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Xie T, Zhou L, Han L, Liu Z, Cui W, Cheng Z, Guo J, Shen Y, Zhou Z. Simultaneously improving the activity and thermostability of hyperthermophillic pullulanase by modifying the active-site tunnel and surface lysine. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:133642. [PMID: 38964696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Pullulanases are important starch-debranching enzymes that mainly hydrolyze the α-1,6-glycosidic linkages in pullulan, starch, and oligosaccharides. Nevertheless, their practical applications are constrained because of their poor activity and low thermostability. Moreover, the trade-off between activity and thermostability makes it challenging to simultaneously improve them. In this study, an engineered pullulanase was developed through reshaping the active-site tunnel and engineering the surface lysine residues using the pullulanase from Pyrococcus yayanosii CH1 (PulPY2). The specific activity of the engineered pullulanase was increased 3.1-fold, and thermostability was enhanced 1.8-fold. Moreover, the engineered pullulanase exhibited 11.4-fold improvement in catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km). Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated an anti-correlated movement around the entrance of active-site tunnel and stronger interactions between the surface residues in the engineered pullulanase, which would be beneficial to the activity and thermostability improvement, respectively. The strategies used in this study and dynamic evidence for insight into enzyme performance improvement may provide guidance for the activity and thermostability engineering of other enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Laichuang Han
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongmei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyi Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqin Shen
- Wuxi Institute of Inspection, Testing and Certification, Wuxi 214101, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Naik B, Kumar V, Goyal SK, Dutt Tripathi A, Mishra S, Joakim Saris PE, Kumar A, Rizwanuddin S, Kumar V, Rustagi S. Pullulanase: unleashing the power of enzyme with a promising future in the food industry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1139611. [PMID: 37449089 PMCID: PMC10337586 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1139611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pullulanases are the most important industrial group of enzymes in family 13 glycosyl hydrolases. They hydrolyze either α-1,6 and α-1,4 or both glycosidic bonds in pullulan as well as other carbohydrates to produce glucose, maltose, and maltotriose syrups, which have important uses in food and other related sectors. However, very less reports are available on pullulanase production from native strains because of low yield issues. In line with the increasing demands for pullulanase, it has become important to search for novel pullulanase-producing microorganisms with high yields. Moreover, high production costs and low yield are major limitations in the industrial production of pullulanase enzymes. The production cost of pullulanase by using the solid-state fermentation (SSF) process can be minimized by selecting agro-industrial waste. This review summarizes the types, sources, production strategies, and potential applications of pullulanase in different food and other related industries. Researchers should focus on fungal strains producing pullulanase for better yield and low production costs by using agro-waste. It will prove a better enzyme in different food processing industries and will surely reduce the cost of products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Naik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - S. K. Goyal
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Abhishek Dutt Tripathi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sadhna Mishra
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Per Erik Joakim Saris
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Sheikh Rizwanuddin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Sarvesh Rustagi
- Department of Food Technology, UCLAS, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
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3
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Muhammad MA, Ahmad N, Akhter M, Rashid N. Structural and functional analyses of Pcal_0917, an α-glucosidase from hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum calidifontis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125446. [PMID: 37330102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Genome analysis of Pyrobaculum calidifontis revealed the presence of α-glucosidase (Pcal_0917) gene. Structural analysis affirmed the presence of signature sequences of Type II α-glucosidases in Pcal_0917. We have heterologously expressed the gene and produced recombinant Pcal_0917 in Escherichia coli. Biochemical characteristics of the recombinant enzyme resembled to that of Type I α-glucosidases, instead of Type II. Recombinant Pcal_0917 existed in a tetrameric form in solution and displayed highest activity at 95 °C and pH 6.0, independent of any metal ions. A short heat-treatment at 90 °C resulted in a 35 % increase in enzyme activity. A slight structural shift was observed by CD spectrometry at this temperature. Half-life of the enzyme was >7 h at 90 °C. Pcal_0917 exhibited apparent Vmax values of 1190 ± 5 and 3.9 ± 0.1 U/mg against p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside and maltose, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, Pcal_0917 displayed the highest ever reported p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranosidase activity among the characterized counterparts. Moreover, Pcal_0917 displayed transglycosylation activity in addition to α-glucosidase activity. Furthermore, in combination with α-amylase, Pcal_0917 was capable of producing glucose syrup from starch with >40 % glucose content. These properties make Pcal_0917 a potential candidate for starch hydrolyzing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majida Atta Muhammad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Ahmad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mohsina Akhter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Rashid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
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4
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Jafari F, Kiani-Ghaleh F, Eftekhari S, Razzaghshoar Razlighi M, Nazari N, Hajirajabi M, Masoomi Sarvestani F, Sharafieh G. Cloning, overexpression, and structural characterization of a novel archaeal thermostable neopullulanase from Desulfurococcus mucosus DSM 2162. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 52:1190-1201. [PMID: 35234088 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2033996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of the present study is to introduce the biochemical characteristics of the industrial valuable thermostable pullulan degrading enzyme from Desulfurococcus mucosus DSM2162. Recombinant protein was purified by a combination of thermal treatment and affinity chromatography, with a yield of 15.94% and 7.69-fold purity. Purified enzyme showed the molecular mass of 55,787 Da with optimum activity at 70 °C and a broad range of pH (5.0-9.0) with kcat of 2150 min-1 and Km of 6.55 mg.mL-1, when using starch as substrate. The enzyme activity assay on various polysaccharide substrates revealed the substrate preference of pullulan > amylopectin > β cyclodextrin > starch > glycogen; therefore, it classified as a neopullulanase. The neopullulanase structural analysis by spectrofluorometer, FT-IR, and circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated the corporation of α-helix (47.3%) and β-sheet (31.6%) in its secondary structure. The melting temperature and specific heat capacity calculations using differential scanning calorimetry confirmed its extreme thermal stability. Further, salt-elevated concentrations resulted in oligomeric state dominancy without any significant influence on the starch-degrading ability. The newly cloned archaeal neopullulanase was with broad activity on polysaccharide substrates, with thermal and salt stability. Thus, the Desulfurococcus mucosus DSM2162 neopullulanase can be introduced as a good candidate to be used in carbohydrate industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Jafari
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farid Kiani-Ghaleh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Eftekhari
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nazanin Nazari
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hajirajabi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatima Masoomi Sarvestani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Golnoosh Sharafieh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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5
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An Alkalothermophilic Amylopullulanase from the Yeast Clavispora lusitaniae ABS7: Purification, Characterization and Potential Application in Laundry Detergent. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, α-amylase and pullulanase from Clavispora lusitaniae ABS7 isolated from wheat seeds were studied. The gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography revealed the presence of α-amylase and pullulanase activities in the same fraction with yields of 23.88% and 21.11%, respectively. SDS-PAGE showed a single band (75 kDa), which had both α-amylase (independent of Ca2+) and pullulanase (a calcium metalloenzyme) activities. The products of the enzymatic reaction on pullulan were glucose, maltose, and maltotriose, whereas the conversion of starch produced glucose and maltose. The α-amylase and pullulanase had pH optima at 9 and temperature optima at 75 and 80 °C, respectively. After heat treatment at 100 °C for 180 min, the pullulanase retained 42% of its initial activity, while α-amylase maintained only 38.6%. The cations Zn2+, Cu2+, Na+, and Mn2+ increased the α-amylase activity. Other cations Hg2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ were stimulators of pullulanase. Urea and Tween 80 inhibited both enzymes, whereas EDTA only inhibited pullulanase. In addition, the amylopullulanase retained its activity in the presence of various commercial laundry detergents. The performance of the alcalothermostable enzyme of Clavispora lusitaniae ABS7 qualified it for the industrial use, particularly in detergents, since it had demonstrated an excellent stability and compatibility with the commercial laundry detergents.
