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Ribeiro ALJL, Pérez-Arnaiz P, Sánchez-Costa M, Pérez L, Almendros M, van Vliet L, Gielen F, Lim J, Charnock S, Hollfelder F, González-Pastor JE, Berenguer J, Hidalgo A. Thermostable in vitro transcription-translation compatible with microfluidic droplets. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:169. [PMID: 38858677 PMCID: PMC11165818 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro expression involves the utilization of the cellular transcription and translation machinery in an acellular context to produce one or more proteins of interest and has found widespread application in synthetic biology and in pharmaceutical biomanufacturing. Most in vitro expression systems available are active at moderate temperatures, but to screen large libraries of natural or artificial genetic diversity for highly thermostable enzymes or enzyme variants, it is instrumental to enable protein synthesis at high temperatures. OBJECTIVES Develop an in vitro expression system operating at high temperatures compatible with enzymatic assays and with technologies that enable ultrahigh-throughput protein expression in reduced volumes, such as microfluidic water-in-oil (w/o) droplets. RESULTS We produced cell-free extracts from Thermus thermophilus for in vitro translation including thermostable enzymatic cascades for energy regeneration and a moderately thermostable RNA polymerase for transcription, which ultimately limited the temperature of protein synthesis. The yield was comparable or superior to other thermostable in vitro expression systems, while the preparation procedure is much simpler and can be suited to different Thermus thermophilus strains. Furthermore, these extracts have enabled in vitro expression in microfluidic droplets at high temperatures for the first time. CONCLUSIONS Cell-free extracts from Thermus thermophilus represent a simpler alternative to heavily optimized or pure component thermostable in vitro expression systems. Moreover, due to their compatibility with droplet microfluidics and enzyme assays at high temperatures, the reported system represents a convenient gateway for enzyme screening at higher temperatures with ultrahigh-throughput.
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Grants
- 324439, 635595, 685474, 695669 and 10100560 European Commission
- 324439, 635595, 685474, 695669 and 10100560 European Commission
- 324439, 635595, 685474, 695669 and 10100560 European Commission
- 324439, 635595, 685474, 695669 and 10100560 European Commission
- 324439, 635595, 685474, 695669 and 10100560 European Commission
- 324439, 635595, 685474, 695669 and 10100560 European Commission
- 324439, 635595, 685474, 695669 and 10100560 European Commission
- 324439, 635595, 685474, 695669 and 10100560 European Commission
- 324439, 635595, 685474, 695669 and 10100560 European Commission
- 324439, 635595, 685474, 695669 and 10100560 European Commission
- 324439, 635595, 685474, 695669 and 10100560 European Commission
- 324439, 635595, 685474, 695669 and 10100560 European Commission
- 324439, 635595, 685474, 695669 and 10100560 European Commission
- BIO-2013-44963-R, RED2022-134755-T, CEX2021-001154-S Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- BIO-2013-44963-R, RED2022-134755-T, CEX2021-001154-S Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L J L Ribeiro
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez-Arnaiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Sánchez-Costa
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Pérez
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Almendros
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Liisa van Vliet
- Departament of Biochemistry, Cambridge University, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
- DropTech Ltd, 91 Canterbury Court, Cambridge, CB4 3QU, UK
| | - Fabrice Gielen
- DropTech Ltd, 91 Canterbury Court, Cambridge, CB4 3QU, UK
- Living Systems Institute, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Jesmine Lim
- Prozomix Ltd, Building 4, West End Ind. Estate, Haltwhistle, Northumberland, NE49 9HA, UK
| | - Simon Charnock
- Prozomix Ltd, Building 4, West End Ind. Estate, Haltwhistle, Northumberland, NE49 9HA, UK
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Departament of Biochemistry, Cambridge University, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - J Eduardo González-Pastor
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Ctra de Torrejón a Ajalvir, Km 4, 28850, Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - José Berenguer
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelio Hidalgo
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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Lin ZH, Chen CS, Zhong QS, Ruan QC, Chen ZH, You XM, Shan RY, Li XL. The GC-TOF/MS-based Metabolomic analysis reveals altered metabolic profiles in nitrogen-deficient leaves and roots of tea plants (Camellia sinensis). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:506. [PMID: 34727870 PMCID: PMC8561955 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is commonly considered as one of the most important limiting factors in the agricultural production. As a result, a large amount of N fertilizer is used to improve the yield in modern tea production. Unfortunately, the large amount of N fertilizer input has led to increased plant nitrogen-tolerance and decreased amplitude of yield improvement, which results in significant N loss, energy waste and environment pollution. However, the effects of N-deficiency on the metabolic profiles of tea leaves and roots are not well understood. RESULTS In this study, seedlings of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze Chunlv 2 were treated with 3 mM NH4NO3 (Control) or without NH4NO3 (N-deficiency) for 4 months by sandy culture. The results suggested that N-deficiency induced tea leaf chlorosis, impaired biomass accumulation, decreased the leaf chlorophyll content and N absorption when they were compared to the Control samples. The untargeted metabolomics based on GC-TOF/MS approach revealed a discrimination of the metabolic profiles between N-deficient tea leaves and roots. The identification and classification of the altered metabolites indicated that N deficiency upregulated the relative abundances of most phenylpropanoids and organic acids, while downregulated the relative abundances of most amino acids in tea leaves. Differentially, N-deficiency induced the accumulation of most carbohydrates, organic acids and amino acids in tea roots. The potential biomarkers screened in N-deficient leaves compared to Control implied that N deficiency might reduce the tea quality. Unlike the N-deficient leaves, the potential biomarkers in N-deficient roots indicated an improved stress response might occur in tea roots. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated N deficiency had different effects on the primary and secondary metabolism in tea leaves and roots. The findings of this study will facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the N-deficient tea plants and provide a valuable reference for the optimized N nutrient management and the sustainable development in the tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-He Lin
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China.
