1
|
Luz IS, Miagostovich MP. Evaluation of heat treatment for inactivation of norovirus genogroup II in foods. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1159-1165. [PMID: 35312990 PMCID: PMC9433490 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective food processing technology is a key step in eliminating human noroviruses in foods mainly due to their stability in diverse environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rising temperatures for inactivation of norovirus genogroup (G) II and murine norovirus 1 in samples of tomato sauce (72-74 °C for 1 min) and ground meat (100 °C for 30 min). Spiking experiments were carried out in triplicate using TRIzol® reagent method associated with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) TaqMan™ system combined with previous free RNA digestion. Success rate and efficiency recoveries of both viruses as well limit of detection of a method for each matrix were also conducted. The heat treatment applied here proved to be efficient to reduce the burden of norovirus GII in a range of 1-4 log10 genomic copies per gram (percentage ranging from 0.45 to 104.54%) in both matrices. The experiments in this study showed that the results of norovirus GII and murine norovirus 1 in tomato sauce and ground meat tested during thermal treatments cannot be generalized to other food matrices, since there may be food-specific protective effects, as the presence of different components, that can interfere in virus inactivation. Studies using different food matrices reinforce the importance to investigate viruses' inactivation thermal processes in foods due to the resistance of these viruses to adverse conditions, contributing to food security in food virology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle S Luz
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Marize P Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumar P, Rani A, Singh S, Kumar A. Recent advances on
DNA
and omics‐based technology in Food testing and authentication: A review. J Food Saf 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kumar
- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR‐NICPR) Noida India
| | - Alka Rani
- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR‐NICPR) Noida India
| | - Shalini Singh
- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR‐NICPR) Noida India
| | - Anuj Kumar
- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR‐NICPR) Noida India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Physicochemical Parameters Affecting Norovirus Adhesion to Ready-To-Eat Foods. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0139621. [PMID: 34550762 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01396-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion of noroviruses to strawberry, turkey slices, ham, and cheddar cheese was studied using murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) as a surrogate for human norovirus (NoV). Based on plaque assay, the recovery and adhesion of MNV-1 depended on the food type (turkey versus strawberry), pH of the initial suspension buffer (pH 4 versus pH 7), and food fat composition (C8 versus C18). Recovery of infectious particles from turkey was 68% compared to 9.4% from strawberry. On turkey, adhesion of MNV-1 was lower at pH 7 (pH of fecal matter), and virus particles adhered to this pH were recovered more easily (33,875 PFU) than at pH 4 (pH of vomitus). The presence of fat and the composition of fatty acids seemed to increase MNV-1 recovery and adherent viral particles recovered but did not affect adhesion (68% on fat-free turkey and regular turkey). Adherent MNV-1 particles recovered from stainless steel coated with saturated fatty acid (C8, C14, C18) increased significantly with chain length (P < 0.05), but adhesion did not seem to change. Using liquid droplet contact angle to measure surface energy, it was deduced that hydrophobic interactions contribute considerably to the adhesion of MNV-1 to stainless steel, polyvinyl chloride, and high-density polyethylene. IMPORTANCE Ready-to-eat (RTE) foods are major vehicles of transmission of foodborne viral pathogens, including NoV. The high incidence of gastroenteritis caused by viruses is due largely to their persistence in the environment and adhesion to different kinds of surfaces in the food industry, including the foods themselves. Compared with bacteria, adhesion of viruses to surfaces is poorly understood. Better knowledge of the physicochemical parameters involved in the adhesion of NoV to ready-to-eat foods is essential to devising effective strategies for reducing the persistence and, thus, the transmission of this virus.
Collapse
|
4
|
Detection of norovirus, hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses in multicomponent foodstuffs. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 337:108931. [PMID: 33188986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the enteric viruses implicated in foodborne outbreaks, the human norovirus and hepatitis viruses A and E (HAV and HEV) represent a serious public health concern. International standard ISO 15216 proposes methods for detecting HAV and norovirus (genogroups I and II) RNA from soft fruit, leaf, stem and bulb vegetables, bottled water or food surfaces. These methods had not previously been validated for detecting the targeted viruses in other foodstuffs such as multicomponent foods, nor for detecting other viruses in foodstuffs. The aim of this study was to characterise a method derived from the vegetable method described in ISO 15216 to detect HAV, HEV and norovirus in artificially-contaminated multicomponent foodstuffs according to the recent international standard ISO 16140-4. Results showed that the mean recovery rates for all settings did not differ according to the operator. The mean extraction yields ranged from 0.35% to 40.44% for HAV, 5.19% to 100% for HEV, 0.10% to 40.61% for norovirus GI and 0.88% to 69.16% for norovirus GII. The LOD95 was 102 genome copies/g for HAV, HEV and norovirus GII and 103 genome copies/g for norovirus GI. The LOQ was 2.90 × 104, 1.40 × 103, 1.60 × 104 and 1.30 × 104 genome copies/g for HAV, HEV, norovirus GI and norovirus GII respectively. The MNV-1 process control was detected in 120 out of 128 RNA extracts analysed and was recovered with an efficiency of between 3.83% and 50.22%. The mean inhibition rates of quantitative real-time RT-PCR reaction ranged from 3.25% to 28.70% and varied significantly with the type of food matrix. The described method could be used to detect viruses in composite food products for routine diagnosis needs.
