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Ma Q, Li Y, Li P, Wang M, Wang J, Tang Z, Wang T, Luo L, Wang C, Wang T, Zhao B. Research progress in the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and intestinal flora. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109138. [PMID: 31247468 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common clinical chronic disease, while its pathogenesis is still inconclusive. Intestinal flora, the largest micro-ecological system in the human body, is involved in, meanwhile has a major impact on the body's material and energy metabolism. Recent studies have shown that in addition to obesity, genetics, and islet dysfunction, the disturbance of intestinal flora may partly give rise to diabetes. In this paper, we summarized the current research on the correlation between T2DM and intestinal flora, and concluded the pathological mechanisms of intestinal flora involved in T2DM. Moreover, the ideas and methods of prevention and treatment of T2DM based on intestinal flora were proposed, providing theoretical basis and literature reference for the treatment of T2DM and its complications based on the regulation of intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quantao Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yaqi Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jingkang Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ziyan Tang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ting Wang
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No.8 Hong-Da Middle Road, Da-Xing District, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Linglong Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chunguo Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Baosheng Zhao
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North 3rd Ring East Road, Chao-Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Trachsel J, Briggs C, Gabler NK, Allen HK, Loving CL. Dietary Resistant Potato Starch Alters Intestinal Microbial Communities and Their Metabolites, and Markers of Immune Regulation and Barrier Function in Swine. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1381. [PMID: 31275319 PMCID: PMC6593117 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between diet, the microbiota, and the host set the ecological conditions in the gut and have broad implications for health. Prebiotics are dietary compounds that may shift conditions toward health by promoting the growth of beneficial microbes that produce metabolites capable of modulating host cells. This study's objective was to assess how a dietary prebiotic could impact host tissues via modulation of the intestinal microbiota. Pigs fed a diet amended with 5% resistant potato starch (RPS) exhibited alterations associated with gut health relative to swine fed an unamended control diet (CON). RPS intake increased abundances of anaerobic Clostridia in feces and several tissues, as well as intestinal concentrations of butyrate. Functional gene amplicons suggested bacteria similar to Anaerostipes hadrus were stimulated by RPS intake. The CON treatment exhibited increased abundances of several genera of Proteobacteria (which utilize respiratory metabolisms) in several intestinal locations. RPS intake increased the abundance of regulatory T cells in the cecum, but not periphery, and cecal immune status alterations were indicative of enhanced mucosal defenses. A network analysis of host and microbial changes in the cecum revealed that regulatory T cells positively correlated with butyrate concentration, luminal IgA concentration, expression of IL-6 and DEF1B, and several mucosa-associated bacterial taxa. Thus, the administration of RPS modulated the microbiota and host immune status, altering markers of cecal barrier function and immunological tolerance, and suggesting a reduced niche for bacterial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Trachsel
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States.,Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Cassidy Briggs
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States.,Summer Scholar Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Nicholas K Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Heather K Allen
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Crystal L Loving
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
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Pumpkin polysaccharide modifies the gut microbiota during alleviation of type 2 diabetes in rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 115:711-717. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Adamberg K, Kolk K, Jaagura M, Vilu R, Adamberg S. The composition and metabolism of faecal microbiota is specifically modulated by different dietary polysaccharides and mucin: an isothermal microcalorimetry study. Benef Microbes 2018; 9:21-34. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic activity of colon microbiota is specifically affected by fibres with various monomer compositions, degree of polymerisation and branching. The supply of a variety of dietary fibres assures the diversity of gut microbial communities considered important for the well-being of the host. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of different oligo- and polysaccharides (galacto- and fructooligosaccharides, resistant starch, levan, inulin, arabinogalactan, xylan, pectin and chitin), and a glycoprotein mucin on the growth and metabolism of faecal microbiota in vitro by using isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC). Faecal samples from healthy donors were incubated in a phosphate-buffered defined medium with or without supplementation of a single substrate. The generation of heat was followed on-line, microbiota composition (V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA using Illumina MiSeq v2) and concentrations of metabolites (HPLC) were determined at the end of growth. The multiauxic power-time curves obtained were substrate-specific. More than 70% of all substrates except chitin were fermented by faecal microbiota with total heat generation of up to 8 J/ml. The final metabolite patterns were in accordance with the microbiota changes. For arabinogalactan, xylan and levan, the fibre-affected distribution of bacterial taxa showed clear similarities (e.g. increase of Bacteroides ovatus and decrease of Bifidobacterium adolescentis). The formation of propionic acid, an important colon metabolite, was enhanced by arabinogalactan, xylan and mucin but not by galacto- and fructooligosaccharides or inulin. Mucin fermentation resulted in acetate, propionate and butyrate production in ratios previously observed for faecal samples, indicating that mucins may serve as major substrates for colon microbial population. IMC combined with analytical methods was shown to be an effective method for screening the impact of specific dietary fibres on functional changes in faecal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Adamberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
- Competence Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Akadeemia tee 15A, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - K. Kolk
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
- Competence Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Akadeemia tee 15A, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - M. Jaagura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
- Competence Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Akadeemia tee 15A, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - R. Vilu