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6
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Microbial starch debranching enzymes: Developments and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 50:107786. [PMID: 34147588 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Starch debranching enzymes (SDBEs) hydrolyze the α-1,6 glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides such as starch, amylopectin, pullulan and glycogen. SDBEs are also important enzymes for the preparation of sugar syrup, resistant starch and cyclodextrin. As the synergistic catalysis of SDBEs and other starch-acting hydrolases can effectively improve the raw material utilization and production efficiency during starch processing steps such as saccharification and modification, they have attracted substantial research interest in the past decades. The substrate specificities of the two major members of SDBEs, pullulanases and isoamylases, are quite different. Pullulanases generally require at least two α-1,4 linked glucose units existing on both sugar chains linked by the α-1,6 bond, while isoamylases require at least three units of α-1,4 linked glucose. SDBEs mainly belong to glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 13 and 57. Except for GH57 type II pullulanse, GH13 pullulanases and isoamylases share plenty of similarities in sequence and structure of the core catalytic domains. However, the N-terminal domains, which might be one of the determinants contributing to the substrate binding of SDBEs, are distinct in different enzymes. In order to overcome the current defects of SDBEs in catalytic efficiency, thermostability and expression level, great efforts have been made to develop effective enzyme engineering and fermentation strategies. Herein, the diverse biochemical properties and distinct features in the sequence and structure of pullulanase and isoamylase from different sources are summarized. Up-to-date developments in the enzyme engineering, heterologous production and industrial applications of SDBEs is also reviewed. Finally, research perspective which could help understanding and broadening the applications of SDBEs are provided.
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7
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Pinney MM, Mokhtari DA, Akiva E, Yabukarski F, Sanchez DM, Liang R, Doukov T, Martinez TJ, Babbitt PC, Herschlag D. Parallel molecular mechanisms for enzyme temperature adaptation. Science 2021; 371:371/6533/eaay2784. [PMID: 33674467 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay2784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that underly the adaptation of enzyme activities and stabilities to temperature are fundamental to our understanding of molecular evolution and how enzymes work. Here, we investigate the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms of enzyme temperature adaption, combining deep mechanistic studies with comprehensive sequence analyses of thousands of enzymes. We show that temperature adaptation in ketosteroid isomerase (KSI) arises primarily from one residue change with limited, local epistasis, and we establish the underlying physical mechanisms. This residue change occurs in diverse KSI backgrounds, suggesting parallel adaptation to temperature. We identify residues associated with organismal growth temperature across 1005 diverse bacterial enzyme families, suggesting widespread parallel adaptation to temperature. We assess the residue properties, molecular interactions, and interaction networks that appear to underly temperature adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux M Pinney
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Daniel A Mokhtari
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eyal Akiva
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Filip Yabukarski
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - David M Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Photon Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Ruibin Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Photon Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Tzanko Doukov
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Todd J Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Photon Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Patricia C Babbitt
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel Herschlag
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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8
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Xu P, Zhang SY, Luo ZG, Zong MH, Li XX, Lou WY. Biotechnology and bioengineering of pullulanase: state of the art and perspectives. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:43. [PMID: 33547538 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) is a starch-debranching enzyme in the α-amylase family and specifically cleaves α-1,6-glycosidic linkages in starch-type polysaccharides, such as pullulan, β-limited dextrin, glycogen, and amylopectin. It plays a key role in debranching and hydrolyzing starch completely, thus bring improved product quality, increased productivity, and reduced production cost in producing resistant starch, sugar syrup, and beer. Plenty of researches have been made with respects to the discovery of either thermophilic or mesophilic pullulanases, however, few examples meet the demand of industrial application. This review presents the progress made in the recent years from the first aspect of characteristics of pullulanases. The heterologous expression of pullulanases in different microbial hosts and the methods used to improve the expression effectiveness and the regulation of enzyme production are also described. Then, the function evolution of pullulanases from a protein engineering view is discussed. In addition, the immobilization strategy using novel materials is introduced to improve the recyclability of pullulanases. At the same time, we indicate the trends in the future research to facilitate the industrial application of pullulanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Yu Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Luo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.