Collapse
|
5
|
Rajiuddin SM, Jensen T, Hansen TB, Schultz AC. An Optimised Direct Lysis Method for Viral RNA Extraction and Detection of Foodborne Viruses on Fruits and Vegetables. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:226-239. [PMID: 32651775 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Detection of norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) on fruits and vegetables using current standard methodologies can be inefficient. Method optimisation focussing on ease, rapidity and increased viral RNA recovery is needed for efficient reverse transcription (RT)-qPCR detection of viruses. A simple and quick direct lysis method for RNA extraction was optimised (method A) to achieve increased viral RNA recovery and minimised RT-qPCR inhibition by increasing the volume of lysis buffer and inclusion of pectinase, Plant RNA Isolation Aid and OneStep PCR Inhibitor Removal Kit. Method A and an internal method structurally comparable to the ISO 15216 standard (method B) were compared for their efficiencies to recover viral RNA from the process controls, mengovirus (MC0) and murine norovirus (MNV), spiked in 13 types of fruits, vegetables, compound foods or seeds/nuts. All extracts (> 61) were also analysed for RT-qPCR inhibition and for natural contamination of NoV and HAV. The overall mean extraction efficiencies of MC0 and MNV were 36 ± 31 and 44 ± 38%, respectively, for method A and 9 ± 16 and 5 ± 11%, respectively, for method B. Inhibition of RT-qPCR amplification of RNA from NoV genogroup (G)I, NoV GII, and HAV ranged from 5 ± 10 to 13 ± 14% for method A and 34 ± 36 to 48 ± 40% for method B. NoV GII was detected in samples of strawberries and seaweed processed by both methods. In conclusion, the new direct lysis method showed an overall better performance compared to the modified ISO 15216 standard and should be validated for implementation in analysis of viruses in foods of plant origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Md Rajiuddin
- Division for Microbiology and Production, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 204, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tenna Jensen
- Division for Food and Feed Safety, Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Stationsparken 31-33, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Tina Beck Hansen
- Division for Microbiology and Production, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 204, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anna Charlotte Schultz
- Division for Microbiology and Production, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 204, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hennechart-Collette C, Niveau F, Martin-Latil S, Fraisse A, Perelle S. Development of an extraction method to detect enteric viruses in dressed vegetables. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 311:108349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
7
|
Yamazaki W, Makino R, Nagao K, Mekata H, Tsukamoto K. New Micro‐amount of Virion Enrichment Technique (Mi
VET
) to detect influenza A virus in the duck faeces. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:341-348. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Yamazaki
- Department of Veterinary Science Faculty of Agriculture University of Miyazaki Miyazaki Japan
- Center for Animal Disease Control University of Miyazaki Miyazaki Japan
| | - Ryohei Makino
- Department of Veterinary Science Faculty of Agriculture University of Miyazaki Miyazaki Japan
| | - Konomu Nagao
- Department of Veterinary Science Faculty of Agriculture University of Miyazaki Miyazaki Japan
| | - Hirohisa Mekata
- Center for Animal Disease Control University of Miyazaki Miyazaki Japan
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track University of Miyazaki Miyazaki Japan
| | - Kenji Tsukamoto
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Azabu University Sagamihara Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
da Silva Luz I, Miagostovich MP. Comparison of viral elution-concentration methods for recovering noroviruses from deli meats. J Virol Methods 2018; 260:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
9
|
Melgaço FG, Luz IS, Assis MRS, Caldas MS, Maranhão AG, Silva DAF, Brandão MLL, Medeiros VM, Rosas CO, Reis SML, Miagostovich MP. Assessment of viral and bacterial contamination of fresh and ripened semi-hard cheeses. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:5101430. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F G Melgaço
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
| | - I S Luz
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
| | - M R S Assis
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
| | - M S Caldas
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
| | - A G Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
| | - D A F Silva
- National Institute of Quality Control in Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro,RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - M L L Brandão
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccines, Biopharmaceuticals and Cell Culture, Department of Immunology, National Institute of Quality Control in Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
| | - V M Medeiros
- National Institute of Quality Control in Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro,RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - C O Rosas
- National Institute of Quality Control in Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro,RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - S M L Reis
- National Institute of Quality Control in Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro,RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - M P Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Summa M, Maunula L. Rapid Detection of Human Norovirus in Frozen Raspberries. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:51-60. [PMID: 29019092 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Raspberries have lately caused several human norovirus (HuNoV) outbreaks in Europe. In this study, we developed and evaluated for HuNoV reverse transcription (RT)-PCR detection in frozen raspberries extraction methods that have equal sensitivity but are less time-consuming than widely used methods based on polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and chloroform-butanol purification. One method was applied to stored frozen raspberries linked to previous HuNoV outbreaks and berries on sale. In the virus elution-based Method 1, sparkling water eluted viruses most efficiently from the berries. Method 2, based on direct nucleic acid extraction with minor PEG supplement, yielded the highest number of positive findings (4 out of 9) at low virus concentration level of 100 genome copies HuNoV genogroup II per 25 g raspberries. Both methods showed approximately equal sensitivity to a method including PEG precipitation and chloroform-butanol purification. Two naturally contaminated berry samples linked to HuNoV outbreaks in 2006 and 2009 were still positive for HuNoV genogroup I, but all berry products purchased from a local store remained negative for HuNoV. In conclusion, this study presents two efficient and rapid methods which can be used in urgent HuNoV outbreak investigations, since the results of the virus analysis are available in a few hours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maija Summa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Leena Maunula