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
- Competence Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Akadeemia tee 15A, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - S. Adamberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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Hutabarat DJC, Zakaria FR, Purwani EY, Suhartono MT. SCFA Profile of Rice RS Fermentation by Colonic Microbiota, <i>Clostridium butyricum</i> BCC B2571, and <i>Eubacterium rectale</i> DSM 17629. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2018.92008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bajury DM, Nashri SM, King Jie Hung P, Sarbini SR. Evaluation of potential prebiotics: a review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2017.1373287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dayang Marshitah Bajury
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Bintulu, Malaysia
| | - Siti Maisarah Nashri
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Bintulu, Malaysia
| | - Patricia King Jie Hung
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Bintulu, Malaysia
| | - Shahrul Razid Sarbini
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Bintulu, Malaysia
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Daly A, Evans S, Ashmore C, Chahal S, Santra S, MacDonald A. Refining low protein modular feeds for children on low protein tube feeds with organic acidaemias. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2017; 13:99-104. [PMID: 29034175 PMCID: PMC5633752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with inherited metabolic disorders (IMD) who are dependent on tube feeding and require a protein restriction are commonly fed by ‘modular tube feeds’ consisting of several ingredients. A longitudinal, prospective two-phase study, conducted over 18 months assessed the long-term efficacy of a pre-measured protein-free composite feed. This was specifically designed to meet the non-protein nutritional requirements of children (aged over 1 year) with organic acidaemias on low protein enteral feeds and to be used as a supplement with an enteral feeding protein source. Methodology All non-protein individual feed ingredients were replaced with one protein-free composite feed supplying fat, carbohydrate, and micronutrients. Thirteen subjects, median age 7.4y (3–15.5y), all nutritionally tube dependent (supplying nutritional intake: ≥ 90%, n = 12; 75%, n = 1), and diagnosed with organic acidaemias (Propionic acidaemia, n = 6; Vitamin B12 non-responsive methyl malonic acidaemia, n = 4; Isovaleric acidaemia, n = 2; Glutaric aciduria type1, n = 1); were studied. Nutritional intake, biochemistry and anthropometry were monitored at week − 8, 0, 12, 26 and 79. Results Energy intake remained unchanged, providing 76% of estimated energy requirements. Dietary intakes of vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids significantly increased from week 0 to week 79, but sodium, potassium, magnesium, decosahexanoic acid and fibre did not meet suggested requirements. Plasma zinc, selenium, haemoglobin and MCV significantly improved, and growth remained satisfactory. Natural protein intake met WHO/FAO/UNU 2007 recommendations. Conclusions A protein-free composite feed formulated to meet the non-protein nutritional requirements of children aged over 1 year improved nutritional intake, biochemical nutritional status, and simplified enteral tube feeding regimens in children with organic acidaemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Daly
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, United Kingdom
| | - S Evans
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, United Kingdom
| | - C Ashmore
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, United Kingdom
| | - S Chahal
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, United Kingdom
| | - S Santra
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, United Kingdom
| | - A MacDonald
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, United Kingdom
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Raigond P, Ezekiel R, Raigond B. Resistant starch in food: a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1968-78. [PMID: 25331334 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional property of starch is related to its rate and extent of digestion and absorption in the small intestine. For nutritional purposes, starch is classified as rapidly available, slowly available and resistant starch (RS). The exact underlying mechanism of relative resistance of starch granules is complicated because those factors are often interconnected. The content of RS in food is highly influenced by food preparation manner and processing techniques. Physical or chemical treatments also alter the level of RS in a food. Commercial preparations of RS are now available and can be added to foods as an ingredient for lowering the calorific value and improving textural and organoleptic characteristics along with increasing the amount of dietary fiber. RS has assumed great importance owing to its unique functional properties and health benefits. The beneficial effects of RS include glycemic control and control of fasting plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels and absorption of minerals. This review attempts to analyze the information published, especially in the recent past, on classification, structure, properties, applications and health benefits of RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinky Raigond
- Division of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry and Postharvest Technology, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
| | - Rajarathnam Ezekiel
- Division of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry and Postharvest Technology, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
| | - Baswaraj Raigond
- Division of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry and Postharvest Technology, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
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Li L, Jiang H, Kim HJ, Yum MY, Campbell MR, Jane JL, White PJ, Hendrich S. Increased Butyrate Production During Long-Term Fermentation of In Vitro-Digested High Amylose Cornstarch Residues with Human Feces. J Food Sci 2015; 80:M1997-2004. [PMID: 26256258 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro semi-continuous long-term (3 wk) anaerobic incubation system simulating lower gut fermentation was used to determine variability in gut microbial metabolism between 4 predigested high amylose-resistant starch residues (SR): SRV, SRVI, SRVII, and SRGEMS in human fecal samples. Subjects participated twice, 5 mo apart: 30 in Phase I (15 lean, 9 overweight and 6 obese), 29 in Phase II (15 lean, 9 overweight, 5 obese); 13 of 15 lean subjects participated in both phases. Of the 4 SRs, SRV displayed the highest gelatinization temperature, peak temperature, enthalpy changes, and the least digestibility compared with the other SRs. In both phases, compared with blank controls, all SRs increased butyrate ∼2-fold which stabilized at week 2 and only SRV caused greater propionate concentration (∼30%) after 3 wk which might have been partly mediated by its lesser digestibility. Fecal samples from lean and overweight/obese subjects incubated with SRs showed similar short-chain fatty acid production across both time points, which suggests that resistant starch may benefit individuals across BMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State Univ, 220 Mackay Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, U.S.A
