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Jamal Y, Usmani M, Brumfield KD, Singh K, Huq A, Nguyen TH, Colwell R, Jutla A. Quantification of Climate Footprints of Vibrio vulnificus in Coastal Human Communities of the United States Gulf Coast. GEOHEALTH 2024; 8:e2023GH001005. [PMID: 39165476 PMCID: PMC11333720 DOI: 10.1029/2023gh001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of vibriosis is rising globally with evidence of climate variability influencing environmental processes that support growth of pathogenic Vibrio spp. The waterborne pathogen, Vibrio vulnificus can invade wounds and has one of the highest case fatality rates in humans. The bacterium cannot be eradicated from the aquatic environment, hence climate driven environmental conditions enhancing growth and dissemination of V. vulnificus need to be understood to provide preemptive assessment of its presence and distribution in aquatic systems. To achieve this objective, satellite remote sensing was employed to quantify the association of sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a (chl-a) in locations with reported V. vulnificus infections. Monthly analysis was done in two populated regions of the Gulf of Mexico-Tampa Bay, Florida, and Galveston Bay, Texas. Results indicate warm water, characterized by a 2-month lag in SST, high concentration of phytoplankton, proxied for zooplankton using 1 month lagged chl-a values, was statistically linked to higher odds of V. vulnificus infection in the human population. Identification of climate and ecological processes thresholds is concluded to be useful for development of an heuristic prediction system designed to determine risk of infection for coastal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Jamal
- Department of Environmental Engineering SciencesGeohealth and Hydrology LaboratoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Moiz Usmani
- Department of Environmental Engineering SciencesGeohealth and Hydrology LaboratoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Kyle D. Brumfield
- Maryland Pathogen Research InstituteUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer StudiesUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Komalpreet Singh
- Department of Environmental Engineering SciencesGeohealth and Hydrology LaboratoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Anwar Huq
- Maryland Pathogen Research InstituteUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Thanh Huong Nguyen
- Department of Civil & Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Illinois Urbana ChampaignChampaignILUSA
| | - Rita Colwell
- Maryland Pathogen Research InstituteUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer StudiesUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Antarpreet Jutla
- Department of Environmental Engineering SciencesGeohealth and Hydrology LaboratoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
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2
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Morrison BH, Jones JL, Dzwonkowski B, Krause JW. Tracking Vibrio: population dynamics and ecology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in an Alabama estuary. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0367423. [PMID: 38578091 PMCID: PMC11210274 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03674-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Vibrio is a genus of halophilic, gram-negative bacteria found in estuaries around the globe. Integral parts of coastal cultures often involve contact with vectors of pathogenic Vibrio spp. (e.g., consuming raw shellfish). High rates of mortality from certain Vibrio spp. infections demonstrate the need for an improved understanding of Vibrio spp. dynamics in estuarine regions. Our study assessed meteorological, hydrographic, and biological correlates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus at 10 sites in the Eastern Mississippi Sound System (EMSS) from April to October 2019. During the sampling period, median abundances of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus were 2.31 log MPN/L and 2.90 log MPN/L, respectively. Vibrio spp. dynamics were largely driven by site-based variation, with sites closest to freshwater inputs having the highest abundances. The E-W wind scalar, which affects Ekman transport, was a novel Vibrio spp. correlate observed. A potential salinity effect on bacterial-particle associations was identified, where V. vulnificus was associated with larger particles in conditions outside of their optimal salinity. Additionally, V. vulnificus abundances were correlated to those of harmful algal species that did not dominate community chlorophyll. Correlates from this study may be used to inform the next iteration of regionally predictive Vibrio models and may lend additional insight to Vibrio spp. ecology in similar systems. IMPORTANCE Vibrio spp. are bacteria found in estuaries worldwide; some species can cause illness and infections in humans. Relationships between Vibrio spp. abundance, salinity, and temperature are well documented, but correlations to other environmental parameters are less understood. This study identifies unique correlates (e.g., E-W wind scalar and harmful algal species) that could potentially inform the next iteration of predictive Vibrio models for the EMSS region. Additionally, these correlates may allow existing environmental monitoring efforts to be leveraged in providing data inputs for future Vibrio risk models. An observed correlation between salinity and V. vulnificus/particle-size associations suggests that predicted environmental changes may affect the abundance of Vibrio spp. in certain reservoirs, which may alter which vectors present the greatest vibrio risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair H Morrison
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
- Stokes School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- FDA, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
| | - Jessica L Jones
- FDA, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
| | - Brian Dzwonkowski
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
- Stokes School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Krause
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
- Stokes School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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Patel ZZ, Joshi H, Puvar A, Pandit R, Joshi C, Joshi M, Tipre DR. A study into the diversity of coral-associated bacteria using culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches in coral Dipsastraea favus from the Gulf of Kutch. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 201:116172. [PMID: 38394797 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Corals harbour ~25 % of the marine diversity referring to biodiversity hotspots in marine ecosystems. Global efforts to find ways to restore the coral reef ecosystem from various threats can be complemented by studying coral-associated bacteria. Coral-associated bacteria are vital components of overall coral wellbeing. We explored the bacterial diversity associated with coral Dipsastraea favus (D. favus) collected from the Gulf of Kutch, India, using both culture-dependent and metagenomic approaches. In both approaches, phylum Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria predominated, comprising the genera Vibrio, Bacillus, Shewanella, Pseudoalteromonas, Exiguobacterium and Streptomyces. Moreover, the majority of culturable isolates showed multiple antibiotic resistance index ≥0.2. In this study, specific bacterial diversity associated with coral sp. D. favus and its possible role in managing coral health was established. Almost 43 strains from the samples were successfully cultured, creating a base for exploring these microbes for their potential use in coral conservation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarna Z Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, India; Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382011, India
| | - Himanshu Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382011, India
| | - Apurvasinh Puvar
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382011, India
| | - Ramesh Pandit
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382011, India
| | - Chaitanya Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382011, India
| | - Madhvi Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382011, India.
| | - Devayani R Tipre
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, India.
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Brumfield KD, Usmani M, Santiago S, Singh K, Gangwar M, Hasan NA, Netherland M, Deliz K, Angelini C, Beatty NL, Huq A, Jutla AS, Colwell RR. Genomic diversity of Vibrio spp. and metagenomic analysis of pathogens in Florida Gulf coastal waters following Hurricane Ian. mBio 2023; 14:e0147623. [PMID: 37931127 PMCID: PMC10746180 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01476-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Evidence suggests warming temperatures are associated with the spread of potentially pathogenic Vibrio spp. and the emergence of human disease globally. Following Hurricane Ian, the State of Florida reported a sharp increase in the number of reported Vibrio spp. infections and deaths. Hence, monitoring of pathogens, including vibrios, and environmental parameters influencing their occurrence is critical to public health. Here, DNA sequencing was used to investigate the genomic diversity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus, both potential human pathogens, in Florida coastal waters post Hurricane Ian, in October 2022. Additionally, the microbial community of water samples was profiled to detect the presence of Vibrio spp. and other microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protists, and viruses) present in the samples. Long-term environmental data analysis showed changes in environmental parameters during and after Ian were optimal for the growth of Vibrio spp. and related pathogens. Collectively, results will be used to develop predictive risk models during climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Brumfield
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Moiz Usmani
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sanneri Santiago
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Komalpreet Singh
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mayank Gangwar
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Katherine Deliz
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Christine Angelini
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Norman L. Beatty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Anwar Huq
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Antarpreet S. Jutla
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Rita R. Colwell
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Zhang W, Chen K, Zhang L, Zhang X, Zhu B, Lv N, Mi K. The impact of global warming on the signature virulence gene, thermolabile hemolysin, of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0150223. [PMID: 37843303 PMCID: PMC10715048 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01502-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In this study, Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains were collected from a large number of aquatic products globally and found that temperature has an impact on the virulence of these bacteria. As global temperatures rise, mutations in a gene marker called thermolabile hemolysin (tlh) also increase. This suggests that environmental isolates adapt to the warming environment and become more pathogenic. The findings can help in developing tools to analyze and monitor these bacteria as well as assess any link between climate change and vibrio-associated diseases, which could be used for forecasting outbreaks associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Keyu Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Shijiazhuang Customs Technology Center, Hebei, China
| | - Ximeng Zhang
- Science and Technology Research Center of China Customs, Beijing, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaixia Mi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Waidner LA, Potdukhe TV. Tools to Enumerate and Predict Distribution Patterns of Environmental Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2502. [PMID: 37894160 PMCID: PMC10609196 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus (Vv) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) are water- and foodborne bacteria that can cause several distinct human diseases, collectively called vibriosis. The success of oyster aquaculture is negatively impacted by high Vibrio abundances. Myriad environmental factors affect the distribution of pathogenic Vibrio, including temperature, salinity, eutrophication, extreme weather events, and plankton loads, including harmful algal blooms. In this paper, we synthesize the current understanding of ecological drivers of Vv and Vp and provide a summary of various tools used to enumerate Vv and Vp in a variety of environments and environmental samples. We also highlight the limitations and benefits of each of the measurement tools and propose example alternative tools for more specific enumeration of pathogenic Vv and Vp. Improvement of molecular methods can tighten better predictive models that are potentially important for mitigation in more controlled environments such as aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Waidner
- Hal Marcus College of Science and Engineering, University of West Florida, 11000 University Pkwy, Building 58, Room 108, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
| | - Trupti V. Potdukhe
- GEMS Program, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 1853 W. Polk St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
