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Hoque RA, Yadav M, Yadava U, Rai N, Negi S, Yadav HS. Active site determination of novel plant versatile peroxidase extracted from Citrus sinensis and bioconversion of β-naphthol. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:345. [PMID: 37719748 PMCID: PMC10501043 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A ligninolytic peroxidase called versatile peroxidase, VP, (EC 1.11.1.16) is an iron-containing metalloenzyme. The most distinctive feature of this enzyme is its composite molecular framework, which combines lignin peroxidase's capacity to oxidize compounds with high-redox potential with manganese peroxidase's capacity to oxidize Mn2+ to Mn3+. In this study, we have extracted amino acid sequences from the Citrus sinensis source and subjected them to various computation tools to visualize the insight secondary and 3D structure, physicochemical properties, and validation of the structure which have not been studied so far to further investigate the catalytic efficiency and effectiveness of VP. The binding energies of HEME and HEME C (HEC) ligands with produced PDB (6rqf.1. A) have been also assessed, analyzed, and confirmed utilizing AutoDock. Binding energies were calculated using the AutoDock and validated by MD simulation using SCHRODINGER DESMOND. Most stable confirmation was achieved through a protein-ligand interaction study. Bio-technological use of VP in the biotransformation of β-naphthol has also been studied. The findings in the current study will have a substantial impact on proteomics, biochemistry, biotechnology, and possible uses of versatile peroxidase in the bio-remediation of different toxic organic compounds. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03758-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohida Amin Hoque
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Itanagar, AP 791109 India
| | - Meera Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Itanagar, AP 791109 India
| | - Umesh Yadava
- Department of Physics, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009 India
| | - Nivedita Rai
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Itanagar, AP 791109 India
| | - Shivani Negi
- Department of Physics, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009 India
| | - Hardeo Singh Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Itanagar, AP 791109 India
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Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Wei B, Su M, Liang H. Cu/nucleotide coordination self-assembling to in situ regenerate NAD(P)+ and co-immobilize dehydrogenase with robust activity and stability. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Antimicrobial Efficacy of Edible Mushroom Extracts: Assessment of Fungal Resistance. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial efficacy of the water or methanolic extracts of three medicinal mushrooms Taiwanofungus camphoratus, Agaricus blazei Murrill, and Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst were investigated against yeast and filamentous fungal pathogens as well as against commensal and pathogenic bacteria. The methanolic extract of T. camphoratus (TcM) exhibited both potent antifungal and antibacterial activity, while the water extract of T. camphoratus (TcW) showed limited antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes. Neither the methanolic nor water extracts of A. blazei and G. lucidum exhibited antimicrobial activity. In the risk assessment testing monitoring the development of fungal tolerance to mushroom extracts in food matrices, two P. expansum mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) mutants exhibited a tolerance to TcM. In a proof-of-concept bioassay using the natural benzoic salicylaldehyde (SA), P. expansum and A. fumigatus MAPK antioxidant mutants showed similar tolerance to SA, suggesting that natural ingredients in TcM such as benzoic derivatives could negatively affect the efficacy of TcM when antioxidant mutants are targeted. Conclusion: TcM could be developed as a food ingredient having antimicrobial potential. The antimicrobial activity of TcM operates via the intact MAPK antioxidant signaling system in microbes, however, mutants lacking genes in the MAPK system escape the toxicity triggered by TcM. Therefore, caution should be exercised in the use of TcM so as to not adversely affect food safety and quality by triggering the resistance of antioxidant mutants in contaminated food.
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Natural Salicylaldehyde for Fungal and Pre- and Post-Emergent Weed Control. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A sustainable, alternative weed control strategy is developed using salicylaldehyde (SA; 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde) as an active ingredient. SA is a natural, redox-active small molecule listed as a Generally Recognized As Safe food additive by the European Food Safety Authority and the United States Food and Drug Administration. The repurposing of SA determined that SA possesses both pre- and post-emergent herbicidal, fumigant activity, where the emitted SA from the source completely prevented the germination of plant seeds and/or the growth of the germinated plants. As a proof-of-concept, we developed agricultural byproducts (tree nutshell particles) as SA delivery vehicles to the soil, thus helping the growers’ sustainable byproduct recycling program, necessary for carbon sequestration. In plate assays, SA emitted from the nutshell vehicles (0.15 to 1.6 M) completely prevented the germination of six invasive or native weed seeds (monocots, dicots). In Magenta vessel assays, SA emitted from the nutshell vehicles (0.8 to 1.6 M) not only prevented the germination (pre-emergent) of Lagurus ovatus (Bunny Tails Grass) seeds but also inhibited the growth (post-emergent) of the germinated weeds. We determined further that soil covering (soil pasteurization) could be one of the practices to effectively deliver SA to the soil, whereby 1.6 M of SA emitted from the nutshell vehicles prevented the germination of the L. ovatus seeds maintained in soil trays covered with plastic tarp at 22 °C, while 0.8 M SA allowed partial (15%) germination of the weed seeds. Of note, SA also possesses an intrinsic antifungal activity that overcomes the tolerance of the stress signaling mutants of filamentous fungal pathogens (Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium expansum) to the phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil. Environmental degradation data available in the public database indicate that, once released to the environment, SA will be broken down in the air by sunlight or microorganisms and, thus, is not built up in aquatic organisms. Altogether, SA can serve as a safe, potent pesticide (herbicidal, fungicidal) ingredient that promotes sustainable crop production by lowering the pesticide burden in fields.
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Antifungal Efficacy of Redox-Active Natamycin against Some Foodborne Fungi-Comparison with Aspergillus fumigatus. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092073. [PMID: 34574183 PMCID: PMC8469148 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal antioxidant system is one of the targets of the redox-active polyene antifungal drugs, including amphotericin B (AMB), nystatin (NYS), and natamycin (NAT). Besides medical applications, NAT has been used in industry for preserving foods and crops. In this study, we investigated two parameters (pH and food ingredients) affecting NAT efficacy. In the human pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus, NAT (2 to 16 μg mL−1) exerted higher activity at pH 5.6 than at pH 3.5 on a defined medium. In contrast, NAT exhibited higher activity at pH 3.5 than at pH 5.6 against foodborne fungal contaminants, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Penicillium expansum, with P. expansum being the most sensitive. In commercial food matrices (10 organic fruit juices), food ingredients differentially affected NAT antifungal efficacy. Noteworthily, NAT overcame tolerance of the A. fumigatus signaling mutants to the fungicide fludioxonil and exerted antifungal synergism with the secondary metabolite, kojic acid (KA). Altogether, NAT exhibited better antifungal activity at acidic pH against foodborne fungi; however, the ingredients from commercial food matrices presented greater impact on NAT efficacy compared to pH values. Comprehensive determination of parameters affecting NAT efficacy and improved food formulation will promote sustainable food/crop production, food safety, and public health.
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Effect of Naturally Occurring Compounds on Fumonisin Production and fum Gene Expression in Fusarium verticillioides. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy11061060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides, one of the most common pathogens in maize, is responsible for yield losses and reduced kernel quality due to contamination by fumonisins (FBs). Two F. verticillioides isolates that differed in their ability to produce FBs were treated with a selection of eight natural phenolic compounds with the aim of identifying those that were able to decrease toxin production at concentrations that had a limited effect on fungal growth. Among the tested compounds, ellagic acid and isoeugenol, which turned out to be the most effective molecules against fungal growth, were assayed at lower concentrations, while the first retained its ability to inhibit toxin production in vitro, the latter improved both the fungal growth and FB accumulation. The effect of the most effective phenolic compounds on FB accumulation was also tested on maize kernels to highlight the importance of appropriate dosages in order to avoid conditions that are able to promote mycotoxin biosynthesis. An expression analysis of genes involved in FB production allowed more detailed insights into the mechanisms underlying the inhibition of FBs by phenolic compounds. The expression of the fum gene was generally down-regulated by the treatments; however, some treatments in the low-producing F. verticillioides strain up-regulated fum gene expression without improving FB production. This study showed that although different phenolic compounds are effective for FB reduction, they can modulate biosynthesis at the transcription level in opposite manners depending on strain. In conclusion, on the basis of in vitro and in vivo screening, two out of the eight tested phenols (ellagic acid and carvacrol) appear to be promising alternative molecules for the control of FB occurrence in maize.