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9
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Pang B, Zhou L, Cui W, Liu Z, Zhou S, Xu J, Zhou Z. A Hyperthermostable Type II Pullulanase from a Deep-Sea Microorganism Pyrococcus yayanosii CH1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9611-9617. [PMID: 31385500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pullulanase is a commonly used debranching enzyme in the starch processing industry. Because the starch liquefaction process requires high temperature, a thermostable pullulanase is desired. Here, a novel hyperthermostable type II pullulanase gene (pulPY) was cloned from Pyrococcus yayanosii CH1, isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal site. PulPY was optimally active at pH 6.6 and 95 °C, retaining more than 50% activity after incubation at 95 °C for 10 h. The thermostability was significantly higher than those of most pullulanases reported previously. To further improve its activity and thermostability, the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of PulPY were truncated. The optimum temperature of the combined truncation mutant Δ28N + Δ791C increased to 100 °C with a specific activity of 32.18 U/mg, which was six times higher than that of wild-type PulPY. PulPY and the truncation mutant enzyme could realize the combined use of pullulanase with α-amylase during the starch liquefaction process to improve hydrolysis efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Li Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Zhongmei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Shengmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, School of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P.R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology and State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
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10
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Wang X, Nie Y, Xu Y. Industrially produced pullulanases with thermostability: Discovery, engineering, and heterologous expression. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 278:360-371. [PMID: 30709762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pullulanases (EC 3.2.1.41) are well-known starch-debranching enzymes widely used to hydrolyze α-1,6-glucosidic linkages in starch, pullulan, amylopectin, and other oligosaccharides, with application potentials in food, brewing, and pharmaceutical industries. Although extensive studies are done to discover and express pullulanases, only few are available with desirable characteristics for industrial applications. This raises the challenge to mine new enzyme sources, engineer proteins based on sequence/structure, and regulate expressions. We review here the identification of extremophilic and mesophilic microbes as sources of industrial pullulanases with desirable characteristics, including acid-resistance, thermostability, and psychrotrophism. We present current advances in site-directed mutagenesis and sequence/structure-guided protein engineering of pullulanases. In addition, we discuss heterologous expression of pullulanases in prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial systems, and address the effectiveness of the expression elements and their regulation of enzyme production. Finally, we indicate future research needs to develop desired industrial pullulanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yao Nie
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The 2011 Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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11
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Ligaba-Osena A, Jones J, Donkor E, Chandrayan S, Pole F, Wu CH, Vieille C, Adams MWW, Hankoua BB. Novel Bioengineered Cassava Expressing an Archaeal Starch Degradation System and a Bacterial ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase for Starch Self-Digestibility and Yield Increase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:192. [PMID: 29541080 PMCID: PMC5836596 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
To address national and global low-carbon fuel targets, there is great interest in alternative plant species such as cassava (Manihot esculenta), which are high-yielding, resilient, and are easily converted to fuels using the existing technology. In this study the genes encoding hyperthermophilic archaeal starch-hydrolyzing enzymes, α-amylase and amylopullulanase from Pyrococcus furiosus and glucoamylase from Sulfolobus solfataricus, together with the gene encoding a modified ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (glgC) from Escherichia coli, were simultaneously expressed in cassava roots to enhance starch accumulation and its subsequent hydrolysis to sugar. A total of 13 multigene expressing transgenic lines were generated and characterized phenotypically and genotypically. Gene expression analysis using quantitative RT-PCR showed that the microbial genes are expressed in the transgenic roots. Multigene-expressing transgenic lines produced up to 60% more storage root yield than the non-transgenic control, likely due to glgC expression. Total protein extracted from the transgenic roots showed up to 10-fold higher starch-degrading activity in vitro than the protein extracted from the non-transgenic control. Interestingly, transgenic tubers released threefold more glucose than the non-transgenic control when incubated at 85°C for 21-h without exogenous application of thermostable enzymes, suggesting that the archaeal enzymes produced in planta maintain their activity and thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayalew Ligaba-Osena
- College of Agriculture and Related Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| | - Jenna Jones
- College of Agriculture and Related Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| | - Emmanuel Donkor
- College of Agriculture and Related Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| | - Sanjeev Chandrayan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Farris Pole
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Chang-Hao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Claire Vieille
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Michael W. W. Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Bertrand B. Hankoua
- College of Agriculture and Related Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
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12
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Zhu H, Reynolds LB, Menassa R. A hyper-thermostable α-amylase from Pyrococcus furiosus accumulates in Nicotiana tabacum as functional aggregates. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:53. [PMID: 28629346 PMCID: PMC5477289 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha amylase hydrolyzes α-bonds of polysaccharides such as starch and produces malto-oligosaccharides. Its starch saccharification applications make it an essential enzyme in the textile, food and brewing industries. Commercially available α-amylase is mostly produced from Bacillus or Aspergillus. A hyper-thermostable and Ca 2++ independent α-amylase from Pyrococcus furiosus (PFA) expressed in E.coli forms insoluble inclusion bodies and thus is not feasible for industrial applications. RESULTS We expressed PFA in Nicotiana tabacum and found that plant-produced PFA forms functional aggregates with an accumulation level up to 3.4 g/kg FW (fresh weight) in field conditions. The aggregates are functional without requiring refolding and therefore have potential to be applied as homogenized plant tissue without extraction or purification. PFA can also be extracted from plant tissue upon dissolution in a mild reducing buffer containing SDS. Like the enzyme produced in P. furiosus and in E. coli, plant produced PFA preserves hyper-thermophilicity and hyper-thermostability and has a long shelf life when stored in lyophilized leaf tissue. With tobacco's large biomass and high yield, hyper-thermostable α-amylase was produced at a scale of 42 kg per hectare. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco may be a suitable bioreactor for industrial production of active hyperthermostable alpha amylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario Canada
| | - L. Bruce Reynolds
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Rima Menassa
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
