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Edvardsen PKT, Askarian F, Zurich R, Nizet V, Vaaje-Kolstad G. Exploring roles of the chitinase ChiC in modulating Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence phenotypes. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0054624. [PMID: 38819151 PMCID: PMC11218509 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00546-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitinases are ubiquitous enzymes involved in biomass degradation and chitin turnover in nature. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), an opportunistic human pathogen, expresses ChiC, a secreted glycoside hydrolase 18 family chitinase. Despite speculation about ChiC's role in PA disease pathogenesis, there is scant evidence supporting this hypothesis. Since PA cannot catabolize chitin, we investigated the potential function(s) of ChiC in PA pathophysiology. Our findings show that ChiC exhibits activity against both insoluble (α- and β-chitin) and soluble chitooligosaccharides. Enzyme kinetics toward (GlcNAc)4 revealed a kcat of 6.50 s-1 and a KM of 1.38 mM, the latter remarkably high for a canonical chitinase. In our label-free proteomics investigation, ChiC was among the most abundant proteins in the Pel biofilm, suggesting a potential contribution to PA biofilm formation. Using an intratracheal challenge model of PA pneumonia, the chiC::ISphoA/hah transposon insertion mutant paradoxically showed slightly increased virulence compared to the wild-type parent strain. Our results indicate that ChiC is a genuine chitinase that contributes to a PA pathoadaptive pathway.IMPORTANCEIn addition to performing chitin degradation, chitinases from the glycoside hydrolase 18 family have been found to play important roles during pathogenic bacterial infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals. Despite not being able to grow on chitin, the bacterium produces a chitinase (ChiC) with hitherto unknown function. This study describes an in-depth characterization of ChiC, focusing on its potential contribution to the bacterium's disease-causing ability. We demonstrate that ChiC can degrade both polymeric chitin and chitooligosaccharides, and proteomic analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm revealed an abundance of ChiC, hinting at a potential role in biofilm formation. Surprisingly, a mutant strain incapable of ChiC production showed higher virulence than the wild-type strain. While ChiC appears to be a genuine chitinase, further investigation is required to fully elucidate its contribution to Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence, an important task given the evident health risk posed by this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Askarian
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Raymond Zurich
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Li GB, Liu J, He JX, Li GM, Zhao YD, Liu XL, Hu XH, Zhang X, Wu JL, Shen S, Liu XX, Zhu Y, He F, Gao H, Wang H, Zhao JH, Li Y, Huang F, Huang YY, Zhao ZX, Zhang JW, Zhou SX, Ji YP, Pu M, He M, Chen X, Wang J, Li W, Wu XJ, Ning Y, Sun W, Xu ZJ, Wang WM, Fan J. Rice false smut virulence protein subverts host chitin perception and signaling at lemma and palea for floral infection. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2000-2020. [PMID: 38299379 PMCID: PMC11062437 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The flower-infecting fungus Ustilaginoidea virens causes rice false smut, which is a severe emerging disease threatening rice (Oryza sativa) production worldwide. False smut not only reduces yield, but more importantly produces toxins on grains, posing a great threat to food safety. U. virens invades spikelets via the gap between the 2 bracts (lemma and palea) enclosing the floret and specifically infects the stamen and pistil. Molecular mechanisms for the U. virens-rice interaction are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that rice flowers predominantly employ chitin-triggered immunity against U. virens in the lemma and palea, rather than in the stamen and pistil. We identify a crucial U. virens virulence factor, named UvGH18.1, which carries glycoside hydrolase activity. Mechanistically, UvGH18.1 functions by binding to and hydrolyzing immune elicitor chitin and interacting with the chitin receptor CHITIN ELICITOR BINDING PROTEIN (OsCEBiP) and co-receptor CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (OsCERK1) to impair their chitin-induced dimerization, suppressing host immunity exerted at the lemma and palea for gaining access to the stamen and pistil. Conversely, pretreatment on spikelets with chitin induces a defense response in the lemma and palea, promoting resistance against U. virens. Collectively, our data uncover a mechanism for a U. virens virulence factor and the critical location of the host-pathogen interaction in flowers and provide a potential strategy to control rice false smut disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Bang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jia-Xue He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gao-Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ya-Dan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621023, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jin-Long Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuai Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Feng He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Han Gao
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing-Hao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhi-Xue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ji-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shi-Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yun-Peng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mei Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Weitao Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xian-Jun Wu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zheng-Jun Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya 572024, China
