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Dhiman S, Baliyan N, Maheshwari DK. Appraisal of biofilm forming bacteria in developing buffalo dung-based bioformulation coupled to promote yield of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:234. [PMID: 35996675 PMCID: PMC9391559 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03308-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical fertilizers impart deleterious effects on crop productivity and its nutrients which is a serious concern among agriculturist. Current research focuses on the commercial preparation of an eco-friendly and cost-effective bioformulation using buffalo dung slurry and beneficial plant growth-promoting (PGP) and biofilm forming strains. 40 strains were isolated from buffalo dung showing PGP activities. Among them, 03 strains were further selected to sequence by 16S rRNA technology and identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa BUFF12, Proteus mirabilis BUFF14, Enterobacter xiangfangensis BUFF38. The strains were used for consortium preparation on the basis of increase in PGP activity. The consortium of strains increases in vitro PGP attributes at different percentage, i.e., 22% increase in IAA production, 10% increase in siderophore production, 5% increase in P- solubilization, 8% increase in K- solubilization, and 11% increase in S-oxidation. Three carrier materials, i.e., molasses of sugarcane, rice gruel, and buffalo dung slurry, were chosen to conduct the study. Among them, dung slurry proved to be an effective supportive material on the basis of their physico-chemical analysis and viability of strains for long-term storage. It maintained the population mixture of strains (9.4 × 108 cfu/ml) for 120 DAI followed by molasses (9.1 × 108 cfu/ml) and rice gruel (7.9 × 108 cfu/ml). These beneficial strains were further applied in field for crop productivity and slurry-based formulation with mixture of strains exhibited incredible plant growth after definite interval of time. Chemotactic activity proved these strains as strong root colonizers which was confirmed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). This research disseminates a successful technology to develop an eco-friendly bioformulation of buffalo dung slurry augmenting the crop growth in an eco-friendly manner leading to sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Dhiman
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249-404 India
| | - Nitin Baliyan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249-404 India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Maheshwari
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249-404 India
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Cruz-Hernández MA, Mendoza-Herrera A, Bocanegra-García V, Rivera G. Azospirillum spp. from Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria to Their Use in Bioremediation. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1057. [PMID: 35630499 PMCID: PMC9143718 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10051057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic contamination, a worldwide environmental concern, poses risks for humans, animals, microbe health, and agriculture. Hydrocarbons and heavy metals top the list of toxins that represent a risk to nature. This review deals with the study of Azospirillum sp., widely reported as plant growth-promoting bacteria in various cultures. However, its adaptation properties in adverse environments make it a good candidate for studying remediation processes in environments polluted with hydrocarbons and heavy metals. This review includes studies that address its properties as a plant growth promoter, its genomics, and that evaluate its potential use in the remediation of hydrocarbons and heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Antonia Cruz-Hernández
- Laboratorio Interacción Ambiente Microorganismo, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico; (M.A.C.-H.); (A.M.-H.); (V.B.-G.)
| | - Alberto Mendoza-Herrera
- Laboratorio Interacción Ambiente Microorganismo, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico; (M.A.C.-H.); (A.M.-H.); (V.B.-G.)
| | - Virgilio Bocanegra-García
- Laboratorio Interacción Ambiente Microorganismo, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico; (M.A.C.-H.); (A.M.-H.); (V.B.-G.)
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
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Yang H, Zhang Y, Chuang S, Cao W, Ruan Z, Xu X, Jiang J. Bioaugmentation of acetamiprid-contaminated soil with Pigmentiphaga sp. strain D-2 and its effect on the soil microbial community. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:1559-1571. [PMID: 33443714 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioaugmentation, a strategy based on microbiome engineering, has been proposed for bioremediation of pollutant-contaminated environments. However, the complex microbiome engineering processes for soil bioaugmentation, involving interactions among the exogenous inoculum, soil environment, and indigenous microbial microbiome, remain largely unknown. Acetamiprid is a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide which has caused environmental contaminations. Here, we used an acetamiprid-degrading strain, Pigmentiphaga sp. D-2, as inoculum to investigate the effects of bioaugmentation on the soil microbial community and the process of microbiome reassembly. The bioaugmentation treatment removed 94.8 and 92.5% of acetamiprid within 40 days from soils contaminated with 50 and 200 mg/kg acetamiprid, respectively. A decrease in bacterial richness and diversity was detected in bioaugmentation treatments, which later recovered with the removal of acetamiprid from soil. Moreover, the bioaugmentation treatment significantly influenced the bacterial community structure, whereas application of acetamiprid alone had little influence on the soil microbial community. Furthermore, the bioaugmentation treatment improved the growth of bacteria associated with acetamiprid degradation, and the inoculated and recruited taxa significantly influenced the keystone taxa of the indigenous microbiome, resulting in reassembly of the bacterial community yielding higher acetamiprid-degrading efficiency than that of the indigenous and acetamiprid-treated communities. Our results provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of microbiome engineering for bioaugmentation of acetamiprid-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Microbiology for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Anhui, 233100, China