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Characteristics and applications of recombinant thermostable amylopullulanase of Geobacillus thermoleovorans secreted by Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:2357-2369. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Dua A, Joshi S, Satyanarayana T. Recombinant exochitinase of the thermophilic mould Myceliopthora thermophila BJA: Characteristics and utility in generating N-acetyl glucosamine and in biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 33:70-80. [PMID: 27689686 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chitinase from the thermophilic mould Myceliopthora thermophila BJA (MtChit) is an acid tolerant, thermostable and organic solvent stable biocatalyst which does not require any metal ions for its activity. To produce high enzyme titres, reduce fermentation time and overcome the need for induction, this enzyme has been heterologously expressed under GAP promoter in the GRAS yeast, Pichia pastoris. The production medium supplemented with the permeabilizing agent Tween-20 supported two-fold higher rMtChit production (5.5 × 103 U L-1 ). The consensus sequences S(132)xG(133)G(134) and D(168)xxD(171)xD(173)xE(175) in the enzyme have been found to represent the substrate binding and catalytic sites, respectively. The rMtChit, purified to homogeneity by a two-step purification strategy, is a monomeric glycoprotein of ∼48 kDa, which is optimally active at 55°C and pH 5.0. The enzyme is thermostable with t1/2 values of 113 and 48 min at 65 and 75°C, respectively. Kinetic parameters Km , Vmax , kcat , and kcat /Km of the enzyme are 4.655 mg mL-1 , 34.246 nmol mg-1 s-1 , 3.425 × 106 min-1 , and 1.36 × 10-6 mg mL-1 min-1 , respectively. rMtChit is an unique exochitinase, since its action on chitin liberates N-acetylglucosamine NAG. The enzyme inhibits the growth of phytopathogenic fungi like Fusarium oxysporum and Curvularia lunata, therefore, this finds application as biofungicide at high temperatures during summer in tropics. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:70-80, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Dua
- Dept. of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110 021, India
| | - Swati Joshi
- Dept. of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110 021, India
| | - T Satyanarayana
- Dept. of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110 021, India
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15
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Nisha M, Satyanarayana T. Characteristics, protein engineering and applications of microbial thermostable pullulanases and pullulan hydrolases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5661-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Identification of a novel alkaline amylopullulanase from a gut metagenome of Hermetia illucens. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 82:514-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Soo E, Rudrappa D, Blum P. Membrane Association and Catabolite Repression of the Sulfolobus solfataricus α-Amylase. Microorganisms 2015; 3:567-87. [PMID: 27682106 PMCID: PMC5023256 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms3030567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfolobus solfataricus is a thermoacidophilic member of the archaea whose envelope consists of an ether-linked lipid monolayer surrounded by a protein S-layer. Protein translocation across this envelope must accommodate a steep proton gradient that is subject to temperature extremes. To better understand this process in vivo, studies were conducted on the S. solfataricus glycosyl hydrolyase family 57 α-Amylase (AmyA). Cell lines harboring site specific modifications of the amyA promoter and AmyA structural domains were created by gene replacement using markerless exchange and characterized by Western blot, enzyme assay and culture-based analysis. Fusion of amyA to the malAp promoter overcame amyAp-mediated regulatory responses to media composition including glucose and amino acid repression implicating action act at the level of transcription. Deletion of the AmyA Class II N-terminal signal peptide blocked protein secretion and intracellular protein accumulation. Deletion analysis of a conserved bipartite C-terminal motif consisting of a hydrophobic region followed by several charged residues indicated the charged residues played an essential role in membrane-association but not protein secretion. Mutants lacking the C-terminal bipartite motif exhibited reduced growth rates on starch as the sole carbon and energy source; therefore, association of AmyA with the membrane improves carbohydrate utilization. Widespread occurrence of this motif in other secreted proteins of S. solfataricus and of related Crenarchaeota suggests protein association with membranes is a general trait used by these organisms to influence external processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Soo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln 68588, NE, USA.
| | - Deepak Rudrappa
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln 68588, NE, USA.
| | - Paul Blum
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln 68588, NE, USA.
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18
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Preparation of linear maltodextrins using a hyperthermophilic amylopullulanase with cyclodextrin- and starch-hydrolysing activities. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 119:134-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Saxena N, Pore S, Arora P, Kapse N, Engineer A, Ranade DR, Dhakephalkar PK. Cultivable bacterial flora of Indian oil reservoir: isolation, identification and characterization of the biotechnological potential. Biologia (Bratisl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2015-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Siroosi M, Amoozegar MA, Khajeh K, Fazeli M, Rezaei MH. Purification and characterization of a novel extracellular halophilic and organic solvent-tolerant amylopullulanase from the haloarchaeon, Halorubrum sp. strain Ha25. Extremophiles 2014; 18:25-33. [PMID: 24122359 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-013-0589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A halophilic archaeon, Halorubrum sp. strain Ha25, produced extracellular halophilic organic solvent-tolerant amylopullulanase. The maximum enzyme production was at high salt concentration, 3-4 M NaCl. Optimum pH and temperature for enzyme production were 7.0 and 40 °C, respectively. Molecular mass of purified enzyme was estimated to be about 140 kDa by SDS-PAGE. This enzyme was active on pullulan and starch as substrates. The apparent Km for the enzyme activity on pullulan was 4 mg/ml and for soluble starch was 1.8 mg/ml. Optimum temperature for amylolytic and pullulytic activities was 50 °C. Optimum pH for amylolytic activity was 7 and for pullulytic activity was 7.5. This enzyme was active over a wide range of concentrations (0-4.5 M) of NaCl. The effect of organic solvents on the enzyme activities showed that this enzyme was more stable in the presence of non-polar organic solvents than polar solvents. This study is the first report on amylopullulanase production in halophilic bacteria and archaea.
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21
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Qoura F, Elleuche S, Brueck T, Antranikian G. Purification and characterization of a cold-adapted pullulanase from a psychrophilic bacterial isolate. Extremophiles 2014; 18:1095-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-014-0678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Wu H, Yu X, Chen L, Wu G. Cloning, overexpression and characterization of a thermostable pullulanase from Thermus thermophilus HB27. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 95:22-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Leuschner C, Antranikian G. Heat-stable enzymes from extremely thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 11:95-114. [PMID: 24414414 DOI: 10.1007/bf00339139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Only in the last decade have microorganisms been discovered which grow near or above 100°C. The enzymes that are formed by these extremely thermophilic (growth temperature 65 to 85°C) and hyperthermophilic (growth temperature 85 to 110°C) microorganisms are of great interest. This review covers the extracellular and intracellular enzymes of these exotic microorganisms that have recently been described. Polymer-hydrolysing enzymes, such as amylolytic, cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic and proteolytic enzymes, will be discussed. In addition, the properties of the intracellular enzymes involved in carbohydrate and amino-acid metabolism and DNA-binding and chaperones and chaperone-like proteins from hyperthermophiles are described. Due to the unusual properties of these heat-stable enzymes, they are expected to fill the gap between biological and chemical processes.