| | - Hongxin Jiang
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State Univ, 220 Mackay Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, U.S.A
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State Univ, 220 Mackay Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, U.S.A
| | - Man-Yu Yum
- Dept. of Statistics, Iowa State Univ, 1121 Snedecor Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, U.S.A
| | - Mark R Campbell
- Dept. of Agriculture Sciences, TrumanState Univ, 2072 Magruder Hall, Kirksville, MO, 63501, U.S.A
| | - Jay-Lin Jane
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State Univ, 220 Mackay Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, U.S.A
| | - Pamela J White
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State Univ, 220 Mackay Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, U.S.A
| | - Suzanne Hendrich
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State Univ, 220 Mackay Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, U.S.A
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Aryana K, Greenway F, Dhurandhar N, Tulley R, Finley J, Keenan M, Martin R, Pelkman C, Olson D, Zheng J. A resistant-starch enriched yogurt: fermentability, sensory characteristics, and a pilot study in children. F1000Res 2015; 4:139. [PMID: 26925221 PMCID: PMC4712773 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6451.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of obesity and the vulnerability of the pediatric age group have highlighted the critical need for a careful consideration of effective, safe, remedial and preventive dietary interventions. Amylose starch (RS2) from high-amylose maize (HAM) ferments in the gut and affects body weight. One hundred and ten children, of 7-8 (n=91) or 13-14 (n=19) years of age scored the sensory qualities of a yogurt supplemented with either HAM-RS2 or an amylopectin starch. The amylopectin starch yogurt was preferred to the HAM-RS2-enriched yogurt by 7-8 year old panelists (
P<0.0001). Appearance, taste, and sandiness scores given by 13- to 14-year-old panelists were more favorable for the amylopectin starch yogurt than for HAM-RS2-enriched yogurt (
P<0.05). HAM-RS2 supplementation resulted in acceptable (≥6 on a 1-9 scale) sensory and hedonic ratings of the yogurt in 74% of subjects. Four children consumed a HAM-RS2-enriched yogurt for four weeks to test its fermentability in a clinical trial. Three adolescents, but not the single pre-pubertal child, had reduced stool pH (
P=0.1) and increased stool short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (
P<0.05) including increased fecal acetate (
P=0.02), and butyrate (
P=0.089) from resistant starch (RS) fermentation and isobutyrate (
P=0.01) from protein fermentation post-treatment suggesting a favorable change to the gut microbiota. HAM-RS2 was not modified by pasteurization of the yogurt, and may be a palatable way to increase fiber intake and stimulate colonic fermentation in adolescents. Future studies are planned to determine the concentration of HAM-RS2 that offers the optimal safe and effective strategy to prevent excessive fat gain in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayanush Aryana
- School of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Frank Greenway
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Nikhil Dhurandhar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Richard Tulley
- School of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - John Finley
- School of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Michael Keenan
- School of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Roy Martin
- University of California, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Douglas Olson
- School of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Jolene Zheng
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
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Biofilms of Clostridium species. Anaerobe 2014; 30:193-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Nakanishi S, Kataoka K, Kuwahara T, Ohnishi Y. Effects of High Amylose Maize Starch andClostridium butyricumon Metabolism in Colonic Microbiota and Formation of Azoxymethane-Induced Aberrant Crypt Foci in the Rat Colon. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 47:951-8. [PMID: 14695445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
High amylose maize starch (HAS) is not digested in the small intestine and most of it reaches the large intestine. In the large intestine, HAS is fermented by intestinal bacteria, resulting in production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), particularly butyrate. Clostridium butyricum can utilize HAS and produce butyrate and acetate. It has been proposed that butyrate inhibits carcinogenesis in the colon. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of HAS and C. butyricum strain MIYAIRI588 (CBM588) on azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation in rats. In the group of rats administered only CBM588 spores, the concentration of butyrate in the cecum increased, but there was no decrease in the number of ACF. In the group of rats fed an HAS diet, a decrease in the number of ACF was observed, and in the group of rats administered HAS and CBM588, the number of ACF decreased significantly. In these two groups, the concentrations of acetate and propionate in intestinal contents significantly increased, but the concentration of butyrate did not change. It was found that the beta-glucuronidase activity level of colonic contents decreased significantly in the two groups of rats fed HAS. This study showed that HAS and CBM588 changed the metabolism of colonic microbiota and decreased the level of beta-glucuronidase activity, phenomena that may play a role in the inhibition of ACF formation in the rat colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuusuke Nakanishi
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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Keenan MJ, Janes M, Robert J, Martin RJ, Raggio AM, McCutcheon KL, Pelkman C, Tulley R, Goita M, Durham HA, Zhou J, Senevirathne RN. Resistant starch from high amylose maize (HAM-RS2) reduces body fat and increases gut bacteria in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:981-4. [PMID: 23784900 PMCID: PMC4826615 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity after menopause is a health concern for older females. Changes in the microbiota are likely to occur with this condition. Modifying the microbiota with a prebiotic is a plausible strategy for improving the health of menopausal females. DESIGN AND METHODS Resistant starch type 2 from high-amylose maize (HAM-RS2) was used as a prebiotic in rats in a 2 × 2 factorial study with two levels of HAM-RS2 (0 or 29.7% of weight of diet) referred to as energy control (EC) and HAM-RS2 diets, respectively; and two levels of surgery, ovariectomized (OVX) and sham. RESULTS In a 6-week, postsurgery recovery period, OVX rats gained more body weight with consumption of a similar amount of food. Subsequently, consumption of HAM-RS2 versus EC diets resulted in reduced abdominal fat in both OVX and sham rats; but when normalized for disemboweled body weight (body weight minus GI tract), there was no effect of surgery, only reduction with HAM-RS2. Targeted bacterial populations were estimated that are known to ferment HAM-RS2 or metabolize the products of that initial fermentation. OVX and sham rats demonstrated increased bacterial levels with dietary HAM-RS2 for all bacteria. Additionally, culture techniques and qPCR provided similar results. CONCLUSION This study shows that, as expected, OVX increases adiposity. However, contrary to previous effects seen in obese mice, this did not prevent fermentation of HAM-RS2 and consequently, the fat gain associated with OVX was attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Keenan