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Markantonis N, Vasickova P, Kubankova M, Mikel P, Botsaris G. Detection of foodborne viruses in ready-to-eat meat products and meat processing plants. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Markantonis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science; Cyprus University of Technology; Limassol Cyprus
| | - Petra Vasickova
- Department of Food and Feed Safety; Veterinary Research Institute; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Monika Kubankova
- Department of Food and Feed Safety; Veterinary Research Institute; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Mikel
- Department of Food and Feed Safety; Veterinary Research Institute; Brno Czech Republic
| | - George Botsaris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science; Cyprus University of Technology; Limassol Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hida K, Papafragkou E, Kulka M. Testing for Human Norovirus and Recovery of Process Control in Outbreak-Associated Produce Items. J Food Prot 2018; 81:105-114. [PMID: 29280676 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of rapid and sensitive detection methods for human noroviruses (HuNoV) in produce items is critical, especially with the recent rise in outbreaks associated with this food commodity. In this study, 50-g portions of various produce items linked to a norovirus outbreak (celery, cucumber, lettuce, grapes, and radish) were artificially inoculated with murine norovirus (MNV-1) and concentrated either by ultracentrifugation or polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation after elution with an alkaline Tris-glycine-beef extract buffer supplemented with pectinase. As a viral concentration step following virus elution and clarification, ultracentrifugation yielded a faster method (<8 h, including reverse transcription quantitative PCR), with MNV-1 recoveries similar to or better, than those obtained with PEG precipitation. The addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone to the elution buffer, to remove polyphenolic inhibitors, improved MNV-1 recoveries by over two- and fivefold for cucumber and grapes, respectively. However, despite MNV-1 recoveries ranging from 10 to 38% as calculated with 10-fold diluted RNA, contaminating HuNoV was not detected in any of the outbreak-associated samples tested. For store-bought produce samples, the limit of detection for artificially seeded HuNoV GII.4 was determined to be 103 copies per 50 g, with reproducible detection achieved in grapes, radish, and celery. The results support the use of ultracentrifugation as an alternative approach to PEG precipitation to concentrate norovirus from a variety of produce items.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Hida
- Division of Molecular Biology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708, USA
| | - Efstathia Papafragkou
- Division of Molecular Biology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708, USA
| | - Michael Kulka
- Division of Molecular Biology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhou Z, Tian Z, Li Q, Tian P, Wu Q, Wang D, Shi X. In Situ Capture RT-qPCR: A New Simple and Sensitive Method to Detect Human Norovirus in Oysters. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:554. [PMID: 28421051 PMCID: PMC5376551 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the major cause worldwide for non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis. In this study, we applied a novel viral receptor mediated in situ capture RT-qPCR (ISC-RT-qPCR) to detect HuNoVs in oysters and compared with the traditional RT-qPCR method. Ten HuNoVs RT-PCR positive and 5 negative clinical samples from gastroenteritis patients were used to compare specificity and sensitivity of ISC-RT-qPCR against that of the RT-qPCR assay. ISC-RT-qPCR had at a one-log and a two-log increase in sensitivity over that of the RT-qPCR assay for genotype I (GI) and GII, respectively. Distributions of HuNoVs in oyster tissues were investigated in artificially inoculated oysters. GI HuNoVs could be detected in all tissues in inoculated oysters by both ISC-RT-qPCR and RT-qPCR. GII HuNoVs could only be detected in gills and digestive glands by both methods. The number of viral genomic copies (vgc) measured by ISC-RT-qPCR was comparable with RT-qPCR in the detection of GI and GII HuNoVs in inoculated oysters. Thirty-six oyster samples from local market were assayed for HuNoVs by both assays. More HuNoVs could be detected by ISC-RT-qPCR in retail oysters. The detection rates of GI HuNoVs in gills, digestive glands, and residual tissues were 33.3, 25.0, and 19.4% by ISC-RT-qPCR; and 5.6, 11.1, and 11.1% by RT-qPCR, respectively. The detection rates of GII HuNoVs in gills were 2.8% by ISC-RT-qPCR; no GII HuNoV was detected in these oysters by RT-qPCR. Overall, all results demonstrated that ISC-RT-qPCR is a promising method for detecting HuNoVs in oyster samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhuan Zhou
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of MicrobiologyGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhengan Tian
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of P.R.CShanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Institute of TechnologyShanghai, China
| | - Peng Tian
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureAlbany, CA, USA
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of MicrobiologyGuangzhou, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of MicrobiologyGuangzhou, China
| | - Xianming Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Goyal SM, Cannon JL. Human and Animal Viruses in Food (Including Taxonomy of Enteric Viruses). VIRUSES IN FOODS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7122939 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30723-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of foodborne diseases worldwide, with viruses now being recognized as a major cause of these illnesses. The most common viruses implicated in foodborne disease are enteric viruses, which are found in the human gastrointestinal tract, excreted in human feces and transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Many different viruses are found in the gastrointestinal tract but not all are recognized as foodborne pathogens. The diseases caused by enteric viruses fall into three main types: gastroenteritis, enterically transmitted hepatitis, and illnesses that can affect other parts of the body such as the eye, the respiratory system and the central nervous system leading to conjunctivitis, poliomyelitis, meningitis and encephalitis. Viral pathogens excreted in human feces include noroviruses, sapoviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), rotaviruses, and astroviruses. Most of these viruses have been associated with foodborne disease outbreaks. Noroviruses and HAV are commonly identified as foodborne causes of gastroenteritis and acute hepatitis, respectively.