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Gangwar M, Usmani M, Jamal Y, Brumfield KD, Huq A, Unnikrishnan A, Colwell RR, Jutla AS. Environmental Factors Associated with Incidence and Distribution of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA: A three-year case study. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.25.559351. [PMID: 37808627 PMCID: PMC10557581 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.25.559351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Members of the genus Vibrio are ecologically significant bacteria native to aquatic ecosystems globally, and a few can cause diseases in humans. Vibrio-related illnesses have increased in recent years, primarily attributed to changing environmental conditions. Therefore, understanding the role of environmental factors in the occurrence and growth of pathogenic strains is crucial for public health. Water, oyster, and sediment samples were collected between 2009 and 2012 from Chester River and Tangier Sound sites in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA, to investigate the relationship between water temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll with the incidence and distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) and Vibrio vulnificus (VV). Odds ratio analysis was used to determine association between the likelihood of VP and VV presence and these environmental variables. Results suggested that water temperature threshold of 20°C or higher was associated with an increased risk, favoring the incidence of Vibrio spp. A significant difference in salinity was observed between the two sampling sites, with distinct ranges showing high odds ratio for Vibrio incidence, especially in water and sediment, emphasizing the impact of salinity on VP and VV incidence and distribution. Notably, salinity between 9-20 PPT consistently favored the Vibrio incidence across all samples. Relationship between chlorophyll concentrations and VP and VV incidence varied depending on sample type. However, chlorophyll range of 0-10 μg/L was identified as critical in oyster samples for both vibrios. Analysis of odds ratios for water samples demonstrated consistent outcomes across all environmental parameters, indicating water samples offer a more reliable indicator of Vibrio spp. incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Gangwar
- Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Moiz Usmani
- Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yusuf Jamal
- Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kyle D. Brumfield
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Anwar Huq
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Avinash Unnikrishnan
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, UAB School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rita R. Colwell
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Antarpreet S. Jutla
- Geohealth and Hydrology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Yesilay G, Dos Santos OAL, A BR, Hazeem LJ, Backx BP, J JV, Kamel AH, Bououdina M. Impact of pathogenic bacterial communities present in wastewater on aquatic organisms: Application of nanomaterials for the removal of these pathogens. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 261:106620. [PMID: 37399782 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated wastewater (WW) can cause severe hazards to numerous delicate ecosystems and associated life forms. In addition, human health is negatively impacted by the presence of microorganisms in water. Multiple pathogenic microorganisms in contaminated water, including bacteria, fungi, yeast, and viruses, are vectors for several contagious diseases. To avoid the negative impact of these pathogens, WW must be free from pathogens before being released into stream water or used for other reasons. In this review article, we have focused on pathogenic bacteria in WW and summarized the impact of the different types of pathogenic bacteria on marine organisms. Moreover, we presented a variety of physical and chemical techniques that have been developed to provide a pathogen-free aquatic environment. Among the techniques, membrane-based techniques for trapping hazardous biological contaminants are gaining popularity around the world. Besides, novel and recent advancements in nanotechnological science and engineering suggest that many waterborne pathogens could be inactivated using nano catalysts, bioactive nanoparticles, nanostructured catalytic membranes, nanosized photocatalytic structures, and electrospun nanofibers and processes have been thoroughly examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Yesilay
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences-Türkiye, Istanbul 34668, Türkiye; Experimental Medicine Application & Research Center, University of Health Sciences, Validebag Research Park, Uskudar, Istanbul 34662, Türkiye
| | | | - Bevin Roger A
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis and Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Loyola College, Chennai 600 034, India
| | - Layla J Hazeem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, 32038, Bahrain
| | | | - Judith Vijaya J
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis and Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Loyola College, Chennai 600 034, India
| | - Ayman H Kamel
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, 32038, Bahrain; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Bououdina
- Department of Mathematics and Science, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Almagro-Moreno S, Martinez-Urtaza J, Pukatzki S. Vibrio Infections and the Twenty-First Century. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1404:1-16. [PMID: 36792868 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-22997-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The Vibrionaceae is a highly diverse family of aquatic bacteria. Some members of this ubiquitous group can cause a variety of diseases in humans ranging from cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae, severe septicemia caused by Vibrio vulnificus, to acute gastroenteritis by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Planet Earth is experiencing unprecedented changes of planetary scale associated with climate change. These environmental perturbations paired with overpopulation and pollution are increasing the distribution of pathogenic Vibrios and exacerbating the risk of causing infections. In this chapter, we discuss various aspects of Vibrio infections within the context of the twenty-first century with a major emphasis on the aforementioned pathogenic species. Overall, we believe that the twenty-first century is posed to be both one full of challenges due to the rise of these pathogens, and also a catalyst for innovative and groundbreaking discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Almagro-Moreno
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA. .,National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Jaime Martinez-Urtaza
- Department de Genetica I de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociencies, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefan Pukatzki
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
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Byrkit BN, LaScala EC, MenkinSmith L, Hall GA, Weant KA. Characterization of Prophylactic Antimicrobial Therapy Practices for Patients With Marine-Associated Injuries in the Emergency Department. J Pharm Pract 2023; 36:53-59. [PMID: 34098786 DOI: 10.1177/08971900211021058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for the treatment of marine-associated wound infections include empiric coverage for Vibrio species with a combination of a third-generation cephalosporin and doxycycline. These recommendations are based on limited data and it remains unclear if this regimen is also indicated for prophylaxis. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this analysis was to assess the antibiotic regimens used in the emergency department (ED) for prophylaxis of marine-associated injuries relative to the CDC recommendations and evaluate any clinical impact. METHODS A retrospective review evaluated adult patients discharged from the ED over a 4-year period with an antibiotic prescription following an injury with marine exposure. RESULTS 114 patients were included in the analysis. The majority of patients were < 40 years of age with no previous medical history and presented after sustaining a laceration secondary to oyster shells. 97.4% received prophylactic antibiotic therapy that did not match the CDC recommendations, with the majority receiving doxycycline monotherapy (82%). A 1.8% 30-day ED revisit rate was noted with 2 patients returning for therapy failure. No patients were admitted to the hospital within 30 days and no documented adverse effects related to antibiotic therapy were noted. CONCLUSION Current prophylactic antibiotic prescribing practices diverge from the current CDC recommendations for the treatment of marine-associated infections, however, an effect secondary to these variations was not observed. Further investigations of prophylaxis against Vibrio infections in low-risk patients is warranted to limit collateral damage and improve antimicrobial stewardship in the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britany N Byrkit
- College of Pharmacy, 2345Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, 2345Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Elizabeth C LaScala
- Department of Pharmacy, 2345Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Lacey MenkinSmith
- Department of Emergency Medicine, 2345Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gregory A Hall
- Department of Emergency Medicine, 2345Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kyle A Weant
- College of Pharmacy, 2629University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Sakihara E, Noge I, Suzuyama H, Takeoka H, Nabeshima S. Vibrio vulnificus sepsis after shrimp shelling in a patient with preexisting primary biliary cholangitis: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2023; 17:27. [PMID: 36707865 PMCID: PMC9883871 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-023-03767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vibrio vulnificus is typically present in seawater, fish, and shellfish, and is known to cause severe sepsis, particularly in patients with liver diseases such as cirrhosis. V. vulnificus is one of the most dangerous waterborne pathogens, and infection mainly occurs in western Japan during the summer, with an increased fatality rate. Herein, we report the case of a patient with primary biliary cholangitis and sepsis caused by V. vulnificus infection sustained through shrimp shelling. CASE PRESENTATION An 82-year-old Japanese Asian woman with no medical history or underlying disease developed redness, swelling, and pain, which extended from the right fingers to the upper arm. A diagnosis of sepsis due to cellulitis was made. Blood culture detected V. vulnificus; thus, minocycline was administered in addition to meropenem. The disease course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on day 28 of hospitalization. Symptoms in the right upper arm developed 1 day after the patient shelled a large number of shrimp; therefore, the infection route was assumed to be through wounds sustained during shrimp shelling. We suspected liver disease and measured serum anti-mitochondrial M2 antibody levels, leading to the diagnosis of primary biliary cholangitis. CONCLUSIONS As in this case, small wounds caused by handling fish and shrimp are a potential source of infection. Patients with severe V. vulnificus infection should be thoroughly assessed for the presence of liver diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eishi Sakihara
- grid.411556.20000 0004 0594 9821General Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-Ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180 Japan
| | - Ikuma Noge
- grid.411556.20000 0004 0594 9821General Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-Ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180 Japan
| | - Hiroki Suzuyama
- Tagawa Municipal Hospital, Tagawa City, Fukuoka Prefecture Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takeoka
- grid.411556.20000 0004 0594 9821General Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-Ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180 Japan
| | - Shigeki Nabeshima
- grid.411556.20000 0004 0594 9821General Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-Ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180 Japan
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Namadi P, Deng Z. Optimum environmental conditions controlling prevalence of vibrio parahaemolyticus in marine environment. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 183:105828. [PMID: 36423461 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This literature review presents major environmental indicators and their optimum variation ranges for the prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the marine environment by critically reviewing and statistically analyzing more than one hundred studies from countries around the world. Results of this review indicated that the prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the marine environment is primarily responsive to favorable environmental conditions that are described with environmental indicators. The importance of environmental indicators to the prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus can be ranked from the highest to lowest as Sea Surface Temperature (SST), salinity, pH, chlorophyll a, and turbidity, respectively. It was also found in this study that each environmental indicator has an optimum variation range favoring the prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Specifically, the SST range of 25.67 ± 2 °C, salinity range of 27.87 ± 3 ppt, and pH range of 7.96 ± 0.1 were found to be the optimum conditions for the prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. High vibrio concentrations were also observed in water samples with the chlorophyll a range of 16-25 μg/L. The findings provide new insights into the importance of environmental indicators and their optimum ranges, explaining not only the existence of both positive and negative associations reported in the literature but also the dynamic associations between the Vibrio presence and its environmental drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Namadi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Deng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, United States.