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24
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Novel maltotriose-hydrolyzing thermoacidophilic type III pullulan hydrolase from Thermococcus kodakarensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:1108-15. [PMID: 24296501 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03139-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel thermoacidophilic pullulan-hydrolyzing enzyme (PUL) from hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis (TK-PUL) that efficiently hydrolyzes starch under industrial conditions in the absence of any additional metal ions was cloned and characterized. TK-PUL possessed both pullulanase and α-amylase activities. The highest activities were observed at 95 to 100°C. Although the enzyme was active over a broad pH range (3.0 to 8.5), the pH optima for both activities were 3.5 in acetate buffer and 4.2 in citrate buffer. TK-PUL was stable for several hours at 90°C. Its half-life at 100°C was 45 min when incubated either at pH 6.5 or 8.5. The Km value toward pullulan was 2 mg ml(-1), with a Vmax of 109 U mg(-1). Metal ions were not required for the activity and stability of recombinant TK-PUL. The enzyme was able to hydrolyze both α-1,6 and α-1,4 glycosidic linkages in pullulan. The most preferred substrate, after pullulan, was γ-cyclodextrin, which is a novel feature for this type of enzyme. Additionally, the enzyme hydrolyzed a variety of polysaccharides, including starch, glycogen, dextrin, amylose, amylopectin, and cyclodextrins (α, β, and γ), mainly into maltose. A unique feature of TK-PUL was the ability to hydrolyze maltotriose into maltose and glucose.
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25
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Han T, Zeng F, Li Z, Liu L, Wei M, Guan Q, Liang X, Peng Z, Liu M, Qin J, Zhang S, Jia B. Biochemical characterization of a recombinant pullulanase from Thermococcus kodakarensis
KOD1. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 57:336-43. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Han
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - F. Zeng
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Z. Li
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - L. Liu
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - M. Wei
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Q. Guan
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - X. Liang
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Z. Peng
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - M. Liu
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - J. Qin
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - S. Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - B. Jia
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
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26
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A high molecular-mass Anoxybacillus sp. SK3-4 amylopullulanase: characterization and its relationship in carbohydrate utilization. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:11302-18. [PMID: 23759984 PMCID: PMC3709733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An amylopullulanase of the thermophilic Anoxybacillus sp. SK3-4 (ApuASK) was purified to homogeneity and characterized. Though amylopullulanases larger than 200 kDa are rare, the molecular mass of purified ApuASK appears to be approximately 225 kDa, on both SDS-PAGE analyses and native-PAGE analyses. ApuASK was stable between pH 6.0 and pH 8.0 and exhibited optimal activity at pH 7.5. The optimal temperature for ApuASK enzyme activity was 60 °C, and it retained 54% of its total activity for 240 min at 65 °C. ApuASK reacts with pullulan, starch, glycogen, and dextrin, yielding glucose, maltose, and maltotriose. Interestingly, most of the previously described amylopullulanases are unable to produce glucose and maltose from these substrates. Thus, ApuASK is a novel, high molecular-mass amylopullulanase able to produce glucose, maltose, and maltotriose from pullulan and starch. Based on whole genome sequencing data, ApuASK appeared to be the largest protein present in Anoxybacillus sp. SK3-4. The α-amylase catalytic domain present in all of the amylase superfamily members is present in ApuASK, located between the cyclodextrin (CD)-pullulan-degrading N-terminus and the α-amylase catalytic C-terminus (amyC) domains. In addition, the existence of a S-layer homology (SLH) domain indicates that ApuASK might function as a cell-anchoring enzyme and be important for carbohydrate utilization in a streaming hot spring.
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27
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Guan Q, Guo X, Han T, Wei M, Jin M, Zeng F, Liu L, Li Z, Wang Y, Cheong GW, Zhang S, Jia B. Cloning, purification and biochemical characterisation of an organic solvent-, detergent-, and thermo-stable amylopullulanase from Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Nisha M, Satyanarayana T. Recombinant bacterial amylopullulanases: developments and perspectives. Bioengineered 2013; 4:388-400. [PMID: 23645215 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.24629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pullulanases are endo-acting enzymes capable of hydrolyzing α-1, 6-glycosidic linkages in starch, pullulan, amylopectin, and related oligosaccharides, while amylopullulanases are bifunctional enzymes with an active site capable of cleaving both α-1, 4 and α-1, 6 linkages in starch, amylose and other oligosaccharides, and α-1, 6 linkages in pullulan. The amylopullulanases are classified in GH13 and GH57 family enzymes based on the architecture of catalytic domain and number of conserved sequences. The enzymes with two active sites, one for the hydrolysis of α-1, 4- glycosidic bond and the other for α-1, 6-glycosidic bond, are called α-amylase-pullulanases, while amylopullulanases have only one active site for cleaving both α-1, 4- and α-1, 6-glycosidic bonds. The amylopullulanases produced by bacteria find applications in the starch and baking industries as a catalyst for one step starch liquefaction-saccharification for making various sugar syrups, as antistaling agent in bread and as a detergent additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nisha
- Department of Microbiology; University of Delhi South Campus; New Delhi, India
| | - T Satyanarayana
- Department of Microbiology; University of Delhi South Campus; New Delhi, India
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Abstract
This article surveys methods for the enzymatic conversion of starch, involving hydrolases and nonhydrolyzing enzymes, as well as the role of microorganisms producing such enzymes. The sources of the most common enzymes are listed. These starch conversions are also presented in relation to their applications in the food, pharmaceutical, pulp, textile, and other branches of industry. Some sections are devoted to the fermentation of starch to ethanol and other products, and to the production of cyclodextrins, along with the properties of these products. Light is also shed on the enzymes involved in the digestion of starch in human and animal organisms. Enzymatic processes acting on starch are useful in structural studies of the substrates and in understanding the characteristics of digesting enzymes. One section presents the application of enzymes to these problems. The information that is included covers the period from the early 19th century up to 2009.