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Repellency of Veratraldehyde (3,4-Dimethoxy Benzaldehyde) against Mosquito Females and Tick Nymphs. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11114861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne infectious diseases cause many deaths and a major economic burden worldwide. Repellents play an important role in protecting people from infectious biting arthropods. The repellency of veratraldehyde, a known food additive, and the WJ-1041 formulation containing 10% veratraldehyde was tested against Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens females and Haemaphysalis longicornis nymphs using arm-in-cage, indoor or filter paper tests. Veratraldehyde exhibited repellency similar to or lower than that of n,n-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) against A. albopictus, but in H. longicornis, the activity of veratraldehyde was better than that of DEET. The repellency of the 10% veratraldehyde solution was comparable to that of 20% DEET against the two mosquitoes. When comparing repellency between the WJ-1041 formulation (10% veratraldehyde) and 10% DEET against C. pipiens pallens, A. Albopictus and H. longicornis, the two showed similar repellency and complete protection time (CPT) values. However, there was a small difference depending on the tested insects. The absorption of veratraldehyde via skin was minimal, if at all. The pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax and Tmax) of veratraldehyde in blood samples of rats were not different from those of the control group. Based on these results, veratraldehyde has high potential to be commercialized as a repellent agent against infectious disease-borne pests in the near future.
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Pecularities and applications of aryl-alcohol oxidases from fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4111-4126. [PMID: 33997930 PMCID: PMC8140971 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Aryl-alcohol oxidases (AAOs) are FAD-containing enzymes that oxidize a broad range of aromatic as well as aliphatic allylic alcohols to aldehydes. Their broad substrate spectrum accompanied by the only need for molecular oxygen as cosubstrate and production of hydrogen peroxide as sole by-product makes these enzymes very promising biocatalysts. AAOs were used in the synthesis of flavors, fragrances, and other high-value-added compounds and building blocks as well as in dye decolorization and pulp biobleaching. Furthermore, AAOs offer a huge potential as efficient suppliers of hydrogen peroxide for peroxidase- and peroxygenase-catalyzed reactions. A prerequisite for application as biocatalysts at larger scale is the production of AAOs in sufficient amounts. Heterologous expression of these predominantly fungal enzymes is, however, quite challenging. This review summarizes different approaches aiming at enhancing heterologous expression of AAOs and gives an update on substrates accepted by these promising enzymes as well as potential fields of their application. Key points • Aryl-alcohol oxidases (AAOs) supply ligninolytic peroxidases with H2O2. • AAOs accept a broad spectrum of aromatic and aliphatic allylic alcohols. • AAOs are potential biocatalysts for the production of high-value-added bio-based chemicals.
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Abstract
Aryl-alcohol oxidases (AAO) constitute a family of FAD-containing enzymes, included in the glucose-methanol-choline oxidase/dehydrogenase superfamily of proteins. They are commonly found in fungi, where their eco-physiological role is to produce hydrogen peroxide that activates ligninolytic peroxidases in white-rot (lignin-degrading) basidiomycetes or to trigger the Fenton reactions in brown-rot (carbohydrate-degrading) basidiomycetes. These enzymes catalyze the oxidation of a plethora of aromatic, and some aliphatic, polyunsaturated alcohols bearing conjugated primary hydroxyl group. Besides, the enzymes show activity on the hydrated forms of the corresponding aldehydes. Some AAO features, such as the broad range of substrates that it can oxidize (with the only need of molecular oxygen as co-substrate) and its stereoselective mechanism, confer good properties to these enzymes as industrial biocatalysts. In fact, AAO can be used for different biotechnological applications, such as flavor synthesis, secondary alcohol deracemization and oxidation of furfurals for the production of furandicarboxylic acid as a chemical building block. Also, AAO can participate in processes of interest in the wood biorefinery and textile industries as an auxiliary enzyme providing hydrogen peroxide to ligninolytic or dye-decolorizing peroxidases. Both rational design and directed molecular evolution have been employed to engineer AAO for some of the above biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Serrano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Carro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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Huh HW, Song HY, Na YG, Kim M, Han M, Pham TMA, Lee H, Suh J, Lee SJ, Lee HK, Cho CW. Bioanalytical Method Development and Validation of Veratraldehyde and Its Metabolite Veratric Acid in Rat Plasma: An Application for a Pharmacokinetic Study. Molecules 2020; 25:E2800. [PMID: 32560470 PMCID: PMC7357115 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, sensitive, and rapid UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of veratraldehyde and its metabolite veratric acid in rat plasma. Cinnamaldehyde was used as an internal standard (IS) and the one-step protein precipitation method with 0.2% formic acid in acetonitrile (mobile phase B) was used for the sample extraction. Reversed C18 column (YMC-Triart C18 column, 50 mm × 2.0 mm, 1.9 µm) was used for chromatographic separation and was maintained at 30 °C. The total run time was 4.5 min and the electrospray ionization in positive mode was used with the transition m/z 167.07 → 139.00 for veratraldehyde, m/z 183.07 → 139.00 for veratric acid, and m/z 133.00 → 55.00 for IS. The developed method exhibited good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9977), and the lower limits of quantification ranged from 3 to 10 ng/mL for the two analytes. Intra-day precision and accuracy parameters met the criteria (within ±15%) during the validation. The bioanalytical method was applied for the determination of veratraldehyde and veratric acid in rat plasma after oral and percutaneous administration of 300 and 600 mg/kg veratraldehyde. Using the analytical methods established in this study, we can confirm the absorption and metabolism of veratraldehyde in rats for various routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Wook Huh
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (H.-Y.S.); (Y.-G.N.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.M.A.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Hee-Yong Song
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (H.-Y.S.); (Y.-G.N.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.M.A.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Young-Guk Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (H.-Y.S.); (Y.-G.N.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.M.A.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Minki Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (H.-Y.S.); (Y.-G.N.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.M.A.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Mingu Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (H.-Y.S.); (Y.-G.N.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.M.A.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Thi Mai Anh Pham
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (H.-Y.S.); (Y.-G.N.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.M.A.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Hyeonmin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (H.-Y.S.); (Y.-G.N.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.M.A.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Jungkyu Suh
- Woojung Bio Inc., 145, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Korea; (J.S.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Seok-Jong Lee
- Woojung Bio Inc., 145, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Korea; (J.S.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Hong-Ki Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (H.-Y.S.); (Y.-G.N.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.M.A.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Cheong-Weon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (H.W.H.); (H.-Y.S.); (Y.-G.N.); (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.M.A.P.); (H.L.)
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Kim JH, Chan KL, Mahoney N, Cheng LW, Tautges N, Scow K. Rapid elimination of foodborne and environmental fungal contaminants by benzo analogs. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:2800-2806. [PMID: 31975411 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contamination of food or the environment by fungi, especially those resistant to conventional fungicides or drugs, represents a hazard to human health. The objective of this study is to identify safe, natural antifungal agents that can remove fungal pathogens or contaminants rapidly from food and / or environmental sources. RESULTS Fifteen antifungal compounds (nine benzo derivatives as candidates; six conventional fungicides as references) were investigated. Three benzo analogs, namely octyl gallate (OG), trans-cinnamaldehyde (CA), and 2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde (2H5M), at 1 g L-1 (3.54 mmol), 1 mL L-1 (7.21 mmol), 1 mL L-1 (5.39 mmol), respectively, achieved ≥99.9% fungal death after 0.5, 2.5 or 24 h of treatments, respectively, in in vitro phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) bioassay. However, when OG, CA, and 2H5M were examined in commercial food matrices, organic apple, or grape juices, only CA maintained a similar level of antifungal activity, compared with a PBS bioassay. trans-Cinnamaldehyde showed higher antifungal activity at pH 3.5, equivalent to that of commercial fruit juices, than at pH 5.6. In soil sample tests, the application of 1 mL L-1 (7.21 mmol) CA to conventional maize / tomato soil samples (pH 6.8) for 2.5 h resulted in ≥99.9% fungal death, indicating CA could also eliminate fungal contaminants in soil. While the conventional fungicide thiabendazole exerted antifungal activity comparable to CA, thiabendazole enhanced the production of carcinogenic aflatoxins by Aspergillus flavus, an undesirable side effect. CONCLUSION trans-Cinnamaldehyde could be developed as a potent antifungal agent in food processing or soil sanitation by reducing the time / cost necessary for fungal removal. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong H Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen L Chan
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Noreen Mahoney
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Tautges
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kate Scow
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Wickramasinghe PCK, Munafo JP. Biosynthesis of Benzylic Derivatives in the Fermentation Broth of the Edible Mushroom, Ischnoderma resinosum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2485-2492. [PMID: 32049524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Employing isotope incubation studies, the biosynthetic pathway leading to a series of benzylic derivatives was elucidated in the fermentation broth of the edible mushroom Ischnoderma resinosum (P. Karst). Twenty-six hydroxy- and methoxy- benzylic derivatives were screened by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of which 13 were detected in the culture media. Results from the isotope incubation studies showed the transformation of both benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid into benzaldehyde. Benzaldehyde was then converted into 4-methoxybenzaldehyde via hydroxylation and subsequent methylation of the 4-C position. The resulting 4-methoxybenzaldehyde was then hydroxylated in the 3-C position followed by methylation into 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde. Based on these findings, a novel metabolic scheme for the biosynthesis of benzylic derivatives in I. resinosum was proposed. The knowledge of the biosynthetic pathway was utilized to produce 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (vanillin) from 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (vanillic acid). This is the first report to elucidate the biosynthetic pathway of benzyl derivatives and production of vanillin from I. resinosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purni C K Wickramasinghe