Collapse
|
15
|
Arthur SE, Gibson KE. Environmental persistence of Tulane virus - a surrogate for human norovirus. Can J Microbiol 2015; 62:449-54. [PMID: 26825139 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. The persistence of HuNoV in the environment contributes significantly to its transmission to humans. Surrogate viruses are used to study HuNoV owing to the lack of a cell culture system for this virus. Here, the persistence of Tulane virus (TV) - a novel HuNoV surrogate - in surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) as well as on acrylic-based solid (ABS) and stainless steel (SS) surfaces was investigated. After 28 days, TV remained stable in SW (<1 log10 reduction) but was reduced by ≥3.5 to 4 log10 in GW by day 21. TV had a higher rate of reduction on SS compared with ABS, with corresponding D values of 18.5 ± 0.34 and 13.1 ± 0.36 days, respectively. This is the first study to demonstrate the persistence of TV in environmental waters and on fomite surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabastine Eugene Arthur
- University of Arkansas, Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.,University of Arkansas, Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Kristen Elizabeth Gibson
- University of Arkansas, Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.,University of Arkansas, Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shahrampour D, Yavarmanesh M, Najafi MBH, Mohebbi M. Application of F⁺RNA Coliphages as Source Tracking Enteric Viruses on Parsley and Leek Using RT-PCR. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2015; 7:381-389. [PMID: 26264153 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-015-9212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify sources of fecal contamination in leek and parsley, by using four different F(+)RNA coliphage genogroups (IV, I indicate animal fecal contamination and II, III indicate human fecal contamination). Three different concentrations (10(2), 10(4), 10(6) pfu/ml) of MS2 coliphage were inoculated on the surface of parsley and leek samples for detection of phage recovery efficiency among two methods of elution concentration (PEG-precipitation and Ultracentrifugation) by performing double agar layer (DAL) assay in three replications. Highest recovery of MS2 was observed in PEG method and in 10(6) inoculation concentration. Accordingly, the PEG method was used for washing and isolation of potentially contaminated phages of 30 collected samples (15 samples from the market and 15 samples from the farm). The final solutions of PEG method were tested for the enumeration of plaques by DAL assay. Total RNA was then extracted from recovered phages, and RT-PCR was performed by using four primer sets I, II, III, and IV. Incidence of F(+)RNA coliphages was observed in 12/15 (80 %) and 10/15 (66/6 %) of samples were obtained from farm and market, respectively, using both DAL and RT-PCR test methods. Different genotypes (I, II, and IV) of F(+)RNA coliphages were found in farm samples, while only genotype I was detected in market samples by using the primer sets. Due to the higher frequency of genotype I and IV, the absence of genotype III, and also the low frequency of genotype II, it is concluded that the contamination of vegetable (parsley and leek) in Neyshabour, Iran is most likely originated from animal sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Shahrampour
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoud Yavarmanesh
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | | | - Mohebbat Mohebbi
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Perrin A, Loutreul J, Boudaud N, Bertrand I, Gantzer C. Rapid, simple and efficient method for detection of viral genomes on raspberries. J Virol Methods 2015; 224:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
18
|
Saito H, Toho M, Tanaka T, Noda M. Development of a Practical Method to Detect Noroviruses Contamination in Composite Meals. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2015; 7:239-248. [PMID: 25796206 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-015-9191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Various methods to detect foodborne viruses including norovirus (NoV) in contaminated food have been developed. However, a practical method suitable for routine examination that can be applied for the detection of NoVs in oily, fatty, or emulsive food has not been established. In this study, we developed a new extraction and concentration method for detecting NoVs in contaminated composite meals. We spiked NoV-GI.4 or -GII.4 stool suspension into potato salad and stir-fried noodles. The food samples were suspended in homogenizing buffer and centrifuged to obtain a food emulsion. Then, anti-NoV-GI.4 or anti-NoV-GII.4 rabbit serum raised against recombinant virus-like particles or commercially available human gamma globulin and Staphylococcus aureus fixed with formalin as a source of protein A were added to the food emulsion. NoV-IgG-protein A-containing bacterial complexes were collected by centrifugation, and viral RNA was extracted. The detection limits of NoV RNA were 10-35 copies/g food for spiked NoVs in potato salad and stir-fried noodles. Human gamma globulin could also concentrate other NoV genotypes as well as other foodborne viruses, including sapovirus, hepatitis A virus, and adenovirus. This newly developed method can be used as to identify NoV contamination in composite foods and is also possibly applicable to other foodborne viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Saito
- Akita Prefectural Research Center for Public Health and Environment, 6-6 Senshu-Kubotamachi, Akita, 010-0874, Japan,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
A rapid, sensitive and selective electrochemical biosensor with concanavalin A for the preemptive detection of norovirus. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 64:338-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
20
|
de Abreu Corrêa A, Miagostovich MP. Optimization of an Adsorption-Elution Method with a Negatively Charged Membrane to Recover Norovirus from Lettuce. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2013; 5:144-149. [PMID: 23649411 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-013-9113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Viral pathogens, such as norovirus (NoV), are frequently associated with foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide, and the detection of NoV in food requires appropriate methods and the use of process controls. In this study, an adsorption-elution concentration method using negatively charged membranes was optimized to recover NoV from lettuce, using murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) as a human NoV (HuNoV) surrogate. Initially, three elution buffers were evaluated by direct elution using a Stomacher® apparatus with a filter bag and different concentrations of MNV-1 genomic copies. The eluates were filtered in a Stericup® and concentrated by a Centriprep Concentrator®, and the viral RNA was quantified by real-time PCR that was preceded by reverse transcription. The MNV-1 recovery efficiency varied based on the buffers used, ranging from 5.2 to 9.8 % for PBS pH 7.2, 0.2-18 % for glycine NaCl pH 9.5 and 10.8-33.3 % for glycine Tris-HCl pH 9.5. Further analysis of the glycine Tris-HCl pH 9.5 buffer revealed that gentle-shaking, direct elution could replace the use of a Stomacher®, with recovery rates reaching 66 and 32 % for MNV-1 and HuNoV, respectively, all of which suggested that this procedure is a quick and efficient method for recovering NoV from lettuce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana de Abreu Corrêa
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil,
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ye X, Ellender RD, Wang SY. A faster method to detect norovirus in oysters using probe hybridization to isolate target RNA before RT-PCR. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:362-7. [PMID: 23510496 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the most frequent cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis following the ingestion of raw or improperly cooked oysters. Although highly sensitive methods to detect HuNoV in oysters using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are available, rapid methods to process samples for RT-PCR are still needed. The conventional approach is to concentrate the virus first before RNA purification to maximize assay sensitivity, but the procedures used are cumbersome. We developed a new hybridization method that is much faster and more effective compared to existing technology. The procedure includes an initial extraction of total RNA from the digestive diverticula of oysters using TRI Reagent, followed by HuNoV RNA purification using a capture probe and then HuNoV detection by real-time RT-PCR. The detection limit is approximately 100 PCR detection units of HuNoV per sample. Compared to published methods that require an initial virus concentration step before RNA extraction, the new method is much faster to complete. Approximately 3 h are needed to purify HuNoV RNA using the new method compared to at least 8 h using conventional methods. Coupled with real-time RT-PCR, the new method can detect HuNoV in contaminated oysters within 8 h. The effectiveness of the method was demonstrated using live artificially contaminated oysters and wild oysters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xunyan Ye
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Development of a rapid total nucleic acid extraction method for the isolation of hepatitis A virus from fresh produce. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 161:143-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
23
|