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Characterization of recombinant amylopullulanase (gt-apu) and truncated amylopullulanase (gt-apuT) of the extreme thermophile Geobacillus thermoleovorans NP33 and their action in starch saccharification. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:6279-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Li Y, Zhang L, Niu D, Wang Z, Shi G. Cloning, expression, characterization, and biocatalytic investigation of a novel bacilli thermostable type I pullulanase from Bacillus sp. CICIM 263. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:11164-11172. [PMID: 23072450 DOI: 10.1021/jf303109u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The pulA1 gene, encoding a novel thermostable type I pullulanase PulA1 from Bacillus sp. CICIM 263, was identified from genomic DNA. The open reading frame of the pulA1 gene was 2655 base pairs long and encoded a polypeptide (PulA1) of 885 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 100,887 Da. The pulA1 gene was expressed in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Recombinant PuLA1 showed optimal activity at pH 6.5 and 70 °C. The enzyme demonstrated moderate thermostability as PuLA1 maintained more than 88% of its acitivity when incubated at 70 °C for 1 h. The enzyme could completely hydrolyze pullulan to maltotriose, and hydrolytic activity was also detected with glycogen, starch and amylopection, but not with amylose, which is consistent with the property of type I pullulanase. PulA1 may be suitable for industrial applications to improve the yields of fermentable sugars for bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youran Li
- Research Center of Bioresource & Bioenergy, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People's Republic of China
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Arakawa T, Tokunaga H, Ishibashi M, Tokunaga M. Halophilic Properties and their Manipulation and Application. Extremophiles 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118394144.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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An extremely thermostable amylopullulanase from Staphylothermus marinus displays both pullulan- and cyclodextrin-degrading activities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:5359-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4397-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Pullulanase: role in starch hydrolysis and potential industrial applications. Enzyme Res 2012; 2012:921362. [PMID: 22991654 PMCID: PMC3443597 DOI: 10.1155/2012/921362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) has recently been the subject of increased applications in starch-based industries especially those aimed for glucose production. Pullulanase, an important debranching enzyme, has been widely utilised to hydrolyse the α-1,6 glucosidic linkages in starch, amylopectin, pullulan, and related oligosaccharides, which enables a complete and efficient conversion of the branched polysaccharides into small fermentable sugars during saccharification process. The industrial manufacturing of glucose involves two successive enzymatic steps: liquefaction, carried out after gelatinisation by the action of α-amylase; saccharification, which results in further transformation of maltodextrins into glucose. During saccharification process, pullulanase has been used to increase the final glucose concentration with reduced amount of glucoamylase. Therefore, the reversion reaction that involves resynthesis of saccharides from glucose molecules is prevented. To date, five groups of pullulanase enzymes have been reported, that is, (i) pullulanase type I, (ii) amylopullulanase, (iii) neopullulanase, (iv) isopullulanase, and (v) pullulan hydrolase type III. The current paper extensively reviews each category of pullulanase, properties of pullulanase, merits of applying pullulanase during starch bioprocessing, current genetic engineering works related to pullulanase genes, and possible industrial applications of pullulanase.
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35
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Jiao YL, Wang SJ, Lv MS, Fang YW, Liu S. An evolutionary analysis of the GH57 amylopullulanases based on the DOMON_glucodextranase_like domains. J Basic Microbiol 2012; 53:231-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Liang Jiao
- College of Marine Sciences; HuaiHai Institute of Technology; Lianyungang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Jun Wang
- College of Marine Sciences; HuaiHai Institute of Technology; Lianyungang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Sheng Lv
- College of Marine Sciences; HuaiHai Institute of Technology; Lianyungang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Wei Fang
- College of Marine Sciences; HuaiHai Institute of Technology; Lianyungang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Liu
- College of Marine Sciences; HuaiHai Institute of Technology; Lianyungang, People's Republic of China
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36
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Extracellular expression and characterization of thermostable lipases, LIP8, LIP14 and LIP18, from Yarrowia lipolytica. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:1733-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-0958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lin FP, Ho YH, Lin HY, Lin HJ. Effect of C-terminal truncation on enzyme properties of recombinant amylopullulanase from Thermoanaerobacter pseudoethanolicus. Extremophiles 2012; 16:395-403. [PMID: 22392283 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-012-0438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The smallest and enzymatically active molecule, TetApuQ818, was localized within the C-terminal Q818 amino acid residue after serial C-terminal truncation analysis of the recombinant amylopullulanase molecule (TetApuM955) from Thermoanaerobacter pseudoethanolicus. Kinetic analyses indicated that the overall catalytic efficiency, k (cat)/K (m), of TetApuQ818 was 8-32% decreased for the pullulan and the soluble starch substrate, respectively. Changes to the substrate affinity, K (m), and the turnover rate, k (cat), were decreased significantly in both enzymatic activities of TetApuQ818. TetApuQ818 exhibited less thermostability than TetApuM955 when the temperature was raised above 85°C, but it had similar substrate-binding ability and hydrolysis products toward various substrates as TetApuM955 did. Both enzymes showed similar spectroscopies of fluorescence and circular dichroism, suggesting the active folding conformation was maintained after this C-terminal Q818 deletion. This study suggested that the binding ability of insoluble starch by TetApuM955 did not rely on the putative C-terminal carbohydrate binding module family 20 (CBM20) and two FnIII regions of TetApu, though the integrity of the AamyC module of TetApuQ818 was required for the enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Pang Lin
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
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Ghasemi A, Salmanian AH, Sadeghifard N, Salarian AA, Gholi MK. Cloning, expression and purification of Pwo polymerase from Pyrococcus woesei. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2011; 3:118-22. [PMID: 22347593 PMCID: PMC3279813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Pyrococcus woesei is a hyperthermophilic archaea and produces a heat stable polymerase (Pwo polymerase) that has proofreading activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, this microorganism was cultured, its DNA was extracted and the pwo gene polymerase was cloned, expressed and purified. The DNA sequence of the cloned gene was verified by sequencing. The pwo polymerase gene consists of 2,328 bps (775 amino acids with about 90 kD molecular weight). Cloning was done by GATEWAY™ Cloning System and for purification of recombinant protein; His6x-Tag was added to the C-terminus of the recombinant protein. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We could purify Pwo polymerase enzyme by Ni-NTA resin. PCR assay showed that Pwo polymerase activity is comparable to a commercial Pfu polymerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ghasemi
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Army University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,Corresponding author: Amir Ghasemi MSc Address: Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-9123595610. E-mail:
| | - Ali Hatef Salmanian
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB). Shahrak-e-Pajoohesh, 15th Km, Tehran, Karaj Highway, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nourkhoda Sadeghifard
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Khalifeh Gholi
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Singh RS, Saini GK, Kennedy JF. Maltotriose syrup preparation from pullulan using pullulanase. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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An investigation on acarbose inhibition and the number of active sites in an amylopullulanase (L14-APU) from an Iranian Bacillus sp. Biologia (Bratisl) 2008. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-008-0174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Lin HY, Chuang HH, Lin FP. Biochemical characterization of engineered amylopullulanase from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus 39E-implicating the non-necessity of its 100 C-terminal amino acid residues. Extremophiles 2008; 12:641-50. [PMID: 18500431 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-008-0168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The functional and structural significance of the C-terminal region of Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus 39E amylopullulanase (TetApu) was explored using C-terminal truncation mutagenesis. Comparative studies between the engineered full-length (TetApuM955) and its truncated mutant (TetApuR855) included initial rate kinetics, fluorescence and CD spectrometric properties, substrate-binding and hydrolysis abilities, thermostability, and thermodenaturation kinetics. Kinetic analyses revealed that the overall catalytic efficiency, k (cat)/K (m), was slightly decreased for the truncated enzymes toward the soluble starch or pullulan substrate. Changes to the substrate affinity, K (m), and turnover rate, k (cat), varied in different directions for both types of substrates between TetApuM955 and TetApuR855. TetApuR855 exhibited a higher thermostability than TetApuM955, and retained similar substrate-binding ability and hydrolyzing efficiency against the raw starch substrate as TetApuM955 did. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that TetApuR855 retained an active folding conformation similar to TetApuM955. A CD-melting unfolding study was able to distinguish between TetApuM955 and TetApuR855 by the higher apparent transition temperature in TetApuR855. These results indicate that up to 100 amino acid residues, including most of the C-terminal fibronectin typeIII (FnIII) motif of TetApuM955, could be further removed without causing a seriously aberrant change in structure and a dramatic decrease in soluble starch and pullulan hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Yang Lin
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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42
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Unusual starch degradation pathway via cyclodextrins in the hyperthermophilic sulfate-reducing archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus strain 7324. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:8901-13. [PMID: 17921308 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01136-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyperthermophilic archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus strain 7324 has been shown to grow on starch and sulfate and thus represents the first sulfate reducer able to degrade polymeric sugars. The enzymes involved in starch degradation to glucose 6-phosphate were studied. In extracts of starch-grown cells the activities of the classical starch degradation enzymes, alpha-amylase and amylopullulanase, could not be detected. Instead, evidence is presented here that A. fulgidus utilizes an unusual pathway of starch degradation involving cyclodextrins as intermediates. The pathway comprises the combined action of an extracellular cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) converting starch to cyclodextrins and the intracellular conversion of cyclodextrins to glucose 6-phosphate via cyclodextrinase (CDase), maltodextrin phosphorylase (Mal-P), and phosphoglucomutase (PGM). These enzymes, which are all induced after growth on starch, were characterized. CGTase catalyzed the conversion of starch to mainly beta-cyclodextrin. The gene encoding CGTase was cloned and sequenced and showed highest similarity to a glucanotransferase from Thermococcus litoralis. After transport of the cyclodextrins into the cell by a transport system to be defined, these molecules are linearized via a CDase, catalyzing exclusively the ring opening of the cyclodextrins to the respective maltooligodextrins. These are degraded by a Mal-P to glucose 1-phosphate. Finally, PGM catalyzes the conversion of glucose 1-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate, which is further degraded to pyruvate via the modified Embden-Meyerhof pathway.
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Unsworth LD, van der Oost J, Koutsopoulos S. Hyperthermophilic enzymes − stability, activity and implementation strategies for high temperature applications. FEBS J 2007; 274:4044-56. [PMID: 17683334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Current theories agree that there appears to be no unique feature responsible for the remarkable heat stability properties of hyperthermostable proteins. A concerted action of structural, dynamic and other physicochemical attributes are utilized to ensure the delicate balance between stability and functionality of proteins at high temperatures. We have thoroughly screened the literature for hyperthermostable enzymes with optimal temperatures exceeding 100 degrees C that can potentially be employed in multiple biotechnological and industrial applications and to substitute traditionally used, high-cost engineered mesophilic/thermophilic enzymes that operate at lower temperatures. Furthermore, we discuss general methods of enzyme immobilization and suggest specific strategies to improve thermal stability, activity and durability of hyperthermophilic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry D Unsworth
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Turner P, Mamo G, Karlsson EN. Potential and utilization of thermophiles and thermostable enzymes in biorefining. Microb Cell Fact 2007; 6:9. [PMID: 17359551 PMCID: PMC1851020 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-6-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In today's world, there is an increasing trend towards the use of renewable, cheap and readily available biomass in the production of a wide variety of fine and bulk chemicals in different biorefineries. Biorefineries utilize the activities of microbial cells and their enzymes to convert biomass into target products. Many of these processes require enzymes which are operationally stable at high temperature thus allowing e.g. easy mixing, better substrate solubility, high mass transfer rate, and lowered risk of contamination. Thermophiles have often been proposed as sources of industrially relevant thermostable enzymes. Here we discuss existing and potential applications of thermophiles and thermostable enzymes with focus on conversion of carbohydrate containing raw materials. Their importance in biorefineries is explained using examples of lignocellulose and starch conversions to desired products. Strategies that enhance thermostablity of enzymes both in vivo and in vitro are also assessed. Moreover, this review deals with efforts made on developing vectors for expressing recombinant enzymes in thermophilic hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Turner
- Dept Biotechnology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gashaw Mamo
- Dept Biotechnology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Nordberg Karlsson