- Department of Food Science , The University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
| | - John P Munafo
- Department of Food Science , The University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
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Chan JC, Paice M, Zhang X. Enzymatic Oxidation of Lignin: Challenges and Barriers Toward Practical Applications. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jou C. Chan
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering Washington State University 2710 Crimson Way Richland WA-99354 USA
| | - Michael Paice
- FPInnovations Pulp Paper & Bioproducts 2665 East Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering Washington State University 2710 Crimson Way Richland WA-99354 USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 520 Battelle Boulevard P.O. Box 999, MSIN P8-60 Richland WA-99352 USA
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Żymańczyk-Duda E, Dunal N, Brzezińska-Rodak M, Osiewała A, Olszewski TK, Klimek-Ochab M, Serafin-Lewańczuk M. First biological conversion of chiral heterophosphonate derivative - Scaling and paths of conversion discussion. Bioorg Chem 2019; 93:102751. [PMID: 30709702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Presented work describes the first approach for the biocatalytic resolution of racemic mixtures of heterophosphonate derivative. Penicillium funiculosum and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa were successfully applied for the biological conversion of racemic mixture of 1-amino-1-(3'-pyridyl)methylphosphonic acid 3. Both microorganisms carried out the kinetically driven process leading to conversion of one from the substrate enantiomers, leaving the second one unreacted. Application of R. mucilaginosa allowed obtaining pure enantiomer of the substrate (yield 100%, e.e 100% - unreacted isomer) after 24 h of biotransformation of 3 in the laboratory scale process (Method E), applying biocatalyst pre-treatment step - 24 h of starvation. In case of other biocatalyst, application of whole cells of P. funiculosum in laboratory scale process, also resulted in conversion of the racemic mixture of substrate 3via oxidative deamination into ketone derivative, which was then bioreduced (second step of the process) into 1-hydroxy-1-(3'-pyridyl)methylphosphonic acid 4. This time two products were isolated: unreacted substrate and hydroxy compound 4. Conversion degree ranged from 30% (standard procedure, method A) to even 70% (with extra addition of sodium pyruvate - method B2). However, in this case, bioconversion was not enantioselective - products: amino- and hydroxyderivative were obtained as racemic mixtures. Both biocatalysts were also tested towards the scaling so other biocatalytic procedures were introduced - with immobilized fungal mycelium. In case of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa this approach failed (data not shown) but Penicillium funiculosum turned out to be active and also selective. Thus, application of this biocatalyst in the half-preparative scale, continuous-flow bioprocess (Method C2) resulted in the obtaining of pure S-3 (100% e.e.) isomer with the 100% of conversion degree, without any side products. Recorded NMR spectra allowed confirming the reaction progress and its selectivity and also postulating possible mechanism of conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Żymańczyk-Duda
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Natalia Dunal
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Brzezińska-Rodak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Angelika Osiewała
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz K Olszewski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Klimek-Ochab
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Serafin-Lewańczuk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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15
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Carro J, Amengual-Rigo P, Sancho F, Medina M, Guallar V, Ferreira P, Martínez AT. Multiple implications of an active site phenylalanine in the catalysis of aryl-alcohol oxidase. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8121. [PMID: 29802285 PMCID: PMC5970180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO) has demonstrated to be an enzyme with a bright future ahead due to its biotechnological potential in deracemisation of chiral compounds, production of bioplastic precursors and other reactions of interest. Expanding our understanding on the AAO reaction mechanisms, through the investigation of its structure-function relationships, is crucial for its exploitation as an industrial biocatalyst. In this regard, previous computational studies suggested an active role for AAO Phe397 at the active-site entrance. This residue is located in a loop that partially covers the access to the cofactor forming a bottleneck together with two other aromatic residues. Kinetic and affinity spectroscopic studies, complemented with computational simulations using the recently developed adaptive-PELE technology, reveal that the Phe397 residue is important for product release and to help the substrates attain a catalytically relevant position within the active-site cavity. Moreover, removal of aromaticity at the 397 position impairs the oxygen-reduction activity of the enzyme. Experimental and computational findings agree very well in the timing of product release from AAO, and the simulations help to understand the experimental results. This highlights the potential of adaptive-PELE to provide answers to the questions raised by the empirical results in the study of enzyme mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pep Amengual-Rigo
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 31, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Sancho
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 31, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Milagros Medina
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, and BIFI, University of Zaragoza, E-50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 31, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain. .,ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, E-08010, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Patricia Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, and BIFI, University of Zaragoza, E-50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Angel T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus spp. are opportunistic pathogens, which cause highly invasive infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Control of such fungal pathogens is increasingly problematic due to the small number of effective drugs available for treatment. Moreover, the increased incidence of fungal resistance to antifungal agents makes this problem a global human health issue. The cell wall integrity system of fungi is the target of antimycotic drugs echinocandins, such as caspofungin (CAS). However, echinocandins cannot completely inhibit the growth of filamentous fungal pathogens, which results in survival/escape of fungi during treatment. Chemosensitization was developed as an alternative intervention strategy, where co-application of CAS with the intervention catalyst octyl gallate (OG; chemosensitizer) greatly enhanced CAS efficacy, thus achieved ≥99.9% elimination of filamentous fungi in vitro. Based on hypersensitive responses of Aspergillus antioxidant mutants to OG, it is hypothesized that, besides destabilizing cell wall integrity, the redox-active characteristic of OG may further debilitate the fungal antioxidant system.
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Kmiecik N, Majewska P, Kozyra K, Żymańczyk-Duda E. Bioconversion of aminophosphonates to hydroxyphosphonatesviatwo step redox reactions employing fungi. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2017.1395437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kmiecik
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paulina Majewska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kinga Kozyra
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Żymańczyk-Duda
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław, Poland
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Cinnamic Acid Analogs as Intervention Catalysts for Overcoming Antifungal Tolerance. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101783. [PMID: 29065462 PMCID: PMC6151797 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of fungal cell wall should be an effective intervention strategy. However, the cell wall-disrupting echinocandin drugs, such as caspofungin (CAS), cannot exterminate filamentous fungal pathogens during treatment. For potency improvement of cell wall-disrupting agents (CAS, octyl gallate (OG)), antifungal efficacy of thirty-three cinnamic acid derivatives was investigated against Saccharomyces cerevisiaeslt2Δ, bck1Δ, mutants of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and MAPK kinase kinase, respectively, in cell wall integrity system, and glr1Δ, mutant of CAS-responsive glutathione reductase. Cell wall mutants were highly susceptible to four cinnamic acids (4-chloro-α-methyl-, 4-methoxy-, 4-methyl-, 3-methylcinnamic acids), where 4-chloro-α-methyl- and 4-methylcinnamic acids possessed the highest activity. Structure-activity relationship revealed that 4-methylcinnamic acid, the deoxygenated structure of 4-methoxycinnamic acid, overcame tolerance of glr1Δ to 4-methoxycinnamic acid, indicating the significance of para substitution of methyl moiety for effective fungal control. The potential of compounds as chemosensitizers (intervention catalysts) to cell wall disruptants (viz., 4-chloro-α-methyl- or 4-methylcinnamic acids + CAS or OG) was assessed according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute M38-A. Synergistic chemosensitization greatly lowers minimum inhibitory concentrations of the co-administered drug/agents. 4-Chloro-α-methylcinnamic acid further overcame fludioxonil tolerance of Aspergillus fumigatus antioxidant MAPK mutants (sakAΔ, mpkCΔ). Collectively, 4-chloro-α-methyl- and 4-methylcinnamic acids possess chemosensitizing capability to augment antifungal efficacy of conventional drug/agents, thus could be developed as target-based (i.e., cell wall disruption) intervention catalysts.
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19
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Activities of Secreted Aryl Alcohol Quinone Oxidoreductases from Pycnoporus cinnabarinus Provide Insights into Fungal Degradation of Plant Biomass. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:2411-2423. [PMID: 26873317 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03761-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxiliary activities family 3 subfamily 2 (AA3_2) from the CAZy database comprises various functions related to ligninolytic enzymes, such as fungal aryl alcohol oxidases (AAO) and glucose oxidases, both of which are flavoenzymes. The recent study of the Pycnoporus cinnabarinus CIRM BRFM 137 genome combined with its secretome revealed that four AA3_2 enzymes are secreted during biomass degradation. One of these AA3_2 enzymes, scf184803.g17, has recently been produced heterologously in Aspergillus niger Based on the enzyme's activity and specificity, it was assigned to the glucose dehydrogenases (PcinnabarinusGDH [PcGDH]). Here, we analyze the distribution of the other three AA3_2 enzymes (scf185002.g8, scf184611.g7, and scf184746.g13) to assess their putative functions. These proteins showed the highest homology with aryl alcohol oxidase from Pleurotus eryngii Biochemical characterization demonstrated that they were also flavoenzymes harboring flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as a cofactor and able to oxidize a wide variety of phenolic and nonphenolic aryl alcohols and one aliphatic polyunsaturated primary alcohol. Though presenting homology with fungal AAOs, these enzymes exhibited greater efficiency in reducing electron acceptors (quinones and one artificial acceptor) than molecular oxygen and so were defined as aryl-alcohol:quinone oxidoreductases (AAQOs) with two enzymes possessing residual oxidase activity (PcAAQO2 and PcAAQO3). Structural comparison of PcAAQO homology models with P. eryngii AAO demonstrated a wider substrate access channel connecting the active-site cavity to the solvent, explaining the absence of activity with molecular oxygen. Finally, the ability of PcAAQOs to reduce radical intermediates generated by laccase from P. cinnabarinus was demonstrated, shedding light on the ligninolytic system of this fungus.