- Department of Human Ecology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
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Hold GL, Pryde SE, Russell VJ, Furrie E, Flint HJ. Assessment of microbial diversity in human colonic samples by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012; 39:33-9. [PMID: 19709182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The bacterial species diversity of three colonic tissue samples from elderly people was investigated by sequence analysis of randomly cloned eubacterial 16S rDNA. The majority of sequences (87%) clustered within three bacterial groups: (1) Bacteroides; (2) low G+C content Gram-positives related to Clostridium coccoides (cluster XIVa); (3) Gram-positives related to Clostridium leptum (cluster IV). These groups have been shown to dominate the human faecal flora. Only 25% of sequences were closely related (>97%) to current species type strains, and 28% were less than 97% related to any database entry. 19% of sequences were most closely related to recently isolated butyrate-producing bacteria belonging to clusters XIVa and IV, with a further 18% of the sequences most closely related to Ruminococcus obeum and Ruminococcus torques (members of cluster XIVa). These results provide the first molecular information on the microbial diversity present in human colonic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina L Hold
- Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
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Purwani EY, Iskandriati D, Suhartono MT. Fermentation product of RS3 inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in colon cancer cell HCT-116. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2012.38145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Purwani EY, Purwadaria T, Suhartono MT. Fermentation RS3 derived from sago and rice starch with Clostridium butyricum BCC B2571 or Eubacterium rectale DSM 17629. Anaerobe 2011; 18:55-61. [PMID: 21979490 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Resistant starch type 3 (RS3) is retrograded starch which is not digested by human starch degrading enzyme, and will thus undergo bacterial degradation in the colon. The main fermentation products are the Short Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA): acetate, propionate and butyrate. SCFA has significant benefit impact on the metabolism of the host. The objectives of this research were to study the SCFA profile produced by colonic butyrate producing bacteria grown in medium containing RS3. RS3 was made from sago or rice starch treated with amylase, pullulanase and the combination of amylase and pullulanase. Fermentation study was performed by using Clostridium butyricum BCC B2571 or Eubacterium rectale DSM 17629, which has been identified as capable of degradation of starch residue and also regarded as beneficial bacteria. Experimental result revealed that enzyme hydrolysis of retrograded sago or rice starch was beneficial to RS formation. RS3 derived from sago contained higher RS (31-38%) than those derived from rice starch (21-26%). This study indicated that C. butyricum BCC B2571 produced acetate, propionate and butyrate at molar ratio of 1.8 : 1 : 1, when the medium was supplemented with RSSA at concentration 1%. In the medium containing similar substrate, E. rectale DSM 17629 produced acetate, propionate and butyrate at molar ratio of 1.7 : 1 : 1.2. High levels of acetate, propionate and butyrate at molar ratio of 1.8 : 1 : 1.1 was also produced by E. rectale DSM 17629 in medium supplemented with RSSP at concentration 1%. The results showed that both bacteria responded differently to the RS3 supplementation. Such result provided insight into the possibility of designing RS3 as prebiotic with featured regarding SCFA released in the human colon with potential health implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang Yuli Purwani
- Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest Research and Development, Jln. Tentara Pelajar No.12, Bogor 16114, Indonesia.
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Regmi PR, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Gänzle MG, van Kempen TATG, Zijlstra RT. Starch with high amylose content and low in vitro digestibility increases intestinal nutrient flow and microbial fermentation and selectively promotes bifidobacteria in pigs. J Nutr 2011; 141:1273-80. [PMID: 21628635 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.140509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diets containing different starch types can affect enzymatic digestion of starch and thereby starch availability for microbial fermentation in the gut. However, the role of starch chemistry in nutrient digestion and flow and microbial profile has been poorly explained. Eight ileal-cannulated pigs (29.4 ± 0.9 kg body weight) were fed 4 diets containing 70% purified starch (amylose content, <5, 20, 28, and 63%; reflected by in vitro maximal digestion rate; 1.06, 0.73, 0.38, and 0.22%/min, respectively) in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square. Ileal and fecal starch output, postileal crude protein yield, fecal total SCFA and total butyrate content, and gene copies of Bifidobacterium spp. in feces were higher (P < 0.05) when pigs consumed the slowly digestible starch diet than the remaining 3 starch diets. The in vitro starch digestion rate had a negative, nonlinear relationship with ileal starch flow (R(2) = 0.98; P < 0.001). Ileal starch flow was positively related to Bifidobacterium spp. (R(2) = 0.27; P < 0.01), Lactobacillus group (R(2) = 0.22; P < 0.01), and total butyrate content (R(2) = 0.46; P < 0.01) but was not related to Enterobacteriaceae (R(2) < 0.00; P = 0.92). In conclusion, starch with high amylose content and low in vitro digestibility increased postileal nutrient flow and microbial fermentation and selectively promoted Bifidobacterium spp. in the distal gut.
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Changes in bacterial communities from swine feces during continuous culture with starch. Anaerobe 2010; 16:516-21. [PMID: 20371295 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria from swine feces were grown in continuous culture with starch as the sole carbohydrate in order to monitor changes during fermentation and to determine how similar fermenter communities were to each other. DNA extracted from fermenter samples was analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). A significant decrease in diversity was observed, the Shannon-Weaver index dropped from 1.92 to 1.13 after 14 days of fermentation. Likewise, similarity of fermenter communities to those in the fecal inoculum also decreased over time. Both diversity and similarity to the inoculum decreased most rapidly in the first few days of fermentation, reflecting a period of adaptation. Sequencing of DGGE bands indicated that the same species were present in replicate fermenters. Most of these bacteria were placed in the Clostridium coccoides/Eubacterium rectale group (likely saccharolytic butyrate producers), a dominant bacterial group in the intestinal tract of pigs. DGGE proved useful to monitor swine fecal communities in vitro and indicated the selection and maintenance of native swine intestinal bacteria during continuous culture.