| | - Chang-Song Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Qiu-Sheng Zhong
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Qi-Chun Ruan
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Xiao-Mei You
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Rui-Yang Shan
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Xin-Lei Li
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
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Dhaliwal HK, Gänzle M, Roopesh MS. Influence of drying conditions, food composition, and water activity on the thermal resistance of Salmonella enterica. Food Res Int 2021; 147:110548. [PMID: 34399525 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella contamination of low-water activity (aw) foods poses a serious concern worldwide. The present study was conducted to assess the effects of drying conditions, food composition, and water activity on the desiccation tolerance and thermal resistance of S. Enteritidis FUA1946, S. Senftenberg ATCC43845 and S. Typhimurium ATCC13311 in pet food, binder formulation, and skim milk powder. The samples were wet inoculated with the individual Salmonella strains and were equilibrated to aw 0.33 and 0.75, followed by an isothermal treatment at 70 °C. The thermal inactivation data was fitted to the Weibull model. Irrespective of the aw, food composition and physical structure of the selected foods, strain S. Enteritidis FUA1946 displayed the highest desiccation and thermal resistance, followed by S. Senftenberg ATCC43845 and S. Typhimurium ATCC13311. The food matrix and strain type significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the thermal resistance of microorganisms in foods along with aw change during thermal treatments. To further study the effect of food composition, an additional set of experiments using dry inoculation of the resistant Salmonella strain in the low-aw foods was designed. Significant (p < 0.05) matrix-dependent interaction on Salmonella reduction was observed. The water adsorption isotherms of selected low-aw foods were measured at 20 and 70 °C to relate the thermal inactivation kinetics with the change in the aw. The characterization of thermal resistance of the Salmonella serovars in low-aw products with different compositions and aw in this study may be used for the validation of thermal challenge studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur Dhaliwal
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Michael Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - M S Roopesh
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Ferreira P, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ. THE CATALYTIC MECHANISM OF THE RETAINING GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE MANNOSYLGLYCERATE SYNTHASE. Chemistry 2021; 27:13998-14006. [PMID: 34355437 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To protect their intracellular proteins, extremophile microorganisms synthesize molecules called compatible solutes. These molecules are the result of the attachment of a small negatively charged molecule to a sugar molecule. It has been found that these molecules, not only protect the microorganism against osmotic stress, as initially thought, but also against other extreme conditions. The observation that these molecules can confer protection against extreme conditions to isolated enzymes from different organisms made them an exciting prospect for potential biotechnological applications. One of the most widespread compatible solute in hyperthermophile organisms is the molecule 2-O-α-D-mannosyl-D-glycerate (MG). In addition to confer protection to proteins against extreme conditions, MG was found to prevent Alzheimer's β-amyloid aggregation and reduce α-synuclein fibril formation in Parkinson's disease. In this work we studied, using computational methods, the catalytic mechanism of the synthesis of MG by the enzyme mannosylglycerate synthase (MGS) from the thermophilic bacteria Rhodothermus marinus . MGS is a promiscuous enzyme, accepting a variety of sugar donors and acceptors. This feature can be used to synthesize other molecules with potential biotechnological applications beyond MG. The unravelling of the catalytic mechanism with atomistic resolution and the associated free energies and electrostatic profiles of the stationary states obtained in the present work will help future investigations to full explore the potential of MGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ferreira
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Ramos
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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5
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Bolje A, Gobec S. Analytical Techniques for Structural Characterization of Proteins in Solid Pharmaceutical Forms: An Overview. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040534. [PMID: 33920461 PMCID: PMC8070348 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins as biopharmaceuticals have emerged as a very important class of drugs for the treatment of many diseases. However, they are less stable compared to conventional pharmaceuticals. Their long-term stability in solid forms, which is critical for product performance, depends heavily on the retention of the native protein structure during the lyophilization (freeze-drying) process and, thereafter, in the solid state. Indeed, the biological function of proteins is directly related to the tertiary and secondary structure. Besides physical stability and biological activity, conformational stability (three-dimensional structure) is another important aspect when dealing with protein pharmaceuticals. Moreover, denaturation as loss of higher order structure is often a precursor to aggregation or chemical instability. Careful study of the physical and chemical properties of proteins in the dried state is therefore critical during biopharmaceutical drug development to deliver a final drug product with built-in quality that is safe, high-quality, efficient, and affordable for patients. This review provides an overview of common analytical techniques suitable for characterizing pharmaceutical protein powders, providing structural, and conformational information, as well as insights into dynamics. Such information can be very useful in formulation development, where selecting the best formulation for the drug can be quite a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljoša Bolje
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (S.G.); Tel.: +386-147-69500 (A.B.); +386-147-69585 (S.G.)
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (S.G.); Tel.: +386-147-69500 (A.B.); +386-147-69585 (S.G.)
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6
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Isleroglu H, Turker I, Koc B, Tokatli M. Optimization of microencapsulation conditions of transglutaminase by freeze drying. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2019; 56:4925-4937. [PMID: 31741516 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03962-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase (TG), which is an important enzyme for food processing, can enhance the firmness, viscosity and water binding capacity of food products by catalyzing the cross-linking reaction of proteins. Since preservation of the enzyme activity is essential, the production of microencapsulated powder form of TG can be a great challenge to maintain its initial activity. In this study, TG was microencapsulated using a freeze drying technique and the effects of homogenization conditions and coating material ratios on the enzyme activity were investigated using D-optimal combined design. Mannitol, gum arabic and casein were chosen as coating materials and different homogenization times (1-5 min) and homogenization rates (11,200-20,000 rpm) were applied. The optimum conditions which ensure the maximum enzyme activity have been determined as 11,200 rpm of homogenization rate, 1.27 min of homogenization time, and in addition a mixture of mannitol, gum arabic and casein with ratios 38.2, 40.2, and 21.6%, respectively. Most of the activity loss occurred in the homogenization stage and the coating materials preserved enzyme activity during freeze drying. At the optimum point, the remaining activity of the microencapsulated TG was 93% while that of the crude (without coating materials) TG was 64% at the same drying conditions. Moreover, the effects of the microencapsulation conditions on the physical properties of powder such as moisture content, color, particle, bulk and tapped densities, porosity and flowability were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Isleroglu
- 1Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, 60150 Tokat, Turkey
| | - Izzet Turker
- 1Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, 60150 Tokat, Turkey
| | - Banu Koc
- 2Fine Arts, Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tokatli
- 1Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, 60150 Tokat, Turkey
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Isleroglu H, Turker I, Koc B, Tokatli M. Microencapsulation of Microbial Transglutaminase by Ultrasonic Spray-Freeze Drying. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-019-02353-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Faria C, Borges N, Rocha I, Santos H. Production of mannosylglycerate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by metabolic engineering and bioprocess optimization. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:178. [PMID: 30445960 PMCID: PMC6240254 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-1023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mannosylglycerate (MG) is one of the most widespread compatible solutes among marine microorganisms adapted to hot environments. This ionic solute holds excellent ability to protect proteins against thermal denaturation, hence a large number of biotechnological and clinical applications have been put forward. However, the current prohibitive production costs impose severe constraints towards large-scale applications. All known microbial producers synthesize MG from GDP-mannose and 3-phosphoglycerate via a two-step pathway in which mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate is the intermediate metabolite. In an early work, this pathway was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the goal to confirm gene function (Empadinhas et al. in J Bacteriol 186:4075-4084, 2004), but the level of MG accumulation was low. Therefore, in view of the potential biotechnological value of this compound, we decided to invest further effort to convert S. cerevisiae into an efficient cell factory for MG production. RESULTS To drive MG production, the pathway for the synthesis of GDP-mannose, one of the MG biosynthetic precursors, was overexpressed in S. cerevisiae along with the MG biosynthetic pathway. MG production was evaluated under different cultivation modes, i.e., flask bottle, batch, and continuous mode with different dilution rates. The genes encoding mannose-6-phosphate isomerase (PMI40) and GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (PSA1) were introduced into strain MG01, hosting a plasmid encoding the MG biosynthetic machinery. The resulting engineered strain (MG02) showed around a twofold increase in the activity of PMI40 and PSA1 in comparison to the wild-type. In batch mode, strain MG02 accumulated 15.86 mgMG g DCW -1 , representing a 2.2-fold increase relative to the reference strain (MG01). In continuous culture, at a dilution rate of 0.15 h-1, there was a 1.5-fold improvement in productivity. CONCLUSION In the present study, the yield and productivity of MG were increased by overexpression of the GDP-mannose pathway and optimization of the mode of cultivation. A maximum of 15.86 mgMG g DCW -1 was achieved in batch cultivation and maximal productivity of 1.79 mgMG g DCW -1 h-1 in continuous mode. Additionally, a positive correlation between MG productivity and growth rate/dilution rate was established, although this correlation is not observed for MG yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Faria