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Carro J, Serrano A, Ferreira P, Martínez AT. Fungal Aryl-Alcohol Oxidase in Lignocellulose Degradation and Bioconversion. BIOFUEL AND BIOREFINERY TECHNOLOGIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43679-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Augmenting the Activity of Monoterpenoid Phenols against Fungal Pathogens Using 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde that Target Cell Wall Integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26850-70. [PMID: 26569223 PMCID: PMC4661847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of cell wall integrity system should be an effective strategy for control of fungal pathogens. To augment the cell wall disruption efficacy of monoterpenoid phenols (carvacrol, thymol), antimycotic potency of benzaldehyde derivatives that can serve as chemosensitizing agents were evaluated against strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae wild type (WT), slt2Δ and bck1Δ (mutants of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and MAPK kinase kinase, respectively, in the cell wall integrity pathway). Among fourteen compounds investigated, slt2Δ and bck1Δ showed higher susceptibility to nine benzaldehydes, compared to WT. Differential antimycotic activity of screened compounds indicated "structure-activity relationship" for targeting the cell wall integrity, where 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (2H4M) exhibited the highest antimycotic potency. The efficacy of 2H4M as an effective chemosensitizer to monoterpenoid phenols (viz., 2H4M + carvacrol or thymol) was assessed in yeasts or filamentous fungi (Aspergillus, Penicillium) according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing or Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute M38-A protocols, respectively. Synergistic chemosensitization greatly lowers minimum inhibitory or fungicidal concentrations of the co-administered compounds. 2H4M also overcame the tolerance of two MAPK mutants (sakAΔ, mpkCΔ) of Aspergillus fumigatus to fludioxonil (phenylpyrrole fungicide). Collectively, 2H4M possesses chemosensitizing capability to magnify the efficacy of monoterpenoid phenols, which improves target-based (viz., cell wall disruption) antifungal intervention.
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Hori C, Ishida T, Igarashi K, Samejima M, Suzuki H, Master E, Ferreira P, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Held B, Canessa P, Larrondo LF, Schmoll M, Druzhinina IS, Kubicek CP, Gaskell JA, Kersten P, St. John F, Glasner J, Sabat G, Splinter BonDurant S, Syed K, Yadav J, Mgbeahuruike AC, Kovalchuk A, Asiegbu FO, Lackner G, Hoffmeister D, Rencoret J, Gutiérrez A, Sun H, Lindquist E, Barry K, Riley R, Grigoriev IV, Henrissat B, Kües U, Berka RM, Martínez AT, Covert SF, Blanchette RA, Cullen D. Analysis of the Phlebiopsis gigantea genome, transcriptome and secretome provides insight into its pioneer colonization strategies of wood. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004759. [PMID: 25474575 PMCID: PMC4256170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Collectively classified as white-rot fungi, certain basidiomycetes efficiently degrade the major structural polymers of wood cell walls. A small subset of these Agaricomycetes, exemplified by Phlebiopsis gigantea, is capable of colonizing freshly exposed conifer sapwood despite its high content of extractives, which retards the establishment of other fungal species. The mechanism(s) by which P. gigantea tolerates and metabolizes resinous compounds have not been explored. Here, we report the annotated P. gigantea genome and compare profiles of its transcriptome and secretome when cultured on fresh-cut versus solvent-extracted loblolly pine wood. The P. gigantea genome contains a conventional repertoire of hydrolase genes involved in cellulose/hemicellulose degradation, whose patterns of expression were relatively unperturbed by the absence of extractives. The expression of genes typically ascribed to lignin degradation was also largely unaffected. In contrast, genes likely involved in the transformation and detoxification of wood extractives were highly induced in its presence. Their products included an ABC transporter, lipases, cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Other regulated genes of unknown function and several constitutively expressed genes are also likely involved in P. gigantea's extractives metabolism. These results contribute to our fundamental understanding of pioneer colonization of conifer wood and provide insight into the diverse chemistries employed by fungi in carbon cycling processes. The wood decay fungus Phlebiopsis gigantea degrades all components of plant cell walls and is uniquely able to rapidly colonize freshly exposed conifer sapwood. However, mechanisms underlying its conversion of lignocellulose and resinous extractives have not been explored. We report here analyses of the genetic repertoire, transcriptome and secretome of P. gigantea. Numerous highly expressed hydrolases, together with lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases were implicated in P. gigantea's attack on cellulose, and an array of ligninolytic peroxidases and auxiliary enzymes were also identified. Comparisons of woody substrates with and without extractives revealed differentially expressed genes predicted to be involved in the transformation of resin. These expression patterns are likely key to the pioneer colonization of conifers by P. gigantea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Hori
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishida
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Igarashi
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Samejima
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma Master
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology and Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Ruiz-Dueñas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Benjamin Held
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Paulo Canessa
- Millennium Nucleus for Fungal Integrative and Synthetic Biology and Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis F. Larrondo
- Millennium Nucleus for Fungal Integrative and Synthetic Biology and Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Monika Schmoll
- Health and Environment Department, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulin, Austria
| | - Irina S. Druzhinina
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology and Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian P. Kubicek
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology and Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jill A. Gaskell
- USDA, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Phil Kersten
- USDA, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Franz St. John
- USDA, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Glasner
- University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Grzegorz Sabat
- University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Khajamohiddin Syed
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jagjit Yadav
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Andriy Kovalchuk
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fred O. Asiegbu
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gerald Lackner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Hui Sun
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Erika Lindquist
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Kerrie Barry
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Riley
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7257, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Ursula Kües
- Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Randy M. Berka
- Novozymes, Inc., Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Angel T. Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarah F. Covert
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Blanchette
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Daniel Cullen
- USDA, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ken CF, Chang CC, Wen L, Huang JK, Lin CT. Biochemical characterization of a functional recombinant aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase from Taiwanofungus camphorata. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2014; 55:14. [PMID: 28510917 PMCID: PMC5432818 DOI: 10.1186/1999-3110-55-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aryl-alcohol dehydrogenases (AADs) have been known to involve in the metabolism of aromatic compounds. RESULTS One TcAAD cDNA (GenBank HQ453361) encoding a putative aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase (AAD) was cloned from Taiwanofungus camphorata. The deduced amino acid sequence is conserved among the reported AADs. A 3-D structural model of the TcAAD has been created based on the known structure of voltage-dependent potassium channels subunit beta-2 (PDB code: 3EAU). To characterize the TcAAD, the coding region was subcloned into an expression vector and transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The recombinant His6-tagged TcAAD was overexpressed and purified by Ni affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme showed a band of approximately 39 kDa on a 12% SDS-PAGE. The molecular mass determined by MALDI-TOF is 40.58 kDa which suggests that the purified enzyme is a monomeric enzyme. Using veratraldehyde as a substrate, the KM, Vmax of TcADD was determined at pH 6.0. Using benzyl alcohol derivatives as substrates, the oxidizing power of TcADD via NAD+ at pH 9.6 was studied. CONCLUSIONS The coding sequence of the TcAAD cDNA was introduced into an S. cerevisiae expression system and the active enzyme purified and characterized. Understanding the properties of this TcAAD will be beneficial for its potential in xenobiotic detoxification or production of natural flavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuian-Fu Ken
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Che-Chi Chang
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung, 202 Taiwan
| | - Lisa Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Western Illinois University, 1 University Cir, Macomb, IL 61455 USA
| | - Jenq-Kuen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Western Illinois University, 1 University Cir, Macomb, IL 61455 USA
| | - Chi-Tsai Lin
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung, 202 Taiwan