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Microbiology for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shaochuang Chuang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Microbiology for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weimiao Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Microbiology for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhepu Ruan
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Microbiology for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xihui Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Microbiology for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Microbiology for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Dheeman S, Baliyan N, Dubey RC, Maheshwari DK, Kumar S, Chen L. Combined effects of rhizo-competitive rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere Bacillus in plant growth promotion and yield improvement of Eleusine coracana (Ragi). Can J Microbiol 2019; 66:111-124. [PMID: 31671281 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study emphasizes the beneficial role of rhizo-competitive Bacillus spp. isolated from rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric soil in plant growth promotion and yield improvement via nitrogen fixation and biocontrol of Sclerotium rolfsii causing foot rot disease in Eleusine coracana (Ragi). The selection of potent rhizobacteria was based on plant-growth-promoting attributes using Venn set diagram and Bonitur scale. Bacillus pumilus MSTA8 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MSTD26 were selected because they were effective in root colonization, rhizosphere competence, and biofilm formation using root exudates of E. coracana L. rich with carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids. The relative chemotaxis index of the isolates expressed the invasive behavior of the rhizosphere. During pot and field trials, the consortium of the rhizobacteria in a vermiculite carrier increased the grain yield by 37.87%, with a significant harvest index of 16.45. Soil analysis after the field trial revealed soil reclamation potentials to manage soil nutrition and fertility. Both indexes ensured crop protection and production in eco-safe ways and herald commercialization of Bacillus bio-inoculant for improvement in crop production and disease management of E. coracana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrivardhan Dheeman
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar 249404, Uttarakhand, India.,Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun 248161, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nitin Baliyan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra Dubey
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Maheshwari
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
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Cesari A, Paulucci N, López-Gómez M, Hidalgo-Castellanos J, Plá CL, Dardanelli MS. Restrictive water condition modifies the root exudates composition during peanut-PGPR interaction and conditions early events, reversing the negative effects on plant growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:519-527. [PMID: 31450055 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Water deficit is one of the most serious environmental factors that affect the productivity of crops in the world. Arachis hypogaea is a legume with a high nutritional value and 70% is cultivated in semi-arid regions. This research aimed to study the effect of water deficit on peanut root exudates composition, analyzing the importance of exudates on peanut-PGPR interaction under restrictive water condition. Peanut seedlings were subjected to six treatments: 0 and 15 mM PEG, in combination with non-inoculated, Bradyrhizobium sp. and Bradyrhizobium-Azospirillum brasilense inoculated treatments. We analyzed the 7-day peanut root exudate in response to a water restrictive condition and the presence of bacterial inocula. Molecular analysis was performed by HPLC, UPLC and GC. Bacteria motility, chemotaxis, bacterial adhesion to peanut roots and peanut growth parameters were analyzed. Restrictive water condition modified the pattern of molecules exuded by roots, increasing the exudation of Naringenin, oleic FA, citric and lactic acid, and stimulation the release of terpenes of known antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The presence of microorganisms modified the composition of root exudates. Water deficit affected the first events of peanut-PGPR interaction and the root exudates favored bacterial mobility, the chemotaxis and attachment of bacteria to peanut roots. Changes in the profile of molecules exuded by roots allowed A. hypogaea-Bradyrhizobium and A.hypogaea-Bradyrhizobium-Azospirillum interaction thus reversing the negative effects of restrictive water condition on peanut growth. These findings have a future potential application to improve plant-PGPR interactions under water deficit by formulating inoculants containing key molecules exuded during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Cesari
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS- CONICET), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Natalia Paulucci
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS- CONICET), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Miguel López-Gómez
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Lluch Plá
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Susana Dardanelli
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS- CONICET), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Chemotaxis Towards Aromatic Compounds: Insights from Comamonas testosteroni. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112701. [PMID: 31159416 PMCID: PMC6600141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotaxis is an important physiological adaptation that allows many motile bacteria to orientate themselves for better niche adaptation. Chemotaxis is best understood in Escherichia coli. Other representative bacteria, such as Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Pseudomonas species, Helicobacter pylori, and Bacillus subtilis, also have been deeply studied and systemically summarized. These bacteria belong to α-, γ-, ε-Proteobacteria, or Firmicutes. However, β-Proteobacteria, of which many members have been identified as holding chemotactic pathways, lack a summary of chemotaxis. Comamonas testosteroni, belonging to β-Proteobacteria, grows with and chemotactically responds to a range of aromatic compounds. This paper summarizes the latest research on chemotaxis towards aromatic compounds, mainly from investigations of C. testosteroni and other Comamonas species.