Girard M, Morales-Rayas R, Jean J. Comparison of RNA extraction methods for the detection of a norovirus surrogate in ready-to-eat foods. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:47-54. [PMID: 23320423 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Four nucleic acid extraction methods were evaluated for the purpose of quantifying a norovirus surrogate (murine norovirus [MNV-1]) concentrated from different food samples. Simple (strawberries and lettuce) and complex (sliced turkey breast, soft-shell clams, and potato salad) food matrices were inoculated with a viral suspension containing high (4×10(5) PFU) or low (4×10(3) PFU) numbers of viral particles. MNV-1 was eluted using either the Pulsifier™ or repetitive pipetting. The four methods were based on using magnetic silica (MiniMAG), non-magnetic silica (bioMérieux Basic kit), silica membrane (Qiagen kit), and phenol (TriReagent) for RNA extraction. The greatest recovery of viral RNA from simple matrices was obtained using magnetic silica for both inoculation levels. For strawberries, the addition of pectinase during the elution step improved RNA recovery when the Pulsifier was used with silica membrane extraction and when repetitive pipetting was used with magnetic silica extraction. In the case of complex matrices, the extraction of high or low numbers of MNV-1 was highest overall using magnetic silica. The exception was soft-shell clams with a high viral load, in which the greatest recovery was obtained with the phenol-based method. In general, magnetic silica was the most effective for extracting both high and low numbers of MNV-1 particles from a wide range of foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Girard
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shinohara M, Uchida K, Shimada SI, Tomioka K, Suzuki N, Minegishi T, Kawahashi S, Yoshikawa Y, Ohashi N. Application of a simple method using minute particles of amorphous calcium phosphate for recovery of norovirus from cabbage, lettuce, and ham. J Virol Methods 2013; 187:153-8. [PMID: 23046989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) method developed previously for calicivirus concentration from water was applied for norovirus detection from food. The viral recovery from cabbage, lettuce, or ham (10g of each) was firstly examined in seeding experiments with feline caliciviruses (FCVs). The viruses were concentrated by viral adsorption to ACP particles (0.3g) in the eluent solution (40ml) from foods, collection of the particles by centrifugation, followed by dissolution of the particles with 3.3M citric acid (3ml). In ham, FCV recovery was improved by addition of ascorbic acids into the eluent solution before ACP-particle adsorption. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that FCV recoveries were 32-33%, 50-55%, and 37-46% from cabbage, lettuce, and ham, respectively, when seeded with 10(3)-10(4) viruses, and detection limits were estimated ∼10(3) genomic copies in all 3 foods. Subsequently, the ACP-concentration method was evaluated for norovirus (NoV) detection from these 3 foods. The recoveries and detection limit of NoVs determined by qRT-PCR were 12-41% and 10(3) (genomic copies) from cabbage, 30-57% and 10(3) from lettuce, and 20-26% and 10(4) from ham, when seeded with 10(3)-10(5) viruses. This simple method may be suitable for NoV detection from these foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Shinohara
- Virus Division, Saitama Institute of Public Health, 639-1 Kamiokubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Morillo SG, Luchs A, Cilli A, do Carmo Sampaio Tavares Timenetsky M. Rapid detection of norovirus in naturally contaminated food: foodborne gastroenteritis outbreak on a cruise ship in Brazil, 2010. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2012; 4:124-129. [PMID: 23412839 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-012-9085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is a prevalent pathogen of foodborne diseases; however, its detection in foods other than shellfish is often time consuming and unsuccessful. In 2010, an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred on a cruise ship in Brazil, and NoV was the etiologic agent suspected. The objectives of this study were to report that a handy in-house methodology was suitable for NoV detection in naturally contaminated food, and perform the molecular characterization of food strains. Food samples (blue cheese, Indian sauce, herbal butter, soup, and white sauce) were analyzed by ELISA, two methods of RNA extraction, TRIzol(®) and QIAamp(®), following conventional RT-PCR. The qPCR was used in order to confirm the NoV genogroups. GI and GII NoV genogroups were identified by conventional RT-PCR after RNA extraction by means of the TRIzol(®) method. Two GII NoV samples were successfully sequenced, classified as GII.4; and they displayed a genetic relationship with strains from the Asian continent also isolated in 2010. GII and GI NoV were identified in distinct food matrices suggesting that it was not a common source of contamination. TRIzol(®) extraction followed by conventional RT-PCR was a suitable methodology in order to identify NoV in naturally contaminated food. Moreover, food samples could be processed within 8 h indicating the value of the method used for NoV detection, and its potential to identify foodborne gastroenteritis outbreaks in food products other than shellfish. This is the first description in Brazil of NoV detection in naturally contaminated food other than shellfish involved in a foodborne outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Guadagnucci Morillo
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Avenida Dr Arnaldo, no 355, São Paulo, SP, 01246-902, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hartmann EM, Halden RU. Analytical methods for the detection of viruses in food by example of CCL-3 bioagents. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2527-37. [PMID: 22526652 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This critical review presents challenges and strategies in the detection of viral contaminants in food products. Adenovirus, caliciviruses, enteroviruses, and hepatitis A are emerging contaminant viruses. These viruses contaminate a variety of food products, including fruits, vegetables, shellfish, and ready-to-eat processed foods. The diversity of targets and sample matrices presents unique challenges to virus monitoring that have been addressed by a wide array of processing and detection methods. This review covers sample acquisition and handling, virus recovery/concentration, and the determination of targets using molecular biology and mass-spectrometric approaches. The concentration methods discussed include precipitation, antibody-based concentration, and filtration; the detection methods discussed include microscopy, polymerase chain reaction, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, and mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Hartmann
- The Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85006-5701, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Stals A, Baert L, Van Coillie E, Uyttendaele M. Extraction of food-borne viruses from food samples: A review. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 153:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
28
|
Hartnell R, Lowther J, Avant J, Dancer D, Lees D, Russell J. The development of LENTICULES™ as reference materials for noroviruses. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 112:338-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
29
|
Scientific Opinion on an update on the present knowledge on the occurrence and control of foodborne viruses. EFSA J 2011; 9:2190. [PMID: 32313582 PMCID: PMC7163696 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A review of the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis and public health importance of foodborne viruses was performed. Data needs to support a risk assessment were also identified. In addition possible control options and their anticipated impact to prevent or reduce the number of foodborne viral human infections were identified, including the scientific reasons for and against the establishment of food safety criteria and process hygiene criteria for viruses for certain food categories. Food may be contaminated by virus during all stages of the food supply chain, and transmission can occur by consumption of food contaminated during the production process (primary production, or during further processing), or contaminated by infected food handlers. Transmission of zoonotic viruses (e.g. HEV) can also occur by consumption of products of animal origin. Viruses do not multiply in foods, but may persist for extended periods of time as infectious particles in the environment, or in foods. At the EU-level it is unknown how much viral disease can be attributed to foodborne spread. The relative contribution of different sources (shellfish, fresh produce, food handler including asymptomatic shedders, food handling environment) to foodborne illness has not been determined. The Panel recommends focusing controls on preventive measures to avoid viral contamination rather than trying to remove/inactivate these viruses from food. Also, it is recommended to introduce a microbiological criteria for viruses in bivalve molluscs, unless they are labelled "to be cooked before consumption". The criteria could be used by food business operators to validate their control options. Furthermore, it is recommended to refine the regulatory standards and monitoring approaches in order to improve public health protection. Introduction of virus microbiological criteria for classification of bivalve molluscs production areas should be considered. A virus monitoring programme for compliance with these criteria should be risk based according to the findings of a sanitary survey.