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Kim JH, Mahoney N, Chan KL, Campbell BC, Haff RP, Stanker LH. Use of benzo analogs to enhance antimycotic activity of kresoxim methyl for control of aflatoxigenic fungal pathogens. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:87. [PMID: 24639673 PMCID: PMC3945611 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine two benzo analogs, octylgallate (OG) and veratraldehyde (VT), as antifungal agents against strains of Aspergillus parasiticus and A.flavus (toxigenic or atoxigenic). Both toxigenic and atoxigenic strains used were capable of producing kojic acid, another cellular secondary product. A. fumigatus was used as a genetic model for this study. When applied independently, OG exhibits considerably higher antifungal activity compared to VT. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of OG were 0.3–0.5 mM, while that of VT were 3.0–5.0 mM in agar plate-bioassays. OG or VT in concert with the fungicide kresoxim methyl (Kre-Me; strobilurin) greatly enhanced sensitivity of Aspergillus strains to Kre-Me. The combination with OG also overcame the tolerance of A. fumigatus mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) mutants to Kre-Me. The degree of compound interaction resulting from chemosensitization of the fungi by OG was determined using checkerboard bioassays, where synergistic activity greatly lowered MICs or minimum fungicidal concentrations. However, the control chemosensitizer benzohydroxamic acid, an alternative oxidase inhibitor conventionally applied in concert with strobilurin, did not achieve synergism. The level of antifungal or chemosensitizing activity was also “compound—strain” specific, indicating differential susceptibility of tested strains to OG or VT, and/or heat stress. Besides targeting the antioxidant system, OG also negatively affected the cell wall-integrity pathway, as determined by the inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall-integrity MAPK pathway mutants. We concluded that certain benzo analogs effectively inhibit fungal growth. They possess chemosensitizing capability to increase efficacy of Kre-Me and thus, could reduce effective dosages of strobilurins and alleviate negative side effects associated with current antifungal practices. OG also exhibits moderate antiaflatoxigenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong H Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS Albany, CA, USA
| | - Noreen Mahoney
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS Albany, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen L Chan
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS Albany, CA, USA
| | - Bruce C Campbell
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS Albany, CA, USA
| | - Ronald P Haff
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS Albany, CA, USA
| | - Larry H Stanker
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS Albany, CA, USA
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Martins I, Garcia H, Varela A, Núñez O, Planchon S, Galceran MT, Renaut J, Rebelo LPN, Silva Pereira C. Investigating Aspergillus nidulans secretome during colonisation of cork cell walls. J Proteomics 2013; 98:175-88. [PMID: 24316358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cork, the outer bark of Quercus suber, shows a unique compositional structure, a set of remarkable properties, including high recalcitrance. Cork colonisation by Ascomycota remains largely overlooked. Herein, Aspergillus nidulans secretome on cork was analysed (2DE). Proteomic data were further complemented by microscopic (SEM) and spectroscopic (ATR-FTIR) evaluation of the colonised substrate and by targeted analysis of lignin degradation compounds (UPLC-HRMS). Data showed that the fungus formed an intricate network of hyphae around the cork cell walls, which enabled polysaccharides and lignin superficial degradation, but probably not of suberin. The degradation of polysaccharides was suggested by the identification of few polysaccharide degrading enzymes (β-glucosidases and endo-1,5-α-l-arabinosidase). Lignin degradation, which likely evolved throughout a Fenton-like mechanism relying on the activity of alcohol oxidases, was supported by the identification of small aromatic compounds (e.g. cinnamic acid and veratrylaldehyde) and of several putative high molecular weight lignin degradation products. In addition, cork recalcitrance was corroborated by the identification of several protein species which are associated with autolysis. Finally, stringent comparative proteomics revealed that A. nidulans colonisation of cork and wood share a common set of enzymatic mechanisms. However the higher polysaccharide accessibility in cork might explain the increase of β-glucosidase in cork secretome. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Cork degradation by fungi remains largely overlook. Herein we aimed at understanding how A. nidulans colonise cork cell walls and how this relates to wood colonisation. To address this, the protein species consistently present in the secretome were analysed, as well as major alterations occurring in the substrate, including lignin degradation compounds being released. The obtained data demonstrate that this fungus has superficially attacked the cork cell walls apparently by using both enzymatic and Fenton-like reactions. Only a few polysaccharide degrading enzymes could be detected in the secretome which was dominated by protein species associated with autolysis. Lignin degradation was corroborated by the identification of some degradation products, but the suberin barrier in the cell wall remained virtually intact. Comparative proteomics revealed that cork and wood colonisation share a common set of enzymatic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Helga Garcia
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Adélia Varela
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, (INIAV), Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Oscar Núñez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sébastien Planchon
- Proteomics Platform, Centre de Recherche Public -Gabriel Lippmann, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Maria Teresa Galceran
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Proteomics Platform, Centre de Recherche Public -Gabriel Lippmann, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Luís P N Rebelo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cristina Silva Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal.
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Kim JH, Haff RP, Faria NCG, Martins MDL, Chan KL, Campbell BC. Targeting the mitochondrial respiratory chain of Cryptococcus through antifungal chemosensitization: a model for control of non-fermentative pathogens. Molecules 2013; 18:8873-94. [PMID: 23892633 PMCID: PMC6270351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18088873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced control of species of Cryptococcus, non-fermentative yeast pathogens, was achieved by chemosensitization through co-application of certain compounds with a conventional antimicrobial drug. The species of Cryptococcus tested showed higher sensitivity to mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) inhibition compared to species of Candida. This higher sensitivity results from the inability of Cryptococcus to generate cellular energy through fermentation. To heighten disruption of cellular MRC, octyl gallate (OG) or 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (2,3-DHBA), phenolic compounds inhibiting mitochondrial functions, were selected as chemosensitizers to pyraclostrobin (PCS; an inhibitor of complex III of MRC). The cryptococci were more susceptible to the chemosensitization (i.e., PCS + OG or 2,3-DHBA) than the Candida with all Cryptococcus strains tested being sensitive to this chemosensitization. Alternatively, only few of the Candida strains showed sensitivity. OG possessed higher chemosensitizing potency than 2,3-DHBA, where the concentration of OG required with the drug to achieve chemosensitizing synergism was much lower than that required of 2,3-DHBA. Bioassays with gene deletion mutants of the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed that OG or 2,3-DHBA affect different cellular targets. These assays revealed mitochondrial superoxide dismutase or glutathione homeostasis plays a relatively greater role in fungal tolerance to 2,3-DHBA or OG, respectively. These findings show that application of chemosensitizing compounds that augment MRC debilitation is a promising strategy to antifungal control against yeast pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong H. Kim
- Plant Mycotoxin Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA; E-Mails: (R.P.H.); (K.L.C.); (B.C.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-510-559-5841; Fax: +1-510-559-5737
| | - Ronald P. Haff
- Plant Mycotoxin Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA; E-Mails: (R.P.H.); (K.L.C.); (B.C.C.)
| | - Natália C. G. Faria
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical/CREM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal; E-Mails: (N.C.G.F.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Maria de L. Martins
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical/CREM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal; E-Mails: (N.C.G.F.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Kathleen L. Chan
- Plant Mycotoxin Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA; E-Mails: (R.P.H.); (K.L.C.); (B.C.C.)
| | - Bruce C. Campbell
- Plant Mycotoxin Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA; E-Mails: (R.P.H.); (K.L.C.); (B.C.C.)
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Potumarthi R, Baadhe RR, Nayak P, Jetty A. Simultaneous pretreatment and sacchariffication of rice husk by Phanerochete chrysosporium for improved production of reducing sugars. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013. [PMID: 23196230 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phanerochete chrysosporium, the white-rot fungus, (a best source for lignolytic enzymes system) was used in the biological pretreatment of rice husk for reducing sugars production. Usually reducing sugar production through biochemical process involves two steps: solid state fermentation (SSF) of fungal pretreatment for delignification, subsequently pretreated biomass subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. During the fungal pretreatment of rice husk for reducing sugar production along with cellulase and xylanse, the activities of lignin degradation-related enzymes such as lignin peroxidases (LiP), GLOX (glyoxidase), and aryl alcohol oxidases (AAO), were observed. The fungal pretreated rice husk produced highest (895.9 mg/ml/2g of rise husk) reducing sugars on 18th day of fungal treatment. This method may be good alternative to avoid operational costs associated with washing and the removal of inhibitors during the conventional pretreatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandra Potumarthi
- Bio Engineering and Environmental Center, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, CSIR, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 607, India.
