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Qi H, Yu L, Li Y, Cai M, He J, Liu J, Hao L, Xu H, Qiao M. Developing Multi-Copy Chromosomal Integration Strategies for Heterologous Biosynthesis of Caffeic Acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:851706. [PMID: 35300487 PMCID: PMC8923693 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.851706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid, a plant-sourced phenolic compound, has a variety of biological activities, such as antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The caffeic acid biosynthetic pathway was initially constructed in S. cerevisiae, using codon-optimized TAL (coTAL, encoding tyrosine ammonia lyase) from Rhodobacter capsulatus, coC3H (encoding p-coumaric acid 3-hydroxylase) and coCPR1 (encoding cytochrome P450 reductase 1) from Arabidopsis thaliana in 2 μ multi-copy plasmids to produce caffeic acid from glucose. Then, integrated expression of coTAL via delta integration with the POT1 gene (encoding triose phosphate isomerase) as selection marker and episomal expression of coC3H, coCPR1 using the episomal plasmid pLC-c3 were combined, and caffeic acid production was proved to be improved. Next, the delta and rDNA multi-copy integration methods were applied to integrate the genes coC3H and coCPR1 into the chromosome of high p-coumaric acid yielding strain QT3-20. The strain D9 constructed via delta integration outperformed the other strains, leading to 50-fold increased caffeic acid production in optimized rich media compared with the initial construct. The intercomparison between three alternative multi-copy strategies for de novo synthesis of caffeic acid in S. cerevisiae suggested that delta-integration was effective in improving caffeic acid productivity, providing a promising strategy for the production of valuable bio-based chemicals in recombinant S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Long Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanzi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaze He
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Luyao Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haijin Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingqiang Qiao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Genetic and Physiological Characterization of Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolase and Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in the Crabtree-Negative Yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020772. [PMID: 35054955 PMCID: PMC8776025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The milk yeast Kluyveromyces lactis degrades glucose through glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway and follows a mainly respiratory metabolism. Here, we investigated the role of two reactions which are required for the final steps of glucose degradation from both pathways, as well as for gluconeogenesis, namely fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). In silico analyses identified one gene encoding the former (KlFBA1), and three genes encoding isoforms of the latter (KlTDH1, KlTDH2, KlGDP1). Phenotypic analyses were performed by deleting the genes from the haploid K. lactis genome. While Klfba1 deletions lacked detectable FBA activity, they still grew poorly on glucose. To investigate the in vivo importance of the GAPDH isoforms, different mutant combinations were analyzed for their growth behavior and enzymatic activity. KlTdh2 represented the major glycolytic GAPDH isoform, as its lack caused a slower growth on glucose. Cells lacking both KlTdh1 and KlTdh2 failed to grow on glucose but were still able to use ethanol as sole carbon sources, indicating that KlGdp1 is sufficient to promote gluconeogenesis. Life-cell fluorescence microscopy revealed that KlTdh2 accumulated in the nucleus upon exposure to oxidative stress, suggesting a moonlighting function of this isoform in the regulation of gene expression. Heterologous complementation of the Klfba1 deletion by the human ALDOA gene renders K. lactis a promising host for heterologous expression of human disease alleles and/or a screening system for specific drugs.
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Ciezarek AG, Dunning LT, Jones CS, Noble LR, Humble E, Stefanni SS, Savolainen V. Substitutions in the Glycogenin-1 Gene Are Associated with the Evolution of Endothermy in Sharks and Tunas. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:3011-3021. [PMID: 27614233 PMCID: PMC5630876 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite 400–450 million years of independent evolution, a strong phenotypic convergence has occurred between two groups of fish: tunas and lamnid sharks. This convergence is characterized by centralization of red muscle, a distinctive swimming style (stiffened body powered through tail movements) and elevated body temperature (endothermy). Furthermore, both groups demonstrate elevated white muscle metabolic capacities. All these traits are unusual in fish and more likely evolved to support their fast-swimming, pelagic, predatory behavior. Here, we tested the hypothesis that their convergent evolution was driven by selection on a set of metabolic genes. We sequenced white muscle transcriptomes of six tuna, one mackerel, and three shark species, and supplemented this data set with previously published RNA-seq data. Using 26 species in total (including 7,032 tuna genes plus 1,719 shark genes), we constructed phylogenetic trees and carried out maximum-likelihood analyses of gene selection. We inferred several genes relating to metabolism to be under selection. We also found that the same one gene, glycogenin-1, evolved under positive selection independently in tunas and lamnid sharks, providing evidence of convergent selective pressures at gene level possibly underlying shared physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Ciezarek
