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Sakatoku A, Suzuki T, Hatano K, Seki M, Tanaka D, Nakamura S, Suzuki N, Isshiki T. Inhibitors of LAMP used to detect Tenacibaculum sp. strain Pbs-1 associated with black-spot shell disease in Akoya pearl oysters, and additives to reduce the effect of the inhibitors. J Microbiol Methods 2024; 223:106986. [PMID: 38969181 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2024.106986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Black-spot shell disease is an unresolved disease that decreases pearl quality and threatens pearl oyster survival. In previous studies, the bacterium Tenacibaculum sp. strain Pbs-1 was isolated from diseased Akoya pearl oysters Pinctada fucata, and a rapid, specific, and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detecting this pathogen was established. This technology has considerable potential for routine diagnosis of strain Pbs-1 in oyster hatcheries and/or pearl farms; therefore, it is vital to identify substances in environmental samples that might inhibit LAMP and to find additives that can reduce the inhibition. In this study, we investigated the effects of six chemicals or proteins, otherwise known as conventional PCR inhibitors, on LAMP, using the DNA of strain Pbs-1 as template: humic acid, urea, iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, melanin, myoglobin, and Ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, disodium salt, dihydrate (EDTA; pH 6.5). Next, to reduce the effects of identified inhibitors, we tested the addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) or T4 gene 32 protein (gp32) to the LAMP assay. When 50 ng of DNA template was used, 4 ng/μL of humic acid, 0.05% melanin, and 10 mM of EDTA (pH 6.5) inhibited the LAMP reaction, whereas myoglobin, urea, and FeCl3 had no effect. When 50 pg of DNA template was used, 4 ng/μL of humic acid, 0.05% melanin, 4 μg/μL of myoglobin, 10 μg/μL of urea, and 10 mM of EDTA inhibited the LAMP reaction. Thus, it was shown that the gene-amplification inhibitory effect of melanin, humic acid, and urea could be reduced by adding BSA or gp32 to the LAMP reaction mixture. This technique could be applied as part of a protocol to prevent mass mortalities of pearl oysters; moreover, the results enhance our knowledge about substances that inhibit LAMP and methods to reduce the inhibition, which have rarely been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Sakatoku
- School of Science, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
| | - Takaya Suzuki
- School of Science, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Kaito Hatano
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-cho, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Makoto Seki
- School of Science, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tanaka
- School of Science, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakamura
- School of Science, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-cho, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Tadashi Isshiki
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Lekshmi M, Kumar SH, Rajendran KV, Nayak BB. Development of a reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the detection of human norovirus in bivalve molluscs. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:1103-1107. [PMID: 33724939 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are significant seafood-borne pathogens, commonly associated with the consumption of filter feeding bivalve molluscs. Here, we report the development of a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method using primers based on the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII). Samples of bivalves were processed for the concentration of virus and extraction of RNA, followed by reverse transcription PCR. A total of 50 molluscan shellfish samples were analyzed, of which 16 samples yielded positive amplifications of norovirus nucleic acid. The PCR method described here, involving a single set of primers, is useful for rapid screening of shellfish for NoV GII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjusha Lekshmi
- QC Laboratory, Post Harvest Technology, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, India E-mail:
| | - Sanath H Kumar
- QC Laboratory, Post Harvest Technology, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, India E-mail:
| | - Kooloth Valappil Rajendran
- Aquatic Environment & Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, India
| | - Binaya Bhusan Nayak
- QC Laboratory, Post Harvest Technology, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, 400061, India E-mail:
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D'Souza C, Kumar BK, Rai P, Deekshit VK, Karunasagar I. Application of gyrB targeted SYBR green based qPCR assay for the specific and rapid detection of Vibrio vulnificus in seafood. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 166:105747. [PMID: 31639359 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A SYBR green based qPCR assay targeting a unique region of gyrB was developed for the detection of Vibrio vulnificus. The specificity of the assay was studied using V. vulnificus and other bacterial strains belonging to Vibrio and non-Vibrio species. The assay unambiguously distinguished V.vulnificus with a sensitivity of 101 CFU/mL in pure culture while 102CFU/g was detected in clam meat homogenate with an efficiency of ≥98%.The utility of the qPCR assay was validated with naturally incurred seafood samples, where 24 out of 59(40.67%) seafood samples tested positive for V. vulnificus after 6-8 h enrichment in APW-P broth. In contrast, conventional PCR could detect only 11 samples (18.64%). Our results showed that qPCR assay developed in this study could be used as a rapid method for screening seafood samples for the presence of V. vulnificus, as the assay can be completed within 9-12 h including the enrichment of seafood in APW-P broth. The gyrB targeted qPCR developed in this study can provide excellent results on the presence and load of V. vulnificus in naturally contaminated samples quickly and efficiently; thus it could find application as a routine test in the seafood industry for the analysis V. vulnificus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline D'Souza
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Ballamoole Krishna Kumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Praveen Rai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Deekshit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Indrani Karunasagar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
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Shen F, Cheng Y, Xie Y, Yu H, Yao W, Li HW, Guo Y, Qian H. DNA-silver nanocluster probe for norovirus RNA detection based on changes in secondary structure of nucleic acids. Anal Biochem 2019; 583:113365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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5
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Quang Le H, Suffredini E, Tien Pham D, Kim To A, De Medici D. Development of a method for direct extraction of viral RNA from bivalve molluscs. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 67:426-434. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Quang Le
- School of Biotechnology and Food Technology; Hanoi University of Science and Technology; Hanoi Vietnam
| | - E. Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
| | - D. Tien Pham
- School of Biotechnology and Food Technology; Hanoi University of Science and Technology; Hanoi Vietnam
| | - A. Kim To
- School of Biotechnology and Food Technology; Hanoi University of Science and Technology; Hanoi Vietnam
| | - D. De Medici