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Hernández-Ortega A, Lucas F, Ferreira P, Medina M, Guallar V, Martínez AT. Role of Active Site Histidines in the Two Half-Reactions of the Aryl-Alcohol Oxidase Catalytic Cycle. Biochemistry 2012; 51:6595-608. [DOI: 10.1021/bi300505z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fátima Lucas
- Joint BSC-IRB
Research Program
in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular and Cellular Biology and Institute of Biocomputation and
Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Milagros Medina
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular and Cellular Biology and Institute of Biocomputation and
Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Joint BSC-IRB
Research Program
in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel T. Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040
Madrid, Spain
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Yang DD, François JM, de Billerbeck GM. Cloning, expression and characterization of an aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase from the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium strain BKM-F-1767. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:126. [PMID: 22742413 PMCID: PMC3507735 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium is among the small group of fungi that can degrade lignin to carbon dioxide while leaving the crystalline cellulose untouched. The efficient lignin oxidation system of this fungus requires cyclic redox reactions involving the reduction of aryl-aldehydes to the corresponding alcohols by aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase. However, the biochemical properties of this enzyme have not been extensively studied. These are of most interest for the design of metabolic engineering/synthetic biology strategies in the field of biotechnological applications of this enzyme. RESULTS We report here the cloning of an aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase cDNA from the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, its expression in Escherichia coli and the biochemical characterization of the encoded GST and His6 tagged protein. The purified recombinant enzyme showed optimal activity at 37°C and at pH 6.4 for the reduction of aryl- and linear aldehydes with NADPH as coenzyme. NADH could also be the electron donor, while having a higher Km (220 μM) compared to that of NADPH (39 μM). The purified recombinant enzyme was found to be active in the reduction of more than 20 different aryl- and linear aldehydes showing highest specificity for mono- and dimethoxylated Benzaldehyde at positions 3, 4, 3,4 and 3,5. The enzyme was also capable of oxidizing aryl-alcohols with NADP(+) at 30°C and an optimum pH of 10.3 but with 15 to 100-fold lower catalytic efficiency than for the reduction reaction. CONCLUSIONS In this work, we have characterized the biochemical properties of an aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase from the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. We show that this enzyme functions in the reductive sense under physiological conditions and that it displays relatively large substrate specificity with highest activity towards the natural compound Veratraldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Yang
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse, F-31077, France
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Paliwal R, Rawat AP, Rawat M, Rai JPN. Bioligninolysis: recent updates for biotechnological solution. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:1865-89. [PMID: 22639362 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioligninolysis involves living organisms and/or their products in degradation of lignin, which is highly resistant, plant-originated polymer having three-dimensional network of dimethoxylated (syringyl), monomethoxylated (guaiacyl), and non-methoxylated (p-hydroxyphenyl) phenylpropanoid and acetylated units. As a major repository of aromatic chemical structures on earth, lignin bears paramount significance for its removal owing to potential application of bioligninolytic systems in industrial production. Early reports illustrating the discovery and cloning of ligninolytic biocatalysts in fungi was truly a landmark in the field of enzymatic delignification. However, the enzymology for bacterial delignification is hitherto poorly understood. Moreover, the lignin-degrading bacterial genes are still unknown and need further exploration. This review deals with the current knowledge about ligninolytic enzyme families produced by fungi and bacteria, their mechanisms of action, and genetic regulation and reservations, which render them attractive candidates in biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Paliwal
- Ecotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, G.B.Pant. University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, India
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Rai V, Dey N. Identification of programmed cell death related genes in bamboo. Gene 2012; 497:243-8. [PMID: 22326529 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The event of bamboo flowering and subsequent death of bamboo cells, a rare phenomenon is an interesting model to study gene expression/function in the context of the programmed cell death (PCD) in plant. To identify genes involved in autolytic cell death in bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea/Bambusa bambos Voss), a suppressive subtractive cDNA hybridization (SSH) was performed between cDNA isolated from control (healthy), as driver and test internodal tissue (45days after setting of seeds), as tester. In-silico data revealed that 82% of total ESTs (231) were non-significant (unidentified proteins) while remaining ESTs were classified as protein with known/predicted function/s. Among these, net distribution and differential expression patterns of 11 important B. arundinacea PCD specific ESTs were studied using RNA slot-blot, qRT-PCR and semi-quantitative RT. In-situ localization of mRNA-transcripts for selected bamboo PCD-specific ESTs namely V2Ba48 (Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2) and V2Ba19 (Glycogen phosphorylase) were detected using digoxigenin-labeled corresponding anti-sense RNA probes employing Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM). Differential expression-kinetics of the aforementioned genes were confirmed during the progress of PCD after setting of seeds. Global appearance of V2Ba48, V2Ba19, V2Ba95 (Ubiquitin thioesterase) and V2Ba89 (Nebulin isoform 2) genes were identified in monocot (Oryza sativa) and dicots (Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum). This is the first report on systematic analysis of genes involved in death of bamboo cells that may provide critical information regarding key metabolic/regulatory genes involved in plant PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Rai
- Institute of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Bhubaneswar, India.
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Kim JH, Chan KL, Faria NCG, Martins MDL, Campbell BC. Targeting the oxidative stress response system of fungi with redox-potent chemosensitizing agents. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:88. [PMID: 22438852 PMCID: PMC3305922 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular antioxidant system is a target in the antifungal action of amphotericin B (AMB) and itraconazole (ITZ), in filamentous fungi. The sakAΔ mutant of Aspergillus fumigatus, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene deletion mutant in the antioxidant system, was found to be more sensitive to AMB or ITZ than other A. fumigatus strains, a wild type and a mpkCΔ mutant (a MAPK gene deletion mutant in the polyalcohol sugar utilization system). Complete fungal kill (≥99.9%) by ITZ or AMB was also achieved by much lower dosages for the sakAΔ mutant than for the other strains. It appears msnA, an Aspergillus ortholog to Saccharomyces cerevisiaeMSN2 (encoding a stress-responsive C2H2-type zinc-finger regulator) and sakA and/or mpkC (upstream MAPKs) are in the same stress response network under tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH)-, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)- or AMB-triggered toxicity. Of note is that ITZ-sensitive yeast pathogens were also sensitive to t-BuOOH, showing a connection between ITZ sensitivity and antioxidant capacity of fungi. Enhanced antifungal activity of AMB or ITZ was achieved when these drugs were co-applied with redox-potent natural compounds, 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, thymol or salicylaldehyde, as chemosensitizing agents. We concluded that redox-potent compounds, which target the antioxidant system in fungi, possess a chemosensitizing capacity to enhance efficacy of conventional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong H Kim
- Plant Mycotoxin Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS Albany, CA, USA
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Hernández-Ortega A, Ferreira P, Merino P, Medina M, Guallar V, Martínez AT. Stereoselective Hydride Transfer by Aryl-Alcohol Oxidase, a Member of the GMC Superfamily. Chembiochem 2012; 13:427-35. [PMID: 22271643 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Hernández-Ortega
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Fungal aryl-alcohol oxidase: a peroxide-producing flavoenzyme involved in lignin degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 93:1395-410. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hernández-Ortega A, Lucas F, Ferreira P, Medina M, Guallar V, Martínez AT. Modulating O2 reactivity in a fungal flavoenzyme: involvement of aryl-alcohol oxidase Phe-501 contiguous to catalytic histidine. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41105-14. [PMID: 21940622 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.282467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO) is a flavoenzyme responsible for activation of O(2) to H(2)O(2) in fungal degradation of lignin. The AAO crystal structure shows a buried active site connected to the solvent by a hydrophobic funnel-shaped channel, with Phe-501 and two other aromatic residues forming a narrow bottleneck that prevents the direct access of alcohol substrates. However, ligand diffusion simulations show O(2) access to the active site following this channel. Site-directed mutagenesis of Phe-501 yielded a F501A variant with strongly reduced O(2) reactivity. However, a variant with increased reactivity, as shown by kinetic constants and steady-state oxidation degree, was obtained by substitution of Phe-501 with tryptophan. The high oxygen catalytic efficiency of F501W, ∼2-fold that of native AAO and ∼120-fold that of F501A, seems related to a higher O(2) availability because the turnover number was slightly decreased with respect to the native enzyme. Free diffusion simulations of O(2) inside the active-site cavity of AAO (and several in silico Phe-501 variants) yielded >60% O(2) population at 3-4 Å from flavin C4a in F501W compared with 44% in AAO and only 14% in F501A. Paradoxically, the O(2) reactivity of AAO decreased when the access channel was enlarged and increased when it was constricted by introducing a tryptophan residue. This is because the side chain of Phe-501, contiguous to the catalytic histidine (His-502 in AAO), helps to position O(2) at an adequate distance from flavin C4a (and His-502 Nε). Phe-501 substitution with a bulkier tryptophan residue resulted in an increase in the O(2) reactivity of this flavoenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Hernández-Ortega