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Abstract
Observing naturally occurring biofilms in situ or ex situ has revealed the wide distribution of sessile microbial communities. The ubiquity, variety and complexity of biofilms is now widely accepted by microbiologists. While they are associated with many beneficial functions such as nutrient cycling, bioremediation and colonization resistance, adverse effects including recalcitrance, their involvement in industrial fouling, contamination and infection have made biofilms a priority research topic. We know that most biofilms, other than within certain infections and laboratory flasks, are composed of multiple species and that there is arguably no unifying biofilm architecture. Biofilms do however share certain properties including the presence of gradients of nutrients, gasses and metabolic products, relatively increased cell density, deposition of extracellular polymeric substances and marked recalcitrance towards antimicrobial treatments. Much of our understanding of biofilm physiology and micro-ecology originates from experiments using in vitro biofilm models. Broadly speaking, such models may be used to replicate environmental conditions within the laboratory or to focus on selected variables such a growth rate or fluid flow, etc. This chapter provides an overview of some commonly used biofilm models including microtitre plate systems, flow cells, the constant depth film fermenter, annular reactors and the perfused biofilm fermenter. While perfused biofilm fermenters, in particular, enable growth rate to be controlled within thin, relatively homogenous, quasi steady-state biofilms through modulation of flow rate nutrient availability, other models provide representative modelling of in situ conditions where steady states may be uncommon.
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Succession of bacterial populations during plant residue decomposition in rice field soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:4879-86. [PMID: 19465536 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00702-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of rice residues into paddy fields strongly enhances methane production and emissions. Although the decomposition processes of plant residues in rice field soil has been documented, the structure and dynamics of the microbial communities involved are poorly understood. The purpose of the present study was to determine the dynamics of short-chain fatty acids and the structure of bacterial communities during residue decomposition in a rice field soil. The soil was anaerobically incubated with the incorporation of rice root or straw residues for 90 days at three temperatures (15, 30, and 45 degrees C). The dynamics of fatty acid intermediates showed an initial cumulative phase followed by a rapid consumption phase and a low-concentration quasi-steady state. Correspondingly, the bacterial populations displayed distinct successions during residue decomposition. Temperature showed a strong effect on the dynamics of bacterial populations. Members of Clostridium (clusters I and III) were most dominant in the incubations, particularly in the early successions. Bacteroidetes and Chlorobi were abundant in the later successions at 15 and 30 degrees C, while Acidobacteria were selected at 45 degrees C. We suggest that the early successional groups are responsible for the decomposition of the easily degradable fraction of residues, while the late successional groups become more important in decomposing the less-degradable or resistant fraction of plant residues. The bacterial succession probably is related to resource availability during residue decomposition. The fast-growing organisms are favored at the beginning, while the slow-growing bacteria are better adapted in the later stages, when substrate availability is limiting.
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Bello-Pérez LA, Paredes-López O. Starches of Some Food Crops, Changes During Processing and Their Nutraceutical Potential. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-009-9004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Molist F, de Segura AG, Gasa J, Hermes R, Manzanilla E, Anguita M, Pérez J. Effects of the insoluble and soluble dietary fibre on the physicochemical properties of digesta and the microbial activity in early weaned piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Hwang TS, Na BK, Tran HT, Ahn DH, Park DH. A novel three-compartmented electrochemical bioreactor for enrichment of strict anaerobes based on metabolite production. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Leitch ECM, Walker AW, Duncan SH, Holtrop G, Flint HJ. Selective colonization of insoluble substrates by human faecal bacteria. Environ Microbiol 2007; 9:667-79. [PMID: 17298367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Insoluble plant polysaccharides and endogenous mucin are important energy sources for human colonic microorganisms. The object of this study was to determine whether or not specific communities colonize these substrates. Using faecal samples from four individuals as inocula for an anaerobic in vitro continuous flow system, the colonization of wheat bran, high amylose starch and porcine gastric mucin was examined. Recovered substrates were extensively washed and the remaining tightly attached bacterial communities were identified using polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S rRNA gene sequences and fluorescent in situ hybridization. The substrate had a major influence on the species of attached bacteria detected. Sequences retrieved from bran were dominated by clostridial cluster XIVa bacteria, including uncultured relatives of Clostridium hathewayi, Eubacterium rectale and Roseburia species. Bacteroides species were also detected. The most abundant sequences recovered from starch were related to the cultured species Ruminococcus bromii, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium breve and E. rectale. The most commonly recovered sequences from mucin were from Bifidobacterium bifidum and uncultured bacteria related to Ruminococcus lactaris. This study suggests that a specific subset of bacteria is likely to be the primary colonizers of particular insoluble colonic substrates. For a given substrate, however, the primary colonizing species may vary between host individuals.