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
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Kim KI, Kim YC, Kwon WJ, Jeong HD. Evaluation of blue mussel Mytilus edulis as vector for viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 126:239-246. [PMID: 29160221 DOI: 10.3354/dao03180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
When viral diseases occur in aquaculture farms, the virus released into the seawater from infected animals can re-infect other susceptible species or accumulate in filter-feeding organisms. We conducted a viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) survivability analysis of blue mussel Mytilus edulis digestive enzymes, viral depuration, and infectivity tests via in vitro and in vivo inoculation to evaluate the infectious state. VHSV particles were not completely digested within 24 h in vitro and were maintained for 7 d in the mussel digestive gland. Mussels cohabitating with naturally VHSV-infected olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus could accumulate the viral particles. Although the viral particles in the gill as the entrance of filter-feeding organisms are infectious, the presence of these particles in the digestive gland were not able to induce cytopathic effects in vitro. Viral particles detected by RT-PCR from bivalve mollusks (Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and mussel) from the field did not produce cytopathic effects in cell culture and did not replicate after intraperitoneal injection into olive flounder. Therefore, VHSV particles in blue mussel might be in a non-infectious stage and the possibilities of VHSV transmission to fish under field conditions are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Il Kim
- Aquaculture Industry Division, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Gangwon-do 25435, Republic of Korea
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7
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Thermal inactivation of MS2 bacteriophage as a surrogate of enteric viruses in cow milk. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-017-1119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Woods JW, Calci KR, Marchant-Tambone JG, Burkhardt W. Detection and molecular characterization of norovirus from oysters implicated in outbreaks in the US. Food Microbiol 2016; 59:76-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kittigul L, Thamjaroen A, Chiawchan S, Chavalitshewinkoon-Petmitr P, Pombubpa K, Diraphat P. Prevalence and Molecular Genotyping of Noroviruses in Market Oysters, Mussels, and Cockles in Bangkok, Thailand. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2016; 8:133-40. [PMID: 26872638 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis associated with bivalve shellfish consumption. This study aimed to detect and characterize noroviruses in three bivalve shellfish species: oysters (Saccostrea forskali), cockles (Anadara nodifera), and mussels (Perna viridis). The virus concentration procedure (adsorption-twice elution-extraction) and a molecular method were employed to identify noroviruses in shellfish. RT-nested PCR was able to detect known norovirus GII.4 of 8.8 × 10(-2) genome copies/g of digestive tissues from oyster and cockle concentrates, whereas in mussel concentrates, the positive result was seen at 8.8 × 10(2) copies/g of digestive tissues. From August 2011 to July 2012, a total of 300 shellfish samples, including each of 100 samples from oysters, cockles, and mussels were collected and tested for noroviruses. Norovirus RNA was detected in 12.3 % of shellfish samples. Of the noroviruses, 7.7 % were of the genogroup (G) I, 2.6 % GII, and 2.0 % were mixed GI and GII. The detection rate of norovirus GI was 2.1 times higher than GII. With regards to the different shellfish species, 17 % of the oyster samples were positive, while 14.0 and 6.0 % were positive for noroviruses found in mussels and cockles, respectively. Norovirus contamination in the shellfish occurred throughout the year with the highest peak in September. Seventeen norovirus-positive PCR products were characterized upon a partial sequence analysis of the capsid gene. Based on phylogenetic analysis, five different genotypes of norovirus GI (GI.2, GI.3, GI.4, GI.5, and GI.9) and four different genotypes of GII (GII.1, GII.2, GII.3, and GII.4) were identified. These findings indicate the prevalence and distribution of noroviruses in three shellfish species. The high prevalence of noroviruses in oysters contributes to the optimization of monitoring plans to improve the preventive strategies of acute gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leera Kittigul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Anyarat Thamjaroen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Suwat Chiawchan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Kannika Pombubpa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornphan Diraphat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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Yavarmanesh M, Abbaszadegan M, Alum A, Mortazavi A, Habibi Najafi MB, Bassami MR, Nassiri MR. Impact of milk components on recovery of viral RNA from MS2 bacteriophage. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2013; 5:103-109. [PMID: 23430411 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-013-9107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are responsible for approximately 44 % of outbreaks involving dairy products for which causative agents are reported. Recovery of viruses from milk and dairy products is a difficult task. The role of different components of milk in the recovery of viral RNA was evaluated in this study. Four model milk formulations (A-D) were prepared by mixing different combinations of lactose, whey protein, casein, and fat in water. Each model formulation was spiked with five concentrations of bacteriophage MS2. The phenol-guanidine thiocyanate-chloroform protocol was used for extracting viral RNA from the model milk formulations and then extracted RNA was measured by a nanodrop spectrophotometer in ng/μl. The results showed that casein and whey protein had the highest negative impact on RNA yield, especially when the number of MS2 was less than 1.3 pfu/ml. The highest RNA recovery was obtained from the model milk formulation containing all four components; lactose, whey protein, casein, and fat. The amount of extracted RNA was closely correlated with the dry matter content of each formulation and the spiked concentration of coliphage using response surface modeling (R²:0.93). It was determined that milk fat is the most effective component in facilitating RNA extraction and the highest RNA yield can be achieved via elimination of whey protein and casein from milk by centrifugation at 40,000×g for 60 min. To achieve the highest viral RNA recovery efficiency by the proposed method, milk fat must be recombined with the supernatant of the centrifuged sample and then homogenized before performing the extraction protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yavarmanesh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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11
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Ming HX, Fan JF, Wu LJ, Liang YB. Prevalence of Human Enteric Viruses and a Potential Indicator of Contamination in Shellfish in China. J Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Xia Ming
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center; Dalian city 116023 China
| | - J. Feng Fan
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center; Dalian city 116023 China
| | - L. Jun Wu
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center; Dalian city 116023 China