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Li H, Lu Z, Hao MS, Kvammen A, Inman AR, Srivastava V, Bulone V, McKee LS. Family 92 carbohydrate-binding modules specific for β-1,6-glucans increase the thermostability of a bacterial chitinase. Biochimie 2023; 212:153-160. [PMID: 37121306 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In biomass-processing industries there is a need for enzymes that can withstand high temperatures. Extensive research efforts have been dedicated to finding new thermostable enzymes as well as developing new means of stabilising existing enzymes. The attachment of a stable non-catalytic domain to an enzyme can, in some instances, protect a biocatalyst from thermal denaturation. Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are non-catalytic domains typically found appended to biomass-degrading or modifying enzymes, such as glycoside hydrolases (GHs). Most often, CBMs interact with the same polysaccharide as their enzyme partners, leading to an enhanced reaction rate via the promotion of enzyme-substrate interactions. Contradictory to this general concept, we show an example of a chitin-degrading enzyme from GH family 18 that is appended to two CBM domains from family 92, both of which bind preferentially to the non-substrate polysaccharide β-1,6-glucan. During chitin hydrolysis, the CBMs do not contribute to enzyme-substrate interactions but instead confer a 10-15 °C increase in enzyme thermal stability. We propose that CBM92 domains may have a natural enzyme stabilisation role in some cases, which may be relevant to enzyme design for high-temperature applications in biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zijia Lu
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meng-Shu Hao
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alma Kvammen
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annie R Inman
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park Campus, Sturt Road, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Lauren S McKee
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Teknikringen 56-58, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Mevada V, Patel R, Dudhagara P, Chaudhari R, Vohra M, Khan V, J. H. Shyu D, Chen YY, Zala D. Whole Genome Sequencing and Pan-Genomic Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Vibrio cholerae VC01 Isolated from a Clinical Sample. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2030. [PMID: 37630590 PMCID: PMC10457874 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera, a disease caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacteria, threatens public health worldwide. The organism mentioned above has a significant historical record of being identified as a prominent aquatic environmental pollutant capable of adapting its phenotypic and genotypic traits to react to host patients effectively. This study aims to elucidate the heterogeneity of the sporadic clinical strain of V. cholerae VC01 among patients residing in Silvasa. The study involved conducting whole-genome sequencing of the isolate obtained from patients exhibiting symptoms, including those not commonly observed in clinical practice. The strain was initially identified through a combination of biochemical analysis, microscopy, and 16s rRNA-based identification, followed by type strain-based identification. The investigation demonstrated the existence of various genetic alterations and resistance profiles against multiple drugs, particularly chloramphenicol (catB9), florfenicol (floR), oxytetracycline (tet(34)), sulfonamide (sul2), and Trimethoprim (dfrA1). The pan-genomic analysis indicated that 1099 distinct clusters were detected within the genome sequences of recent isolates worldwide. The present study helps to establish a correlation between the mutation and the coexistence of antimicrobial resistance toward current treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Mevada
- DNA Division, Directorate of Forensic Science, Gandhinagar 382007, India;
| | - Rajesh Patel
- Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat 395007, India;
| | - Pravin Dudhagara
- Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat 395007, India;
| | - Rajesh Chaudhari
- School of Applied Sciences and Technology, Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad 382424, India;
| | - Mustafa Vohra
- Directorate of Medical & Health Services, UT of Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu, Silvassa 396230, India; (M.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Vikram Khan
- Directorate of Medical & Health Services, UT of Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu, Silvassa 396230, India; (M.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Douglas J. H. Shyu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 912, Taiwan;
| | - Yih-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 600, Taiwan;
| | - Dolatsinh Zala
- School of Applied Sciences and Technology, Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad 382424, India;
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5
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Han Y, Taylor EB, Luthe D. Maize Endochitinase Expression in Response to Fall Armyworm Herbivory. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:689-706. [PMID: 34056671 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A large percentage of crop loss is due to insect damage, especially caterpillar damage. Plant chitinases are considered excellent candidates to combat these insects since they can degrade chitin in peritrophic matrix (PM), an important protective structure in caterpillar midgut. Compared to chemical insecticides, chitinases could improve host plant resistance and be both economically and environmentally advantageous. The focus of this research was to find chitinase candidates that could improve plant resistance by effectively limiting caterpillar damage. Five classes of endochitinase (I-V) genes were characterized in the maize genome, and we isolated and cloned four chitinase genes (chitinase A, chitinase B, chitinase I, and PRm3) present in two maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines Mp708 and Tx601, with different levels of resistance to caterpillar pests. We also investigated the expression of these maize chitinases in response to fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, FAW) attack. The results indicated that both chitinase transcript abundance and enzymatic activity increased in response to FAW feeding and mechanical wounding. Furthermore, chitinases retained activity inside the caterpillar midgut and enzymatic activity was detected in the food bolus and frass. When examined under scanning electron microscopy, PMs from Tx601-fed caterpillars showed structural damage when compared to diet controls. Analysis of chitinase transcript abundance after caterpillar feeding and proteomic analysis of maize leaf trichomes in the two inbreds implicated chitinase PRm3 found in Tx601 as a potential insecticidal protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Han
- The Pennsylvania State University, Plant Science, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Erin B Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Dawn Luthe
- The Pennsylvania State University, Plant Science, University Park, PA, USA.