Collapse
|
30
|
Koo HL, Ajami N, Atmar RL, DuPont HL. Noroviruses: The leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. DISCOVERY MEDICINE 2010; 10:61-70. [PMID: 20670600 PMCID: PMC3150746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading cause of foodborne disease outbreaks worldwide, and may soon eclipse rotaviruses as the most common cause of severe pediatric gastroenteritis, as the use of rotavirus vaccines becomes more widespread. Genetic mutations and recombinations contribute to the broad heterogeneity of noroviruses and the emergence of new epidemic strains. Although typically a self-limited disease, norovirus gastroenteritis can cause significant morbidity and mortality among children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. The lack of a cell culture or small animal model has hindered norovirus research and the development of novel therapeutic and preventative interventions. However, vaccines based on norovirus capsid protein virus-like particles are promising and may one day become widely available through transgenic expression in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoonmo L Koo
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Molecular detection of noroviruses in hospitalized patients in Bangladesh. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29:937-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-0948-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
32
|
Nappier S, Graczyk T, Tamang L, Schwab K. Co-localizedCrassostrea virginicaandCrassostrea ariakensisOysters differ in bioaccumulation, retention and depuration of microbial indicators and human enteropathogens. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:736-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
33
|
Abstract
Noroviruses are a common cause of both endemic and epidemic gastroenteritis. These highly infectious viruses usually cause self-limited disease, but chronic infections occur in highly immunocompromised patients and unusual manifestations are also being described in some populations. Histoblood-group antigen expression is now recognized as an important susceptibility factor for many norovirus strains, but a correlate of acquired immunity to infection or illness has not yet been identified. Currently, treatment and prevention strategies rely on non-specific measures. However, virus-like particles containing capsid antigens are undergoing evaluation as a vaccine candidate for illness prevention. This article reviews the biologic properties, epidemiology, clinical features, host susceptibility, diagnosis, and treatment and prevention of norovirus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Atmar
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, MS BCM 280, Houston, TX 77030, USA, Phone: 713-798-6849, FAX: 713-798-6802
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cheong S, Lee C, Song SW, Choi WC, Lee CH, Kim SJ. Enteric viruses in raw vegetables and groundwater used for irrigation in South Korea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:7745-51. [PMID: 19854919 PMCID: PMC2794108 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01629-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Raw vegetables irrigated with groundwater that may contain enteric viruses can be associated with food-borne viral disease outbreaks. In this study, we performed reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and cell culture-PCR to monitor the occurrence of enteric viruses in groundwater samples and in raw vegetables that were cultivated using that groundwater in South Korea. Samples were collected 10 times from three farms located in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. RT-PCR and cell culture-PCR were performed to detect adenoviruses (AdVs), enteroviruses (EVs), noroviruses (NoVs), and rotaviruses, followed by sequence analyses of the detected strains. Of the 29 groundwater samples and the 30 vegetable samples, five (17%) and three (10%) were positive for enteric viruses, respectively. AdVs were the most frequently detected viruses in four groundwater and three vegetable samples. EVs and NoVs were detected in only one groundwater sample and one spinach sample, respectively. The occurrence of enteric viruses in groundwater and vegetable samples was not correlated with the water temperature and the levels of indicator bacteria, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that most of the detected AdVs were temporally distributed, irrespective of sample type. Our results indicate that raw vegetables may be contaminated with a broad range of enteric viruses, which may originate from virus-infected farmers and virus-contaminated irrigation water, and these vegetables may act as a potential vector of food-borne viral transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sooryun Cheong
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, South Korea
| | - Cheonghoon Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, South Korea
| | - Sung Won Song
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, South Korea
| | - Weon Cheon Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, South Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, South Korea
| | - Sang-Jong Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Effects of technological processes on the tenacity and inactivation of norovirus genogroup II in experimentally contaminated foods. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 76:536-45. [PMID: 19933338 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01797-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Contaminated food is a significant vehicle for human norovirus transmission. The present study determined the effect of physicochemical treatments on the tenacity of infective human norovirus genogroup II in selected foods. Artificially contaminated produce was subjected to a number of processes used by the food industry for preservation and by the consumer for storage and preparation. Virus recovery was carried out by using ultrafiltration and was monitored by using bacteriophage MS2 as an internal process control. Norovirus was quantified by using monoplex one-step TaqMan real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and an external standard curve based on recombinant RNA standards. An RNase pretreatment step was used to avoid false-positive PCR results caused by accessible RNA, which allowed detection of intact virus particles. Significant reductions in titers were obtained with heat treatments usually applied by consumers for food preparation (baking, cooking, roasting). Generally, processes used for preservation and storage, such as cooling, freezing, acidification (>or=pH 4.5), and moderate heat treatments (pasteurization), appear to be insufficient to inactivate norovirus within a food matrix or on the surface of food. Besides data for persistence in processed food, comparable data for individual matrix-specific protective effects, recovery rates, and inhibitory effects on the PCRs were obtained in this study. The established procedure might be used for other noncultivable enteric RNA viruses that are connected to food-borne diseases. The data obtained in this study may also help optimize the process for inactivation of norovirus in food by adjusting food processing technologies and may promote the development of risk assessment systems in order to improve consumer protection.