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nuno Borges
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Isabel Rocha
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. .,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Helena Santos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
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Zhao L, Huang Y, Adeleye AS, Keller AA. Metabolomics Reveals Cu(OH) 2 Nanopesticide-Activated Anti-oxidative Pathways and Decreased Beneficial Antioxidants in Spinach Leaves. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:10184-10194. [PMID: 28738142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
While the use of nanopesticides in modern agriculture continues to increase, their effects on crop plants are still poorly understood. Here, 4 week old spinach plants grown in an artificial medium were exposed via foliar spray to Cu(OH)2 nanopesticide (0.18 and 18 mg/plant) or Cu ions (0.15 and 15 mg/plant) for 7 days. A gas chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry metabolomics approach was applied to assess metabolic alterations induced by Cu(OH)2 nanopesticide in spinach leaves. Exposure to Cu(OH)2 nanopesticide and copper ions induced alterations in the metabolite profiles of spinach leaves. Compared to the control, exposure to 18 mg of Cu(OH)2 nanopesticide induced significant reduction (29-85%) in antioxidant or defense-associated metabolites including ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, threonic acid, β-sitosterol, 4-hydroxybutyric acid, ferulic acid, and total phenolics. The metabolic pathway for ascorbate and aldarate was disturbed in all exposed spinach plants (nanopesticide and Cu2+). Cu2+ is responsible for the reduction in antioxidants and perturbation of the ascorbate and aldarate metabolism. However, nitrogen metabolism perturbation was nanopesticide-specific. Spinach biomass and photosynthetic pigments were not altered, indicating that metabolomics can be a rapid and sensitive tool for the detection og earlier nanopesticide effects. Consumption of antioxidants during the antioxidant defense process resulted in reduction of the nutritional value of exposed spinach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhao
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management and ‡Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Yuxiong Huang
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management and ‡Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Adeyemi S Adeleye
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management and ‡Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Arturo A Keller
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management and ‡Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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10
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Hamon N, Mouline CC, Travert M. Synthesis of Mannosylglycerate Derivatives as Immunostimulating Agents. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Hamon
- Kercells Biosciences; 45 rue Clemenceau - CS 30300 29403 Landivisiau CEDEX France
| | - Caroline C. Mouline
- Kercells Biosciences; 45 rue Clemenceau - CS 30300 29403 Landivisiau CEDEX France
| | - Marion Travert
- Kercells Biosciences; 45 rue Clemenceau - CS 30300 29403 Landivisiau CEDEX France
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11
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Spier MR, Siepmann FB, Staack L, Souza PZ, Kumar V, Medeiros ABP, Soccol CR. Impact of microbial growth inhibition and proteolytic activity on the stability of a new formulation containing a phytate-degrading enzyme obtained from mushroom. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 46:725-33. [PMID: 26760722 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2015.1135456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of stable enzymes is a key issue in both the food and feed industries. Consequently, the aim of the current study is to evaluate the impact of various additives (sodium chloride, sodium citrate, mannitol, methylparaben, polyethylene glycol 3350, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, and a serine protease inhibitor) on the stability of a mushroom phytase produced by solid-state cultivation and recovery. Also observed was the effect of the additives on microbial growth inhibition by monitoring both the change in optical density over 30 days of storage and proteolytic activity. Initially, eight experimental formulations were prepared along with a control. After screening, a 3(2) factorial design was applied to define suitable concentrations of the selected additives. Among the eight formulations tested, the formulation containing NaCl, PEG 3350, and methylparaben retained all of the initial phytase activity after 50 days of storage, with no detected interference from protease activity. Sodium citrate, a metal chelation agent, presented the unusual effect of reducing protease activity in the formulations. Although all formulations presented better phytase stability when compared to the control, NaCl and PEG were both able to prolong the stability of the enzyme activity and also to inhibit microbial growth during storage, making them favorable for application as food and feed additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele R Spier
- a Chemical Engineering Department, Food Engineering Post Graduate Program , Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba , Paraná State , Brazil
| | - Francieli B Siepmann
- a Chemical Engineering Department, Food Engineering Post Graduate Program , Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba , Paraná State , Brazil
| | - Larissa Staack
- b Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department , Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba , Paraná State , Brazil
| | - Priscila Z Souza
- b Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department , Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba , Paraná State , Brazil
| | - Vikas Kumar
- c Division of Aquaculture, College of Agriculture, Food Science and Sustainable Systems , Kentucky State University , Frankfort , Kentucky , USA
| | - Adriane B P Medeiros
- b Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department , Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba , Paraná State , Brazil
| | - Carlos R Soccol
- b Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department , Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba , Paraná State , Brazil
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12
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Li H, Gänzle M. Some Like It Hot: Heat Resistance of Escherichia coli in Food. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1763. [PMID: 27857712 PMCID: PMC5093140 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat treatment and cooking are common interventions for reducing the numbers of vegetative cells and eliminating pathogenic microorganisms in food. Current cooking method requires the internal temperature of beef patties to reach 71°C. However, some pathogenic Escherichia coli such as the beef isolate E. coli AW 1.7 are extremely heat resistant, questioning its inactivation by current heat interventions in beef processing. To optimize the conditions of heat treatment for effective decontaminations of pathogenic E. coli strains, sufficient estimations, and explanations are necessary on mechanisms of heat resistance of target strains. The heat resistance of E. coli depends on the variability of strains and properties of food formulations including salt and water activity. Heat induces alterations of E. coli cells including membrane, cytoplasm, ribosome and DNA, particularly on proteins including protein misfolding and aggregations. Resistant systems of E. coli act against these alterations, mainly through gene regulations of heat response including EvgA, heat shock proteins, σE and σS, to re-fold of misfolded proteins, and achieve antagonism to heat stress. Heat resistance can also be increased by expression of key proteins of membrane and stabilization of membrane fluidity. In addition to the contributions of the outer membrane porin NmpC and overcome of osmotic stress from compatible solutes, the new identified genomic island locus of heat resistant performs a critical role to these highly heat resistant strains. This review aims to provide an overview of current knowledge on heat resistance of E. coli, to better understand its related mechanisms and explore more effective applications of heat interventions in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, EdmontonAB, Canada
| | - Michael Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, EdmontonAB, Canada
- College of Bioengineering and Food Science, Hubei University of TechnologyHubei, China
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13
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Beblo-Vranesevic K, Galinski EA, Rachel R, Huber H, Rettberg P. Influence of osmotic stress on desiccation and irradiation tolerance of (hyper)-thermophilic microorganisms. Arch Microbiol 2016; 199:17-28. [PMID: 27443666 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the influence of prior salt adaptation on the survival rate of (hyper)-thermophilic bacteria and archaea after desiccation and UV or ionizing irradiation treatment. Survival rates after desiccation of Hydrogenothermus marinus and Archaeoglobus fulgidus increased considerably when the cells were cultivated at higher salt concentrations before drying. By doubling the concentration of NaCl, a 30 times higher survival rate of H. marinus after desiccation was observed. Under salt stress, the compatible solute diglycerol phosphate in A. fulgidus and glucosylglycerate in H. marinus accumulated in the cytoplasm. Several different compatible solutes were added as protectants to A. fulgidus and H. marinus before desiccation treatment. Some of these had similar effects as intracellularly produced compatible solutes. The survival rates of H. marinus and A. fulgidus after exposure to UV-C (254 nm) or ionizing X-ray/gamma radiation were irrespective of the salt-induced synthesis or the addition of compatible solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Beblo-Vranesevic
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Division, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Linder Höhe, 51147, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Erwin A Galinski
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Reinhard Rachel
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Center for Electron Microscopy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Harald Huber
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Center, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Petra Rettberg
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Division, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Linder Höhe, 51147, Cologne, Germany
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14