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13
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Changes in the bacterial community in port waters during ship’s ballast water discharge. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02963-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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14
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Bullington JA, Golder AR, Steward GF, McManus MA, Neuheimer AB, Glazer BT, Nigro OD, Nelson CE. Refining real-time predictions of Vibrio vulnificus concentrations in a tropical urban estuary by incorporating dissolved organic matter dynamics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154075. [PMID: 35218838 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The south shore of O'ahu, Hawai'i is one of the most visited coastal tourism areas in the United States with some of the highest instances of recreational waterborne disease. A population of the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio vulnificus lives in the estuarine Ala Wai Canal in Honolulu which surrounds the heavily populated tourism center of Waikīkī. We developed a statistical model to predict V. vulnificus dynamics in this system using environmental measurements from moored oceanographic and atmospheric sensors in real time. During a year-long investigation, we analyzed water from 9 sampling events at 3 depths and 8 sites along the canal (n = 213) for 36 biogeochemical variables and V. vulnificus concentration using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of the hemolysin A gene (vvhA). The best multiple linear regression model of V. vulnificus concentration, explaining 80% of variation, included only six predictors: 5-day average rainfall preceding water sampling, daily maximum air temperature, water temperature, nitrate plus nitrite, and two metrics of humic dissolved organic matter (DOM). We show how real-time predictions of V. vulnificus concentration can be made using these models applied to the time series of water quality measurements from the Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS) as well as the PacIOOS plume model based on the Waikīkī Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) products. These applications highlight the importance of including DOM variables in predictive modeling of V. vulnificus and the influence of rain events in elevating nearshore concentrations of V. vulnificus. Long-term climate model projections of locally downscaled monthly rainfall and air temperature were used to predict an overall increase in V. vulnificus concentration of approximately 2- to 3-fold by 2100. Improving these predictive models of microbial populations is critical for management of waterborne pathogen risk exposure, particularly in the wake of a changing global climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bullington
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States; Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE), Honolulu, HI, United States; Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States.
| | - Abigail R Golder
- Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE), Honolulu, HI, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, United States
| | - Grieg F Steward
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States; Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE), Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Margaret A McManus
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Anna B Neuheimer
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States; Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Brian T Glazer
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Olivia D Nigro
- Department of Natural Science, Hawai'i Pacific University, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Craig E Nelson
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States; Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE), Honolulu, HI, United States; Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
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15
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Antibacterial Activity of Prenylated Flavonoids Isolated from Hop against Fish Pathogens Streptococcus iniae and Vibrio vulnificus. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-021-0247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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[Bacterial hepatobiliary infections : Pathogen spectrum, antimicrobial resistance and current treatment concepts]. Internist (Berl) 2022; 63:349-366. [PMID: 35238985 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-022-01277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Ascending cholangitis and pyogenic liver abscesses are acute febrile bacterial hepatobiliary diseases. Nowadays they frequently occur in patients with structural changes of the biliary system and are usually treated by a combination of interventional drainage procedures and antimicrobial therapy. While Gram-negative Enterobacterales were identified as major causes in the past, biliary tract interventions and antibiotic exposure have contributed to an increase in enterococcal species and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales. When selecting an appropriate empirical treatment the treating internist must consider local and individual risk factors for antimicrobial resistance in addition to pharmacokinetic aspects and disease severity to reduce the likelihood of treatment failure.
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Vibrio spp.: Life Strategies, Ecology, and Risks in a Changing Environment. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vibrios are ubiquitous bacteria in aquatic systems, especially marine ones, and belong to the Gammaproteobacteria class, the most diverse class of Gram-negative bacteria. The main objective of this review is to update the information regarding the ecology of Vibrio species, and contribute to the discussion of their potential risk in a changing environment. As heterotrophic organisms, Vibrio spp. live freely in aquatic environments, from marine depths to the surface of the water column, and frequently may be associated with micro- and macroalgae, invertebrates, and vertebrates such as fish, or live in symbiosis. Some Vibrio spp. are pathogenic to humans and animals, and there is evidence that infections caused by vibrios are increasing in the world. This rise may be related to global changes in human behavior (increases in tourism, maritime traffic, consumption of seafood, aquaculture production, water demand, pollution), and temperature. Most likely in the future, Vibrio spp. in water and in seafood will be monitored in order to safeguard human and animal health. Regulators of the microbiological quality of water (marine and freshwater) and food for human and animal consumption, professionals involved in marine and freshwater production chains, consumers and users of aquatic resources, and health professionals will be challenged to anticipate and mitigate new risks.
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Malayil L, Chattopadhyay S, Mongodin EF, Sapkota AR. Coupled DNA-labeling and sequencing approach enables the detection of viable-but-non-culturable Vibrio spp. in irrigation water sources in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2021; 16:13. [PMID: 34158117 PMCID: PMC8218497 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-021-00382-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nontraditional irrigation water sources (e.g., recycled water, brackish water) may harbor human pathogens, including Vibrio spp., that could be present in a viable-but-nonculturable (VBNC) state, stymieing current culture-based detection methods. To overcome this challenge, we coupled 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling, enrichment techniques, and 16S rRNA sequencing to identify metabolically-active Vibrio spp. in nontraditional irrigation water (recycled water, pond water, non-tidal freshwater, and tidal brackish water). Our coupled BrdU-labeling and sequencing approach revealed the presence of metabolically-active Vibrio spp. at all sampling sites. Whereas, the culture-based method only detected vibrios at three of the four sites. We observed the presence of V. cholerae, V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus using both methods, while V. aesturianus and V. shilonii were detected only through our labeling/sequencing approach. Multiple other pathogens of concern to human health were also identified through our labeling/sequencing approach including P. shigelloides, B. cereus and E. cloacae. Most importantly, 16S rRNA sequencing of BrdU-labeled samples resulted in Vibrio spp. detection even when our culture-based methods resulted in negative detection. This suggests that our novel approach can effectively detect metabolically-active Vibrio spp. that may have been present in a VBNC state, refining our understanding of the prevalence of vibrios in nontraditional irrigation waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Malayil
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Suhana Chattopadhyay
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuel F Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA.