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, UK
| | - Luke T Dunning
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, UK Present address: Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Catherine S Jones
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Leslie R Noble
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Emily Humble
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, UK Present address: Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Vincent Savolainen
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, UK
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Tramonti A, Saliola M. Glucose 6-phosphate and alcohol dehydrogenase activities are components of dynamic macromolecular depots structures. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1120-30. [PMID: 25662817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Membrane-associated respiratory complexes, purinosome and many intracellular soluble activities have reported to be organized in dynamic multi-component macromolecular complexes using native PAGE, 2D SDS-PAGE, electron and systematic microscopy and genome-wide GFP fusion library. METHODS In-gel staining assays, SDS-PAGE and LC-MSMS techniques were performed on cellular extracts to analyze, isolate and identify the proteins associated with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and fermentative alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) I isoform in both Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts. RESULTS Analysis of LC-MSMS data showed that a large number of components, belonging to glycolysis, pentose phosphate, folding and stress response pathways, were associated with G6PDH and Adh1 putative complexes and that a number of these proteins were identical in either network in both yeasts. However, comparison of in-gel staining assays for hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, ADH and G6PDH showed that, despite their identification in these structures, functional localization of these activities varied according to growth conditions and to NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H redox ratio. CONCLUSIONS Reported data show that intracellular proteins are organized in large dynamic 'depots' and the NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H redox balance is one of the major factors regulating the assembly and the re-assortment of components inside the different metabolic structures. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The aim of this work is directed towards the comprehension of the mechanisms involved in the assembly, organization, functioning and dynamic re-assortment of cellular components according to physiological and/or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Tramonti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, CNR-Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche "Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Michele Saliola
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologia "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Rodicio R, Heinisch JJ. Yeast on the milky way: genetics, physiology and biotechnology of Kluyveromyces lactis. Yeast 2013; 30:165-77. [PMID: 23576126 DOI: 10.1002/yea.2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The milk yeast Kluyveromyces lactis has a life cycle similar to that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and can be employed as a model eukaryote using classical genetics, such as the combination of desired traits, by crossing and tetrad analysis. Likewise, a growing set of vectors, marker cassettes and tags for fluorescence microscopy are available for manipulation by genetic engineering and investigating its basic cell biology. We here summarize these applications, as well as the current knowledge regarding its central metabolism, glucose and extracellular stress signalling pathways. A short overview on the biotechnological potential of K. lactis concludes this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaura Rodicio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
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Rodicio R, López ML, Cuadrado S, Cid AF, Redruello B, Moreno F, Heinisch JJ, Hegewald AK, Breunig KD. Differential control of isocitrate lyase gene transcription by non-fermentable carbon sources in the milk yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:549-57. [PMID: 18242190 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The KlICL1 gene, encoding isocitrate lyase in Kluyveromyces lactis, is essential for ethanol utilization. Deletion analyses identified two functional promoter elements, CSRE-A and CSRE-B. Transcription is activated on ethanol, but not on glucose, glycerol or lactate. Expression depends on the KlCat8p transcription factor and KlSip4p binds to the promoter elements. Glycerol diminishes KlICL1 expression and a single carbon source responsive element (CSRE) sequence is both necessary and sufficient to mediate this regulation. The glycerol effect is less pronounced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae than in K. lactis. Mutants lacking KlGUT2 (which encodes the glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) still show reduced expression in glycerol, whereas mutants deficient in glycerol kinase (Klgut1) do not. We conclude that a metabolite of glycerol is required for this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaura Rodicio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Campus del Cristo, Oviedo, Spain.