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Cario A, Jebbar M, Thiel A, Kervarec N, Oger PM. Molecular chaperone accumulation as a function of stress evidences adaptation to high hydrostatic pressure in the piezophilic archaeon Thermococcus barophilus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29483. [PMID: 27378270 PMCID: PMC4932500 DOI: 10.1038/srep29483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of mannosyl-glycerate (MG), the salinity stress response osmolyte of Thermococcales, was investigated as a function of hydrostatic pressure in Thermococcus barophilus strain MP, a hyperthermophilic, piezophilic archaeon isolated from the Snake Pit site (MAR), which grows optimally at 40 MPa. Strain MP accumulated MG primarily in response to salinity stress, but in contrast to other Thermococcales, MG was also accumulated in response to thermal stress. MG accumulation peaked for combined stresses. The accumulation of MG was drastically increased under sub-optimal hydrostatic pressure conditions, demonstrating that low pressure is perceived as a stress in this piezophile, and that the proteome of T. barophilus is low-pressure sensitive. MG accumulation was strongly reduced under supra-optimal pressure conditions clearly demonstrating the structural adaptation of this proteome to high hydrostatic pressure. The lack of MG synthesis only slightly altered the growth characteristics of two different MG synthesis deletion mutants. No shift to other osmolytes was observed. Altogether our observations suggest that the salinity stress response in T. barophilus is not essential and may be under negative selective pressure, similarly to what has been observed for its thermal stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Cario
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5276, Lyon, France
| | - Mohamed Jebbar
- Univ Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, UMR 6197-Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), rue Dumont d'Urville, 29 280 Plouzané, France
| | - Axel Thiel
- Univ Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, UMR 6197-Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes (LM2E), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), rue Dumont d'Urville, 29 280 Plouzané, France
| | - Nelly Kervarec
- Univ Brest, PLATE-FORME TECHNOLOGIQUE RMN-RPE-SM, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Avenue Le Gorgeu, Brest, France
| | - Phil M Oger
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5276, Lyon, France.,Univ Lyon, INSA de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5240, Lyon, France
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15
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Lamosa P, Lourenço EC, d'Avó F, Nobre A, Bandeiras TM, da Costa MS, Ventura MR, Santos H. A unique glyceryl diglycoside identified in the thermophilic, radiation-resistant bacterium Rubrobacter xylanophilus. Extremophiles 2015; 19:373-82. [PMID: 25555708 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-014-0723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The solute pool of the actinobacterium Rubrobacter xylanophilus has been investigated as a function of the growth temperature and concentration of NaCl in the medium (Empadinhas et al. Extremophiles 11: 667-673, 2007). Changing the carbon source from glucose to maltose in a minimal growth medium led to the accumulation of an unknown organic compound whose structure was investigated by NMR and confirmed by chemical synthesis in the present study as: (2R)-2-(1-O-α-D-mannopyranosyl)-3-(1-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-glycerate (MGlyG). In addition to this newly identified diglycoside, the solute pool of R. xylanophilus included trehalose, mannosylglycerate, di-myo-inositol phosphate and di-N-acetyl-glucosamine phosphate. The structure of MGlyG was established by NMR and confirmed by chemical synthesis. The availability of g-amounts of the synthetic material allowed us to perform stabilization tests on three model enzymes (malate dehydrogenase, staphylococcal nuclease, and lysozyme), and compare the efficacy of MGlyG with other natural glyceryl glycosides, such as α-D-mannosyl-D-glycerate, α-D-glucosyl-D-glycerate and α-D-glucosyl-(1 → 6)-α-D-glucosyl-(1 → 2)-D-glycerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lamosa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República-EAN, Apartado 127, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal,
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16
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Sato S, Kitamoto D, Habe H. In vitro evaluation of glyceric acid and its glucosyl derivative, α-glucosylglyceric acid, as cell proliferation inducers and protective solutes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1183-6. [PMID: 25229854 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.885823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that 0.78 mm glyceric acid activated the proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts by about 45%, whereas 34 mm α-glucosylglyceric acid (GGA) increased collagen synthesis by the fibroblasts by 1.4-fold compared to that in the absence of GGA. The two substances also exerted protective effects on both DNA scission by the hydroxyl radical and protein aggregation by heat in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Sato
- a Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba, Ibaraki , Japan
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17
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Cabrefiga J, Francés J, Montesinos E, Bonaterra A. Improvement of a dry formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens EPS62e for fire blight disease biocontrol by combination of culture osmoadaptation with a freeze-drying lyoprotectant. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:1122-31. [PMID: 24947806 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the effect of lyoprotectants and osmoadaptation on viability of Pseudomonas fluorescens EPS62e during freeze-drying and storage and to evaluate the formulation in terms of efficacy in biocontrol and fitness on pear flowers. METHODS AND RESULTS A wettable powder formulation of a biocontrol agent of fire blight was optimized by means of lyoprotectants and culture osmoadaptation. Freeze-drying was used to obtain dehydrated cells, and the best viability (70% of survival) was obtained using lactose as lyoprotectant. Survival during lyophilization was additionally improved using physiological adaptation of cells during cultivation under salt-amended medium (osmoadaptation). The procedure increased the survival of cells after freeze-drying attaining viability values close to a 100% in the lactose-formulated product (3 × 10(11) CFU g(-1) ), and through the storage period of 1 year at 4°C. The dry formulation showed also an improved biocontrol efficacy and survival of EPS62e on pear flowers under low relative humidity conditions. CONCLUSIONS Cell viability after freeze-drying was improved using lactose as lyoprotectant combined with a procedure of osmoadaptation during cultivation. The powder-formulated product remained active for 12 months and retained biocontrol levels similar to that of fresh cells. The formulation showed an improved survival of EPS62e on flowers and an increase of the efficacy of biocontrol of fire blight at low relative humidity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results have a potential value for commercial application in biocontrol agents not only of fire blight but also of other plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cabrefiga
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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18
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Radiation Resistance in Extremophiles: Fending Off Multiple Attacks. CELLULAR ORIGIN, LIFE IN EXTREME HABITATS AND ASTROBIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6488-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Zhang N, Pan XM, Ge M. Without salt, the 'thermophilic' protein Mth10b is just mesophilic. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53125. [PMID: 23300880 PMCID: PMC3531384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most proteins from thermophiles or hyperthermophiles are intrinsically thermostable. However, though Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum ΔH is a thermophilic archaeon with an optimal growth temperature of 65 °C, Mth10b, an atypical member the Sac10b protein family from M. thermoautotrophicum ΔH, seems not intrinsically thermostable. In this work, to clarify the molecular mechanism of Mth10b remaining stable under its physiological conditions, the thermodynamic properties of Mth10b were studied through equilibrium unfolding experiments performed at pH 7.0 monitored by circular dichroism (CD) spectra in detail. Our work demonstrated that Mth10b is not intrinsically thermostable and that due to the masking effect upon the large numbers of destabilizing electrostatic repulsions resulting from the extremely uneven distribution of charged residues over the surface of Mth10b, salt can contribute to the thermostability of Mth10b greatly. Considering that the intracellular salt concentration is high to 0.7 M, we concluded that salt is the key extrinsic factor to Mth10b remaining stable under its physiological conditions. In other word, without salt, 'thermophilic' protein Mth10b is just a mesophilic one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Ming Pan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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20
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Organic solutes in the deepest phylogenetic branches of the Bacteria: identification of α(1–6)glucosyl-α(1–2)glucosylglycerate in Persephonella marina. Extremophiles 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-012-0500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Role of Mn2+ and compatible solutes in the radiation resistance of thermophilic bacteria and archaea. ARCHAEA-AN INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2012; 2012:845756. [PMID: 23209374 PMCID: PMC3505630 DOI: 10.1155/2012/845756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-resistant bacteria have garnered a great deal of attention from scientists seeking to expose the mechanisms underlying their incredible survival abilities. Recent analyses showed that the resistance to ionizing radiation (IR) in the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum is dependent upon Mn-antioxidant complexes responsible for the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by radiation. Here we examined the role of the compatible solutes trehalose, mannosylglycerate, and di-myo-inositol phosphate in the radiation resistance of aerobic and anaerobic thermophiles. We found that the IR resistance of the thermophilic bacteria Rubrobacter xylanophilus and Rubrobacter radiotolerans was highly correlated to the accumulation of high intracellular concentration of trehalose in association with Mn, supporting the model of Mn2+-dependent ROS scavenging in the aerobes. In contrast, the hyperthermophilic archaea Thermococcus gammatolerans and Pyrococcus furiosus did not contain significant amounts of intracellular Mn, and we found no significant antioxidant activity from mannosylglycerate and di-myo-inositol phosphate in vitro. We therefore propose that the low levels of IR-generated ROS under anaerobic conditions combined with highly constitutively expressed detoxification systems in these anaerobes are key to their radiation resistance and circumvent the need for the accumulation of Mn-antioxidant complexes in the cell.