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27
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González-Soto R, Mora-Escobedo R, Hernández-Sánchez H, Sánchez-Rivera M, Bello-Pérez L. The influence of time and storage temperature on resistant starch formation from autoclaved debranched banana starch. Food Res Int 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Parawira W, Murto M, Read J, Mattiasson B. Profile of hydrolases and biogas production during two-stage mesophilic anaerobic digestion of solid potato waste. Process Biochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2005.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Walker AW, Duncan SH, McWilliam Leitch EC, Child MW, Flint HJ. pH and peptide supply can radically alter bacterial populations and short-chain fatty acid ratios within microbial communities from the human colon. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:3692-700. [PMID: 16000778 PMCID: PMC1169066 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.7.3692-3700.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of changes in the gut environment upon the human colonic microbiota are poorly understood. The response of human fecal microbial communities from two donors to alterations in pH (5.5 or 6.5) and peptides (0.6 or 0.1%) was studied here in anaerobic continuous cultures supplied with a mixed carbohydrate source. Final butyrate concentrations were markedly higher at pH 5.5 (0.6% peptide mean, 24.9 mM; 0.1% peptide mean, 13.8 mM) than at pH 6.5 (0.6% peptide mean, 5.3 mM; 0.1% peptide mean, 7.6 mM). At pH 5.5 and 0.6% peptide input, a high butyrate production coincided with decreasing acetate concentrations. The highest propionate concentrations (mean, 20.6 mM) occurred at pH 6.5 and 0.6% peptide input. In parallel, major bacterial groups were monitored by using fluorescence in situ hybridization with a panel of specific 16S rRNA probes. Bacteroides levels increased from ca. 20 to 75% of total eubacteria after a shift from pH 5.5 to 6.5, at 0.6% peptide, coinciding with high propionate formation. Conversely, populations of the butyrate-producing Roseburia group were highest (11 to 19%) at pH 5.5 but fell at pH 6.5, a finding that correlates with butyrate formation. When tested in batch culture, three Bacteroides species grew well at pH 6.7 but poorly at pH 5.5, which is consistent with the behavior observed for the mixed community. Two Roseburia isolates grew equally well at pH 6.7 and 5.5. These findings suggest that a lowering of pH resulting from substrate fermentation in the colon may boost butyrate production and populations of butyrate-producing bacteria, while at the same time curtailing the growth of Bacteroides spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan W Walker
- Microbial Genetics Group, Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Rd., Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, United Kingdom
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30
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Noll M, Matthies D, Frenzel P, Derakshani M, Liesack W. Succession of bacterial community structure and diversity in a paddy soil oxygen gradient. Environ Microbiol 2005; 7:382-95. [PMID: 15683399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cultivation-independent techniques were applied to assess the succession and phylogenetic composition of bacterial communities in a vertical oxygen gradient in flooded, unplanted paddy soil microcosms. Microsensor measurements showed that within 6 h of flooding, oxygen was depleted from 200 microM at the floodwater-soil interface to undetectable amounts at a depth of approximately 2 mm and below. The gradient was quite stable over time, although the oxygen depletion was less pronounced 84 days than 6 h after flooding. Community fingerprint patterns were obtained by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis from the oxic, transition, and anoxic zones of triplicate soil microcosms at 0, 1 and 6 h, and 1, 2, 7, 21, 30, 42, 84, and 168 days after flooding. Correspondence analyses revealed that T-RFLP patterns obtained using either community DNA or RNA were affected by time and oxygen zone, and that there was a significant interaction between the effects of time and oxygen zone. The temporal dynamics of bacterial populations were resolved more clearly using RNA than using DNA. At the RNA level, successional community dynamics were most pronounced from 1 h to 2 days and less pronounced from 2 to 21 days after flooding, for both oxic and anoxic zones. No effect of time or oxygen zone on the community dynamics was observed from 21 to 168 days after flooding. Dominant early successional populations were identified by cloning and comparative sequence analysis of environmental 16S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes as members of the Betaproteobacteria (oxic zone) and the clostridial cluster I (anoxic zone). Dominant late successional populations belonged to the Verrucomicrobia and Nitrospira (detected mainly in the oxic zone), and to the Myxococcales (detected mainly in the anoxic zone). In conclusion, the bacterial community developed through successional stages, leading at the RNA level to almost stable community patterns within 21 days after flooding. This principal finding, in combination with the phylogenetic identity of early- and late-appearing populations, suggests that the community dynamics can be explained by the principles of r- and K-selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Noll
- Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Str., D-35043 Marburg, Germany
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31
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Ott SJ, Musfeldt M, Timmis KN, Hampe J, Wenderoth DF, Schreiber S. In vitro alterations of intestinal bacterial microbiota in fecal samples during storage. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 50:237-45. [PMID: 15582296 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2004.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract harbors an extremely diverse and complex microbial ecosystem. Most of the existent data about the enteric microflora have been generated using stool samples, but the collection and storage of fecal samples are often problematic. The influence of the storage of stool samples on the bacterial diversity and the degradation of bacterial DNA was analysed in this study. Stool samples from 5 healthy volunteers were exposed to different storage temperatures and durations. The bacterial diversity and the amount of intact bacterial DNA were analysed by single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), both using a 16S rDNA approach. Additionally, biopsy specimens were taken from 3 of the 5 individuals to compare fecal and mucosal flora. The bacterial diversity of the fecal flora and the total number of bacteria were significantly reduced after 8 and 24 hours at both room temperature and 4 degrees C. The mucosa-associated bacterial microflora showed substantial differences compared with the fecal flora. The observed alterations of fecal flora during storage point to the difficulty of the molecular analysis of the bacterial diversity and the enumeration of bacterial cells in fecal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan J Ott
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Bourriaud C, Robins RJ, Martin L, Kozlowski F, Tenailleau E, Cherbut C, Michel C. Lactate is mainly fermented to butyrate by human intestinal microfloras but inter-individual variation is evident. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 99:201-12. [PMID: 15960680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the role of lactate as a precursor for butyrate biosynthesis in human colonic microflora. METHODS AND RESULTS Three human faecal microfloras were incubated in vitro with media supplemented with 30 mmol l(-1) unenriched or 13C-enriched lactate. Lactate metabolism and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production were quantified. Lactate conversion to butyrate was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the pathways involved were identified by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All human faecal microfloras rapidly and completely fermented lactate, yielding approx. 19 mmol l(-1) total SCFAs. However, the SCFA composition varied markedly between microfloras. Butyrate was the main end-product for two microfloras but not for the third (60 and 61%vs 27% of the net concentration of SCFA produced respectively). The latter was typified by its ability to produce propionate as a major product (37%), and valerate (3%). 13C-Labelling showed that butyrate was produced through the acetyl-CoA pathway and that the three microfloras possessed significant differences in their metabolic pathways for lactate consumption. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to the ruminal microflora, the human intestinal microflora can utilize both d- and l-lactate as precursors for butyrate synthesis. Inter-individual variation is found. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study suggests that the butyrogenic capability of colonic prebiotics could be related to lactate availability. These findings will direct the development of selection strategies for the isolation of new butyrate-producing bacteria among the lactate-utilizing bacteria present in the human intestinal microfloras.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bourriaud
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, UFDNH - INRA, Nantes cedex 03, France
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Macfarlane S, Macfarlane GT. Bacterial diversity in the human gut. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2004; 54:261-89. [PMID: 15251284 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(04)54010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Macfarlane
- Microbiology and Gut Biology Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
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González-Soto RA, Agama-Acevedo E, Solorza-Feria J, Rendón-Villalobos R, Bello-Pérez LA. Resistant Starch Made from Banana Starch by Autoclaving and Debranching. STARCH-STARKE 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/star.200400283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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Saegusa S, Totsuka M, Kaminogawa S, Hosoi T. Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae induce interleukin-8 production from intestinal epithelial-like Caco-2 cells in the presence of butyric acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 41:227-35. [PMID: 15196572 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsim.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) are important in initiation and regulation of immune responses against numerous foreign substances including food, microorganisms and their metabolites in the intestine. Since the responses of IEC against yeasts have not yet been well understood, we investigated the effects of Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and their cell wall components on interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion by the IEC-like Caco-2 cells. Live cells of both yeast species stimulated Caco-2 cells to produce IL-8 only in the presence of butyric acid, which is a metabolite produced by intestinal bacteria. S. cerevisiae zymosan and glucan also enhanced IL-8 secretion. Treatment of Caco-2 cells with butyric acid increased the expression of mRNAs coding for Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1), TLR6 and dectin-1, which recognize zymosan. C. albicans induced more IL-8 secretion and also decreased transepithelial electrical resistance more rapidly than S. cerevisiae. These results suggest that both yeasts in the intestine stimulate the host's mucosal immune systems by interacting with IEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizue Saegusa
- Tokyo Metropolitan Food Technology Research Center, 1-9 Kanda Sakuma-cho, Chiyoda-ku, 101-0025, Japan.