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Landrigan PJ, Stegeman JJ, Fleming LE, Allemand D, Anderson DM, Backer LC, Brucker-Davis F, Chevalier N, Corra L, Czerucka D, Bottein MYD, Demeneix B, Depledge M, Deheyn DD, Dorman CJ, Fénichel P, Fisher S, Gaill F, Galgani F, Gaze WH, Giuliano L, Grandjean P, Hahn ME, Hamdoun A, Hess P, Judson B, Laborde A, McGlade J, Mu J, Mustapha A, Neira M, Noble RT, Pedrotti ML, Reddy C, Rocklöv J, Scharler UM, Shanmugam H, Taghian G, van de Water JA, Vezzulli L, Weihe P, Zeka A, Raps H, Rampal P. Human Health and Ocean Pollution. Ann Glob Health 2020; 86:151. [PMID: 33354517 PMCID: PMC7731724 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pollution - unwanted waste released to air, water, and land by human activity - is the largest environmental cause of disease in the world today. It is responsible for an estimated nine million premature deaths per year, enormous economic losses, erosion of human capital, and degradation of ecosystems. Ocean pollution is an important, but insufficiently recognized and inadequately controlled component of global pollution. It poses serious threats to human health and well-being. The nature and magnitude of these impacts are only beginning to be understood. Goals (1) Broadly examine the known and potential impacts of ocean pollution on human health. (2) Inform policy makers, government leaders, international organizations, civil society, and the global public of these threats. (3) Propose priorities for interventions to control and prevent pollution of the seas and safeguard human health. Methods Topic-focused reviews that examine the effects of ocean pollution on human health, identify gaps in knowledge, project future trends, and offer evidence-based guidance for effective intervention. Environmental Findings Pollution of the oceans is widespread, worsening, and in most countries poorly controlled. It is a complex mixture of toxic metals, plastics, manufactured chemicals, petroleum, urban and industrial wastes, pesticides, fertilizers, pharmaceutical chemicals, agricultural runoff, and sewage. More than 80% arises from land-based sources. It reaches the oceans through rivers, runoff, atmospheric deposition and direct discharges. It is often heaviest near the coasts and most highly concentrated along the coasts of low- and middle-income countries. Plastic is a rapidly increasing and highly visible component of ocean pollution, and an estimated 10 million metric tons of plastic waste enter the seas each year. Mercury is the metal pollutant of greatest concern in the oceans; it is released from two main sources - coal combustion and small-scale gold mining. Global spread of industrialized agriculture with increasing use of chemical fertilizer leads to extension of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) to previously unaffected regions. Chemical pollutants are ubiquitous and contaminate seas and marine organisms from the high Arctic to the abyssal depths. Ecosystem Findings Ocean pollution has multiple negative impacts on marine ecosystems, and these impacts are exacerbated by global climate change. Petroleum-based pollutants reduce photosynthesis in marine microorganisms that generate oxygen. Increasing absorption of carbon dioxide into the seas causes ocean acidification, which destroys coral reefs, impairs shellfish development, dissolves calcium-containing microorganisms at the base of the marine food web, and increases the toxicity of some pollutants. Plastic pollution threatens marine mammals, fish, and seabirds and accumulates in large mid-ocean gyres. It breaks down into microplastic and nanoplastic particles containing multiple manufactured chemicals that can enter the tissues of marine organisms, including species consumed by humans. Industrial releases, runoff, and sewage increase frequency and severity of HABs, bacterial pollution, and anti-microbial resistance. Pollution and sea surface warming are triggering poleward migration of dangerous pathogens such as the Vibrio species. Industrial discharges, pharmaceutical wastes, pesticides, and sewage contribute to global declines in fish stocks. Human Health Findings Methylmercury and PCBs are the ocean pollutants whose human health effects are best understood. Exposures of infants in utero to these pollutants through maternal consumption of contaminated seafood can damage developing brains, reduce IQ and increase children's risks for autism, ADHD and learning disorders. Adult exposures to methylmercury increase risks for cardiovascular disease and dementia. Manufactured chemicals - phthalates, bisphenol A, flame retardants, and perfluorinated chemicals, many of them released into the seas from plastic waste - can disrupt endocrine signaling, reduce male fertility, damage the nervous system, and increase risk of cancer. HABs produce potent toxins that accumulate in fish and shellfish. When ingested, these toxins can cause severe neurological impairment and rapid death. HAB toxins can also become airborne and cause respiratory disease. Pathogenic marine bacteria cause gastrointestinal diseases and deep wound infections. With climate change and increasing pollution, risk is high that Vibrio infections, including cholera, will increase in frequency and extend to new areas. All of the health impacts of ocean pollution fall disproportionately on vulnerable populations in the Global South - environmental injustice on a planetary scale. Conclusions Ocean pollution is a global problem. It arises from multiple sources and crosses national boundaries. It is the consequence of reckless, shortsighted, and unsustainable exploitation of the earth's resources. It endangers marine ecosystems. It impedes the production of atmospheric oxygen. Its threats to human health are great and growing, but still incompletely understood. Its economic costs are only beginning to be counted.Ocean pollution can be prevented. Like all forms of pollution, ocean pollution can be controlled by deploying data-driven strategies based on law, policy, technology, and enforcement that target priority pollution sources. Many countries have used these tools to control air and water pollution and are now applying them to ocean pollution. Successes achieved to date demonstrate that broader control is feasible. Heavily polluted harbors have been cleaned, estuaries rejuvenated, and coral reefs restored.Prevention of ocean pollution creates many benefits. It boosts economies, increases tourism, helps restore fisheries, and improves human health and well-being. It advances the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). These benefits will last for centuries. Recommendations World leaders who recognize the gravity of ocean pollution, acknowledge its growing dangers, engage civil society and the global public, and take bold, evidence-based action to stop pollution at source will be critical to preventing ocean pollution and safeguarding human health.Prevention of pollution from land-based sources is key. Eliminating coal combustion and banning all uses of mercury will reduce mercury pollution. Bans on single-use plastic and better management of plastic waste reduce plastic pollution. Bans on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have reduced pollution by PCBs and DDT. Control of industrial discharges, treatment of sewage, and reduced applications of fertilizers have mitigated coastal pollution and are reducing frequency of HABs. National, regional and international marine pollution control programs that are adequately funded and backed by strong enforcement have been shown to be effective. Robust monitoring is essential to track progress.Further interventions that hold great promise include wide-scale transition to renewable fuels; transition to a circular economy that creates little waste and focuses on equity rather than on endless growth; embracing the principles of green chemistry; and building scientific capacity in all countries.Designation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) will safeguard critical ecosystems, protect vulnerable fish stocks, and enhance human health and well-being. Creation of MPAs is an important manifestation of national and international commitment to protecting the health of the seas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John J. Stegeman
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US
| | - Lora E. Fleming
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, GB
- University of Exeter Medical School, GB
| | | | - Donald M. Anderson
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US
| | | | | | - Nicolas Chevalier
- Université Côte d’Azur, FR
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Inserm, C3M, FR
| | - Lilian Corra
- International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE), CH
- Health and Environment of the Global Alliance on Health and Pollution (GAHP), AR
| | | | - Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, FR
- IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, University of Copenhagen, DK
- Ecotoxicologie et développement durable expertise ECODD, Valbonne, FR
| | - Barbara Demeneix
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FR
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, FR
| | | | - Dimitri D. Deheyn
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, US
| | | | - Patrick Fénichel
- Université Côte d’Azur, FR
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Inserm, C3M, FR
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark E. Hahn
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US
| | | | - Philipp Hess
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation des Mers, FR
| | | | | | - Jacqueline McGlade
- Institute for Global Prosperity, University College London, GB
- Strathmore University Business School, Nairobi, KE
| | | | - Adetoun Mustapha
- Nigerian Institute for Medical Research, Lagos, NG
- Imperial College London, GB
| | | | | | | | - Christopher Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, US
| | - Joacim Rocklöv
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, SE
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pál Weihe
- University of the Faroe Islands and Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, FO
| | | | - Hervé Raps
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, MC
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Health and Sustainable Development, MC
| | - Patrick Rampal
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, MC
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Health and Sustainable Development, MC
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Cruz CD, Fletcher GC, Paturi G, Hedderley DI. Influence of farming methods and seawater depth on Vibrio species in New Zealand Pacific oysters. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 325:108644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Park YS, Kim SK, Kim SY, Kim KM, Ryu CM. The transcriptome analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana in response to the Vibrio vulnificus by RNA-sequencing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225976. [PMID: 31841567 PMCID: PMC6913959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the recent increase in the demand for fresh produce, contamination of raw food products has become an issue. Foodborne diseases are frequently caused by the infection of leguminous plants by human bacterial pathogens. Moreover, contamination by Vibrio cholerae, closely related with Vibrio vulnificus, has been reported in plants and vegetables. Here, we investigated the possibility of Vibrio vulnificus 96-11-17M, an opportunistic human pathogen, to infect and colonize Arabidopsis thaliana plants, resulting in typical disease symptoms at 5 and 7 days post-inoculation in vitro and in planta under artificial and favorable conditions, respectively. RNA-Seq analysis revealed 5,360, 4,204, 4,916 and 3,741 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post-inoculation, respectively, compared with the 0 h time point. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that these DEGs act in pathways responsive to chemical and hormone stimuli and plant defense. The expression of genes involved in salicylic acid (SA)-, jasmonic acid (JA)- and ethylene (ET)-dependent pathways was altered following V. vulnificus inoculation. Genetic analyses of Arabidopsis mutant lines verified that common pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptors perceive the V. vulnificus infection, thus activating JA and ET signaling pathways. Our data indicate that the human bacterial pathogen V. vulnificus 96-11-17M modulates defense-related genes and host defense machinery in Arabidopsis thaliana under favorable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Soon Park
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infection Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seon-Kyu Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Genome Editing Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyung Mo Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
- Microbial Resource Center, KRIBB, Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infection Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea
- Biosystem and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
- * E-mail: ,
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22