Collapse
|
36
|
Cheong S, Lee C, Choi WC, Lee CH, Kim SJ. Concentration method for the detection of enteric viruses from large volumes of foods. J Food Prot 2009; 72:2001-5. [PMID: 19777907 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.9.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enteric viruses are the major cause of outbreaks of foodborne viral disease worldwide, and vegetables and fruits are considered significant vectors of virus transmission. In this study, we compared viral elution concentration methods in strawberry and lettuce and tested the secondary concentration step for concentrating viruses from large volumes of lettuce samples. Among the tested procedures, the combination of a 0.05 M glycine plus 100 mM Tris elution buffer (pH 9.5) and a polyethylene glycol precipitation concentration was most efficient for the detection of norovirus genogroup II from strawberries (50% of samples) and lettuce (2.9% of samples). The secondary concentration step using ultrafiltration devices could be applied to large lettuce samples without any decrease in detection limit and efficiency, and other cultivable enteric viruses including enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and rotaviruses were recovered from lettuce at efficiencies of 11.4, 9.05, and 11.3%, respectively. This method could be useful for detecting enteric viruses in fresh foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sooryun Cheong
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Environmental virology started with the detection of poliovirus in water. Since then other enteric viruses responsible for gastroenteritis and hepatitis have replaced enteroviruses as the main target for detection. Most shellfish-borne viral outbreaks are restricted to norovirus and hepatitis A virus, making them the main targets for bivalve virological analysis. The inclusion of virus analysis in regulatory standards for viruses in molluscan bivalve samples must overcome several shortcomings such as the technical difficulties and high costs of virus monitoring, the lack of harmonised and standardised assays and the challenge posed by the ever-changing nature of viruses. Nowadays methods are available to detect, quantify and characterise viral pathogens in molluscan shellfish to reduce the risks of shellfish-borne virus diseases.
Collapse
|
38
|
Malek M, Barzilay E, Kramer A, Camp B, Jaykus L, Escudero‐Abarca B, Derrick G, White P, Gerba C, Higgins C, Vinje J, Glass R, Lynch M, Widdowson M. Outbreak of Norovirus Infection among River Rafters Associated with Packaged Delicatessen Meat, Grand Canyon, 2005. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:31-7. [DOI: 10.1086/594118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
|
39
|
Fumian TM, Leite JPG, Marin VA, Miagostovich MP. A rapid procedure for detecting noroviruses from cheese and fresh lettuce. J Virol Methods 2009; 155:39-43. [PMID: 18951920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are recognized as the most common agents of outbreaks of food-borne viral gastroenteritis and the efficiency of different methods for detection of NoVs from food matrices have been tested in several laboratories worldwide. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and sensitive method for recovery of NoVs by using a filtration concentration method followed by PCR amplification for detection of NoVs from cheese and fresh lettuce. Experimentally, a fecal suspension containing different number of NoVs copies was spiked in the food surface and extracted by a direct elution using a Stomacher apparatus. An Ozone-Safe solvent Vertrel XF treatment was included for cheese samples for removing particulate matter. The watery phase was collected and the viral concentration was performed by the adsorption-elution method using negatively charged membranes with inorganic solvents in a Stericup and afterwards ultrafiltered using a Centriprep Concentrator 50 to obtain a final volume of 2ml. RNA isolation was carried out with the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit available commercially and reverse transcription was carried out with a Pd(N6) random primer. Real time quantitative PCR (TaqMan) and qualitative PCR were used for molecular detection of NoVs. The recovery rate of NoVs ranged from 5.2 to 72.3% in lettuce and from 6 to 56.3% in cheese. The results indicate that this method is suitable for detection of NoVs contamination in food and will help establish the cause and source of NoVs outbreaks of food-borne illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Bioaccumulation, retention, and depuration of enteric viruses by Crassostrea virginica and Crassostrea ariakensis oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:6825-31. [PMID: 18820067 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01000-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crassostrea ariakensis oysters are under review for introduction into the Chesapeake Bay. However, the human health implications of the introduction have not been fully addressed. This study evaluated rates of bioaccumulation, retention, and depuration of viruses by Crassostrea virginica and C. ariakensis when the two oyster species were maintained in separate tanks containing synthetic seawater of various salinities (8, 12, or 20 ppt). Oyster bioaccumulation tanks were seeded with 10(3) PFU/ml of hepatitis A virus (HAV), poliovirus, male-specific bacteriophage (MS2), and murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) and 10(3) PCR units/ml of human norovirus (NoV). After 24 h, depuration commenced as oysters (n = 255) were placed in pathogen-free seawater under continuous filtration. Oysters (n = 6) were sampled weekly for 1 month from each tank. Viral RNA was recovered using a modified proteinase K, guanidine, and glassmilk method and analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. The odds of C. ariakensis oysters harboring NoV, MNV-1, or HAV were statistically greater than the odds of C. virginica oysters harboring the same viruses (MNV-1 odds ratio [OR], 4.5; P = 0.01; NoV OR, 8.4; P < 0.001; HAV OR, 11.4; P < 0.001). Unlike C. virginica, C. ariakensis bioaccumulated and retained NoV, MNV-1, and HAV for 1 month at all salinities. Additionally, the odds of an oyster testing positive for NoV was 25.5 times greater (P < 0.001) when the oyster also tested positive for MNV-1. This research helps assess the threat of C. ariakensis as a vehicle for viral pathogens due to the consumption of raw oysters and validates the role for MNV-1 as a surrogate for NoV.