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Cinquin C, Le Blay G, Fliss I, Lacroix C. Immobilization of infant fecal microbiota and utilization in an in vitro colonic fermentation model. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2004; 48:128-138. [PMID: 15085302 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-003-2022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2003] [Accepted: 07/15/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria isolated from infant feces were immobilized in polysaccharide gel beads (2.5% gellan gum, 0.25% xanthan gum) using a two-phase dispersion process. A 52-day continuous culture was carried out in a single-stage chemostat containing precolonized beads and fed with a medium formulated to approximate the composition of infant chyme. Different dilution rates and pH conditions were tested to simulate the proximal (PCS), transverse (TCS), and distal (DCS) colons. Immobilization preserved all nine bacterial groups tested with survival rates between 3 and 56%. After 1 week fermentation, beads were highly colonized with all populations tested (excepted Staphylococcus spp. present in low numbers), which remained stable throughout the 7.5 weeks of fermentation, with variations below 1 log unit. However, free-cell populations in the circulating liquid medium, produced by immobilized cell growth, cell-release activity from gel beads, and free-cell growth, were altered considerably by culture conditions. Compared to the stabilization period, PCS was characterized by a considerable and rapid increase in Bifidobacterium spp. concentrations (7.4 to 9.6 log CFU/mL), whereas Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., and Clostridium spp. concentrations decreased and Staphylococcus spp. and coliforms increased during TCS and DCS. Under pseudo-steady-state conditions, the community structure developed in the chemostat reflected the relative proportions of viable bacterial numbers and metabolites generally encountered in infant feces. This work showed that a complex microbiota such as infant fecal bacteria can be immobilized and used in a continuous in vitro intestinal fermentation model to reproduce the high bacterial concentration and bacterial diversity of the feces inoculum, at least at the genera level, with a high stability during long-term experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cinquin
- Dairy Research Centre STELA, Pavillon Paul Comtois, Université Laval, Québec, PQ, Canada G1K 7P4
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37
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Hopkins MJ, Englyst HN, Macfarlane S, Furrie E, Macfarlane GT, McBain AJ. Degradation of cross-linked and non-cross-linked arabinoxylans by the intestinal microbiota in children. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 69:6354-60. [PMID: 14602586 PMCID: PMC262271 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.11.6354-6360.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP), such as arabinoxylans (AX), are not digested in the upper gut and provide fermentable carbon sources for bacteria growing in the large bowel. Despite the ubiquity of AX in nature, the microbiologic and physiologic consequences of AX digestion in the gut are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the breakdown of ferulic acid-cross-linked AX (AXF) and non-cross-linked AX in children's intestinal microbiotas, using starch as a readily fermentable polysaccharide for comparative purposes. The experiments were performed using pH-controlled fermentation vessels under anaerobic conditions. The results demonstrated that there was variation in the metabolism of these polysaccharides by colonic microbiotas. AX was always degraded more slowly than starch, while ferulic acid cross-linking reduced the rate of AX fermentation, as shown by fermentation product measurements. Starch digestion was associated with significant acetate and butyrate production, whereas AX breakdown resulted in increased propionate formation. In general, the presence of fermentable carbohydrate significantly increased the total anaerobe counts and eubacterial rRNA concentrations (P < 0.01), while non-cross-linked AX digestion was principally associated with increased viable counts of Bacteroides fragilis group organisms, which was supported by increases in Bacteroides-Porphyromonas-Prevotella group rRNA (P < 0.01). Starch was considerably more bifidogenic than AX in these fermentations. In conclusion, in this study we found that the effects of AX and AXF on the microbial ecology and metabolism of intestinal microbiotas are similar in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Hopkins
- MRC Microbiology and Gut Biology Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Le Blay GM, Michel CD, Blottière HM, Cherbut CJ. Raw potato starch and short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides affect the composition and metabolic activity of rat intestinal microbiota differently depending on the caecocolonic segment involved. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 94:312-20. [PMID: 12534824 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In vitro studies have suggested that fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and resistant starch (two fermentable non-digestible carbohydrates) display different fermentation kinetics. This study investigated whether these substrates affect the metabolic activity and bacterial composition of the intestinal microflora differently depending on the caecocolonic segment involved. METHODS AND RESULTS Eighteen rats were fed a low-fibre diet (Basal) or the same diet containing raw potato starch (RPS) (9%) or short-chain FOS (9%) for 14 days. Changes in wet-content weights, bacterial populations and metabolites were investigated in the caecum, proximal and distal colon and faeces. Both substrates exerted a prebiotic effect compared with the Basal diet. However, FOS increased lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAPB) throughout the caecocolon and in faeces, whereas the effect of RPS was limited to the caecum and proximal colon. As compared with RPS, FOS doubled the pool of caecal fermentation products, while the situation was just the opposite distally. This difference was mainly because of the anatomical distribution of lactate, which accumulated in the caecum with FOS and in the distal colon with RPS. Faeces reflected these impacts only partly, showing the prebiotic effect of FOS and the metabolite increase induced by RPS. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that FOS and RPS exert complementary caecocolonic effects. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The RPS and FOS combined ingestion could be beneficial by providing health-promoting effects throughout the caecocolon.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Le Blay