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Raina JB, Fernandez V, Lambert B, Stocker R, Seymour JR. The role of microbial motility and chemotaxis in symbiosis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17:284-294. [DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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8
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Wheatley RM, Poole PS. Mechanisms of bacterial attachment to roots. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:448-461. [PMID: 29672765 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The attachment of bacteria to roots constitutes the first physical step in many plant-microbe interactions. These interactions exert both positive and negative influences on agricultural systems depending on whether a growth-promoting, symbiotic or pathogenic relationship transpires. A common biphasic mechanism of root attachment exists across agriculturally important microbial species, including Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Pseudomonas, Azospirillum and Salmonella. Attachment studies have revealed how plant-microbe interactions develop, and how to manipulate these relationships for agricultural benefit. Here, we review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing plant-microbe root attachment and draw together a common biphasic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Wheatley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Philip S Poole
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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Ma L, Zheng SC, Zhang TK, Liu ZY, Wang XJ, Zhou XK, Yang CG, Duo JL, Mo MH. Effect of nicotine from tobacco root exudates on chemotaxis, growth, biocontrol efficiency, and colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa NXHG29. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:1237-1257. [PMID: 29397489 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence suggests that root exudates have a major role in mediating plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere. Here, we characterized tobacco root exudates (TREs) by GC-MS and nicotine, scopoletin, and octadecane were identified as three main components of TREs. Qualitative and quantitative chemotaxis assays revealed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa NXHG29 with antagonistic activity displayed positive chemotactic responses towards TREs and their three main components (nicotine, scopoletin, octadecane) and its enhanced chemotaxis were induced by these substances in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, following GC-MS and chemotaxis analysis, nicotine was selected as the target for evaluation of the effect on NXHG29 regarding antagonism, growth, root colonization and biocontrol efficiency. Results of in vitro studies showed that nicotine as a sole carbon source could enhance growth of NXHG29 and significantly increased the antagonism of NXHG29. We also demonstrated that nicotine exerted enhancing effects on the colonization ability of NXHG29 on tobacco roots by combining CLSM observations with investigation of population level dynamics by selective dilution plating method. Results from greenhouse experiments suggested nicotine exhibited stimulatory effects on the biocontrol efficiency of NXHG29 against bacterial wilt and black shank on tobacco. The stimulatory effect of nicotine was affected by the concentration and timing of nicotine application and further supported by the results of population level of NXHG29 on tobacco roots. This is the first report on the enhancement effect of nicotine from TREs on an antagonistic bacterium for its root colonization, control of soil-borne pathogens, regarding the chemotaxis and in vitro antagonism and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, No.2 Cuihubei road, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease & Pest, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuai Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, No.2 Cuihubei road, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease & Pest, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ti Kun Zhang
- Pu'er Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Pu'er, 665000, People's Republic of China
- Yunnan Corporation of China National Tobacco Corporation, Kunming, 650202, People's Republic of China
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease & Pest, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Yi Liu
- Pu'er Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Pu'er, 665000, People's Republic of China
- Yunnan Corporation of China National Tobacco Corporation, Kunming, 650202, People's Republic of China
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease & Pest, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Jian Wang
- Pu'er Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Pu'er, 665000, People's Republic of China
- Yunnan Corporation of China National Tobacco Corporation, Kunming, 650202, People's Republic of China
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease & Pest, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Kui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, No.2 Cuihubei road, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease & Pest, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease & Pest, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Gang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, No.2 Cuihubei road, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease & Pest, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease & Pest, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Ling Duo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, No.2 Cuihubei road, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease & Pest, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming He Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, No.2 Cuihubei road, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease & Pest, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Overmann
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Birte Abt
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Johannes Sikorski
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Wang X, Lanning LM, Ford RM. Enhanced Retention of Chemotactic Bacteria in a Pore Network with Residual NAPL Contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:165-172. [PMID: 26633578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) contaminants are difficult to eliminate from natural aquifers due, in part, to the heterogeneous structure of the soil. Chemotaxis enhances the mixing of bacteria with contaminant sources in low-permeability regions, which may not be readily accessible by advection and dispersion alone. A microfluidic device was designed to mimic heterogeneous features of a contaminated groundwater aquifer. NAPL droplets (toluene) were trapped within a fine pore network, and bacteria were injected through a highly conductive adjacent macrochannel. Chemotactic bacteria (Pseudomonas putida F1) exhibited greater accumulation near the pore network at 0.5 m/day than both the nonchemotactic control and the chemotactic bacteria at a higher groundwater velocity of 5 m/day. Chemotactic bacteria accumulated in the vicinity of NAPL droplets, and the accumulation was 15% greater than a nonchemotactic mutant. Indirect evidence showed that chemotactic bacteria were retained within the contaminated low-permeability region longer than nonchemotactic bacteria at 0.25 m/day. This retention was diminished at 5 m/day. Numerical solutions of the bacterial-transport equations were consistent with the experimental results. Because toluene is degraded by P. putida F1, the accumulation of chemotactic bacteria around NAPL sources is expected to increase contaminant consumption and improve the efficiency of bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopu Wang