- Wuhan Institute of Virology; Chinese Academy of Science; Wuchang city China
| | - Y. Bo Liang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center; Dalian city 116023 China
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12
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Kirby A, Iturriza-Gómara M. Norovirus diagnostics: options, applications and interpretations. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012; 10:423-33. [PMID: 22512752 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses are a frequent cause of both acute gastroenteritis and outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Infection is usually self-limiting although it has been associated with mortality in children in the developing world and in vulnerable groups such as immunodeficient or immunosuppressed and elderly patients elsewhere. Diagnostic tests may be useful in preventing or limiting the spread and duration of outbreaks, and are needed to define norovirus-associated morbidity and mortality. However, the interpretation of test results should take account of the limitations of the different tests currently available. Therefore, the clinical, immunological and molecular tests available for norovirus detection have been reviewed. Early recognition of cases (clinical diagnoses) together with confirmation by sensitive and specific laboratory tests may contribute to reducing the spread of norovirus within hospitals. Syndromic testing that includes multiple or multiplex assays for the detection of viral, bacterial and parasitic pathogens with the inclusion of control groups are likely to better define norovirus-associated morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kirby
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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13
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Caleb OJ, Mahajan PV, Al-Said FAJ, Opara UL. Modified Atmosphere Packaging Technology of Fresh and Fresh-cut Produce and the Microbial Consequences-A Review. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2012; 6:303-329. [PMID: 32215166 PMCID: PMC7089433 DOI: 10.1007/s11947-012-0932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) technology offers the possibility to retard the respiration rate and extend the shelf life of fresh produce, and is increasingly used globally as value adding in the fresh and fresh-cut food industry. However, the outbreaks of foodborne diseases and emergence of resistant foodborne pathogens in MAP have heightened public interest on the effects of MAP technology on the survival and growth of pathogenic organisms. This paper critically reviews the effects of MAP on the microbiological safety of fresh or fresh-cut produce, including the role of innovative tools such as the use of pressurised inert/noble gases, predictive microbiology and intelligent packaging in the advancement of MAP safety. The integration of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points-based programs to ensure fresh food quality and microbial safety in packaging technology is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi J. Caleb
- Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, South African Research Chair in Postharvest Technology, Faculty of AgricSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
| | - Pramod V. Mahajan
- Department of Process and Chemical Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Umezuruike Linus Opara
- Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, South African Research Chair in Postharvest Technology, Faculty of AgricSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
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Schrader C, Schielke A, Ellerbroek L, Johne R. PCR inhibitors - occurrence, properties and removal. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:1014-26. [PMID: 22747964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1091] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is increasingly used as the standard method for detection and characterization of microorganisms and genetic markers in a variety of sample types. However, the method is prone to inhibiting substances, which may be present in the analysed sample and which may affect the sensitivity of the assay or even lead to false-negative results. The PCR inhibitors represent a diverse group of substances with different properties and mechanisms of action. Some of them are predominantly found in specific types of samples thus necessitating matrix-specific protocols for preparation of nucleic acids before PCR. A variety of protocols have been developed to remove the PCR inhibitors. This review focuses on the general properties of PCR inhibitors and their occurrence in specific matrices. Strategies for their removal from the sample and for quality control by assessing their influence on the individual PCR test are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schrader
- Food Hygiene and Safety Concepts, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Amri I, Hmaïed F, Loisy F, Lebeau B, Barkallah I, Saidi M, Slim A. Détection du virus de l’hépatite A dans les coquillages en Tunisie par reverse transcription-nested PCR – recherche de corrélation entre la contamination virale et bactérienne. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 59:217-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Wang S, Levin RE. Interference of Real-Time PCR Quantification ofVibrio vulnificusby a Novel DNase from the Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica). FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/08905431003784721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Effects of technological processes on the tenacity and inactivation of norovirus genogroup II in experimentally contaminated foods. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 76:536-45. [PMID: 19933338 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01797-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Contaminated food is a significant vehicle for human norovirus transmission. The present study determined the effect of physicochemical treatments on the tenacity of infective human norovirus genogroup II in selected foods. Artificially contaminated produce was subjected to a number of processes used by the food industry for preservation and by the consumer for storage and preparation. Virus recovery was carried out by using ultrafiltration and was monitored by using bacteriophage MS2 as an internal process control. Norovirus was quantified by using monoplex one-step TaqMan real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and an external standard curve based on recombinant RNA standards. An RNase pretreatment step was used to avoid false-positive PCR results caused by accessible RNA, which allowed detection of intact virus particles. Significant reductions in titers were obtained with heat treatments usually applied by consumers for food preparation (baking, cooking, roasting). Generally, processes used for preservation and storage, such as cooling, freezing, acidification (>or=pH 4.5), and moderate heat treatments (pasteurization), appear to be insufficient to inactivate norovirus within a food matrix or on the surface of food. Besides data for persistence in processed food, comparable data for individual matrix-specific protective effects, recovery rates, and inhibitory effects on the PCRs were obtained in this study. The established procedure might be used for other noncultivable enteric RNA viruses that are connected to food-borne diseases. The data obtained in this study may also help optimize the process for inactivation of norovirus in food by adjusting food processing technologies and may promote the development of risk assessment systems in order to improve consumer protection.