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22
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Interactions of formulation excipients with proteins in solution and in the dried state. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1053-73. [PMID: 21756953 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A variety of excipients are used to stabilize proteins, suppress protein aggregation, reduce surface adsorption, or to simply provide physiological osmolality. The stabilizers encompass a wide variety of molecules including sugars, salts, polymers, surfactants, and amino acids, in particular arginine. The effects of these excipients on protein stability in solution are mainly caused by their interaction with the protein and the container surface, and most importantly with water. Some excipients stabilize proteins in solution by direct binding, while others use a number of fundamentally different mechanisms that involve indirect interactions. In the dry state, any effects that the excipients confer to proteins through their interactions with water are irrelevant, as water is no longer present. Rather, the excipients stabilize proteins through direct binding and their effects on the physical properties of the dried powder. This review will describe a number of mechanisms by which the excipients interact with proteins in solution and with various interfaces, and their effects on the physical properties of the dried protein structure, and explain how the various interaction forces are related to their observed effects on protein stability.
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23
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Lourenço EC, Ventura MR. Synthesis of Potassium (2R)-2-O-α-D-Mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-D-glucopyranosyl-2,3-dihydroxypropanoate: A Naturally Compatible Solute. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Fiorentino G, Del Giudice I, Bartolucci S, Durante L, Martino L, Del Vecchio P. Identification and Physicochemical Characterization of BldR2 from Sulfolobus solfataricus, a Novel Archaeal Member of the MarR Transcription Factor Family. Biochemistry 2011; 50:6607-21. [DOI: 10.1021/bi200187j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Fiorentino
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Edificio 7, via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Del Giudice
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Edificio 7, via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Simonetta Bartolucci
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Edificio 7, via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Durante
- Department of Chemistry “Paolo Corradini”, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Martino
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Pompea Del Vecchio
- Department of Chemistry “Paolo Corradini”, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
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25
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Yang FL, Yang YL, Wu SH. Structure and function of glycolipids in thermophilic bacteria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 705:367-80. [PMID: 21618118 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7877-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ling Yang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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26
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Lamosa P, Mingote AI, Groudieva T, Klippel B, Egorova K, Jabbour D, Santos H, Antranikian G. Gluconeotrehalose is the principal organic solute in the psychrotolerant bacterium Carnobacterium strain 17-4. Extremophiles 2011; 15:463-72. [PMID: 21509422 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-011-0377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A high proportion of microorganisms that colonise cold environments originate from marine sites; hence, they must combine adaptation to low temperature with osmoregulation. However, little or nothing is known about the nature of compatible solutes used by cold-adapted organisms to balance the osmotic pressure of the external medium. We studied the intracellular accumulation of small organic solutes in the Arctic isolate Carnobacterium strain 17-4 as a function of the growth temperature and the NaCl concentration in the medium. Data on 16S rDNA sequence and DNA-DNA hybridisation tests corroborate the assignment of this isolate as a new species of the bacterial genus Carnobacterium. The growth profiles displayed maximal specific growth rate at 30°C in medium without NaCl, and maximal values of final biomass at growth temperatures between 10 and 20°C. Therefore, Carnobacterium strain 17-4 exhibits halotolerant and psychrotolerant behaviours. The solute pool contained glycine-betaine, the main solute used for osmoregulation, and an unknown compound whose structure was identified as α-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-β-glucopyranosyl-(1-1)-α-glucopyranose (abbreviated as gluconeotrehalose), using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. This unusual solute consistently accumulated to high levels (0.35 ± 0.05 mg/mg cell protein) regardless of the growth temperature or salinity. The efficiency of gluconeotrehalose in the stabilisation of four model enzymes against heat damage was also assessed, and the effects were highly protein dependent. The lack of variation in the gluconeotrehalose content observed under heat stress, osmotic stress, and starvation provides no clue for the physiological role of this rare solute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lamosa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República-EAN, Oeiras, Portugal
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27
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State diagrams for improving processing and storage of foods, biological materials, and pharmaceuticals (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-rep-10-07-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplemented temperature/composition phase diagrams include the non-equilibrium glass-transition temperature (Tg) curve and equilibrium ice-melting and solubility curves. The inclusion of the non-equilibrium curve allows one to establish relationships with the time coordinate and, thus, with the dynamic behavior of systems, provided that the thermal history of such systems is known. The objective of this report is to contribute to the potential applications of supplemented state diagrams for aqueous glass-formers, in order to describe the influence of water content, nature of vitrifying agents, and temperature on the physico-chemical properties of foods and biological and pharmaceutical products. These data are helpful to develop formulations, processing strategies, or storage procedures in order to optimize the stability of food ingredients and pharmaceutical formulations. Reported experimental data on phase and state transitions for several food and pharmaceutical systems were analyzed. Some methodological aspects and the effect of phase and state transitions on the main potential chemical reactions that can alter those systems during processing and/or storage are discussed.
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28
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Gonçalves S, Esteves AM, Borges N, Santos H, Matias PM. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase from Thermus thermophilus HB27. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:390-6. [PMID: 21393850 PMCID: PMC3053170 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111002843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mannosylglycerate (MG) is primarily known as an osmolyte and is widely distributed among (hyper)thermophilic marine microorganisms. The synthesis of MG via mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate synthase (MpgS) and mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase (MpgP), the so-called two-step pathway, is the most prevalent route among these organisms. The phosphorylated intermediate mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate is synthesized by the first enzyme and is subsequently dephosphorylated by the second. The structure of MpgS from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus HB27 has recently been solved and characterized. Here, the cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of MpgP from T. thermophilus HB27 are reported. Size-exclusion chromatography assays suggested a dimeric assembly in solution for MpgP at pH 6.3 and together with differential scanning fluorimetry data showed that high ionic strength and charge compensation were required to produce a highly pure and soluble protein sample for crystallographic studies. The crystals obtained belonged to the monoclinic space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a=39.52, b=70.68, c=95.42 Å, β=92.95°. Diffraction data were measured to 1.9 Å resolution. Matthews coefficient calculations suggested the presence of two MpgP monomers in the asymmetric unit and the calculation of a self-rotation Patterson map indicated that the two monomers could be related by a noncrystallographic twofold rotation axis, forming a dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Gonçalves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Esteves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nuno Borges
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Helena Santos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro M. Matias
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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29