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum , Qingdao, Shandong, China 266580
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Larry M Lanning
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Roseanne M Ford
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Wang X, Atencia J, Ford RM. Quantitative analysis of chemotaxis towards toluene by Pseudomonas putida in a convection-free microfluidic device. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:896-904. [PMID: 25408100 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemotaxis has been shown to be beneficial for the migration of soil-inhabiting bacteria towards industrial chemical pollutants, which they degrade. Many studies have demonstrated the importance of this microbial property under various circumstances; however, few quantitative analyses have been undertaken to measure the two essential parameters that characterize the chemotaxis of bioremediation bacteria: the chemotactic sensitivity coefficient χ(0) and the chemotactic receptor constant K(c). The main challenge to determine these parameters is that χ(0) and K(c) are coupled together in non-linear mathematical models used to evaluate them. In this study we developed a method to accurately measure these parameters for Pseudomonas putida in the presence of toluene, an important pollutant in groundwater contamination. Our approach uses a multilayer microfluidic device to expose bacteria to a convection-free linear chemical gradient of toluene that is stable over time. The bacterial distribution within the gradient is measured in terms of fluorescence intensity, and is then used to fit the parameters Kc and χ(0) with mathematical models. Critically, bacterial distributions under chemical gradients at two different concentrations were used to solve for both parameters independently. To validate the approach, the chemotaxis parameters of Escherichia coli strains towards α-methylaspartate were experimentally derived and were found to be consistent with published results from related work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopu Wang
- Departmentof Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering Applied Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904
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Luu RA, Kootstra JD, Nesteryuk V, Brunton CN, Parales JV, Ditty JL, Parales RE. Integration of chemotaxis, transport and catabolism inPseudomonas putidaand identification of the aromatic acid chemoreceptor PcaY. Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:134-47. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita A. Luu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; College of Biological Sciences; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Joshua D. Kootstra
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; College of Biological Sciences; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Vasyl Nesteryuk
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; College of Biological Sciences; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Ceanne N. Brunton
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; College of Biological Sciences; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Juanito V. Parales
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; College of Biological Sciences; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Jayna L. Ditty
- Department of Biology; University of St. Thomas; St. Paul MN USA
| | - Rebecca E. Parales
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; College of Biological Sciences; University of California; Davis CA USA
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Ni B, Huang Z, Fan Z, Jiang CY, Liu SJ. Comamonas testosteroniuses a chemoreceptor for tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates to trigger chemotactic responses towards aromatic compounds. Mol Microbiol 2013; 90:813-23. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zheng Fan
- Core facility at Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Cheng-Ying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- Environmental Microbiology Research Center; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Shuang-Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- Environmental Microbiology Research Center; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
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15
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Drogue B, Doré H, Borland S, Wisniewski-Dyé F, Prigent-Combaret C. Which specificity in cooperation between phytostimulating rhizobacteria and plants? Res Microbiol 2012; 163:500-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Wang X, Long T, Ford RM. Bacterial chemotaxis toward a NAPL source within a pore-scale microfluidic chamber. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:1622-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Maheshwari DK, Kumar S, Kumar B, Pandey P. Co-inoculation of Urea and DAP Tolerant Sinorhizobium meliloti and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as Integrated Approach for Growth Enhancement of Brassica juncea. Indian J Microbiol 2011; 50:425-31. [PMID: 22282610 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-011-0085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two plant growth promoting rhizobacteria--Sinorhizobium meliloti RMP1 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa GRC(2) were studied for integrated nutrient management to obtain improved yield of Brassica juncea. Low concentrations of urea and diammonium phosphate (DAP) stimulated the growth of both S. meliloti RMP1 and P. aeruginosa GRC(2). 1 M of urea and 0.35 M of DAP was found lethal for RMP1, while 1.3 M and 0.37 M concentrations of urea and DAP proved to be toxic for GRC(2). Lc(50) was observed as 0.49 M of urea and 0.15 M of DAP for RMP1, and 0.66 M urea and 0.18 M of DAP for GRC(2). Urea and DAP adaptive variants of RMP1 and GRC(2) was isolated. Adaptive bacterial variants had better growth rates at sub-lethal (Lc(50)) concentrations of urea and DAP as compared to non-adaptive variants. They also retained plant growth promoting attributes similar to non adaptive variants. GRC(2) and RMP1 did not affect the growth of each other and were chemotactically active for DAP, urea as well as root exudates of B. juncea. Both the isolates colonized well in the rhizosphere of B. juncea, as their populations were recorded ≈5 log(10) cfu g(-1) after 120 days. Interestingly, the colonization ability was found even better when both strains were co-inoculated, as their population was recorded in the range of ≈6 log(10) cfu g(-1) after 120 days. In field trials, application of RMP1 and GRC(2) resulted in significant increase in biomass and yield of B. juncea as compared to control. However, yield was better with application of half dose and full dose of recommended fertilizers. Interestingly, the biomass as well as yield improved further when both isolates were applied together along with half dose of recommended fertilizers.