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Improved detection of F-specific RNA coliphages in fecal material by extraction and polyethylene glycol precipitation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:6142-6. [PMID: 19648380 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00436-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Male-specific RNA coliphages (F-RNA coliphages) have been proposed as a potential viral indicator of fecal contamination in water and foods because they are easy to culture and are a normal component of the mammalian gut flora. F-RNA coliphage plaque numbers are typically obtained by directly plating a 10-fold dilution of 1 g of fecal material, but the numbers of F-RNA coliphages shed by animals and humans may be too low for direct enumeration. Therefore, the sensitivity of detecting F-RNA coliphages in fecal material was improved by extracting and precipitating F-RNA coliphage from a 10-g fecal sample by use of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The highest recovery of F-RNA coliphage with 10% beef extract, pH 7.2, was obtained in the presence of 1 M NaCl and 10% PEG after 16 h of precipitation, but a pellet was not obtained after a short precipitation time of 2 h. There was no significant difference between eluant-to-fecal-material ratios of 4:1 and 9:1 or homogenization with a stomacher or pulsifier. F-RNA coliphage were detected in 64% (16 of 25 samples) of fecal samples from various sources when the sample size was 10 g but in 36% (9 of 25 samples) of samples when the sample size was 1 g. When F-RNA coliphage were detected in 1-g samples, they were also detected in 10-g samples. When F-RNA coliphage were detected in 10-g samples but not in 1-g samples, the levels were <100 PFU/g.
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20
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Schlindwein AD, Simões CMO, Barardi CRM. Comparative study of two extraction methods for enteric virus recovery from sewage sludge by molecular methods. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:576-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - CMO Simões
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brasil
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Mcleod C, Hay B, Grant C, Greening G, Day D. Localization of norovirus and poliovirus in Pacific oysters. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:1220-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gentry J, Vinjé J, Lipp EK. A rapid and efficient method for quantitation of genogroups I and II norovirus from oysters and application in other complex environmental samples. J Virol Methods 2009; 156:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lowther JA, Henshilwood K, Lees DN. Determination of norovirus contamination in oysters from two commercial harvesting areas over an extended period, using semiquantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR. J Food Prot 2008; 71:1427-33. [PMID: 18680943 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.7.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The human health risk associated with the consumption of molluscan shellfish grown in sewage-contaminated waters is well established. Noroviruses, which cause gastroenteritis, are the principal agents of shellfish-related illness. Fecal-indicator quality standards based on Escherichia coli are well established in Europe and elsewhere. However, norovirus outbreaks after consumption of shellfish meeting these standards still occur, and the need to improve consumer health protection is well recognized. Alternative approaches proposed include direct monitoring of viral pathogens and the use of alternative indicator organisms capable of providing a better indication of virus risk. This study applies a recently developed TaqMan PCR assay to assess norovirus contamination in shellfish. Comparison was made with E. coli as the existing sanitary standard and a male-specific RNA bacteriophage as a possible alternative. Two commercial pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) harvesting areas were monitored over a 31-month period. The results show peaks of norovirus contamination in both areas during winter months, with average levels approximately 17 times higher in oysters sampled October to March than during the remainder of the year, consistent with epidemiological data for the United Kingdom showing oyster-associated illness is confined to winter months. While there was no apparent association with E. coli, an association between levels of norovirus contamination and the male-specific RNA bacteriophage was noted, with average norovirus levels over 40 times higher in samples with male-specific RNA bacteriophage counts of >1,000 PFU/100 g than in samples with <100 PFU/100 g. Overall, these results suggest that norovirus monitoring in shellfish production areas could be an effective strategy for reduction of virus risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Lowther
- European Community Reference Laboratory for Monitoring Bacteriological and Viral Contamination of Bivalve Molluscs, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK.
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25
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Pecher WT, Alavi MR, Schott EJ, Fernandez-Robledo JA, Roth L, Berg ST, Vasta GR. Assessment of the northern distribution range of selected Perkinsus species in eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) with the use of PCR-based detection assays. J Parasitol 2008; 94:410-22. [PMID: 18564742 DOI: 10.1645/ge-1282.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Perkinsus species are protistan parasites of molluscs. In Chesapeake Bay, Perkinsus marinus, Perkinsus chesapeaki, and Perkinsus andrewsi are sympatric, infecting oysters and clams. Although P. marinus is a pathogen for Crassostrea virginica, it remains unknown whether P. andrewsi and P. chesapeaki are equally pathogenic. Perkinsus species have been reported in C. virginica as far north as Maine, sometimes associated with high prevalence, but low mortality. Thus, we hypothesized that, in addition to P. marinus, Perkinsus species with little or no pathogenicity for C. virginica may be present. Accordingly, we investigated the distribution of Perkinsus species in C. virginica and Mercenaria mercenaria, collected from Maine to Virginia, by applying PCR-based assays specific for P. marinus, P. andrewsi, and a Perkinsus sp. isolated from M. mercenaria. DNA samples of M. mercenaria possessed potent PCR inhibitory activity, which was overcome by the addition of 1 mg/ml BSA and 5% (v/v) DMSO to the PCR reaction mixture. All 3 Perkinsus species were found in both host species throughout the study area. Interestingly, the prevalence of P. marinus in M. mercenaria was significantly lower than in C. virginica, suggesting that M. mercenaria is not an optimal host for P. marinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf T Pecher
- Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA
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26
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Milne SA, Gallacher S, Cash P, Lees DN, Henshilwood K, Porter AJR. A sensitive and reliable reverse transcriptase PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of human pathogenic viruses in bivalve molluscs. J Food Prot 2007; 70:1475-82. [PMID: 17612079 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.6.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A colorimetric method, reverse transcriptase PCR with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (RT-PCR-ELISA) was evaluated for ease of use, reliability, and sensitivity when detecting known human pathogenic virus present in shellfish, using a traditional polyethylene precipitation or immunocapture virus concentration method. The newly developed ELISA method could successfully detect enteroviruses and noroviruses in artificially and naturally contaminated shellfish. Overall, ELISA was shown to be a robust and sensitive method, which had a detection limit of 10 to 100 50% tissue culture infective dose enterovirus per gram of Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oyster) digestive gland and whole Mytilus edulis (common blue mussel). The technique was easily established in a new laboratory and required no specialized equipment. The method had a high sample throughput capable of screening 96 samples per run, making the technique extremely time efficient. RT-PCR-ELISA is a safe, quick, reliable technique, which has the potential for use as a standard virus detection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Milne
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland.