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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Kim JH, Chan KL, Mahoney N, Campbell BC. Antifungal activity of redox-active benzaldehydes that target cellular antioxidation. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2011; 10:23. [PMID: 21627838 PMCID: PMC3127747 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-10-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disruption of cellular antioxidation systems should be an effective method for control of fungal pathogens. Such disruption can be achieved with redox-active compounds. Natural phenolic compounds can serve as potent redox cyclers that inhibit microbial growth through destabilization of cellular redox homeostasis and/or antioxidation systems. The aim of this study was to identify benzaldehydes that disrupt the fungal antioxidation system. These compounds could then function as chemosensitizing agents in concert with conventional drugs or fungicides to improve antifungal efficacy. Methods Benzaldehydes were tested as natural antifungal agents against strains of Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. terreus and Penicillium expansum, fungi that are causative agents of human invasive aspergillosis and/or are mycotoxigenic. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was also used as a model system for identifying gene targets of benzaldehydes. The efficacy of screened compounds as effective chemosensitizers or as antifungal agents in formulations was tested with methods outlined by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results Several benzaldehydes are identified having potent antifungal activity. Structure-activity analysis reveals that antifungal activity increases by the presence of an ortho-hydroxyl group in the aromatic ring. Use of deletion mutants in the oxidative stress-response pathway of S. cerevisiae (sod1Δ, sod2Δ, glr1Δ) and two mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) mutants of A. fumigatus (sakAΔ, mpkCΔ), indicates antifungal activity of the benzaldehydes is through disruption of cellular antioxidation. Certain benzaldehydes, in combination with phenylpyrroles, overcome tolerance of A. fumigatus MAPK mutants to this agent and/or increase sensitivity of fungal pathogens to mitochondrial respiration inhibitory agents. Synergistic chemosensitization greatly lowers minimum inhibitory (MIC) or fungicidal (MFC) concentrations. Effective inhibition of fungal growth can also be achieved using combinations of these benzaldehydes. Conclusions Natural benzaldehydes targeting cellular antioxidation components of fungi, such as superoxide dismutases, glutathione reductase, etc., effectively inhibit fungal growth. They possess antifungal or chemosensitizing capacity to enhance efficacy of conventional antifungal agents. Chemosensitization can reduce costs, abate resistance, and alleviate negative side effects associated with current antifungal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong H Kim
- Plant Mycotoxin Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 800 Buchanan St,, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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Kumar VV, Rapheal VS. Induction and Purification by Three-Phase Partitioning of Aryl Alcohol Oxidase (AAO) from Pleurotus ostreatus. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 163:423-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-9050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chemosensitization of aflatoxigenic fungi to antimycin A and strobilurin using salicylaldehyde, a volatile natural compound targeting cellular antioxidation system. Mycopathologia 2010; 171:291-8. [PMID: 20803256 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Various species of fungi in the genus Aspergillus are the most common causative agents of invasive aspergillosis and/or producers of hepato-carcinogenic mycotoxins. Salicylaldehyde (SA), a volatile natural compound, exhibited potent antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic activities to A. flavus and A. parasiticus. By exposure to the volatilized SA, the growth of A. parasiticus was inhibited up to 10-75% at 9.5 mM ≤ SA ≤ 16.0 mM, while complete growth inhibition was achieved at 19.0 mM ≤ SA. Similar trends were also observed with A. flavus. The aflatoxin production, i.e., aflatoxin B(1) and B(2) (AFB(1), AFB(2)) for A. flavus and AFB(1), AFB(2), AFG(1), and AFG(2) for A. parasiticus, in the SA-treated (9.5 mM) fungi was reduced by ~13-45% compared with the untreated control. Using gene deletion mutants of the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we identified the fungal antioxidation system as the molecular target of SA, where sod1Δ [cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD)], sod2Δ (mitochondrial SOD), and glr1Δ (glutathione reductase) mutants showed increased sensitivity to this compound. Also sensitive was the gene deletion mutant, vph2Δ, for the vacuolar ATPase assembly protein, suggesting vacuolar detoxification plays an important role for fungal tolerance to SA. In chemosensitization experiments, co-application of SA with either antimycin A or strobilurin (inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration) resulted in complete growth inhibition of Aspergillus at much lower dose treatment of either agent, alone. Therefore, SA can enhance antifungal activity of commercial antifungal agents required to achieve effective control. SA is a potent antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic volatile that may have some practical application as a fumigant.
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Kim JH, Campbell BC, Mahoney N, Chan KL, Molyneux RJ, Balajee A. Augmenting the activity of antifungal agents against aspergilli using structural analogues of benzoic acid as chemosensitizing agents. Fungal Biol 2010; 114:817-24. [PMID: 20943191 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A number of benzoic acid analogues showed antifungal activity against strains of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus terreus, causative agents of human aspergillosis, in in vitro bioassays. Structure-activity analysis revealed that antifungal activities of benzoic and gallic acids were increased by addition of a methyl, methoxyl or chloro group at position 4 of the aromatic ring, or by esterification of the carboxylic acid with an alkyl group, respectively. Thymol, a natural phenolic compound, was a potent chemosensitizing agent when co-applied with the antifungal azole drugs fluconazole and ketoconazole. The thymol-azole drug combination demonstrated complete inhibition of fungal growth at dosages far lower than the drugs alone. Co-application of thymol with amphotericin B had an additive effect on all strains of aspergilli tested with the exception of two of three strains of A. terreus, where there was an antagonistic effect. Use of two mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) mutants of A. fumigatus, sakAΔ and mpkCΔ, having gene deletions in the oxidative stress response pathway, indicated antifungal and/or chemosensitization activity of the benzo analogues was by disruption of the oxidative stress response system. Results showed that both these genes play overlapping roles in the MAPK system in this fungus. The potential of safe, natural compounds or analogues to serve as chemosensitizing agents to enhance efficacy of commercial antifungal agents is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong H Kim
- Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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Camarero S, Bockle B, Martinez MJ, Martinez AT. Manganese-Mediated Lignin Degradation by Pleurotus pulmonarius. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 62:1070-2. [PMID: 16535257 PMCID: PMC1388814 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.3.1070-1072.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus pulmonarius produced the strongest degradation of lignin during solid-state fermentation of [(sup14)C]lignin wheat straw with different fungi. A manganese-oxidizing peroxidase seemed to be involved in lignin attack, since the addition of Mn(sup2+) to the culture increased lignin mineralization by ca. 125%. This enzyme was purified and characterized from both solid-state fermentation and liquid cultures.
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Kim JH, Campbell BC, Mahoney N, Chan KL, Molyneux RJ, Xiao CL. Use of chemosensitization to overcome fludioxonil resistance in Penicillium expansum. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 51:177-83. [PMID: 20536709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To overcome fludioxonil resistance of Penicillium expansum, a mycotoxigenic fungal pathogen causing postharvest decay in apple, by using natural phenolic chemosensitizing agents. METHODS AND RESULTS Fludioxonil-resistant mutants of P. expansum were co-treated with different oxidising and natural phenolic agents. Resistance was overcome by natural phenolic chemosensitizing agents targeting the oxidative stress-response pathway. These agents also augmented effectiveness of the fungicide, kresoxim-methyl. Results indicated that alkyl gallates target mitochondrial respiration and/or its antioxidation system. Fungal mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) plays a protective role against alkyl gallates. CONCLUSIONS Natural chemosensitizing agents targeting the oxidative stress-response system, such as Mn-SOD, can synergize commercial fungicides. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Redox-active compounds can serve as potent chemosensitizing agents to overcome resistance and lower effective dosages of fungicides. This can reduce costs with coincidental lowering of environmental and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kim
- Plant Mycotoxin Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, USA
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Kinetic and chemical characterization of aldehyde oxidation by fungal aryl-alcohol oxidase. Biochem J 2010; 425:585-93. [PMID: 19891608 DOI: 10.1042/bj20091499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fungal AAO (aryl-alcohol oxidase) provides H2O2 for lignin biodegradation. AAO is active on benzyl alcohols that are oxidized to aldehydes. However, during oxidation of some alcohols, AAO forms more than a stoichiometric number of H2O2 molecules with respect to the amount of aldehyde detected due to a double reaction that involves aryl-aldehyde oxidase activity. The latter reaction was investigated using different benzylic aldehydes, whose oxidation to acids was demonstrated by GC-MS. The steady- and presteady state kinetic constants, together with the chromatographic results, revealed that the presence of substrate electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents had a strong influence on activity; the highest activity was with p-nitrobenzaldehyde and halogenated aldehydes and the lowest with methoxylated aldehydes. Moreover, activity was correlated to the aldehyde hydration rates estimated by 1H-NMR. These findings, together with the absence in the AAO active site of a residue able to drive oxidation via an aldehyde thiohemiacetal, suggested that oxidation mainly proceeds via the gem-diol species. The reaction mechanism (with a solvent isotope effect, 2H2Okred, of approx. 1.5) would be analogous to that described for alcohols, the reductive half-reaction involving concerted hydride transfer from the alpha-carbon and proton abstraction from one of the gem-diol hydroxy groups by a base. The existence of two steps of opposite polar requirements (hydration and hydride transfer) explains some aspects of aldehyde oxidation by AAO. Site-directed mutagenesis identified two histidine residues strongly involved in gem-diol oxidation and, unexpectedly, suggested that an active-site tyrosine residue could facilitate the oxidation of some aldehydes that show no detectable hydration. Double alcohol and aldehyde oxidase activities of AAO would contribute to H2O2 supply by the enzyme.