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Flores K, Hadeler KP. The random walk of Azospirillum brasilense. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2010; 4:71-85. [PMID: 22881071 DOI: 10.1080/17513750902773914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The bacterium Azospirillum brasilense has been frequently studied in laboratory experiments. It performs movements in space where long forward and backward runs on a straight line occur simultaneously with slow changes of direction of the line. A model is presented in which a correlated random walk on a line is joined to diffusion on a sphere of directions. For this transport system, a hierarchy of moment approximations is derived, ranging from a hyperbolic system with four dependent variables to a scalar damped wave equation (telegraph equation) and then to a single diffusion equation for particle density. The original parameters are compounded in the diffusion quotient. The effects of these parameters, such as particle speed or turning rate, on the diffusion coefficient are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Flores
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Pandey J, Chauhan A, Jain RK. Integrative approaches for assessing the ecological sustainability ofin situbioremediation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2009; 33:324-75. [PMID: 19178567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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20
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Somers E, Vanderleyden J, Srinivasan M. Rhizosphere Bacterial Signalling: A Love Parade Beneath Our Feet. Crit Rev Microbiol 2008; 30:205-40. [PMID: 15646398 DOI: 10.1080/10408410490468786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots support the growth and activities of a wide variety of microorganisms that may have a profound effect on the growth and/or health of plants. Among these microorganisms, a high diversity of bacteria have been identified and categorized as deleterious, beneficial, or neutral with respect to the plant. The beneficial bacteria, termed plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are widely studied by microbiologists and agronomists because of their potential in plant production. Azospirillum, a genus of versatile PGPR, is able to enhance the plant growth and yield of a wide range of economically important crops in different soils and climatic regions. Plant beneficial effects of Azospirillum have mainly been attributed to the production of phytohormones, nitrate reduction, and nitrogen fixation, which have been subject of extensive research throughout the years. These elaborate studies made Azospirillum one of the best-characterized genera of PGPR. However, the genetic and molecular determinants involved in the initial interaction between Azospirillum and plant roots are not yet fully understood. This review will mainly highlight the current knowledge on Azospirillum plant root interactions, in the context of preceding and ongoing research on the association between plants and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Somers
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, K U Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
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21
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A.A.M. De Leij F, Lynch J, Brimecombe M. Rhizodeposition and Microbial Populations. THE RHIZOSPHERE 2007. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420005585.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Abstract
Chemotaxis assays provide a rapid and efficient means of (1) studying the chemotactic behavior of microorganisms in complex samples and (2) identifying potential growth substrates and generating inocula for subsequent isolation trials. The chemotaxis method thus complements the set of techniques currently available for the investigation of not-yet-cultured microbes. Although restricted to motile and chemotactically active microorganisms, a considerable fraction of species can be covered with this technique, particularly in bacterioplankton communities. Several formats of the chemotaxis assay have been developed. Capillaries are loaded with solutions of test compounds and are inserted in small microscopic chambers, in bottles containing culture suspensions, or incubated directly in situ. The latter two techniques are also suitable for experiments with anaerobic bacteria. In flat rectangular glass capillaries, the accumulating microorganisms can be observed directly by light microscopy in a dark field. Afterward, the chemotactically active bacteria can be identified by analyses of their 16S rRNA gene fragments. The method has been used to identify an essential carbon compound required for the growth of previously unculturable phototrophic consortia. This knowledge proved essential for the subsequent successful enrichment of these bacterial associations. Furthermore, it has been shown that different not-yet-cultured members of aerobic lake water bacterioplankton communities are chemotactically active and attracted by different carbon compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Overmann
- Bereich Mikrobiologie, Fakultät für Biologie, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
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Foster LJR, Kwan BH, Vancov T. Microbial degradation of the organophosphate pesticide, Ethion. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004; 240:49-53. [PMID: 15500978 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2004] [Revised: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The organophosphate pesticide, Ethion, remains a major environmental contaminant in rural Australia and poses a significant threat to environmental and public health. The aerobic degradation of Ethion by mesophilic bacteria isolated from contaminated soils surrounding disused cattle dip sites was investigated. Two isolates, identified as Pseudomonas and Azospirillum species, were capable of biodegrading Ethion when cultivated in minimal salts medium. The abiotic hydrolytic degradation products of Ethion such as Ethion Dioxon and O,O-diethylthiosphosphate were not detected. The data suggest the rapid degradation of Ethion to support microbial growth. The results have implications for the development of a bioremediation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L John R Foster
- Bio/polymers Research Group, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Pandey G, Jain RK. Bacterial chemotaxis toward environmental pollutants: role in bioremediation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:5789-95. [PMID: 12450797 PMCID: PMC134409 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.12.5789-5795.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Pandey
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Rakesh K. Jain
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036, India
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25
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Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that motile bacteria are chemotactically attracted to environmental pollutants that they can degrade. Chemotaxis, the ability of motile bacteria to detect and respond to specific chemicals in the environment, can increase an organism's chances of locating useful sources of carbon, nitrogen and energy, and could thus play an important role in the biodegradation process. Recent evidence demonstrating that chemotaxis and biodegradation genes are coordinately regulated suggests that these processes are intimately linked in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Parales