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Lourenço EC, Ventura MR. The synthesis of compatible solute analogues-solvent effects on selective glycosylation. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:163-8. [PMID: 21146159 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl 6-O-acetyl-2,3,4-tribenzyl-1-d-thioglucoside and ethyl 6-O-acetyl-2,3,4-tribenzyl-1-d-thiogalactoside, as a mixture of anomers, were employed in the study of the influence of solvent in the stereoselectivity of the glycosylation reaction with small and reactive acceptors. High α-selectivities were obtained in the glycosylation reactions using NIS/TfOH as activator and ethyl ether as the solvent at -60°C. Other solvent mixtures such as dichloromethane, THF, THF/ethyl ether and toluene/dioxane were not nearly as selective. The corresponding thiogalactoside underwent similar glycosylations with the same solvents but with low anomer selectivity. These glycosides are key intermediates for the synthesis of new analogues of compatible solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Lourenço
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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Luley-Goedl C, Nidetzky B. Glycosides as compatible solutes: biosynthesis and applications. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:875-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c0np00067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Empadinhas N, da Costa MS. Diversity, biological roles and biosynthetic pathways for sugar-glycerate containing compatible solutes in bacteria and archaea. Environ Microbiol 2010; 13:2056-77. [PMID: 21176052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A decade ago the compatible solutes mannosylglycerate (MG) and glucosylglycerate (GG) were considered to be rare in nature. Apart from two species of thermophilic bacteria, Thermus thermophilus and Rhodothermus marinus, and a restricted group of hyperthermophilic archaea, the Thermococcales, MG had only been identified in a few red algae. Glucosylglycerate was considered to be even rarer and had only been detected as an insignificant solute in two halophilic microorganisms, a cyanobacterium, as a component of a polysaccharide and of a glycolipid in two actinobacteria. Unlike the hyper/thermophilic MG-accumulating microorganisms, branching close to the root of the Tree of Life, those harbouring GG shared a mesophilic lifestyle. Exceptionally, the thermophilic bacterium Persephonella marina was reported to accumulate GG. However, and especially owing to the identification of the key-genes for MG and GG synthesis and to the escalating numbers of genomes available, a plethora of new organisms with the resources to synthesize these solutes has been recognized. The accumulation of GG as an 'emergency' compatible solute under combined salt stress and nitrogen-deficient conditions now seems to be a disseminated survival strategy from enterobacteria to marine cyanobacteria. In contrast, the thermophilic and extremely radiation-resistant bacterium Rubrobacter xylanophilus is the only actinobacterium known to accumulate MG, and under all growth conditions tested. This review addresses the environmental factors underlying the accumulation of MG, GG and derivatives in bacteria and archaea and their roles during stress adaptation or as precursors for more elaborated macromolecules. The diversity of pathways for MG and GG synthesis as well as those for some of their derivatives is also discussed. The importance of glycerate-derived organic solutes in the microbial world is only now being recognized. Their stress-dependent accumulation and the molecular aspects of their interactions with biomolecules have already fuelled several emerging applications in biotechnology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Empadinhas
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Sawangwan T, Goedl C, Nidetzky B. Glucosylglycerol and glucosylglycerate as enzyme stabilizers. Biotechnol J 2009; 5:187-91. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200900197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yamaji K, Kanai T, Nomura SIM, Akiyoshi K, Negishi M, Chen Y, Atomi H, Yoshikawa K, Imanaka T. Protein synthesis in giant liposomes using the in vitro translation system of Thermococcus kodakaraensis. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2009; 8:325-31. [PMID: 19884103 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2009.2035278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro translation system, based on cell components of the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Thermococcus kodakaraensis, has previously been developed. The system has been optimized and applied for protein production at high temperatures (60-65 degrees C). In this paper, we have examined the possibilities to utilize this system at a lower temperature range using green fluorescence protein (GFP) as the reporter protein. By optimizing the composition of the reaction mixture, and adding chaperonins from the mesophilic Escherichia coli, the yield of protein production at 40 degrees C was increased by fivefold. For liposome encapsulation of the optimized system, water-in-oil cell-sized emulsions were prepared by adding the translation system/GFP mRNA mixture to mineral oil supplemented with 1,2-dioleoyl-sn -glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC). Giant liposomes were formed when these emulsions passed across a water/oil interface occupied with DOPC. The liposomes were incubated at 40 degrees C for 90 min, and fluorescence was examined by laser confocal microscopy. A significant increase in average fluorescence intensity was observed in liposomes with GFP mRNA, but not in those without mRNA. Our results indicate that the T. kodakaraensis in vitro translation system is applicable for protein production within giant liposomes, and these artificial cell models should provide the methodology to reconstitute various cell functions from a constitutional biology approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Yamaji
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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Synthesis of potassium (2R)-2-O-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-2,3-dihydroxypropanoate a natural compatible solute. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:2073-8. [PMID: 19691955 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl 6-O-acetyl-2,3,4-tribenzyl-1-thio-d-glucopyranoside, as a mixture of anomers, was employed for the stereoselective synthesis of the potassium salt of (2R)-2-O-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-2,3-dihydroxypropanoic acid (alpha-d-glucosyl-(1-->6)-alpha-d-glucosyl-(1-->2)-d-glyceric acid, GGG), a recently isolated compatible solute. The alpha-anomer was by far the major product of both glycosylation reactions using NIS/TfOH as activator.
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Synthesis and uptake of the compatible solutes ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine by Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) in response to salt and heat stresses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:7286-96. [PMID: 18849444 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00768-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) synthesizes ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine upon the imposition of either salt (0.5 M NaCl) or heat stress (39 degrees C). The cells produced the highest cellular levels of these compatible solutes when both stress conditions were simultaneously imposed. Protection against either severe salt (1.2 M NaCl) or heat stress (39 degrees C) or a combination of both environmental cues could be accomplished by adding low concentrations (1 mM) of either ectoine or 5-hydroxyectoine to S. coelicolor A3(2) cultures. The best salt and heat stress protection was observed when a mixture of ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine (0.5 mM each) was provided to the growth medium. Transport assays with radiolabeled ectoine demonstrated that uptake was triggered by either salt or heat stress. The most effective transport and accumulation of [(14)C]ectoine by S. coelicolor A3(2) were achieved when both environmental cues were simultaneously applied. Our results demonstrate that the accumulation of the compatible solutes ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine allows S. coelicolor A3(2) to fend off the detrimental effects of both high salinity and high temperature on cell physiology. We also characterized the enzyme (EctD) required for the synthesis of 5-hydroxyectoine from ectoine, a hydroxylase of the superfamily of the non-heme-containing iron(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (EC 1.14.11). The gene cluster (ectABCD) encoding the enzymes for ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine biosynthesis can be found in the genome of S. coelicolor A3(2), Streptomyces avermitilis, Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces scabiei, and Streptomyces chrysomallus, suggesting that these compatible solutes play an important role as stress protectants in the genus Streptomyces.
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Faria TQ, Mingote A, Siopa F, Ventura R, Maycock C, Santos H. Design of new enzyme stabilizers inspired by glycosides of hyperthermophilic microorganisms. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:3025-33. [PMID: 18822412 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In response to stressful conditions like supra-optimal salinity in the growth medium or temperature, many microorganisms accumulate low-molecular-mass organic compounds known as compatible solutes. In contrast with mesophiles that accumulate neutral or zwitterionic compounds, the solutes of hyperthermophiles are typically negatively charged. (2R)-2-(alpha-D-Mannopyranosyl)glycerate (herein abbreviated as mannosylglycerate) is one of the most widespread solutes among thermophilic and hyperthermophilic prokaryotes. In this work, several molecules chemically related to mannosylglycerate were synthesized, namely (2S)-2-(1-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)propionate, 2-(1-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl)acetate, (2R)-2-(1-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)glycerate and 1-O-(2-glyceryl)-alpha-D-mannopyranoside. The effectiveness of the newly synthesized compounds for the protection of model enzymes against heat-induced denaturation, aggregation and inactivation was evaluated, using differential scanning calorimetry, light scattering and measurements of residual activity. For comparison, the protection induced by natural compatible solutes, either neutral (e.g., trehalose, glycerol, ectoine) or negatively charged (di-myo-inositol-1,3'-phosphate and diglycerol phosphate), was assessed. Phosphate, sulfate, acetate and KCl were also included in the assays to rank the solutes and new compounds in the Hofmeister series. The data demonstrate the superiority of charged organic solutes as thermo-stabilizers of enzymes and strongly support the view that the extent of protein stabilization rendered by those solutes depends clearly on the specific solute/enzyme examined. The relevance of these findings to our knowledge on the mode of action of charged solutes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Q Faria