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Tully BG, Huntley JF. A Francisella tularensis Chitinase Contributes to Bacterial Persistence and Replication in Two Major U.S. Tick Vectors. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121037. [PMID: 33321814 PMCID: PMC7764610 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly 100 years after the first report of tick-borne tularemia, questions remain about the tick vector(s) that pose the greatest risk for transmitting Francisella tularensis (Ft), the causative agent of tularemia. Additionally, few studies have identified genes/proteins required for Ft to infect, persist, and replicate in ticks. To answer questions about vector competence and Ft transmission by ticks, we infected Dermacentor variabilis (Dv),Amblyomma americanum (Aa), and Haemaphysalis longicornis (Hl; invasive species from Asia) ticks with Ft, finding that although Aa ticks initially become infected with 1 order of magnitude higher Ft, Ft replicated more robustly in Dv ticks, and did not persist in Hl ticks. In transmission studies, both Dv and Aa ticks efficiently transmitted Ft to naïve mice, causing disease in 57% and 46% of mice, respectively. Of four putative Ft chitinases, FTL1793 is the most conserved among Francisella sp. We generated a ΔFTL1793 mutant and found that ΔFTL1793 was deficient for infection, persistence, and replication in ticks. Recombinant FTL1793 exhibited chitinase activity in vitro, suggesting that FTL1793 may provide an alternative energy source for Ft in ticks. Taken together, Dv ticks appear to pose a greater risk for harboring and transmitting tularemia and FTL1793 plays a major role in promoting tick infections by Ft.
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Characterization of chitinase from Shewanella inventionis HE3 with bio-insecticidal effect against granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Horvath-Szanics E, Perjéssy J, Klupács A, Takács K, Nagy A, Koppány-Szabó E, Hegyi F, Németh-Szerdahelyi E, Du M, Wang Z, Kan J, Zalán Z. STUDY OF CHITINASE AND CHITINOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF LACTOBACILLUS STRAINS. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1556/066.2020.49.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The increasing consumer demand for less processed and more natural food products – while improving those products’ quality, safety, and shelf-life – has raised the necessity of chemical preservative replacement. Biopreservation refers to extended storage life and enhanced safety of foods using the natural microflora and (or) their antibacterial products. Chitinolytic enzymes are of biotechnological interest, since their substrate, chitin, is a major structural component of the cell wall of fungi, which are the main cause of the spoilage of food and raw plant material. Among the several organisms, many bacteria produce chitinolytic enzymes, however, this behaviour is not general. The chitinase activity of the lactic acid bacteria is scarcely known and studied.The aim of the present study was to select Lactobacillus strains that have genes encoding chitinase, furthermore, to detect expressed enzymes and to characterise their chitinase activity. Taking into consideration the importance of chitin-bindig proteins (CBPs) in the chitinase activity, CBPs were also examined. Five Lactobacillus strains out of 43 strains from 12 different species were selected by their chitinase coding gene. The presence of the chitinase and chitin-biding protein production were confirmed, however, no chitinolytic activity has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Horvath-Szanics
- aFood Science Research Institute of National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó út 15. Hungary
| | - J. Perjéssy
- aFood Science Research Institute of National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó út 15. Hungary
| | - A. Klupács
- aFood Science Research Institute of National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó út 15. Hungary
| | - K. Takács
- aFood Science Research Institute of National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó út 15. Hungary
| | - A. Nagy
- aFood Science Research Institute of National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó út 15. Hungary
| | - E. Koppány-Szabó
- aFood Science Research Institute of National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó út 15. Hungary
| | - F. Hegyi
- aFood Science Research Institute of National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó út 15. Hungary
| | - E. Németh-Szerdahelyi
- aFood Science Research Institute of National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó út 15. Hungary
| | - M.Y. Du
- bCollege of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715. P.R. China
- cChinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre of Food Science, Food Science Research Institute, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó út 15. Hungary
| | - Z.R. Wang
- bCollege of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715. P.R. China
| | - J.Q. Kan
- bCollege of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715. P.R. China
- cChinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre of Food Science, Food Science Research Institute, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó út 15. Hungary
| | - Zs. Zalán
- aFood Science Research Institute of National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó út 15. Hungary
- cChinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre of Food Science, Food Science Research Institute, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó út 15. Hungary
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9