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Yongguang Z, Wei S, Zhiming R, Huiying F, Jian Z. Deletion of the CgTPI Gene Encoding Triose Phosphate Isomerase of Candida glycerinogenes Inhibits the Biosynthesis of Glycerol. Curr Microbiol 2007; 55:147-51. [PMID: 17619100 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-007-0070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Candida glycerinogenes produces a high yield of glycerol only in response to a medium-osmotic stress, but little is known about the relationship between osmoadaptation and glycerol metabolism. The CgTPI gene encoding triose phosphate isomerase of C. glycerinogenes was cloned and sequenced, and its functionality was confirmed by complementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae tpi1 Delta. The roles of CgTpip in the glycerol biosynthesis and the osmoadaptation were investigated. Unlike S. cerevisiae tpi1 Delta and Klyuveromyces lactis tpi1 Delta, the mutant lacking CgTPI significantly decreased the rate of glucose consumption and the glycerol yield. Furthermore, the mutants decreased osmotolerance to glucose and NaCl. The results suggest that CgTPI might be crucial for a high yield of glycerol by C. glycerinogenes. The inhibition of glycerol biosynthesis might be related to the reduced ability of osmoadaptation to high external osmolarity. To our knowledge, this is the first report that inactivation of a yeast TPI gene inhibits the biosynthesis of glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yongguang
- The Key Lab of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Research Centre of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
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Mahato S, De D, Dutta D, Kundu M, Bhattacharya S, Schiavone MT, Bhattacharya SK. Potential use of sugar binding proteins in reactors for regeneration of CO2 fixation acceptor D-Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. Microb Cell Fact 2004; 3:7. [PMID: 15175111 PMCID: PMC421735 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-3-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2004] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar binding proteins and binders of intermediate sugar metabolites derived from microbes are increasingly being used as reagents in new and expanding areas of biotechnology. The fixation of carbon dioxide at emission source has recently emerged as a technology with potentially significant implications for environmental biotechnology. Carbon dioxide is fixed onto a five carbon sugar D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. We present a review of enzymatic and non-enzymatic binding proteins, for 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA), 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (3PGAL), dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), xylulose-5-phosphate (X5P) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) which could be potentially used in reactors regenerating RuBP from 3PGA. A series of reactors combined in a linear fashion has been previously shown to convert 3-PGA, (the product of fixed CO2 on RuBP as starting material) into RuBP (Bhattacharya et al., 2004; Bhattacharya, 2001). This was the basis for designing reactors harboring enzyme complexes/mixtures instead of linear combination of single-enzyme reactors for conversion of 3PGA into RuBP. Specific sugars in such enzyme-complex harboring reactors requires removal at key steps and fed to different reactors necessitating reversible sugar binders. In this review we present an account of existing microbial sugar binding proteins and their potential utility in these operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Mahato
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West Bengal, India
| | - Debojyoti De
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West Bengal, India
| | - Debajyoti Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West Bengal, India
| | - Moloy Kundu
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West Bengal, India
| | - Sumana Bhattacharya
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, ABRD Company LLC, 1555 Wood Road, Cleveland, Ohio, 44121, USA
| | - Marc T Schiavone
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, ABRD Company LLC, 1555 Wood Road, Cleveland, Ohio, 44121, USA
| | - Sanjoy K Bhattacharya
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Area I31, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
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Capitanio D, Merico A, Ranzi BM, Compagno C. Effects of the loss of triose phosphate isomerase activity on carbon metabolism in Kluyveromyces lactis. Res Microbiol 2002; 153:593-8. [PMID: 12455707 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(02)01365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the loss of triose phosphate isomerase activity on carbon metabolism in Kluyveromyces lactis was studied in batch and in continuous cultures. The Kltpi1 mutant was able to grow on media containing glucose as the sole carbon source both in batch and in continuous culture, unlike the corresponding S. cerevisiae mutant. In K. lactis tpi1 mutant no glycerol production was detected in chemostat cultivations. DHAP accumulation triggers glycerol production only when glucose is the sole carbon source in excess. The analysis of the activities of some key enzymes of carbon metabolism shows that in chemostat cultivations on mixed-substrates the activities of enzymes involved in ethanol assimilation are higher both in K. lactis wild type and mutant strains than in S. cerevisiae.
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Overkamp KM, Bakker BM, Steensma HY, van Dijken JP, Pronk JT. Two mechanisms for oxidation of cytosolic NADPH by Kluyveromyces lactis mitochondria. Yeast 2002; 19:813-24. [PMID: 12112236 DOI: 10.1002/yea.878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Null mutations in the structural gene encoding phosphoglucose isomerase completely abolish activity of this glycolytic enzyme in Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In S. cerevisiae, the pgi1 null mutation abolishes growth on glucose, whereas K.lactis rag2 null mutants still grow on glucose. It has been proposed that, in the latter case, growth on glucose is made possible by an ability of K. lactis mitochondria to oxidize cytosolic NADPH. This would allow for a re-routing of glucose dissimilation via the pentose-phosphate pathway. Consistent with this hypothesis, mitochondria of S. cerevisiae cannot oxidize NADPH. In the present study, the ability of K. lactis mitochondria to oxidize cytosolic NADPH was experimentally investigated. Respiration-competent mitochondria were isolated from aerobic, glucose-limited chemostat cultures of the wild-type K. lactis strain CBS 2359 and from an isogenic rag2Delta strain. Oxygen-uptake experiments confirmed the presence of a mitochondrial NADPH dehydrogenase in K.lactis. This activity was ca. 2.5-fold higher in the rag2Delta mutant than in the wild-type strain. In contrast to mitochondria from wild-type K. lactis, mitochondria from the rag2Delta mutant exhibited high rates of ethanol-dependent oxygen uptake. Subcellular fractionation studies demonstrated that, in the rag2Delta mutant, a mitochondrial alcohol dehydrogenase was present and that activity of a cytosolic NADPH-dependent 'acetaldehyde reductase' was also increased. These observations indicate that two mechanisms may participate in mitochondrial oxidation of cytosolic NADPH by K. lactis mitochondria: (a) direct oxidation of cytosolic NADPH by a mitochondrial NADPH dehydrogenase; and (b) a two-compartment transhydrogenase cycle involving NADP(+)- and NAD(+)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M Overkamp
- Kluyver Laboratory of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, NL-2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands.