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Biology Division, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Apartado 127, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
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Ryu J, Kanapathipillai M, Lentzen G, Park CB. Inhibition of beta-amyloid peptide aggregation and neurotoxicity by alpha-d-mannosylglycerate, a natural extremolyte. Peptides 2008; 29:578-84. [PMID: 18304694 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of soluble beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide into oligomers/fibrils is one of the key pathological features in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The use of naturally occurring small molecules for inhibiting protein aggregation has recently attracted many interests due to their effectiveness for treating protein folding diseases such as AD, Parkinson's, Huntington's disease, and other amyloidosis diseases. alpha-d-Mannosylglycerate (MG), a natural extremolyte identified in microorganisms growing under extremely high temperatures up to 100 degrees C, had been shown to protect proteins against various stress conditions such as heat, freezing, thawing, and drying. Here, we report the effectiveness of MG on the suppression of Alzheimer's Abeta aggregation and neurotoxicity to human neuroblastoma cells. According to our study--carried out by using thioflavin-T induced fluorescence, atomic force microscopy, and cell viability assay--MG had significant inhibitory effect against Abeta amyloid formation and could reduce the toxicity of amyloid aggregates to human neuroblastoma cells while MG itself was innocuous to cells. On the other hand, the structural analogs of MG such as alpha-d-mannosylglyceramide, mannose, methylmannoside, glycerol, showed negligible effect on Abeta aggregate formation. The results suggest that MG could be a potential drug candidate for treating Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungki Ryu
- Institute for the Bio-Century and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Micaelo NM, Victor BL, Soares CM. Protein thermal stabilization by charged compatible solutes: Computational studies in rubredoxin from Desulfovibrio gigas. Proteins 2008; 72:580-8. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.21948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mascellani N, Liu X, Rossi S, Marchesini J, Valentini D, Arcelli D, Taccioli C, Helmer Citterich M, Liu CG, Evangelisti R, Russo G, Santos JM, Croce CM, Volinia S. Compatible solutes from hyperthermophiles improve the quality of DNA microarrays. BMC Biotechnol 2007; 7:82. [PMID: 18036223 PMCID: PMC2248183 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-7-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA microarrays are among the most widely used technical platforms for DNA and RNA studies, and issues related to microarrays sensitivity and specificity are therefore of general importance in life sciences. Compatible solutes are derived from hyperthermophilic microorganisms and allow such microorganisms to survive in environmental and stressful conditions. Compatible solutes show stabilization effects towards biological macromolecules, including DNA. Results We report here that compatible solutes from hyperthermophiles increased the performance of the hybridization buffer for Affymetrix GeneChip® arrays. The experimental setup included independent hybridizations with constant RNA over a wide range of compatible solute concentrations. The dependence of array quality and compatible solute was assessed using specialized statistical tools provided by both the proprietary Affymetrix quality control system and the open source Bioconductor suite. Conclusion Low concentration (10 to 25 mM) of hydroxyectoine, potassium mannosylglycerate and potassium diglycerol phosphate in hybridization buffer positively affected hybridization parameters and enhanced microarrays outcome. This finding harbours a strong potential for the improvement of DNA microarray experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Mascellani
- Dipartimento di Morfologia ed Embriologia and DAMA, Data Mining for Analysis of DNA Microarrays, Telethon Facility, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Unsworth LD, van der Oost J, Koutsopoulos S. Hyperthermophilic enzymes − stability, activity and implementation strategies for high temperature applications. FEBS J 2007; 274:4044-56. [PMID: 17683334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Current theories agree that there appears to be no unique feature responsible for the remarkable heat stability properties of hyperthermostable proteins. A concerted action of structural, dynamic and other physicochemical attributes are utilized to ensure the delicate balance between stability and functionality of proteins at high temperatures. We have thoroughly screened the literature for hyperthermostable enzymes with optimal temperatures exceeding 100 degrees C that can potentially be employed in multiple biotechnological and industrial applications and to substitute traditionally used, high-cost engineered mesophilic/thermophilic enzymes that operate at lower temperatures. Furthermore, we discuss general methods of enzyme immobilization and suggest specific strategies to improve thermal stability, activity and durability of hyperthermophilic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry D Unsworth
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Bonaterra A, Cabrefiga J, Camps J, Montesinos E. Increasing survival and efficacy of a bacterial biocontrol agent of fire blight of rosaceous plants by means of osmoadaptation. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2007; 61:185-95. [PMID: 17391328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of Pseudomonas fluorescens EPS62e in the biocontrol of Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight of apple and pear, depends on the colonization of plant surfaces after spray application. A procedure to increase cell survival in the phyllosphere was developed consisting of saline stress and osmolyte amendment to the growth medium during inoculum preparation. Hyperosmotic stress induced the synthesis of the osmolytes trehalose, N-acetylglutaminylglutamine amide and glucosyl-glycerol, but decreasing growth rate. Amendment of the growth medium with glycine betaine increased growth rate and cell yield and promoted its intracellular accumulation. Under controlled environment conditions, osmoadaptation increased by 10- to 100-fold cell survival to desiccation and to low relative humidity conditions on plant surfaces, in comparison with the nonosmoadapted controls. In the field, cell survival increased 100-1000 times in immature fruit upon osmoadaptation but was not significantly affected in flowers where active colonization occurs. The efficacy in the control of fire blight infections was increased 30-50% upon osmoadaptation on immature fruits but was not affected in blossoms. The method of osmoadaptation may be useful for improving the fitness and efficacy of biological control agents of phyllosphere pathogens under limiting humidity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bonaterra
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-CeRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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Zhang YHP, Evans BR, Mielenz JR, Hopkins RC, Adams MWW. High-yield hydrogen production from starch and water by a synthetic enzymatic pathway. PLoS One 2007; 2:e456. [PMID: 17520015 PMCID: PMC1866174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The future hydrogen economy offers a compelling energy vision, but there are four main obstacles: hydrogen production, storage, and distribution, as well as fuel cells. Hydrogen production from inexpensive abundant renewable biomass can produce cheaper hydrogen, decrease reliance on fossil fuels, and achieve zero net greenhouse gas emissions, but current chemical and biological means suffer from low hydrogen yields and/or severe reaction conditions. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we demonstrate a synthetic enzymatic pathway consisting of 13 enzymes for producing hydrogen from starch and water. The stoichiometric reaction is C6H10O5 (l)+7 H2O (l)→12 H2 (g)+6 CO2 (g). The overall process is spontaneous and unidirectional because of a negative Gibbs free energy and separation of the gaseous products with the aqueous reactants. Conclusions Enzymatic hydrogen production from starch and water mediated by 13 enzymes occurred at 30°C as expected, and the hydrogen yields were much higher than the theoretical limit (4 H2/glucose) of anaerobic fermentations. Significance The unique features, such as mild reaction conditions (30°C and atmospheric pressure), high hydrogen yields, likely low production costs ($∼2/kg H2), and a high energy-density carrier starch (14.8 H2-based mass%), provide great potential for mobile applications. With technology improvements and integration with fuel cells, this technology also solves the challenges associated with hydrogen storage, distribution, and infrastructure in the hydrogen economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Percival Zhang
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America.