Collapse
|
42
|
Recovery and sequence analysis of hepatitis a virus from springwater implicated in an outbreak of acute viral hepatitis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:6158-60. [PMID: 18708522 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02872-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of acute hepatitis A virus in North Carolina was linked to drinking water from a contaminated shallow spring by phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis A virus (HAV) genomic sequences. Detection of HAV and fecal indicators in the water provided useful and timely information to assist with public health prevention and control measures.
Collapse
|
43
|
Scipioni A, Mauroy A, Ziant D, Saegerman C, Thiry E. A SYBR Green RT-PCR assay in single tube to detect human and bovine noroviruses and control for inhibition. Virol J 2008; 5:94. [PMID: 18702817 PMCID: PMC2546391 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Noroviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the family Caliciviridae. They are a major cause of epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis in humans and clinical signs and lesions of gastroenteritis were reported in bovines. Due to their genetic proximity, potential zoonotic transmission or animal reservoir can be hypothesized for noroviruses. RT-PCR has become the "gold standard" for the detection of noroviruses in faecal and environmental samples. With such samples, the control for inhibition of the reaction during amplification and detection is crucial to avoid false negative results, which might otherwise not be detected. The aim of the reported method is to detect, with a SYBR Green technology, a broad range of noroviruses with a control for inhibition. Results A SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR assay was developed making use of a foreign internal RNA control added in the same tube. This assay is able to detect human and bovine noroviruses belonging to genogroups I, II and III and to distinguish between norovirus and internal control amplicons using melting curve analysis. A 10-fold dilution of samples appears to be the method of choice to remove inhibition. This assay was validated with human and bovine stool samples previously tested for norovirus by conventional RT-PCR. Conclusion This SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR assay allows the detection of the most important human and bovine noroviruses in the same assay, and avoids false negative results making use of an internal control. Melting curves allow the discrimination between the internal control and norovirus amplicons. It gives preliminary information about the species of origin. The sensitivity of the developed assay is higher than conventional RT-PCR and a 10-fold dilution of samples showed a better efficiency and reproducibility to remove RT-PCR inhibition than addition of bovine serum albumin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Scipioni
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Scipioni A, Bourgot I, Mauroy A, Ziant D, Saegerman C, Daube G, Thiry E. Detection and quantification of human and bovine noroviruses by a TaqMan RT-PCR assay with a control for inhibition. Mol Cell Probes 2008; 22:215-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
45
|
Tian P, Engelbrektson A, Mandrell R. Two-log increase in sensitivity for detection of norovirus in complex samples by concentration with porcine gastric mucin conjugated to magnetic beads. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:4271-6. [PMID: 18515489 PMCID: PMC2493163 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00539-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) have been identified previously as candidate receptors for human norovirus (NOR). Type A, type H1, and Lewis HBGA in humans have been identified as major HBGA for NOR binding. We have found that pig stomach (gastric) mucin (PGM) contains blood group A, H1, and Lewis b HBGA and binds to multiple strains of NOR more broadly than do specific antibodies to NOR. Both genogroup I (GGI) and GGII NOR strains were recovered by PGM-conjugated magnetic beads. A fecal sample containing GGII NOR was detected at a dilution of 1:1,000,000 by the standard RNA extraction procedure, whereas NOR in a 1:100,000,000 dilution could be concentrated by PGM-conjugated magnetic beads and NOR in spiked food samples (e.g., oyster extract, strawberry, raspberry, and lettuce) was captured by PGM, thus minimizing the reverse transcription-PCR inhibitors in food and increasing sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tian
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, WRRC, ARS, USDA, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710-1105, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Croci L, Dubois E, Cook N, de Medici D, Schultz AC, China B, Rutjes SA, Hoorfar J, Van der Poel WHM. Current Methods for Extraction and Concentration of Enteric Viruses from Fresh Fruit and Vegetables: Towards International Standards. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-008-9025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
47
|
Baert L, Uyttendaele M, Debevere J. Evaluation of viral extraction methods on a broad range of Ready-To-Eat foods with conventional and real-time RT-PCR for Norovirus GII detection. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 123:101-8. [PMID: 18258325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoV) are a common cause of foodborne outbreaks. In spite of that, no standard viral detection method is available for food products. Therefore, three viral elution-concentration methods and one direct RNA isolation method were evaluated on a broad range of Ready-To-Eat (RTE) food products (mixed lettuce, fruit salad, raspberries and two RTE dishes) artificially seeded with a diluted stool sample contaminated with NoV genogroup II. These seeding experiments revealed two categories of RTE products, fruits and vegetables grouped together and RTE dishes (penne and tagliatelle salads) which are rich in proteins and fat formed another category. The RNA extracts were amplified and detected with two conventional RT-PCR systems (Booster and Semi-nested GII) and one real-time RT-PCR (Real-time GII) assay. A fast direct RNA isolation method detected 10(2) RT-PCRU on 10 g penne and tagliatelle salads with the conventional RT-PCR assays. However real-time RT-PCR was less sensitive for penne salad. A viral elution-concentration method, including a buffer solution for the elution step and one polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation step, was able to detect 10(2) RT-PCRU on 50 g frozen raspberries with conventional and real-time RT-PCR assays. Moreover the latter extraction method used no environmental hazardous chemical reagents and was easy to perform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leen Baert
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Rzeżutka A, Chrobocińska M, Kaupke A, Mizak B. Application of an Ultracentrifugation-based Method for Detection of Feline Calicivirus (a Norovirus Surrogate) in Experimentally Contaminated Delicatessen Meat Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-007-9002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
49
|
|
50
|
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is responsible for around half of the total number of hepatitis infections diagnosed worldwide. HAV infection is mainly propagated via the faecal-oral route and as a consequence of globalisation, transnational outbreaks of foodborne infections are reported with increasing frequency. Molecular procedures are now available and should be employed for the direct surveillance of HAV in food and environmental samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Sánchez
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|