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28
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de Roda Husman AM, Lodder-Verschoor F, van den Berg HHJL, Le Guyader FS, van Pelt H, van der Poel WHM, Rutjes SA. Rapid virus detection procedure for molecular tracing of shellfish associated with disease outbreaks. J Food Prot 2007; 70:967-74. [PMID: 17477268 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.4.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Detection of pathogenic viruses in oysters implicated in gastroenteritis outbreaks is often hampered by time-consuming, specialist virus extraction methods. Five virus RNA extraction methods were evaluated with respect to performance characteristics and sensitivity on artificially contaminated oyster digestive glands. The two most promising procedures were further evaluated on bioaccumulated and naturally contaminated oysters. The most efficient method was used to trace the source in an outbreak situation. Out of five RNA extraction protocols, PEG precipitation and the RNeasy Kit performed best with norovirus genogroup III-spiked digestive glands. Analyzing 24-h bioaccumulated oysters revealed a slightly better sensitivity with PEG precipitation, but the RNeasy Kit was less prone to concentrate inhibitors. The latter procedure demonstrated the presence of human noroviruses in naturally contaminated oysters and oysters implicated in an outbreak. In this outbreak, in four out of nine individually analyzed digestive glands, norovirus was detected. In one of the oysters and in one of the fecal samples of the clinical cases, identical norovirus strains were detected. A standard and rapid virus extraction method using the RNeasy Kit appeared to be most useful in tracing shellfish as the source in gastroenteritis outbreaks, and to be able to make effective and timely risk management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria de Roda Husman
- Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Abstract
In recent years, viruses have been recognized increasingly as an important cause of foodborne infections. More than 160 enteric viruses are excreted in the feces of infected individuals, and some may also be present in the vomitus. Food and water are directly contaminated with fecal material, through the use of sewage sludge in agriculture, sewage pollution of shellfish culture beds, or may be contaminated by infected food-handlers.
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Nainan OV, Xia G, Vaughan G, Margolis HS. Diagnosis of hepatitis a virus infection: a molecular approach. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:63-79. [PMID: 16418523 PMCID: PMC1360271 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.19.1.63-79.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current serologic tests provide the foundation for diagnosis of hepatitis A and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. Recent advances in methods to identify and characterize nucleic acid markers of viral infections have provided the foundation for the field of molecular epidemiology and increased our knowledge of the molecular biology and epidemiology of HAV. Although HAV is primarily shed in feces, there is a strong viremic phase during infection which has allowed easy access to virus isolates and the use of molecular markers to determine their genetic relatedness. Molecular epidemiologic studies have provided new information on the types and extent of HAV infection and transmission in the United States. In addition, these new diagnostic methods have provided tools for the rapid detection of food-borne HAV transmission and identification of the potential source of the food contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omana V Nainan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., Mailstop A33, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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33
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Nainan OV, Xia G, Vaughan G, Margolis HS. Diagnosis of hepatitis a virus infection: a molecular approach. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006. [PMID: 16418523 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.19.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Current serologic tests provide the foundation for diagnosis of hepatitis A and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. Recent advances in methods to identify and characterize nucleic acid markers of viral infections have provided the foundation for the field of molecular epidemiology and increased our knowledge of the molecular biology and epidemiology of HAV. Although HAV is primarily shed in feces, there is a strong viremic phase during infection which has allowed easy access to virus isolates and the use of molecular markers to determine their genetic relatedness. Molecular epidemiologic studies have provided new information on the types and extent of HAV infection and transmission in the United States. In addition, these new diagnostic methods have provided tools for the rapid detection of food-borne HAV transmission and identification of the potential source of the food contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omana V Nainan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., Mailstop A33, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Lodder-Verschoor F, de Roda Husman AM, van den Berg HHJL, Stein A, van Pelt-Heerschap HML, van der Poel WHM. Year-round screening of noncommercial and commercial oysters for the presence of human pathogenic viruses. J Food Prot 2005; 68:1853-9. [PMID: 16161684 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-68.9.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of virus-contaminated shellfish has caused numerous outbreaks of gastroenteritis and hepatitis worldwide. In The Netherlands, oysters are cultured and imported both for consumption and export; therefore, the presence of noroviruses, rotaviruses, astroviruses, hepatitis A viruses, and enteroviruses was determined in 64 commercial and noncommercial oyster samples. Oysters were collected monthly for 13 months from four different harvesting areas in the Oosterschelde Delta. Oyster samples were classified by determining Escherichia coli levels according to the standards set by the Councils Directive (91/ 492/EEC). Two of 36 commercial and 2 of 28 noncommercial oyster samples were B-classified and therefore not ready for consumption. All other oyster samples were A-classified. For the detection of viral RNA, 150 mg of hepatopancreatic tissue was subjected to the Qiagen RNeasy Mini Kit, followed by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR and Southern blot hybridization. Enterovirus RNA was detected in 14 of 64 oyster samples, of which 4 were from noncommercial oyster harvesting areas and 10 were from commercial harvesting areas. None of the other human pathogenic viruses were detected. The levels of somatic coliphages and F-specific phages were also determined in all 64 oyster samples, with some samples containing high phage levels (>50 PFU/g of hepatopancreatic tissue), but with most samples containing low phage levels (<50 PFU/g of hepatopancreatic tissue). However, independent of these high or low phage levels, enterovirus RNA could be detected. Thus, commercial oysters can be contaminated with pathogenic viruses, and monitoring only fecal indicators might not sufficiently protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lodder-Verschoor
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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35
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Cebula TA, Jackson SA, Brown EW, Goswami B, LeClerc JE. Chips and SNPs, bugs and thugs: a molecular sleuthing perspective. J Food Prot 2005; 68:1271-84. [PMID: 15954721 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-68.6.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent events both here and abroad have focused attention on the need for ensuring a safe and secure food supply. Although much has been written about the potential of particular select agents in bioterrorism, we must consider seriously the more mundane pathogens, especially those that have been implicated previously in foodborne outbreaks of human disease, as possible agents of bioterrorism. Given their evolutionary history, the enteric pathogens are more diverse than agents such as Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, or Yersinia pestis. This greater diversity, however, is a double-edged sword; although diversity affords the opportunity for unequivocal identification of an organism without the need for whole-genome sequencing, the same diversity can confound definitive forensic identification if boundaries are not well defined. Here, we discuss molecular approaches used for the identification of Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Shigella spp. and viral pathogens and discuss the utility of these approaches to the field of microbial molecular forensics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Cebula
- Division of Molecular Biology (HFS-025), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland 20708, USA.