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Pu M, Storms E, Chodur DM, Rowe-Magnus DA. Calcium-dependent site-switching regulates expression of the atypical iam pilus locus in Vibrio vulnificus. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:4167-4182. [PMID: 31355512 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The opportunistic human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus inhabits warm coastal waters and asymptomatically colonizes seafood, most commonly oysters. We previously characterized an isolate that exhibited greater biofilm formation, aggregation and oyster colonization than its parent. This was due, in part, to the production of a Type IV Tad pilus (Iam). However, the locus lacked key processing and regulatory genes required for pilus production. Here, we identify a pilin peptidase iamP, and LysR-type regulator (LRTR) iamR, that fulfil these roles and show that environmental calcium, which oysters enrich for shell repair and growth, regulates iam expression. The architecture of the iam locus differs from the classical LRTR paradigm and requires an additional promoter to be integrated into the regulatory network. IamR specifically recognized the iamR promoter (PiamR ) and the intergenic iamP-iamA region (PiamP-A ). PiamR exhibited classical negative auto-regulation but, strikingly, IamR inversely regulated the divergent iamP and iamA promoters in a calcium-dependent manner. Moreover, expression of the c-di-GMP and calcium-regulated, biofilm-promoting brp exopolysaccharide was IamA-dependent. These results support a scenario in which the calcium-enriched oyster environment triggers IamP-mediated processing of prepilin amassed in the periplasm for rapid pilin elaboration and subsequent BRP production to promote colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Pu
- Department of Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Emily Storms
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Dan M Chodur
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Dean A Rowe-Magnus
- Department of Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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23
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Deeb R, Tufford D, Scott GI, Moore JG, Dow K. Impact of Climate Change on Vibrio vulnificus Abundance and Exposure Risk. ESTUARIES AND COASTS : JOURNAL OF THE ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION 2018; 41:2289-2303. [PMID: 31263385 PMCID: PMC6602088 DOI: 10.1007/s12237-018-0424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio species are marine bacteria that occur in estuaries worldwide; many are virulent human pathogens with high levels of antibiotic resistance. The average annual incidence of all Vibrio infections has increased by 41% between 1996 and 2005. V. vulnificus (Vv), a species associated with shellfish and occurring in the US Southeast, has ranges of temperature (16-33 °C) and salinity (5-20 ppt) dependencies for optimal growth. Increased water temperatures caused by atmospheric warming and increased salinity gradients caused by sea level rise raise concerns for the effect of climate change on the geographic range of Vv and the potential for increased exposure risk. This research combined monthly field sampling, laboratory analysis, and modeling to identify the current occurrence of Vv in the Winyah Bay estuary (South Carolina, USA) and assess the possible effects of climate change on future geographic range and exposure risk in the estuary. Vv concentrations ranged from 0 to 58 colony forming units (CFU)/mL, salinities ranged from 0 to 28 ppt, and temperature from 18 to 31 °C. A significant empirical relationship was found between Vv concentration and salinity and temperature that fit well with published optimal ranges for growth for these environmental parameters. These results, when coupled with an existing model of future specific conductance, indicated that sea level rise has a greater impact on exposure risk than temperature increases in the estuary. Risk increased by as much as four times compared to current conditions with the largest temporally widespread increase at the most upriver site where currently there is minimal risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Deeb
- School of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Daniel Tufford
- Baruch Institute for Marine and Coastal Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Geoffrey I. Scott
- Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Janet Gooch Moore
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Kirstin Dow
- Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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DeAngelis CM, Saul-McBeth J, Matson JS. Vibrio responses to extracytoplasmic stress. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 10:511-521. [PMID: 30246498 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A critical factor for bacterial survival in any environment is the ability to sense and respond appropriately to any stresses encountered. This is especially important for bacteria that inhabit environments that are constantly changing, or for those that inhabit more than one biological niche. Vibrio species are unique in that they are aquatic organisms, and must adapt to ever-changing temperatures, salinity levels and nutrient concentrations. In addition, many species of Vibrio colonize other organisms, and must also deal with components of the host immune response. Vibrio infections of humans and other organisms have become more common in recent years, due to increasing water temperatures in many parts of the world. Therefore, understanding how these ubiquitous marine bacteria adapt to their changing environments is of importance. In this review, we discuss some of the ways that Vibrios sense and respond to the variety of stresses that negatively affect the bacterial cell envelope. Specifically, we will focus on what is currently known about the σE response, the Cpx response and the contributions of OmpU to extracytoplasmic stress relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara M DeAngelis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Medical School, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jessica Saul-McBeth
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Medical School, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jyl S Matson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Medical School, Toledo, OH, USA
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25
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Pu M, Rowe-Magnus DA. A Tad pilus promotes the establishment and resistance of Vibrio vulnificus biofilms to mechanical clearance. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2018; 4:10. [PMID: 29707230 PMCID: PMC5913241 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-018-0052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is autochthonous to estuaries and warm coastal waters. Infection occurs via open wounds or ingestion, where its asymptomatic colonization of seafood, most infamously oysters, provides a gateway into the human food chain. Colonization begins with initial surface contact, which is often mediated by bacterial surface appendages called pili. Type IV Tad pili are widely distributed in the Vibrionaceae, but evidence for a physiological role for these structures is scant. The V. vulnificus genome codes for three distinct tad loci. Recently, a positive correlation was demonstrated between the expression of tad-3 and the phenotypes of a V. vulnificus descendent (NT) that exhibited increased biofilm formation, auto-aggregation, and oyster colonization relative to its parent. However, the mechanism by which tad pilus expression promoted these phenotypes was not determined. Here, we show that deletion of the tad pilin gene (flp) altered the near-surface motility profile of NT cells from high curvature, orbital retracing patterns characteristic of cells actively probing the surface to low curvature traces indicative of wandering and diminished bacteria-surface interactions. The NT flp pilin mutant also exhibited decreased initial surface attachment, attenuated auto-aggregation and formed fragile biofilms that disintegrated under hydrodynamic flow. Thus, the tad-3 locus, designated iam, promoted initial surface attachment, auto-aggregation and resistance to mechanical clearance of V. vulnificus biofilms. The prevalence of tad loci in the Vibrionaceae suggests that they may play equally important roles in other family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Pu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University of Bloomington, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Dean Allistair Rowe-Magnus
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University of Bloomington, Bloomington, IN USA
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN USA
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Leight AK, Crump BC, Hood RR. Assessment of Fecal Indicator Bacteria and Potential Pathogen Co-Occurrence at a Shellfish Growing Area. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:384. [PMID: 29593669 PMCID: PMC5861211 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Routine monitoring of shellfish growing waters for bacteria indicative of human sewage pollution reveals little about the bacterial communities that co-occur with these indicators. This study investigated the bacterial community, potential pathogens, and fecal indicator bacteria in 40 water samples from a shellfish growing area in the Chesapeake Bay, USA. Bacterial community composition was quantified with deep sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons, and absolute gene abundances were estimated with an internal standard (Thermus thermophilus genomes). Fecal coliforms were quantified by culture, and Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus with quantitative PCR. Fecal coliforms and V. vulnificus were detected in most samples, and a diverse assemblage of potential human pathogens were detected in all samples. These taxa followed two general patterns of abundance. Fecal coliforms and 16S rRNA genes for Enterobacteriaceae, Aeromonas, Arcobacter, Staphylococcus, and Bacteroides increased in abundance after a 1.3-inch rain event in May, and, for some taxa, after smaller rain events later in the season, suggesting that these are allochthonous organisms washed in from land. Clostridiaceae and Mycobacterium 16S rRNA gene abundances increased with day of the year and were not positively related to rainfall, suggesting that these are autochthonous organisms. Other groups followed both patterns, such as Legionella. Fecal coliform abundance did not correlate with most other taxa, but were extremely high following the large rainstorm in May when they co-occurred with a broad range of potential pathogen groups. V. vulnificus were absent during the large rainstorm, and did not correlate with 16S rRNA abundances of Vibrio spp. or most other taxa. These results highlight the complex nature of bacterial communities and the limited utility of using specific bacterial groups as indicators of pathogen presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Leight
- Cooperative Oxford Laboratory, National Ocean Service/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Oxford, MD, United States.,Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD, United States
| | - Byron C Crump
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Raleigh R Hood
- Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD, United States
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Rubio-Portillo E, Gago JF, Martínez-García M, Vezzulli L, Rosselló-Móra R, Antón J, Ramos-Esplá AA. Vibrio communities in scleractinian corals differ according to health status and geographic location in the Mediterranean Sea. Syst Appl Microbiol 2018; 41:131-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Ghosh A, Bhadury P. Investigating monsoon and post-monsoon variabilities of bacterioplankton communities in a mangrove ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:5722-5739. [PMID: 29230649 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0852-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In mangrove environments, bacterioplankton communities constitute an important component of aquatic biota and play a major role in ecosystem processes. Variability of bacterioplankton communities from Sundarbans mangrove, located in the Indian subcontinent in South Asia and sits on the apex of Bay of Bengal, was investigated over monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The study was undertaken in two stations in Sundarbans using 16S rRNA clone library and Illumina MiSeq approaches with focus on the functionally important members that participate in coastal biogeochemical cycling. Out of 544 sequenced clones, Proteobacteria dominated the study area (373 sequences) with persistence of two major classes, namely, Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria across both monsoon and post-monsoon seasons in both stations. Several sequences belonging to Sphingomonadales, Chromatiales, Alteromonadales, Oceanospirillales, and Bacteroidetes were encountered that are known to play important roles in coastal carbon cycling. Some sequences showed identity with published uncultured Planctomycetes and Chloroflexi highlighting their role in nitrogen cycling. The detection of two novel clades highlighted the existence of indigenous group of bacterioplankton that may play important roles in this ecosystem. The eubacterial V3-V4 region from environmental DNA extracted from the above two stations, followed by sequencing in Illumina MiSeq system, was also targeted in the study. A congruency between the clone library and Illumina approaches was observed. Strong variability in bacterioplankton community structure was encountered at a seasonal scale in link with precipitation. Drastic increase in sediment associated bacteria such as members of Firmicutes and Desulfovibrio was found in monsoon hinting possible resuspension of sediment-dwelling bacteria into the overlying water column. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed dissolved ammonium and dissolved nitrate to account for maximum variation observed in the bacterioplankton community structure. Overall, the study showed that a strong interplay exists between environmental parameters and observed variability in bacterioplankton communities as a result of precipitation which can ultimately influence processes and rates linked to coastal biogeochemical cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Ghosh
- Integrative Taxonomy and Microbial Ecology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Punyasloke Bhadury
- Integrative Taxonomy and Microbial Ecology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India.
