non-thermocycled sample was 75% for GR, 60% for LF, 50% for PC and 65% for SI, respectively. Deterioration of materials was observed as cracks on the surface, which generated at the interface of the filler and matrix. The cracks generated relatively earlier during thermal cycling for SI and PC which contained the organic composite filler, later for LF which contained the silanized inorganic fillers, and the number of cracks on LF were fewer than SI and PC. On the other hand, for GR, no cracks were observed even after 50,000 thermal cycles. From these results, it can be presumed that the pre-treatment of filler by the graft polymerization is more effective to improve the durability of composite resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hirabayashi
- Department of Dental Engineering, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University
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