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Jorge CD, Lamosa P, Santos H. Alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-glycerate in the thermophilic bacterium Petrotoga miotherma--structure, cellular content and function. FEBS J 2007; 274:3120-7. [PMID: 17521333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular accumulation of low molecular mass organic compounds in response to stressful conditions was investigated in the thermophilic bacterium Petrotoga miotherma, a member of the order Thermotogales. This led to the discovery of a new solute, whose structure was established as alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-glycerate (MGG) by MMR spectroscopy and MS. Under optimum growth conditions (3% NaCl; 55 degrees C), MGG was the major solute [up to 0.6 micromol.(mg protein)(-1)]; alpha-glutamate and proline were also present but in minor amounts [below 0.08 micromol.(mg protein)(-1)]. The level of MGG increased notably with the salinity of the growth medium up to the optimum NaCl concentration. At higher NaCl concentrations, however, the level of MGG decreased, whereas the levels of proline and alpha-glutamate increased about five-fold and 10-fold, respectively. MGG plays a role during low-level osmotic adaptation of Petrotoga miotherma, whereas alpha-glutamate and, to a lesser extent, proline are used for osmoprotection under salt stress. MGG is not part of the cell strategy for coping with heat or oxidative stress. Nevertheless, MGG was an efficient protector of pig heart malate dehydrogenase against heat inactivation and freeze-drying, although mannosylglycerate was better. This is the first report on the occurrence of MGG in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla D Jorge
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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Endoh T, Kanai T, Imanaka T. A highly productive system for cell-free protein synthesis using a lysate of the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Thermococcus kodakaraensis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 74:1153-61. [PMID: 17165083 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report in this study an improved system for cell-free protein synthesis at high temperatures using the lysate of Thermococcus kodakaraensis. Previous work indicated that cell-free protein synthesis of ChiADelta4, a derivative of T. kodakaraensis chitinase, was observed within a temperature range of 40-80 degrees C, and the maximum yield of the ChiADelta4 synthesized was approximately 1.3 microg/ml. To increase productivity of the system, the following approaches were taken. First, the process of lysate preparation was examined, and we found that omitting the preincubation (runoff) step was especially effective to increase the translational activity of lysate. Second, the concentrations of each reaction mixture were optimized. Among them, the requirement of a high concentration of potassium acetate (250 mM) was characteristic to the T. kodakaraensis system. Third, a mutant strain of T. kodakaraensis was constructed in which a heat shock transcriptional regulator gene, phr, was disrupted. By using the lysate made from the mutant, we observed an increase in the optimum reaction temperature by 5 degrees C. Through these modifications to the system, the yield of ChiADelta4 was dramatically increased to 115.4 microg/ml in a batch reaction at 65 degrees C, which was about 90 times higher than that in the previous study. Moreover, in the optimized system, a high speed of protein synthesis was achieved: over 100 microg/ml of ChiADelta4 was produced in the first 15 min of reaction. These results indicate that the system for cell-free protein synthesis based on T. kodakaraensis lysate has a high production potential comparable to the Escherichia coli system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Endoh
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Lentzen G, Schwarz T. Extremolytes: Natural compounds from extremophiles for versatile applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 72:623-34. [PMID: 16957893 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Extremophilic microorganisms have adopted a variety of ingenious strategies for survival under high or low temperature, extreme pressure, and drastic salt concentrations. A novel application area for extremophiles is the use of "extremolytes," organic osmolytes from extremophilic microorganisms, to protect biological macromolecules and cells from damage by external stresses. In extremophiles, these low molecular weight compounds are accumulated in response to increased extracellular salt concentrations, but also as a response to other environmental changes, e.g., increased temperature. Extremolytes minimize the denaturation of biopolymers that usually occurs under conditions of water stress and are compatible with the intracellular machinery at high (>1 M) concentrations. The ectoines, as the first extremolytes that are produced in a large scale, have already found application as cell protectants in skin care and as protein-free stabilizers of proteins and cells in life sciences. In addition to ectoines, a range of extremolytes with heterogenous chemical structures like the polyol phosphates di-myoinositol-1,1'-phosphate, cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and alpha-diglycerol phosphate and the mannose derivatives mannosylglycerate (firoin) and mannosylglyceramide (firoin-A) were characterized and were shown to have protective properties toward proteins and cells. A range of new applications, all based on the adaptation to stress conditions conferred by extremolytes, is in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Lentzen
- bitop AG, Stockumer Strasse 28, 58453 Witten, Germany.
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Yang YL, Yang FL, Jao SC, Chen MY, Tsay SS, Zou W, Wu SH. Structural elucidation of phosphoglycolipids from strains of the bacterial thermophiles Thermus and Meiothermus. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:1823-32. [PMID: 16675854 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600034-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The structures of two major phosphoglycolipids from the thermophilic bacteria Thermus oshimai NTU-063, Thermus thermophilus NTU-077, Meiothermus ruber NTU-124, and Meiothermus taiwanensis NTU-220 were determined using spectroscopic and chemical analyses to be 2'-O-(1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho) -3'-O-(alpha-N-acetyl-glucosaminyl)-N-glyceroyl alkylamine [PGL1 (1)] and the novel structure 2'-O-(2-acylalkyldio-1-O-phospho)-3'-O-(alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-N-glyceroyl alkylamine [PGL2 (2)]. PGL2 (2) is the first phosphoglycolipid identified with a 2-acylalkyldio-1-O-phosphate moiety. The fatty acids of the phosphoglycolipids are mainly iso-C(15:0), -C(16:0), and -C(17:0) and anteiso-C(15:0) and -C(17:0). The ratios of PGL2 (2) to PGL1 (1) are significantly altered when grown at different temperatures for three strains, T. thermophilus NTU-077, M. ruber NTU-124, and M. taiwanensis NTU-220, but not for T. oshimai NTU-063. Accordingly, the ratios of iso- to anteiso-branched fatty acids increase when grown at the higher temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Liang Yang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Neves C, da Costa MS, Santos H. Compatible solutes of the hyperthermophile Palaeococcus ferrophilus: osmoadaptation and thermoadaptation in the order thermococcales. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 71:8091-8. [PMID: 16332790 PMCID: PMC1317470 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.12.8091-8098.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of salinity and growth temperature on the accumulation of intracellular organic solutes was examined in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Palaeococcus ferrophilus. The genus Palaeococcus represents a deep-branching lineage of the order Thermococcales, which diverged before Thermococcus and Pyrococcus. Palaeococcus ferrophilus accumulated mannosylglycerate, glutamate, and aspartate as major compatible solutes. Unlike members of the genera Pyrococcus and Thermococcus, Palaeococcus ferrophilus did not accumulate di-myo-inositol phosphate, a canonical solute of hyperthermophiles. The level of mannosylglycerate increased in response to both heat and salt stress; glutamate increased at supraoptimal growth temperatures, whereas aspartate increased at supraoptimal salt concentration. Proline, alanine, and trehalose were also found in lesser amounts, but their levels did not respond significantly to any of the stresses imposed. Additionally, the genes involved in the synthesis of mannosylglycerate in Palaeococcus ferrophilus and Thermococcus litoralis were identified. In both organisms the synthesis proceeds via the two-step pathway comprising mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate synthase (MPGS) (EC 2.4.1.217) and mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase (MPGP) (EC 3.1.3.70). The mpgS and mpgP genes of Palaeococcus ferrophilus were expressed in Escherichia coli and the proteins were characterized. MPGS had maximal activity at 90 degrees C and pH near 7.0, and was strictly dependent on Mg2+. MPGP had optimal activity at 90 degrees C and pH 6.0 and was barely dependent on Mg2+. The half-life values for inactivation of MPGS and MPGP at 83 degrees C were 18 and 25 min, respectively. A comparative discussion of the osmo- and thermoadaptation strategies in these three genera of the Thermococcales is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clélia Neves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Apartado 127, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
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Bjornsdottir SH, Blondal T, Hreggvidsson GO, Eggertsson G, Petursdottir S, Hjorleifsdottir S, Thorbjarnardottir SH, Kristjansson JK. Rhodothermus marinus: physiology and molecular biology. Extremophiles 2005; 10:1-16. [PMID: 16075163 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-005-0466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rhodothermus marinus has been the subject of many studies in recent years. It is a thermohalophilic bacterium and is the only validly described species in the genus Rhodothermus. It is not closely related to other well-known thermophiles and is the only thermophile within the family Crenotrichaceae. R. marinus has been isolated from several similar but distantly located geothermal habitats, many of which are subject to large fluctuations in environmental conditions. This presumably affects the physiology of R. marinus. Many of its enzymes show optimum activity at temperatures considerably higher than 65 degrees C, the optimum for growth, and some are active over a broad temperature range. Studies have found distinguishing components in the R. marinus electron transport chain as well as in its pool of intracellular solutes, which accumulate during osmotic stress. The species hosts both bacteriophages and plasmids and a functional intein has been isolated from its chromosome. Despite these interesting features and its unknown genetics, interest in R. marinus has been mostly stimulated by its thermostable enzymes, particularly polysaccharide hydrolysing enzymes and enzymes of DNA synthesis which may be useful in industry and in the laboratory. R. marinus has not been amenable to genetic analysis until recently when a system for gene transfer was established. Here, we review the current literature on R. marinus.
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Lee SL, Debenedetti PG, Errington JR. A computational study of hydration, solution structure, and dynamics in dilute carbohydrate solutions. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:204511. [PMID: 15945756 DOI: 10.1063/1.1917745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report results from a molecular simulation study of the structure and dynamics of water near single carbohydrate molecules (glucose, trehalose, and sucrose) at 0 and 30 degrees C. The presence of a carbohydrate molecule has a number of significant effects on the microscopic water structure and dynamics. All three carbohydrates disrupt the tetrahedral arrangement of proximal water molecules and restrict their translational and rotational mobility. These destructuring effects and slow dynamics are the result of steric constraints imposed by the carbohydrate molecule and of the ability of a carbohydrate to form stable H bonds with water, respectively. The carbohydrates induce a pronounced decoupling between translational and rotational motions of proximal water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sau Lawrence Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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