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Sharifian S, Homaei A, Kim SK, Satari M. Production of newfound alkaline phosphatases from marine organisms with potential functions and industrial applications. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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30
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Muhling BA, Jacobs J, Stock CA, Gaitan CF, Saba VS. Projections of the future occurrence, distribution, and seasonality of three Vibrio species in the Chesapeake Bay under a high-emission climate change scenario. GEOHEALTH 2017; 1:278-296. [PMID: 32158993 PMCID: PMC7007099 DOI: 10.1002/2017gh000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Illness caused by pathogenic strains of Vibrio bacteria incurs significant economic and health care costs in many areas around the world. In the Chesapeake Bay, the two most problematic species are V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, which cause infection both from exposure to contaminated water and consumption of contaminated seafood. We used existing Vibrio habitat models, four global climate models, and a recently developed statistical downscaling framework to project the spatiotemporal probability of occurrence of V. vulnificus and V. cholerae in the estuarine environment, and the mean concentration of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters in the Chesapeake Bay by the end of the 21st century. Results showed substantial future increases in season length and spatial habitat for V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, while projected increase in V. cholerae habitat was less marked and more spatially heterogeneous. Our findings underscore the need for spatially variable inputs into models of climate impacts on Vibrios in estuarine environments. Overall, economic costs associated with Vibrios in the Chesapeake Bay, such as incidence of illness and management measures on the shellfish industry, may increase under climate change, with implications for recreational and commercial uses of the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A. Muhling
- Princeton University Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics LaboratoryPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
- Now at Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystems and ClimateUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCaliforniaUSA
| | - John Jacobs
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Cooperative Oxford LabOxfordMarylandUSA
| | - Charles A. Stock
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics LaboratoryPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | | | - Vincent S. Saba
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics LaboratoryPrinceton University Forrestal CampusPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
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31
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Grodeska SM, Jones JL, Arias CR, Walton WC. Effects of Desiccation Practices of Cultured Atlantic Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) on Vibrio spp. in Portersville Bay, Alabama, USA. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1280-1287. [PMID: 28696147 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The expansion of off-bottom aquaculture to the Gulf of Mexico has raised public health concerns for human health officials. High temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico are associated with high levels of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus. Routine desiccation practices associated with off-bottom aquaculture expose oysters to ambient air, allowing Vibrio spp. to proliferate in the closed oyster. Currently, there is limited research on the length of time needed for Vibrio spp. levels in desiccated oysters to return to background levels, defined as the levels found in oysters that remain continually submersed and not exposed to ambient air. This study determined the time needed to return V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and Vibrio cholerae levels to background levels in oysters exposed to the following desiccation practices: 3-h freshwater dip followed by 24-h ambient air exposure, 27-h ambient air exposure, and control. All oysters were submerged at least 2 weeks prior to the beginning of each trial, with the control samples remaining submerged for the duration of each trial. Vibrio spp. levels were enumerated from samples collected on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, and 14 after resubmersion using a three-tube most-probable-number enrichment followed by BAX PCR. V. cholerae levels were frequently (92%) below the limit of detection at all times, so they were not statistically analyzed. V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus levels in the 27-h ambient air exposure and the 3-h freshwater dip followed by 24-h ambient air exposure samples were significantly elevated compared with background samples. In most cases, the Vibrio spp. levels in oysters in both desiccation treatments remained elevated compared with background levels until 2 or 3 days post-resubmersion. However, there was one trial in which the Vibrio spp. levels did not return to background levels until day 7. The results of this study provide scientific support that oyster farmers should be required to implement a minimum 7-day resubmersion regimen. This length of time allowed the Vibrio spp. levels to become not significantly different across all treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Grodeska
- 1 Auburn University Shellfish Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture & Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 150 Agassiz Street, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528; and
| | - Jessica L Jones
- 2 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528; and
| | - Covadonga R Arias
- 3 Aquatic Microbiology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Center for Advanced Science Innovation and Commerce, 559 Devall Drive, Auburn, Alabama 36832, USA
| | - William C Walton
- 1 Auburn University Shellfish Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture & Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 150 Agassiz Street, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528; and
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32
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Microbiomes of American Oysters ( Crassostrea virginica) Harvested from Two Sites in the Chesapeake Bay. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/30/e00729-17. [PMID: 28751404 PMCID: PMC5532842 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00729-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used 16S rRNA gene amplicons to describe the bacterial microbiota associated with oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and seawater collected from two sites in the Chesapeake Bay. The dominant bacterial groups included those belonging to the order Pelagibacteraceae, family Enterobacteriaceae, and genus Synechococcus. The microbiomes varied among oysters from the same site and between the two sites and months.
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33
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Effects of varying concentrations of sodium chloride and acidic conditions on the behavior of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus cold-starved in artificial sea water microcosms. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:829-839. [PMID: 30263610 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been limited information available on the behavior of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus as a function of higher levels of NaCl in combination with acidic pH. In the present study, bacterial suspensions were transferred into artificial seawater (pH 4-7) microcosms containing 0.75% NaCl and supplemented with 5, 10, and 30% NaCl, respectively. Each of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus was inoculated in these microcosms and fermented seafood, and then stored at 4 °C until the microbial populations reached below the detectable levels on agar plates (thiosulphate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar and tryptic soy agar amended with 3% NaCl). Consequently, V. parahaemolyticus ATCC 27969, V. parahaemolyticus ATCC 33844, and V. vulnificus ATCC 33815 rapidly reached the viable-but-nonculturable (VBNC) state with increasing levels (≤30%) of NaCl at 4 °C. Within seven days, these pathogens in seafood appeared to enter the VBNC state at 4 °C, as shown by the fluorescence microscopic assay.
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34
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Differences in Abundances of Total Vibrio spp., V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus in Clams and Oysters in North Carolina. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.02265-16. [PMID: 27793822 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02265-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Filter feeding shellfish can concentrate pathogenic bacteria, including Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, as much as 100-fold from the overlying water. These shellfish, especially clams and oysters, are often consumed raw, providing a route of entry for concentrated doses of pathogenic bacteria into the human body. The numbers of foodborne infections with these microbes are increasing, and a better understanding of the conditions that might trigger elevated concentrations of these bacteria in seafood is needed. In addition, if bacterial concentrations in water are correlated with those in shellfish, then sampling regimens could be simplified, as water samples can be more rapidly and easily obtained. After sampling of oysters and clams, either simultaneously or separately, for over 2 years, it was concluded that while Vibrio concentrations in oysters and water were related, this was not the case for levels in clams and water. When clams and oysters were collected simultaneously from the same site, the clams were found to have lower Vibrio levels than the oysters. Furthermore, the environmental parameters that were correlated with levels of Vibrio spp. in oysters and water were found to be quite different from those that were correlated with levels of Vibrio spp. in clams. IMPORTANCE This study shows that clams are a potential source of infection in North Carolina, especially for V. parahaemolyticus These findings also highlight the need for clam-specific environmental research to develop accurate Vibrio abundance models and to broaden the ecological understanding of clam-Vibrio interactions. This is especially relevant as foodborne Vibrio infections from clams are being reported.