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing, 3-730 Bowen Science Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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26
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Raaijmakers JM, Weller DM. Exploiting genotypic diversity of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol-producing Pseudomonas spp.: characterization of superior root-colonizing P. fluorescens strain Q8r1-96. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:2545-54. [PMID: 11375162 PMCID: PMC92906 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.6.2545-2554.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotypic diversity that occurs in natural populations of antagonistic microorganisms provides an enormous resource for improving biological control of plant diseases. In this study, we determined the diversity of indigenous 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG)-producing Pseudomonas spp. occurring on roots of wheat grown in a soil naturally suppressive to take-all disease of wheat. Among 101 isolates, 16 different groups were identified by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. One RAPD group made up 50% of the total population of DAPG-producing Pseudomonas spp. Both short- and long-term studies indicated that this dominant genotype, exemplified by P. fluorescens Q8r1-96, is highly adapted to the wheat rhizosphere. Q8r1-96 requires a much lower dose (only 10 to 100 CFU seed(-1) or soil(-1)) to establish high rhizosphere population densities (10(7) CFU g of root(-1)) than Q2-87 and 1M1-96, two genotypically different, DAPG-producing P. fluorescens strains. Q8r1-96 maintained a rhizosphere population density of approximately 10(5) CFU g of root(-1) after eight successive growth cycles of wheat in three different, raw virgin soils, whereas populations of Q2-87 and 1M1-96 dropped relatively quickly after five cycles and were not detectable after seven cycles. In short-term studies, strains Q8r1-96, Q2-87, and 1M1-96 did not differ in their ability to suppress take-all. After eight successive growth cycles, however, Q8r1-96 still provided control of take-all to the same level as obtained in the take-all suppressive soil, whereas Q2-87 and 1M1-96 gave no control anymore. Biochemical analyses indicated that the superior rhizosphere competence of Q8r1-96 is not related to in situ DAPG production levels. We postulate that certain rhizobacterial genotypes have evolved a preference for colonization of specific crops. By exploiting diversity of antagonistic rhizobacteria that share a common trait, biological control can be improved significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Raaijmakers
- Root Disease and Biological Control Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6430, USA. jos.raaijmakers@
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27
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Abstract
Energy taxis encompasses aerotaxis, phototaxis, redox taxis, taxis to alternative electron acceptors, and chemotaxis to oxidizable substrates. The signal for this type of behavior is originated within the electron transport system. Energy taxis was demonstrated, as a part of an overall behavior, in several microbial species, but it did not appear as the dominant determinant in any of them. In this study, we show that most behavioral responses proceed through this mechanism in the alpha-proteobacterium Azospirillum brasilense. First, chemotaxis to most chemoeffectors typical of the azospirilla habitat was found to be metabolism dependent and required a functional electron transport system. Second, other energy-related responses, such as aerotaxis, redox taxis, and taxis to alternative electron acceptors, were found in A. brasilense. Finally, a mutant lacking a cytochrome c oxidase of the cbb(3) type was affected in chemotaxis, redox taxis, and aerotaxis. Altogether, the results indicate that behavioral responses to most stimuli in A. brasilense are triggered by changes in the electron transport system.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Alexandre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA
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28
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Samanta SK, Bhushan B, Chauhan A, Jain RK. Chemotaxis of a Ralstonia sp. SJ98 toward different nitroaromatic compounds and their degradation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 269:117-23. [PMID: 10694487 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A Ralstonia sp. SJ98, isolated by a chemotactic enrichment technique, was capable of utilizing different nitroaromatic compounds (NACs). It utilized p-nitrophenol, 4-nitrocatechol, o-nitrobenzoic acid, and p-nitrobenzoic acid as the sole source of carbon and energy. It was observed that Ralstonia sp. SJ98 was chemotactic to the above-mentioned NACs as tested by the drop assay, swarm plate assay, and capillary assay. However, it failed to show chemotactic behavior toward those compounds which were not degraded by the microorganism. This is the first report which shows the chemotaxis of a microorganism toward different NACs and their subsequent degradation. Some of the intermediates of the NACs' degradative pathways have been identified using TLC, GC, and GC-MS studies. The results presented here indicate a correlation between chemotaxis and biodegradation of NACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Samanta
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector-39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
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29
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Samanta SK, Jain RK. Evidence for plasmid-mediated chemotaxis ofPseudomonas putidatowards naphthalene and salicylate. Can J Microbiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1139/w99-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A naphthalene (Nap) and salicylate (Sal) degrading microorganism, Pseudomonas putida RKJ1, is chemotactic towards these compounds. This strain carries a 83 kb plasmid. A 25 kb EcoRI fragment of the plasmid contains the genes responsible for Nap degradation through Sal. RKJ5, the plasmid-cured derivative of RKJ1, is neither capable of degradation nor is chemotactic towards Nap or Sal. The recombinant plasmid pRKJ3, which contained a 25 kb EcoRI fragment, was transferred back into the plasmid-free wild-type strain RKJ5, and the transconjugant showed both degradation and chemotaxis. The recombinant plasmid pRKJ3 was also transferred into motile, plasmid-free P. putida KT2442. The resulting transconjugant (RKJ15) showed chemotaxis towards both Nap and Sal. Two mutant strains carrying deletions in pRKJ3 (in KT2442) with phenotypes Nap-Sal+and Nap-Sal-, were also tested for chemotaxis. It was found that the Nap-Sal+mutant strain showed chemotaxis towards Sal only, whereas the Nap-Sal-mutant strain is non-chemotactic towards both the compounds. These results suggest that the metabolism of Nap and Sal may be required for the chemotactic activity.Key words: Pseudomonas putida, plasmid-encoded chemotaxis, naphthalene, salicylate.