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Overkamp KM, Bakker BM, Kötter P, Luttik MAH, Van Dijken JP, Pronk JT. Metabolic engineering of glycerol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:2814-21. [PMID: 12039737 PMCID: PMC123913 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.6.2814-2821.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2002] [Accepted: 04/01/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of TPI1, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae structural gene encoding triose phosphate isomerase, completely eliminates growth on glucose as the sole carbon source. In tpi1-null mutants, intracellular accumulation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate might be prevented if the cytosolic NADH generated in glycolysis by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were quantitatively used to reduce dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glycerol. We hypothesize that the growth defect of tpi1-null mutants is caused by mitochondrial reoxidation of cytosolic NADH, thus rendering it unavailable for dihydroxyacetone-phosphate reduction. To test this hypothesis, a tpi1delta nde1delta nde2delta gut2delta quadruple mutant was constructed. NDE1 and NDE2 encode isoenzymes of mitochondrial external NADH dehydrogenase; GUT2 encodes a key enzyme of the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle. It has recently been demonstrated that these two systems are primarily responsible for mitochondrial oxidation of cytosolic NADH in S. cerevisiae. Consistent with the hypothesis, the quadruple mutant grew on glucose as the sole carbon source. The growth on glucose, which was accompanied by glycerol production, was inhibited at high-glucose concentrations. This inhibition was attributed to glucose repression of respiratory enzymes as, in the quadruple mutant, respiratory pyruvate dissimilation is essential for ATP synthesis and growth. Serial transfer of the quadruple mutant on high-glucose media yielded a spontaneous mutant with much higher specific growth rates in high-glucose media (up to 0.10 h(-1) at 100 g of glucose. liter(-1)). In aerated batch cultures grown on 400 g of glucose. liter(-1), this engineered S. cerevisiae strain produced over 200 g of glycerol. liter(-1), corresponding to a molar yield of glycerol on glucose close to unity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M Overkamp
- Kluyver Laboratory of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, NL-2628 BC Delft, Amsterdam
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12
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Merico A, Rodrigues F, Côrte-Real M, Porro D, Ranzi BM, Compagno C. Isolation and sequence analysis of the gene encoding triose phosphate isomerase from Zygosaccharomyces bailii. Yeast 2001; 18:775-80. [PMID: 11427959 DOI: 10.1002/yea.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ZbTPI1 gene encoding triose phosphate isomerase (TIM) was cloned from a Zygosaccharomyces bailii genomic library by complementation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae tpi1 mutant strain. The nucleotide sequence of a 1.5 kb fragment showed an open reading frame (ORF) of 746 bp, encoding a protein of 248 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence shares a high degree of homology with TIMs from other yeast species, including some highly conserved regions. The analysis of the promoter sequence of the ZbTPI1 revealed the presence of putative motifs known to have regulatory functions in S. cerevisiae. The GenBank Accession No. of ZbTPI1 is AF325852.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Merico
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica Generali, Sezione Biochimica Comparata, Università degli Studi di Milano, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
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Flores CL, Rodríguez C, Petit T, Gancedo C. Carbohydrate and energy-yielding metabolism in non-conventional yeasts. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2000; 24:507-29. [PMID: 10978549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugars are excellent carbon sources for all yeasts. Since a vast amount of information is available on the components of the pathways of sugar utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae it has been tacitly assumed that other yeasts use sugars in the same way. However, although the pathways of sugar utilization follow the same theme in all yeasts, important biochemical and genetic variations on it exist. Basically, in most non-conventional yeasts, in contrast to S. cerevisiae, respiration in the presence of oxygen is prominent for the use of sugars. This review provides comparative information on the different steps of the fundamental pathways of sugar utilization in non-conventional yeasts: glycolysis, fermentation, tricarboxylic acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway and respiration. We consider also gluconeogenesis and, briefly, catabolite repression. We have centered our attention in the genera Kluyveromyces, Candida, Pichia, Yarrowia and Schizosaccharomyces, although occasional reference to other genera is made. The review shows that basic knowledge is missing on many components of these pathways and also that studies on regulation of critical steps are scarce. Information on these points would be important to generate genetically engineered yeast strains for certain industrial uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Flores
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols C.S.I.C.-UAM, Unidad de Bioquímica y Genética de Levaduras, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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