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36
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Suñén E, Casas N, Moreno B, Zigorraga C. Comparison of two methods for the detection of hepatitis A virus in clam samples (Tapes spp.) by reverse transcription-nested PCR. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 91:147-54. [PMID: 14996458 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(03)00374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2003] [Accepted: 06/16/2003] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The detection of hepatitis A virus in shellfish by reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR) is hampered mainly by low levels of virus contamination and PCR inhibitors in shellfish. In this study, we focused on getting a rapid and sensitive processing procedure for the detection of HAV by RT-nested PCR in clam samples (Tapes spp.). Two previously developed processing methods for virus concentration in shellfish have been improved upon and compared. The first method involves acid adsorption, elution, polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, chloroform extraction and PEG precipitation. The second method is based on elution with a glycine buffer at pH 10, chloroform extraction and concentration by ultracentrifugation. Final clam concentrates were processed by RNA extraction or immunomagnetic capture of viruses (IMC) before the RT-nested PCR reaction. Both methods of sample processing combined with the RNA extraction from the concentrates were very efficient when they were assayed in seeded and naturally contaminated samples. The results show that the first method was more effective in removal inhibitors and the second was simpler and faster. The IMC of HAV from clam concentrates processed by method 1 was revealed to be a very effective method of simultaneously removing residual PCR inhibitors and of concentrating the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Suñén
- Pharmacy Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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37
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Bhattacharya SS, Kulka M, Lampel KA, Cebula TA, Goswami BB. Use of reverse transcription and PCR to discriminate between infectious and non-infectious hepatitis A virus. J Virol Methods 2004; 116:181-7. [PMID: 14738986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a major cause of infectious hepatitis worldwide. Detection of HAV in contaminated food or water is a priority research area in laboratories worldwide. Our laboratory has reported previously the development of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based detection and typing methods for HAV in contaminated shellfish and produce. It is commonly held that RT-PCR can detect viral genome, but cannot distinguish between infectious and inactivated virus. Therefore, signals obtained after PCR should be considered as false positives unless it can be shown that the sample contains virus capable of infecting a suitable host cell line in culture. We present data to show that this general assumption is not valid. Evidence is provided that demonstrate that signals generated after RT-PCR amplification of viral genome correlated well with the presence of infectious virus in the sample. Viral samples inactivated by heat or UV treatment produced significantly lower signal strength that paralleled infectivity of the sample in cultured cells. The loss of signal strength is most likely the result of damage to the viral RNA that renders it unsuitable for RT-PCR. The correlation between PCR signal and infectivity was better following UV inactivation than heat treatment. The procedure may be adapted to other viruses and inactivating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha S Bhattacharya
- Division of Molecular Biology, HFS-025, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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38
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Abstract
Several groups of viruses may infect persons after ingestion and then are shed via stool. Of these, the norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are currently recognised as the most important human foodborne pathogens with regard to the number of outbreaks and people affected in the Western world. NoV and HAV are highly infectious and may lead to widespread outbreaks. The clinical manifestation of NoV infection, however, is relatively mild. Asymptomatic infections are common and may contribute to the spread of the infection. Introduction of NoV in a community or population (a seeding event) may be followed by additional spread because of the highly infectious nature of NoV, resulting in a great number of secondary infections (50% of contacts). Hepatitis A is an increasing problem because of the decrease in immunity of populations in countries with high standards of hygiene. Molecular-based methods can detect viruses in shellfish but are not yet available for other foods. The applicability of the methods currently available for monitoring foods for viral contamination is unknown. No consistent correlation has been found between the presence of indicator microorganisms (i.e. bacteriophages, E. coli) and viruses. NoV and HAV are highly infectious and exhibit variable levels of resistance to heat and disinfection agents. However, they are both inactivated at 100 degrees C. No validated model virus or model system is available for studies of inactivation of NoV, although investigations could make use of structurally similar viruses (i.e. canine and feline caliciviruses). In the absence of a model virus or model system, food safety guidelines need to be based on studies that have been performed with the most resistant enteric RNA viruses (i.e. HAV, for which a model system does exist) and also with bacteriophages (for water). Most documented foodborne viral outbreaks can be traced to food that has been manually handled by an infected foodhandler, rather than to industrially processed foods. The viral contamination of food can occur anywhere in the process from farm to fork, but most foodborne viral infections can be traced back to infected persons who handle food that is not heated or otherwise treated afterwards. Therefore, emphasis should be on stringent personal hygiene during preparation. If viruses are present in food preprocessing, residual viral infectivity may be present after some industrial processes. Therefore, it is key that sufficient attention be given to good agriculture practice (GAP) and good manufacturing practice (GMP) to avoid introduction of viruses onto the raw material and into the food-manufacturing environment, and to HACCP to assure adequate management of (control over) viruses present during the manufacturing process. If viruses are present in foods after processing, they remain infectious in most circumstances and in most foods for several days or weeks, especially if kept cooled (at 4 degrees C). Therefore, emphasis should be on stringent personal hygiene during preparation. For the control of foodborne viral infections, it is necessary to: Heighten awareness about the presence and spread of these viruses by foodhandlers; Optimise and standardise methods for the detection of foodborne viruses; Develop laboratory-based surveillance to detect large, common-source outbreaks at an early stage; and Emphasise consideration of viruses in setting up food safety quality control and management systems (GHP, GMP, HACCP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Koopmans