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30
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Mazumder R, Phelps TJ, Krieg NR, Benoit RE. Determining chemotactic responses by two subsurface microaerophiles using a simplified capillary assay method. J Microbiol Methods 1999; 37:255-63. [PMID: 10480269 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(99)00072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A simplified capillary chemotaxis assay utilizing a hypodermic needle, syringe, and disposable pipette tip was developed to measure bacterial tactic responses. The method was applied to two strains of subsurface microaerophilic bacteria. This method was more convenient than the Adler method and required less practice. Isolate VT10 was a strain of Pseudomonas syringae, which was isolated from the shallow subsurface. It was chemotactically attracted toward dextrose, glycerol, and phenol, which could be used as sole carbon sources, and toward maltose, which could not be used. Isolate MR100 was phylogenetically related to Pseudomonas mendocina and was isolated from the deep subsurface. It showed no tactic response to these compounds, although, it could use dextrose, maltose, and glycerol as carbon sources. The chemotaxis results obtained by the new method were verified by using the swarm plate assay technique. The simplified technique may be useful for routine chemotactic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mazumder
- Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, USA
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31
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Van Bastelaere E, Lambrecht M, Vermeiren H, Van Dommelen A, Keijers V, Proost P, Vanderleyden J. Characterization of a sugar-binding protein from Azospirillum brasilense mediating chemotaxis to and uptake of sugars. Mol Microbiol 1999; 32:703-14. [PMID: 10361275 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our approach to the isolation of plant-inducible bacterial genes of Azospirillum brasilense, based on the analysis of protein patterns of bacteria grown in the presence and in the absence of plant root exudates, led to the identification of an acidic 40 kDa protein. Cloning and sequencing analysis of the corresponding coding DNA region revealed the presence of two open reading frames transcribed in the same orientation. The deduced ORF1 protein, which corresponds to the 40 kDa protein, is very similar to the periplasmic ChvE protein, identified in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and involved in enhanced virulence. The deduced ORF2 protein shows homology to members of the LysR family of transcriptional regulators. The function of the ChvE-like protein in A. brasilense was investigated further. The protein, designated as SbpA (sugar binding protein A), is involved in the uptake of D-galactose and functions in the chemotaxis of A. brasilense towards several sugars, including D-galactose, L-arabinose and D-fucose. Expression of the sbpA gene requires the presence of the same sugars in the growth medium and is enhanced further in combination with carbon starvation of A. brasilense cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Van Bastelaere
- F. A. Janssens Laboratory of Genetics, University of Leuven, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Van de Broek A, Lambrecht M, Vanderleyden J. Bacterial chemotactic motility is important for the initiation of wheat root colonization by Azospirillum brasilense. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1998; 144 ( Pt 9):2599-2606. [PMID: 9782509 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-144-9-2599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Azospirillum are able to colonize plant roots. Using the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter system, various Azospirillum mutants, including mutants affected in chemotactic motility or extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis, were investigated for their capacity to initiate wheat root colonization at the root hair zones. Only non-flagellated mutants and a generally non-chemotactic mutant exhibited a strongly reduced colonization ability as compared to the wild-type. No role of the Azospirillum calcofluor-binding polysaccharide in primary wheat root colonization could be observed. This is the first report demonstrating directly, by using different motility mutants, the requirement of bacterial motility in the establishment of the Azospirillum-plant root association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Van de Broek
- F. A. Janssens Laboratory of Genetics, Catholic University of LeuvenKardinaal Mercierlaan 92, B-3001 HeverleeBelgium
| | - Mark Lambrecht
- F. A. Janssens Laboratory of Genetics, Catholic University of LeuvenKardinaal Mercierlaan 92, B-3001 HeverleeBelgium
| | - Jos Vanderleyden
- F. A. Janssens Laboratory of Genetics, Catholic University of LeuvenKardinaal Mercierlaan 92, B-3001 HeverleeBelgium
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Abstract
The beta-ketoadipate pathway is a chromosomally encoded convergent pathway for aromatic compound degradation that is widely distributed in soil bacteria and fungi. One branch converts protocatechuate, derived from phenolic compounds including p-cresol, 4-hydroxybenzoate and numerous lignin monomers, to beta-ketoadipate. The other branch converts catechol, generated from various aromatic hydrocarbons, amino aromatics, and lignin monomers, also to beta-ketoadipate. Two additional steps accomplish the conversion of beta-ketoadipate to tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Enzyme studies and amino acid sequence data indicate that the pathway is highly conserved in diverse bacteria, including Pseudomonas putida, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Rhodococcus erythropolis, and many others. The catechol branch of the beta-ketoadipate pathway appears to be the evolutionary precursor for portions of the plasmid-borne ortho-pathways for chlorocatechol degradation. However, accumulating evidence points to an independent and convergent evolutionary origin for the eukaryotic beta-ketoadipate pathway. In the face of enzyme conservation, the beta-ketoadipate pathway exhibits many permutations in different bacterial groups with respect to enzyme distribution (isozymes, points of branch convergence), regulation (inducing metabolites, regulatory proteins), and gene organization. Diversity is also evident in the behavioral responses of different bacteria to beta-ketoadipate pathway-associated aromatic compounds. The presence and versatility of transport systems encoded by beta-ketoadipate pathway regulons is just beginning to be explored in various microbial groups. It appears that in the course of evolution, natural selection has caused the beta-ketoadipate pathway to assume a characteristic set of features or identity in different bacteria. Presumably such identities have been shaped to optimally serve the diverse lifestyles of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Harwood