- Dept Biotechnology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Antranikian G, Vorgias CE, Bertoldo C. Extreme environments as a resource for microorganisms and novel biocatalysts. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005; 96:219-62. [PMID: 16566093 DOI: 10.1007/b135786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The steady increase in the number of newly isolated extremophilic microorganisms and the discovery of their enzymes by academic and industrial institutions underlines the enormous potential of extremophiles for application in future biotechnological processes. Enzymes from extremophilic microorganisms offer versatile tools for sustainable developments in a variety of industrial application as they show important environmental benefits due to their biodegradability, specific stability under extreme conditions, improved use of raw materials and decreased amount of waste products. Although major advances have been made in the last decade, our knowledge of the physiology, metabolism, enzymology and genetics of this fascinating group of extremophilic microorganisms and their related enzymes is still limited. In-depth information on the molecular properties of the enzymes and their genes, however, has to be obtained to analyze the structure and function of proteins that are catalytically active around the boiling and freezing points of water and extremes of pH. New techniques, such as genomics, metanogenomics, DNA evolution and gene shuffling, will lead to the production of enzymes that are highly specific for countless industrial applications. Due to the unusual properties of enzymes from extremophiles, they are expected to optimize already existing processes or even develop new sustainable technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garabed Antranikian
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, Kasernenstrasse 12, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
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Ramchuran SO, Mateus B, Holst O, Karlsson EN. The methylotrophic yeast as a host for the expression and production of thermostable xylanase from the bacterium. FEMS Yeast Res 2005; 5:839-50. [PMID: 15925312 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsyr.2004.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Revised: 12/19/2004] [Accepted: 12/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A thermostable glycoside hydrolase family-10 xylanase originating from Rhodothermus marinus was cloned and expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris (SMD1168H). The DNA sequence from Rmxyn10A encoding the xylanase catalytic module was PCR-amplified and cloned in frame with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor secretion signal under the control of the alcohol oxidase (AOX1) promotor. Optimisation of enzyme production in batch fermentors, with methanol as a sole carbon source, enabled secretion yields up to 3gl(-1) xylanase with a maximum activity of 3130Ul(-1) to be achieved. N-terminal sequence analysis of the heterologous xylanase indicated that the secretion signal was correctly processed in P. pastoris and the molecular weight of 37kDa was in agreement with the theoretically calculated molecular mass. Introduction of a heat-pretreatment step was however necessary in order to fold the heterologous xylanase to an active state, and at the conditions used this step yielded a 200-fold increase in xylanase activity. Thermostability of the produced xylanase was monitored by differential-scanning calorimetry, and the transition temperature (T(m)) was 78 degrees C. R. marinus xylanase is the first reported thermostable gram-negative bacterial xylanase efficiently secreted by P. pastoris.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Calorimetry, Differential Scanning
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases/biosynthesis
- Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases/genetics
- Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases/metabolism
- Fermentation
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Pichia/enzymology
- Pichia/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Folding
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Rhodothermus/enzymology
- Rhodothermus/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Transformation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh O Ramchuran
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden.
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47
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Bertoldo C, Armbrecht M, Becker F, Schäfer T, Antranikian G, Liebl W. Cloning, sequencing, and characterization of a heat- and alkali-stable type I pullulanase from Anaerobranca gottschalkii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:3407-16. [PMID: 15184138 PMCID: PMC427762 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.6.3407-3416.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding a type I pullulanase was identified from the genome sequence of the anaerobic thermoalkaliphilic bacterium Anaerobranca gottschalkii. In addition, the homologous gene was isolated from a gene library of Anaerobranca horikoshii and sequenced. The proteins encoded by these two genes showed 39% amino acid sequence identity to the pullulanases from the thermophilic anaerobic bacteria Fervidobacterium pennivorans and Thermotoga maritima. The pullulanase gene from A. gottschalkii (encoding 865 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 98 kDa) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) so that the protein did not have the signal peptide. Accordingly, the molecular mass of the purified recombinant pullulanase (rPulAg) was 96 kDa. Pullulan hydrolysis activity was optimal at pH 8.0 and 70 degrees C, and under these physicochemical conditions the half-life of rPulAg was 22 h. By using an alternative expression strategy in E. coli Tuner(DE3)(pLysS), the pullulanase gene from A. gottschalkii, including its signal peptide-encoding sequence, was cloned. In this case, the purified recombinant enzyme was a truncated 70-kDa form (rPulAg'). The N-terminal sequence of purified rPulAg' was found 252 amino acids downstream from the start site, presumably indicating that there was alternative translation initiation or N-terminal protease cleavage by E. coli. Interestingly, most of the physicochemical properties of rPulAg' were identical to those of rPulAg. Both enzymes degraded pullulan via an endo-type mechanism, yielding maltotriose as the final product, and hydrolytic activity was also detected with amylopectin, starch, beta-limited dextrins, and glycogen but not with amylose. This substrate specificity is typical of type I pullulanases. rPulAg was inhibited by cyclodextrins, whereas addition of mono- or bivalent cations did not have a stimulating effect. In addition, rPulAg' was stable in the presence of 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 20% Tween, and 50% Triton X-100. The pullulanase from A. gottschalkii is the first thermoalkalistable type I pullulanase that has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanzo Bertoldo
- Technical Microbiology, Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
Archaea have developed a variety of molecular strategies to survive the often harsh environments in which they exist. Although the rules that allow archaeal enzymes to fulfill their catalytic functions under extremes of salinity, temperature or pressure are not completely understood, the stability of these extremophilic enzymes, or extremozymes, in the face of adverse conditions has led to their use in a variety of biotechnological applications in which such tolerances are advantageous. In the following, examples of commercially important archaeal extremozymes are presented, potentially useful archaeal extremozyme sources are identified and solutions to obstacles currently hindering wider use of archaeal extremozymes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, P.O. Box 653, Beersheva 84105, Israel.
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49
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Roy A, Messaoud E, Bejar S. Isolation and purification of an acidic pullulanase type II from newly isolated Bacillus sp. US149. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(03)00212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
High temperatures have profound effects on the structural and physiological properties of sporulating and non-sporulating bacteria, with membranes, RNA, DNA, ribosomes, protein and enzymes all affected. Nevertheless, it is apparent that no one single event is responsible for cell death. The induction of intracellular heat-shock proteins and the activation of extracellular alarmones in vegetative cells exposed to mildly lethal temperatures are important cell responses. In bacterial spores, several factors contribute to the overall resistance to moist (wet) and dry heat; the latter, but not the former, induces mutations. Heat resistance develops during sporulation, when spore-specific heat-shock proteins are also produced. Heat sensitivity is regained during germination of spores.
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