- CRNH (Human Nutrition Research Centre), INRA, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes Cedex 03, France
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Lehmann U, Jacobasch G, Schmiedl D. Characterization of resistant starch type III from banana (Musa acuminata). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:5236-5240. [PMID: 12188636 DOI: 10.1021/jf0203390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Banana starch (Musa acuminata var. Nandigobe) was evaluated for its use in generating resistant starch (RS) type III. Structural, physicochemical, and biological properties of these products were analyzed. The investigated process includes debranching of the native starch and retrogradation under different storage temperatures and starch concentrations. After enzymatic debranching, a high amount of low-molecular-weight polymers with a degree of polymerization between 10 and 35 glucose units beside a higher molecular weight fraction were found. The resulting products comprised RS contents of about 50%. After heat-moisture treatment, the RS yield increased up to 84%. Peak temperatures of about 145 degrees C found in DSC measurements pointed to a high thermal stability of the RS products. In vitro fermentations of the RS products, carried out with intestinal microflora of healthy humans, resulted in a molar ratio of acetate:propionate:butyrate of about 49:17:34. The established method allowed the production of a high-quality RS with prebiotic properties for health preventing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undine Lehmann
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Department of Food Chemistry and Preventive Nutrition, Arthur-Scheunert Allee 114-116, D-14558 Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Germany.
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Schwiertz A, Lehmann U, Jacobasch G, Blaut M. Influence of resistant starch on the SCFA production and cell counts of butyrate-producing Eubacterium spp. in the human intestine. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 93:157-62. [PMID: 12067385 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The genus Eubacterium, which is the second most common genus in the human intestine, includes several known butyrate producers. We hypothesized that Eubacterium species play a role in the intestinal butyrate production and are inducible by resistant starch. METHODS AND RESULTS In a human pilot study species-specific and group-specific 16S rRNA-targeted, Cy3 (indocarbocyanine)-labelled oligonucleotide probes were used to quantify butyrogenic species of the genera Eubacterium, Clostridium and Ruminococcus. Following the intake of RS type III a significant increase in faecal butyrate but not in total SCFA was observed. However, increase in butyrate was not accompanied by a proliferation in the targeted bacteria. CONCLUSIONS The tested Eubacterium species have the capacity to produce butyrate but do not appear to play a major role for butyric acid production in the human intestine. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY In view of the fact that the bacteria responsible for butyrate production are largely unknown, it is still difficult to devise a dietary intervention to stimulate butyrogenic bacteria in a targeted way.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schwiertz
- Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung, Abteilung Gastrointestinale Mikrobiologie, Germany.
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Asanuma N, Kawato M, Hino T. Presence of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens in the digestive tract of dogs and cats, and its contribution to butyrate production. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2001; 47:313-319. [PMID: 12483606 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.47.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Numbers of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, a major butyrate-producing bacterium in the rumen, in feces of dogs and cats were estimated by competitive PCR. The type IIb of B. fibrisolvens, which produces much more lactate than butyrate, was detected at the levels (cells per g of feces dry weight) of 2.4x10(3)-9.0x10(5) for dogs and 1.7x10(4-)-6.2x10(5) for cats. However, the type I that produces much more butyrate than the type IIb was not detected in cat or dog feces (less than 6.0x10(4) cells per g of feces dry weight). Butyrate production by B. fibrisolvens type IIb in feces was estimated to be at most 30% of the butyrate production by mixed fecal microbes, which suggested that more butyrate is produced by microbes other than B. fibrisolvens in the intestines. Addition of B. fibrisolvens ATCC19171 (type I) to a culture of mixed fecal microbes increased butyrate production, and OB156 (type IIb) increased lactate production. When both the types were added, both the products were increased. Thus, introduction of both the types of B. fibrisolvens as a probiotic may increase butyrate and lactate production in the large intestine, which is possibly beneficial for the maintenance or improvement of the health of dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narito Asanuma
- Department of Life Science, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
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MacGregor BJ, Toze S, Alm EW, Sharp R, Ziemer CJ, Stahl DA. Distribution and abundance of Gram-positive bacteria in the environment: development of a group-specific probe. J Microbiol Methods 2001; 44:193-203. [PMID: 11240041 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(00)00243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We developed a 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probe (S-P-GPos-1200-a-A-13) for the Gram-positive bacteria, confirmed its specificity by database searches and hybridization studies, and investigated the effects of humic acids on membrane hybridizations with this probe. S-P-GPos-1200-a-A-13 was used to estimate the abundance of Gram-positive populations in the bovine rumen and Lake Michigan sediments. This probe should be useful for studies of the environmental distribution of Gram-positive bacteria and the detection of uncultured, phylogenetically Gram-positive bacteria with variable or negative Gram staining reactions, and could serve for Gram staining in some diagnostic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J MacGregor
- Civil Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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