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Vanderleyden J. Surface Properties and Motility of Rhizobium and Azospirillum in Relation to Plant Root Attachment. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1996; 32:149-169. [PMID: 8688006 DOI: 10.1007/bf00185885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth promotion by rhizobacteria is a widely spread phenomenon. However only a few rhizobacteria have been studied thoroughly. Rhizobium is the best-studied rhizobacterium. It forms a symbiosis with a restricted host range. Azospirillum is another plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium which forms rhizocoenoses with a wide range of plants. In both bacteria, the interaction with the plant involves the attraction toward the host plant and the attachment to the surface of the root. Both bacteria are attracted to plant roots, but differ in specificity. Attachment to plant roots occurs in two steps for both bacteria: a quick, reversible adsorption, and a slow, irreversible anchoring to the plant root surface. However, for the two systems under study, the bacterial surface molecules involved in plant root attachment are not necessarily the same.
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35
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Lopez-de-Victoria G, Zimmer-Faust RK, Lovell CR. Computer-assisted video motion analysis: A powerful technique for investigating motility and chemotaxis. J Microbiol Methods 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(95)00047-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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van Overbeek LS, van Elsas JD. Root Exudate-Induced Promoter Activity in Pseudomonas fluorescens Mutants in the Wheat Rhizosphere. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:890-8. [PMID: 16534972 PMCID: PMC1388371 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.3.890-898.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tn5-B20 (lacZ as reporter gene) transcriptional fusion mutants of Pseudomonas fluorescens R2f were screened for their response to wheat root exudate. Several mutants showed (beta)-galactosidase activity under the influence of wheat root exudate. In one such mutant, RIWE8, gene expression was specifically induced by proline but not by 125 other substrates. This mutant also showed reporter gene induction, albeit to a lesser extent, by exudate of maize and grass roots but not by that of clover roots. In situ promoter activity of RIWE8 was found in Flevo silt loam soil amended with proline but not in water-, arginine-, glutamic acid-, or malic acid-amended soils. Reporter gene expression in RIWE8 was triggered in a model rhizosphere-soil system in the presence of wheat, maize, and grass roots but not in the presence of clover roots or in root-free (bulk) soil. The induction of expression of the reporter gene in soil, using this approach, is suggestive that promoter activity in RIWE8 may be useful for the construction of organisms with rhizosphere-controlled beneficial genes.
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Harwood CS, Nichols NN, Kim MK, Ditty JL, Parales RE. Identification of the pcaRKF gene cluster from Pseudomonas putida: involvement in chemotaxis, biodegradation, and transport of 4-hydroxybenzoate. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:6479-88. [PMID: 7961399 PMCID: PMC197001 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.21.6479-6488.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida PRS2000 is chemotactic to 4-hydroxybenzoate and other aromatic acids. This behavioral response is induced when cells are grown on 4-hydroxybenzoate or benzoate, compounds that are degraded via the beta-ketoadipate pathway. Isolation of a transposon mutant defective in 4-hydroxybenzoate chemotaxis allowed identification of a new gene cluster designated pcaRKF. DNA sequencing, mutational analysis, and complementation studies revealed that pcaR encodes a regulatory protein required for induction of at least four of the enzymes of the beta-ketoadipate pathway and that pcaF encodes beta-ketoadipyl-coenzyme A thiolase, the last enzyme in the pathway. The third gene, pcaK, encodes a transporter for 4-hydroxybenzoate, and this protein is also required for chemotaxis to aromatic acids. The predicted PcaK protein is 47 kDa in size, with a deduced amino acid sequence indicative of membership in the major facilitator superfamily of transport proteins. The protein, expressed in Escherichia coli, catalyzed 4-hydroxybenzoate transport. In addition, whole cells of P. putida pcaK mutants accumulated 4-hydroxybenzoate at reduced rates compared with that in wild-type cells. The pcaK mutation did not impair growth at the expense of 4-hydroxybenzoate under most conditions; however, mutant cells grew somewhat more slowly than the wild type on 4-hydroxybenzoate at a high pH. The finding that 4-hydroxybenzoate chemotaxis can be disrupted without an accompanying effect on metabolism indicates that this chemotactic response is receptor mediated. It remains to be determined, however, whether PcaK itself is a chemoreceptor for 4-hydroxybenzoate or whether it plays an indirect role in chemotaxis. These findings indicate that aromatic acid detection and transport are integral features of aromatic degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Harwood
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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