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Bak JS, Ko JK, Choi IG, Park YC, Seo JH, Kim KH. Fungal pretreatment of lignocellulose byPhanerochaete chrysosporiumto produce ethanol from rice straw. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 104:471-82. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ferreira P, Hernandez-Ortega A, Herguedas B, Martínez AT, Medina M. Aryl-alcohol oxidase involved in lignin degradation: a mechanistic study based on steady and pre-steady state kinetics and primary and solvent isotope effects with two alcohol substrates. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:24840-7. [PMID: 19574215 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.011593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO) is a FAD-containing enzyme in the GMC (glucose-methanol-choline oxidase) family of oxidoreductases. AAO participates in fungal degradation of lignin, a process of high ecological and biotechnological relevance, by providing the hydrogen peroxide required by ligninolytic peroxidases. In the Pleurotus species, this peroxide is generated in the redox cycling of p-anisaldehyde, an extracellular fungal metabolite. In addition to p-anisyl alcohol, the enzyme also oxidizes other polyunsaturated primary alcohols. Its reaction mechanism was investigated here using p-anisyl alcohol and 2,4-hexadien-1-ol as two AAO model substrates. Steady state kinetic parameters and enzyme-monitored turnover were consistent with a sequential mechanism in which O(2) reacts with reduced AAO before release of the aldehyde product. Pre-steady state analysis revealed that the AAO reductive half-reaction is essentially irreversible and rate limiting during catalysis. Substrate and solvent kinetic isotope effects under steady and pre-steady state conditions (the latter showing approximately 9-fold slower enzyme reduction when alpha-bideuterated substrates were used, and approximately 13-fold slower reduction when both substrate and solvent effects were simultaneously evaluated) revealed a synchronous mechanism in which hydride transfer from substrate alpha-carbon to FAD and proton abstraction from hydroxyl occur simultaneously. This significantly differs from the general mechanism proposed for other members of the GMC oxidoreductase family that implies hydride transfer from a previously stabilized substrate alkoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ferreira
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), E28040 Madrid, Spain
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Enhancing the production of hydroxyl radicals by Pleurotus eryngii via quinone redox cycling for pollutant removal. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3954-62. [PMID: 19376890 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02138-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of hydroxyl radical (OH) production via quinone redox cycling in white-rot fungi was investigated to improve pollutant degradation. In particular, we examined the influence of 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (anisaldehyde), Mn(2+), and oxalate on Pleurotus eryngii OH generation. Our standard quinone redox cycling conditions combined mycelium from laccase-producing cultures with 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DBQ) and Fe(3+)-EDTA. The main reactions involved in OH production under these conditions have been shown to be (i) DBQ reduction to hydroquinone (DBQH(2)) by cell-bound dehydrogenase activities; (ii) DBQH(2) oxidation to semiquinone (DBQ(-)) by laccase; (iii) DBQ(-) autoxidation, catalyzed by Fe(3+)-EDTA, producing superoxide (O(2)(-)) and Fe(2+)-EDTA; (iv) O(2)(-) dismutation, generating H(2)O(2); and (v) the Fenton reaction. Compared to standard quinone redox cycling conditions, OH production was increased 1.2- and 3.0-fold by the presence of anisaldehyde and Mn(2+), respectively, and 3.1-fold by substituting Fe(3+)-EDTA with Fe(3+)-oxalate. A 6.3-fold increase was obtained by combining Mn(2+) and Fe(3+)-oxalate. These increases were due to enhanced production of H(2)O(2) via anisaldehyde redox cycling and O(2)(-) reduction by Mn(2+). They were also caused by the acceleration of the DBQ redox cycle as a consequence of DBQH(2) oxidation by both Fe(3+)-oxalate and the Mn(3+) generated during O(2)(-) reduction. Finally, induction of OH production through quinone redox cycling enabled P. eryngii to oxidize phenol and the dye reactive black 5, obtaining a high correlation between the rates of OH production and pollutant oxidation.
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Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Martínez AT. Microbial degradation of lignin: how a bulky recalcitrant polymer is efficiently recycled in nature and how we can take advantage of this. Microb Biotechnol 2009; 2:164-77. [PMID: 21261911 PMCID: PMC3815837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2008.00078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant constituent of the cell wall of vascular plants, where it protects cellulose towards hydrolytic attack by saprophytic and pathogenic microbes. Its removal represents a key step for carbon recycling in land ecosystems, as well as a central issue for industrial utilization of plant biomass. The lignin polymer is highly recalcitrant towards chemical and biological degradation due to its molecular architecture, where different non-phenolic phenylpropanoid units form a complex three-dimensional network linked by a variety of ether and carbon-carbon bonds. Ligninolytic microbes have developed a unique strategy to handle lignin degradation based on unspecific one-electron oxidation of the benzenic rings in the different lignin substructures by extracellular haemperoxidases acting synergistically with peroxide-generating oxidases. These peroxidases poses two outstanding characteristics: (i) they have unusually high redox potential due to haem pocket architecture that enables oxidation of non-phenolic aromatic rings, and (ii) they are able to generate a protein oxidizer by electron transfer to the haem cofactor forming a catalytic tryptophanyl-free radical at the protein surface, where it can interact with the bulky lignin polymer. The structure-function information currently available is being used to build tailor-made peroxidases and other oxidoreductases as industrial biocatalysts.
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Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Morales M, García E, Miki Y, Martínez MJ, Martínez AT. Substrate oxidation sites in versatile peroxidase and other basidiomycete peroxidases. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:441-52. [PMID: 18987391 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Versatile peroxidase (VP) is defined by its capabilities to oxidize the typical substrates of other basidiomycete peroxidases: (i) Mn(2+), the manganese peroxidase (MnP) substrate (Mn(3+) being able to oxidize phenols and initiate lipid peroxidation reactions); (ii) veratryl alcohol (VA), the typical lignin peroxidase (LiP) substrate; and (iii) simple phenols, which are the substrates of Coprinopsis cinerea peroxidase (CIP). Crystallographic, spectroscopic, directed mutagenesis, and kinetic studies showed that these 'hybrid' properties are due to the coexistence in a single protein of different catalytic sites reminiscent of those present in the other basidiomycete peroxidase families. Crystal structures of wild and recombinant VP, and kinetics of mutated variants, revealed certain differences in its Mn-oxidation site compared with MnP. These result in efficient Mn(2+) oxidation in the presence of only two of the three acidic residues forming its binding site. On the other hand, a solvent-exposed tryptophan is the catalytically-active residue in VA oxidation, initiating an electron transfer pathway to haem (two other putative pathways were discarded by mutagenesis). Formation of a tryptophanyl radical after VP activation by peroxide was detected using electron paramagnetic resonance. This was the first time that a protein radical was directly demonstrated in a ligninolytic peroxidase. In contrast with LiP, the VP catalytic tryptophan is not beta-hydroxylated under hydrogen peroxide excess. It was also shown that the tryptophan environment affected catalysis, its modification introducing some LiP properties in VP. Moreover, some phenols and dyes are oxidized by VP at the edge of the main haem access channel, as found in CIP. Finally, the biotechnological interest of VP is discussed.
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Romero E, Ferreira P, Martínez AT, Martínez MJ. New oxidase from Bjerkandera arthroconidial anamorph that oxidizes both phenolic and nonphenolic benzyl alcohols. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1794:689-97. [PMID: 19110079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A new flavooxidase is described from a Bjerkandera arthroconidial anamorph. Its physicochemical characteristics, a monomeric enzyme containing non-covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and several catalytic properties, such as oxidation of aromatic and polyunsaturated aliphatic primary alcohols, are similar to those of Pleurotus eryngii aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO). However, it also efficiently oxidizes phenolic benzyl and cinnamyl alcohols that are typical substrates of vanillyl-alcohol oxidase (VAO), a flavooxidase from a different family, characterized by its multimeric nature and presence of covalently-bound FAD. The enzyme also differs from P. eryngii AAO by having extremely high efficiency oxidizing chlorinated benzyl alcohols (1000-1500 s(-1) mM(-1)), a feature related to the different alcohol metabolites secreted by the Pleurotus and Bjerkandera species including chloroaromatics, and higher activity on aromatic aldehydes. What is even more intriguing is the fact that, the new oxidase is optimally active at pH 6.0 on both p-anisyl and vanillyl alcohols, suggesting a mechanism for phenolic benzyl alcohol oxidation that is different from that described in VAO, which proceeds via the substrate phenolate anion formed at basic pH. Based on the above properties, and its ADP-binding motif, partially detected after N-terminus sequencing, the new enzyme is classified as a member of the GMC (glucose-methanol-choline oxidase) oxidoreductase family oxidizing both AAO and VAO substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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Changes in volatile production during interspecific interactions between four wood rotting fungi growing in artificial media. FUNGAL ECOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kim JH, Mahoney N, Chan KL, Molyneux RJ, May GS, Campbell BC. Chemosensitization of fungal pathogens to antimicrobial agents using benzo analogs. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 281:64-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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