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35
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Goh SG, Bayen S, Burger D, Kelly BC, Han P, Babovic V, Gin KYH. Occurrence and distribution of bacteria indicators, chemical tracers and pathogenic vibrios in Singapore coastal waters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 114:627-634. [PMID: 27712861 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Water quality in Singapore's coastal area was evaluated with microbial indicators, pathogenic vibrios, chemical tracers and physico-chemical parameters. Sampling sites were grouped into two clusters (coastal sites at (i) northern and (ii) southern part of Singapore). The coastal sites located at northern part of Singapore along the Johor Straits exhibited greater pollution. Principal component analysis revealed that sampling sites at Johor Straits have greater loading on carbamazepine, while turbidity poses greater influence on sampling sites at Singapore Straits. Detection of pathogenic vibrios was also more prominent at Johor Straits than the Singapore Straits. This study examined the spatial variations in Singapore's coastal water quality and provided the baseline information for health risk assessment and future pollution management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Giek Goh
- National University of Singapore, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Blk E1A #07-03, 117576 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, 1Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore; Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - David Burger
- Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, 1Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Barry C Kelly
- Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, 1Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Ping Han
- Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, 1Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Vladan Babovic
- Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, 1Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- National University of Singapore, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Blk E1A #07-03, 117576 Singapore, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), T-Lab Building #02-01, Engineering Drive 1, 117411 Singapore, Singapore.
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36
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Kramer AM, Ward JE, Dobbs FC, Pierce ML, Drake JM. The contribution of marine aggregate-associated bacteria to the accumulation of pathogenic bacteria in oysters: an agent-based model. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:7397-7408. [PMID: 28725407 PMCID: PMC5513250 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bivalves process large volumes of water, leading to their accumulation of bacteria, including potential human pathogens (e.g., vibrios). These bacteria are captured at low efficiencies when freely suspended in the water column, but they also attach to marine aggregates, which are captured with near 100% efficiency. For this reason, and because they are often enriched with heterotrophic bacteria, marine aggregates have been hypothesized to function as important transporters of bacteria into bivalves. The relative contribution of aggregates and unattached bacteria to the accumulation of these cells, however, is unknown. We developed an agent‐based model to simulate accumulation of vibrio‐type bacteria in oysters. Simulations were conducted over a realistic range of concentrations of bacteria and aggregates and incorporated the dependence of pseudofeces production on particulate matter. The model shows that the contribution of aggregate‐attached bacteria depends strongly on the unattached bacteria, which form the colonization pool for aggregates and are directly captured by the simulated oysters. The concentration of aggregates is also important, but its effect depends on the concentration of unattached bacteria. At high bacterial concentrations, aggregates contribute the majority of bacteria in the oysters. At low concentrations of unattached bacteria, aggregates have a neutral or even a slightly negative effect on bacterial accumulation. These results provide the first evidence suggesting that the concentration of aggregates could influence uptake of pathogenic bacteria in bivalves and show that the tendency of a bacterial species to remain attached to aggregates is a key factor for understanding species‐specific accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Kramer
- Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens GA USA.,Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | - J Evan Ward
- Department of Marine Sciences University of Connecticut Groton CT USA
| | - Fred C Dobbs
- Department of Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Old Dominion University Norfolk VA USA
| | - Melissa L Pierce
- Department of Marine Sciences University of Connecticut Groton CT USA
| | - John M Drake
- Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens GA USA.,Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases University of Georgia Athens GA USA
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37
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Burge CA, Closek CJ, Friedman CS, Groner ML, Jenkins CM, Shore-Maggio A, Welsh JE. The Use of Filter-feeders to Manage Disease in a Changing World. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:573-87. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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38
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Cruz C, Chycka M, Hedderley D, Fletcher G. Prevalence, characteristics and ecology of Vibrio vulnificus
found in New Zealand shellfish. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1100-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.D. Cruz
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited; Auckland New Zealand
| | - M. Chycka
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited; Auckland New Zealand
| | - D. Hedderley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - G.C. Fletcher
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited; Auckland New Zealand
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39
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Froelich BA, Noble RT. Vibrio bacteria in raw oysters: managing risks to human health. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150209. [PMID: 26880841 PMCID: PMC4760139 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human-pathogenic marine bacteria Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus are strongly correlated with water temperature, with concentrations increasing as waters warm seasonally. Both of these bacteria can be concentrated in filter-feeding shellfish, especially oysters. Because oysters are often consumed raw, this exposes people to large doses of potentially harmful bacteria. Various models are used to predict the abundance of these bacteria in oysters, which guide shellfish harvest policy meant to reduce human health risk. Vibrio abundance and behaviour varies from site to site, suggesting that location-specific studies are needed to establish targeted risk reduction strategies. Moreover, virulence potential, rather than simple abundance, should be also be included in future modeling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Froelich
- The Institute of Marine Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
| | - Rachel T Noble
- The Institute of Marine Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
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40
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You KG, Bong CW, Lee CW. Antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiling of Vibrio spp. in tropical waters of Peninsular Malaysia. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:171. [PMID: 26884358 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio species isolated from four different sampling stations in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia were screened for their antimicrobial resistance and plasmid profiles. A total of 138 isolates belonging to 15 different species were identified. Vibrio campbellii, V. parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, and V. tubiashii were found to predominance species at all stations. High incidence of erythromycin, ampicillin, and mecillinam resistance was observed among the Vibrio isolates. In contrast, resistance against aztreonam, cefepime, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfonamides was low. All the Vibrio isolates in this study were found to be susceptible to imipenem, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and oxytetracycline. Ninety-five percent of the Vibrio isolates were resistant to one or more different classes of antibiotic, and 20 different resistance antibiograms were identified. Thirty-two distinct plasmid profiles with molecular weight ranging from 2.2 to 24.8 kb were detected among the resistance isolates. This study showed that multidrug-resistant Vibrio spp. were common in the aquatic environments of west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G You
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - C W Bong
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - C W Lee
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kitamura C, Yamauchi Y, Yamaguchi T, Aida Y, Ito K, Ishizawa Y, Saitoh K, Kasai T, Ohnishi M. Successful Treatment of a Case of Necrotizing Fasciitis due to Vibrio vulnificus in a Cold Climate in Japan. Intern Med 2016; 55:1007-10. [PMID: 27086822 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.55.5231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus infection often occurs in warm regions, frequently leading to necrotizing fasciitis, sepsis, and death. We herein report a rare case presenting in a cold climate region in northern Japan, Aomori district, of a V. vulnificus infection complicated by necrotizing fasciitis and septic shock. The patient's prior history of injury and typical clinical course were helpful clues to the diagnosis of V. vulnificus infection, and early initiation of antimicrobial treatment saved his life. V. vulnificus infection should be considered even in cold regions, particularly if patients have risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiho Kitamura
- Department of General Medicine, Aomori Prefectural Central Hospital, Japan
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42
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Abstract
Seafood is often associated with foodborne illnesses, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the most common pathogen implicated in outbreaks in Taiwan. In this study, the microbiological quality of 300 raw or mixed ready-to-eat (RTE) and other cooking-needed seafood samples was examined. The total aerobic and coliform counts of the RTE samples were significantly higher than those of other cooking-needed samples. On average, 55.8 and 29.7% of the RTE samples failed to meet the local microbiological standards for total aerobic (5 log CFU/g) and coliform (3 log most probable number [MPN] per g), counts respectively; the corresponding percentages for the RTE samples from Taipei City were 9.1 and 18.2%, respectively. The total aerobic and coliform counts in the RTE samples from supermarkets and chain restaurants were significantly lower than those from traditional restaurants. The Vibrio species were more frequently identified in the cooking-needed samples than in RTE samples. Low incidences of V. parahaemolyticus (1.4%), V. vulnificus (1.9%), and V. cholerae (0%) were detected in most RTE samples. High densities of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus (1,200 MPN/g) were detected in a few RTE samples, only one of which contained toxigenic (tdh(+)) V. parahaemolyticus. The results of this investigation reveal that better hygiene of seafood providers such as chain restaurants, supermarkets, and traditional restaurants in Taipei City would effectively improve the microbiological quality of the seafood. The results will facilitate the establishment of measures for controlling the risks associated with seafood in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hin-Chung Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan 111, Republic of China.