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan, 9, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Di Pinto A, Forte VT, Tantillo GM, Terio V, Buonavoglia C. Detection of hepatitis A virus in shellfish (Mytilus galloprovincialis) with RT-PCR. J Food Prot 2003; 66:1681-5. [PMID: 14503725 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-66.9.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A PCR assay for the detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in shellfish is described. The procedure involves the concentration of viral particles with the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG), followed by viral RNA extraction and purification with oligo(dT) cellulose. Reverse transcriptase-PCR detection was accomplished in a single step with the use of primers specific for the VP3-VP1 region of the genome. The procedure detected one 50% tissue culture infective dose (0.6 PFU) per 25 g of shellfish homogenate. Heminested PCR was then carried out to verify the specificity of the PCR products. The method was used to detect HAV in shellfish samples from EU categories B and C and to evaluate the quality of shellfish in routine monitoring for HAV in view of the relevant public health implications of this foodborne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Pinto
- Dipartimento Sanità e Benessere degli Animali, Università degli Studi--Bari, Provinciale per Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Coelho C, Vinatea CEB, Heinert AP, Simões CMO, Barardi CRM. Comparison between specific and multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for detection of hepatitis A virus, poliovirus and rotavirus in experimentally seeded oysters. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98:465-8. [PMID: 12937755 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of gastroenteritis have occurred among consumers of raw or undercooked shellfish harvested from faecally polluted waters. A multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied for the simultaneous detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV), poliovirus (PV) and simian rotavirus (RV-SA11) and compared with specific primers for each genome sequence. Three amplified DNA products representing HAV (192 bp), PV (394 bp) and RV (278 bp) were identified when positive controls were used. However, when tested on experimentally contaminated raw oysters, this method was not able to detect the three viruses simultaneously. This is probably due to the low concentration of viral RNAs present in oyster extract which were partially lost during the extracts preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Coelho
- Departamento de Farmácia, CCS, Universidade do Vale de Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, Brasil
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41
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IV, 4. Development of serological and molecular tests for the diagnosis of calicivirus infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-7069(03)09030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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42
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Burkhardt W, Blackstone GM, Skilling D, Smith AW. Applied technique for increasing calicivirus detection in shellfish extracts. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 93:235-40. [PMID: 12147071 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01681.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Optimal detection of enteric RNA viruses in clinical, environmental, and food products using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) when inhibitory substances in extracted sample materials are present. METHODS AND RESULTS We adapted a device for detection of RNA viruses in plant tissues and insects to detect a calicivirus strain (San Miguel sea lion virus, serotype 17) in water and oyster tissue extracts. This single, compartmentalized tube-within-a-tube (TWT) device for RT-PCR-nested PCR was compared to a conventional protocol of RT-PCR-nested PCR. In the presence of 100 mg of shellfish tissue extract equivalent, this TWT device decreases the calicivirus assay detection limit 10-fold over that of conventional RT-PCR-nested PCR while maintaining an identical detection limit of viral nucleic acid suspended in water. Both the conventional and TWT methods estimated the total particle-to-infectious particle ratio for this strain of calicivirus at approximately 40 : 1. CONCLUSIONS We believe that the TWT device with appropriate RT-PCR primers will decrease the detection limit for other calicivirus strains and RNA viruses in shellfish tissue extracts. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We believe that the TWT approach is applicable to other situations where RT and/or PCR inhibitory materials are present or nucleic acid targets of bacteria or viruses are at low levels in extracts of food products or clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Burkhardt
- US Food and Drug Administration, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, AL 36528-0158, USA.
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43
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Sair AI, D'Souza DH, Jaykus LA. Human Enteric Viruses as Causes of Foodborne Disease. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2002; 1:73-89. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2002.tb00008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Koopmans M, von Bonsdorff CH, Vinjé J, de Medici D, Monroe S. Foodborne viruses. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2002; 26:187-205. [PMID: 12069883 PMCID: PMC7110323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2001] [Revised: 03/18/2002] [Accepted: 03/22/2002] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne and waterborne viral infections are increasingly recognized as causes of illness in humans. This increase is partly explained by changes in food processing and consumption patterns that lead to the worldwide availability of high-risk food. As a result, vast outbreaks may occur due to contamination of food by a single foodhandler or at a single source. Although there are numerous fecal-orally transmitted viruses, most reports of foodborne transmission describe infections with Norwalk-like caliciviruses (NLV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV), suggesting that these viruses are associated with the greatest risk of foodborne transmission. NLV and HAV can be transmitted from person to person, or indirectly via food, water, or fomites contaminated with virus-containing feces or vomit. People can be infected without showing symptoms. The high frequency of secondary cases of NLV illness and - to a lesser extent - of hepatitis A following a foodborne outbreak results in amplification of the problem. The burden of illness is highest in the elderly, and therefore is likely to increase due to the aging population. For HAV, the burden of illness may increase following hygienic control measures, due to a decreasing population of naturally immune individuals and a concurrent increase in the population at risk. Recent advances in the research of NLV and HAV have led to the development of molecular methods which can be used for molecular tracing of virus strains. These methods can be and have been used for the detection of common source outbreaks. While traditionally certain foods have been implicated in virus outbreaks, it is clear that almost any food item can be involved, provided it has been handled by an infected person. There are no established methods for detection of viruses in foods other than shellfish. Little information is available on disinfection and preventive measures specifically for these viruses. Studies addressing this issue are hampered by the lack of culture systems. As currently available routine monitoring systems exclusively focus on bacterial pathogens, efforts should be made to combine epidemiological and virological information for a combined laboratory-based rapid detection system for foodborne viruses. With better surveillance, including typing information, outbreaks of foodborne infections could be reported faster to prevent further spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Koopmans
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Research Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Santos CS, Rigotto C, Simoes C, Barardi C. Detection of Viable Rotaviruses in Shellfish by means of Cell Culture and Immunofluorescence Assay. J Food Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Goswami BB, Kulka M, Ngo D, Istafanos P, Cebula TA. A polymerase chain reaction-based method for the detection of hepatitis A virus in produce and shellfish. J Food Prot 2002; 65:393-402. [PMID: 11858194 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-65.2.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of gastroenteritis that are suspected to be of viral origin are on the rise. Thus, there is a need for regulatory agencies entrusted with food safety to develop adequate techniques for the detection of viruses in foods. We have established a general procedure for the detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in shellfish that, with minor modifications, is also applicable to fresh produce such as cilantro. Total RNA was isolated from shellfish or cilantro, followed by isolation of poly(A)-containing RNA. Because HAV genomic RNA contains a poly(A) tail, the isolation of poly(A)-containing RNA also enriches HAV genomic RNA. Reverse transcription was used to convert the RNA to cDNA, and then amplification was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Reamplification with internal primers was used to improve the quality and the quantity of amplified DNA, allowing for post-PCR analysis such as sequence identification of the viral strain. With this procedure, multiple samples could be analyzed in four working days by a single trained individual. The nominal sensitivity of detection of the procedure was 0.15 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose) per 0.62 g of tissue with a test virus. The direct RNA isolation protocol avoided pitfalls associated with whole-virus purification procedures by replacing virus precipitation steps involving polyethylene glycol and Procipitate with phenol extraction. The method is straightforward and reliable. We successfully used this procedure to detect naturally occurring HAV in clams involved in a gastroenteritis outbreak, as well as in cilantro artificially contaminated with a test virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Goswami
- Division of Molecular Biological Research and Evaluation, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drag Administration, Washington, DC 20204, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Seymour
- Campden & Chorleywood Food Research Association, Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire, UK
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Kingsley DH, Richards GP. Rapid and efficient extraction method for reverse transcription-PCR detection of hepatitis A and Norwalk-like viruses in shellfish. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:4152-7. [PMID: 11526018 PMCID: PMC93142 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.9.4152-4157.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2001] [Accepted: 06/21/2001] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of an effort to develop a broadly applicable test for Norwalk-like viruses and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in shellfish, a rapid extraction method that is suitable for use with one-step reverse transcription (RT)-PCR-based detection methods was developed. The method involves virus extraction using a pH 9.5 glycine buffer, polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, Tri-reagent, and purification of viral poly(A) RNA by using magnetic poly(dT) beads. This glycine-PEG-Tri-reagent-poly(dT) method can be performed in less than 8 h on hard-shell clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) and Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and, when coupled with RT-PCR-based detection, can yield results within 24 h. Observed sensitivities for seeded shellfish extracts are as low as 0.015 PFU of HAV and 22.4 RT-PCR50 units for Norwalk virus. Detection of HAV in live oysters experimentally exposed to contaminated seawater is also demonstrated. An adaptation of this method was used to identify HAV in imported clams (tentatively identified as Ruditapes philippinarum) implicated in an outbreak of food-borne viral illness. All of the required reagents are commercially available. This method should facilitate the implementation of RT-PCR testing of commercial shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Kingsley
- Microbial Food Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware 19901, USA.
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Parashar UD, Monroe SS. "Norwalk-like viruses" as a cause of foodborne disease outbreaks. Rev Med Virol 2001; 11:243-52. [PMID: 11479930 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
While outbreaks of foodborne disease remain an important public health concern, their aetiology is not identified in a majority of instances. In targeted studies, the application of newly developed molecular assays has demonstrated that a large proportion of these outbreaks may be caused by the "Norwalk-like viruses" (NLV), a genus of genetically related viruses belonging to the family Caliciviridae. NLV outbreaks associated with consumption of faecally contaminated oysters are frequently reported and can best be controlled by preventing contamination of oyster-harvesting waters. Infectious foodhandlers are another frequent source of contamination, and such transmission can be minimised by exclusion of ill foodhandlers and the maintenance of strict personal hygiene. Molecular assays have greatly refined the epidemiological investigation of foodborne NLV outbreaks, allowing the linking of outbreaks in different locations and permitting the identification of the virus in the implicated vehicle. The development of simpler and more sensitive assays and their use on a broader scale will assist in defining the true burden of foodborne NLV outbreaks and improve strategies for their prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- U D Parashar
- Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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De Medici D, Ciccozzi M, Fiore A, Di Pasquale S, Parlato A, Ricci-Bitti P, Croci L. Closed-circuit system for the depuration of mussels experimentally contaminated with hepatitis A virus. J Food Prot 2001; 64:877-80. [PMID: 11403143 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.6.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In Italy, the consumption of raw or slightly cooked mussels represents the most important risk factor for the transmission of hepatitis A virus (HAV). Although there exist effective methods for the bacterial depuration of contaminated mussels, these methods are poorly effective on enteric viruses. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a closed-circuit depuration system that uses both ozone and UV light for disinfecting water and that allows salinity and temperature, important parameters for the metabolism of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), to be maintained at constant levels. The results showed that this depuration method decreased the viral load (from 1.72 log 50% tissue culture infective dose [TCID50] ml(-1) to <1 log TCID50 ml(-1) within 24 h and from 3.82 log TCID50 ml(-1) to <1 log TCID50 ml(-1) within 48 h). However, in both cases, after 120 h of depuration, a residual amount of virus capable of replicating in cells was detected. These results show that depuration, even if performed with advanced systems, may not guarantee the absence of virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D De Medici
- Laboratorio Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy.
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