| | - Huai-Yu Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan 111, Republic of China
| | - Hsu-Yang Lin
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan 115, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan 115, Republic of China
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43
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Phippen BL, Oliver JD. Clinical and environmental genotypes of Vibrio vulnificus display distinct, quorum-sensing-mediated, chitin detachment dynamics. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv072. [PMID: 26377182 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability for bacteria to attach to and detach from various substrata is important for colonization, survival and transitioning to new environments. An opportunistic human pathogen, Vibrio vulnificus, can cause potentially fatal septicemia after ingestion of undercooked seafood. Based on genetic polymorphisms, strains of this species are subtyped into clinical (C) and environmental (E) genotypes. Vibrio vulnificus readily associates with chitin, thus we investigated chitin detachment dynamics in these disparate genotypes. We found that C-genotypes detach significantly more than E-genotypes after 24 hours in aerobic as well as anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, expression of genes involved in type IV pilin production was significantly downregulated in C-genotypes compared to E-genotypes, suggesting an importance in detachment. Interestingly, gbpA, a gene that has been shown to be important in host colonization in V. cholerae, was upregulated in the C-genotypes during detachment. Additionally, we found that C-genotypes detached to a greater extent, and produced more quorum-sensing (QS) autoinducer-2 molecules relative to E-genotypes, which suggests a role for QS in detachment. These findings suggest that for V. vulnificus, QS-mediated detachment may be a potential mechanism for transitioning into a human host for C-genotypes, while facilitating E-genotype maintenance in the estuarine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britney L Phippen
- Biological Sciences, UNCC, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - James D Oliver
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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44
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Rapid proliferation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio cholerae during freshwater flash floods in French Mediterranean coastal lagoons. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7600-9. [PMID: 26319881 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01848-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio cholerae of the non-O1/non-O139 serotype are present in coastal lagoons of southern France. In these Mediterranean regions, the rivers have long low-flow periods followed by short-duration or flash floods during and after heavy intense rainstorms, particularly at the end of the summer and in autumn. These floods bring large volumes of freshwater into the lagoons, reducing their salinity. Water temperatures recorded during sampling (15 to 24°C) were favorable for the presence and multiplication of vibrios. In autumn 2011, before heavy rainfalls and flash floods, salinities ranged from 31.4 to 36.1‰ and concentrations of V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and V. cholerae varied from 0 to 1.5 × 10(3) most probable number (MPN)/liter, 0.7 to 2.1 × 10(3) MPN/liter, and 0 to 93 MPN/liter, respectively. Following heavy rainstorms that generated severe flash flooding and heavy discharge of freshwater, salinity decreased, reaching 2.2 to 16.4‰ within 15 days, depending on the site, with a concomitant increase in Vibrio concentration to ca. 10(4) MPN/liter. The highest concentrations were reached with salinities between 10 and 20‰ for V. parahaemolyticus, 10 and 15‰ for V. vulnificus, and 5 and 12‰ for V. cholerae. Thus, an abrupt decrease in salinity caused by heavy rainfall and major flooding favored growth of human-pathogenic Vibrio spp. and their proliferation in the Languedocian lagoons. Based on these results, it is recommended that temperature and salinity monitoring be done to predict the presence of these Vibrio spp. in shellfish-harvesting areas of the lagoons.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Various studies have examined the relationships between vibrios and the environmental conditions surrounding them. However, very few reviews have compiled these studies into cohesive points. This may be due to the fact that these studies examine different environmental parameters, use different sampling, detection, and enumeration methodologies, and occur in diverse geographic locations. The current article is one approach to compile these studies into a cohesive work that assesses the importance of environmental determinants on the abundance of vibrios in coastal ecosystems.
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46
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Temperature effect on high salinity depuration of Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus from the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 192:66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Development of a matrix tool for the prediction of Vibrio species in oysters harvested from North Carolina. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:1111-9. [PMID: 25452288 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03206-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The United States has federal regulations in place to reduce the risk of seafood-related infection caused by the estuarine bacteria Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. However, data to support the development of regulations have been generated in a very few specific regions of the nation. More regionally specific data are needed to further understand the dynamics of human infection relating to shellfish-harvesting conditions in other areas. In this study, oysters and water were collected from four oyster harvest sites in North Carolina over an 11-month period. Samples were analyzed for the abundances of total Vibrio spp., V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus; environmental parameters, including salinity, water temperature, wind velocity, and precipitation, were also measured simultaneously. By utilizing these data, preliminary predictive management tools for estimating the abundance of V. vulnificus bacteria in shellfish were developed. This work highlights the need for further research to elucidate the full suite of factors that drive V. parahaemolyticus abundance.
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48
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Jones JL, Lüdeke CHM, Bowers JC, DeRosia-Banick K, Carey DH, Hastback W. Abundance of Vibrio cholerae, V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) from Long Island sound. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7667-72. [PMID: 25281373 PMCID: PMC4249230 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02820-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibriosis is a leading cause of seafood-associated morbidity and mortality in the United States. Typically associated with consumption of raw or undercooked oysters, vibriosis associated with clam consumption is increasingly being reported. However, little is known about the prevalence of Vibrio spp. in clams. The objective of this study was to compare the levels of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters and clams harvested concurrently from Long Island Sound (LIS). Most probable number (MPN)-real-time PCR methods were used for enumeration of total V. cholerae, V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus, and pathogenic (tdh(+) and/or trh(+)) V. parahaemolyticus. V. cholerae was detected in 8.8% and 3.3% of oyster (n = 68) and clam (n = 30) samples, with levels up to 1.48 and 0.48 log MPN/g in oysters and clams, respectively. V. vulnificus was detected in 97% and 90% of oyster and clam samples, with median levels of 0.97 and -0.08 log MPN/g, respectively. V. parahaemolyticus was detected in all samples, with median levels of 1.88 and 1.07 log MPN/g for oysters and clams, respectively. The differences between V. vulnificus and total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus levels in the two shellfish species were statistically significant (P < 0.001). These data indicate that V. vulnificus and total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus are more prevalent and are present at higher levels in oysters than in hard clams. Additionally, the data suggest differences in vibrio populations between shellfish harvested from different growing area waters within LIS. These results can be used to evaluate and refine illness mitigation strategies employed by risk managers and shellfish control authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Jones
- FDA, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
| | - Catharina H M Lüdeke
- FDA, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA University of Hamburg, Hamburg School of Food Science, Hamburg, Germany
| | - John C Bowers
- FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Public Health Informatics and Analytics, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin DeRosia-Banick
- State of Connecticut, Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Aquaculture, Milford, Connecticut, USA
| | - David H Carey
- State of Connecticut, Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Aquaculture, Milford, Connecticut, USA
| | - William Hastback
- New York State, Department of Environmental Conservation, Bureau of Marine Resources, East Setauket, New York, USA
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49
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Role of anaerobiosis in capsule production and biofilm formation in Vibrio vulnificus. Infect Immun 2014; 83:551-9. [PMID: 25404024 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02559-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus, a pervasive human pathogen, can cause potentially fatal septicemia after consumption of undercooked seafood. Biotype 1 strains of V. vulnificus are most commonly associated with human infection and are separated into two genotypes, clinical (C) and environmental (E), based on the virulence-correlated gene. For ingestion-based vibriosis to occur, this bacterium must be able to withstand multiple conditions as it traverses the gastrointestinal tract and ultimately gains entry into the bloodstream. One such condition, anoxia, has yet to be extensively researched in V. vulnificus. We investigated the effect of oxygen availability on capsular polysaccharide (CPS) production and biofilm formation in this bacterium, both of which are thought to be important for disease progression. We found that lack of oxygen elicits a reduction in both CPS and biofilm formation in both genotypes. This is further supported by the finding that pilA, pilD, and mshA genes, all of which encode type IV pilin proteins that aid in attachment to surfaces, were downregulated during anaerobiosis. Surprisingly, E-genotypes exhibited distinct differences in gene expression levels of capsule and attachment genes compared to C-genotypes, both aerobically and anaerobically. The importance of understanding these disparities may give insight into the observed differences in environmental occurrence and virulence potential between these two genotypes of V. vulnificus.
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50
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Jacobs J, Rhodes M, Brown C, Hood R, Leight A, Long W, Wood R. Modeling and forecasting the distribution of Vibrio vulnificus
in Chesapeake Bay. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:1312-27. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.M. Jacobs
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science; Cooperative Oxford Lab; Oxford MD USA
| | - M. Rhodes
- JHT Inc.; Contractor to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science; Cooperative Oxford Lab; Oxford MD USA
| | - C.W. Brown
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Center for Satellite Applications and Research; College Park MD USA
| | - R.R. Hood
- Center for Environmental Science; Horn Point Laboratory; University of Maryland; Cambridge MD USA
| | - A. Leight
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science; Cooperative Oxford Lab; Oxford MD USA
| | - W. Long
- Center for Environmental Science; Horn Point Laboratory; University of Maryland; Cambridge MD USA
- Marine Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Sequim WA USA
| | - R. Wood
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science; Cooperative Oxford Lab; Oxford MD USA
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