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Therien JPD, Hammerer F, Friščić T, Auclair K. Mechanoenzymatic Breakdown of Chitinous Material to N-Acetylglucosamine: The Benefits of a Solventless Environment. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:3481-3490. [PMID: 31211476 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is not only the most abundant nitrogen-containing biopolymer on the planet, but also a renewable feedstock that is often treated as a waste. Current chemical methods to break down chitin typically employ harsh conditions, large volumes of solvent, and generate a mixture of products. Although enzymatic methods have been reported, they require a harsh chemical pretreatment of the chitinous substrate and rely on dilute solution conditions that are remote from the natural environment of microbial chitinase enzymes, which typically consists of surfaces exposed to air and moisture. We report an innovative and efficient mechanoenzymatic method to hydrolyze chitin to the N-acetylglucosamine monomer by using chitinases under the recently developed reactive aging (RAging) methodology, based on repeating cycles of brief ball-milling followed by aging, in the absence of bulk solvent. Our results demonstrate that the activity of chitinases increases several times by switching from traditional solution-based conditions of enzymatic catalysis to solventless RAging, which operates on moist solid substrates. Importantly, RAging is also highly efficient for the production of N-acetylglucosamine directly from shrimp and crab shell biomass without any other processing except for a gentle wash with aqueous acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Daniel Therien
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Fabien Hammerer
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
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10
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Han Y, Song L, Peng C, Liu X, Liu L, Zhang Y, Wang W, Zhou J, Wang S, Ebbole D, Wang Z, Lu GD. A Magnaporthe Chitinase Interacts with a Rice Jacalin-Related Lectin to Promote Host Colonization. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1416-1430. [PMID: 30696749 PMCID: PMC6446787 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The genome of rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae) encodes 15 glycoside hydrolase 18 family chitinases. In this study, we characterized the function of an M. oryzae extracellular chitinase, MoChi1, and its interaction with a host protein, OsMBL1, a jacalin-related Mannose-Binding Lectin (MBL) in rice (Oryza sativa). Deletion of MoChi1 resulted in reduced aerial hyphal formation and reduced virulence in rice by activating the expression of defense-responsive genes. We confirmed MoChi1 interaction with rice OsMBL1 in vitro and in vivo. OsMBL1 was induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns and M. oryzae infection. Overexpression of OsMBL1 led to activation of rice defense-responsive genes and a chitin-induced reactive oxygen species burst, thereby enhancing resistance to M. oryzae Knockdown of OsMBL1 enhances susceptibility of rice plants to M. oryzae Furthermore, MoChi1 suppressed chitin-induced reactive oxygen species in rice cells and competed with OsMBL1 for chitin binding. Taken together, our study reveals a mechanism in which MoChi1 targets a host lectin to suppress rice immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemistry Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Linlin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemistry Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Changlin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemistry Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemistry Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lihua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemistry Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemistry Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wenzong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemistry Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemistry Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemistry Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Daniel Ebbole
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2132
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemistry Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Guo-Dong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemistry Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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11
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Davis E, Sloan T, Aurelius K, Barbour A, Bodey E, Clark B, Dennis C, Drown R, Fleming M, Humbert A, Glasgo E, Kerns T, Lingro K, McMillin M, Meyer A, Pope B, Stalevicz A, Steffen B, Steindl A, Williams C, Wimberley C, Zenas R, Butela K, Wildschutte H. Antibiotic discovery throughout the Small World Initiative: A molecular strategy to identify biosynthetic gene clusters involved in antagonistic activity. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6. [PMID: 28110506 PMCID: PMC5458470 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of bacterial pathogens resistant to all known antibiotics is a global health crisis. Adding to this problem is that major pharmaceutical companies have shifted away from antibiotic discovery due to low profitability. As a result, the pipeline of new antibiotics is essentially dry and many bacteria now resist the effects of most commonly used drugs. To address this global health concern, citizen science through the Small World Initiative (SWI) was formed in 2012. As part of SWI, students isolate bacteria from their local environments, characterize the strains, and assay for antibiotic production. During the 2015 fall semester at Bowling Green State University, students isolated 77 soil‐derived bacteria and genetically characterized strains using the 16S rRNA gene, identified strains exhibiting antagonistic activity, and performed an expanded SWI workflow using transposon mutagenesis to identify a biosynthetic gene cluster involved in toxigenic compound production. We identified one mutant with loss of antagonistic activity and through subsequent whole‐genome sequencing and linker‐mediated PCR identified a 24.9 kb biosynthetic gene locus likely involved in inhibitory activity in that mutant. Further assessment against human pathogens demonstrated the inhibition of Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of this compound, thus supporting our molecular strategy as an effective research pipeline for SWI antibiotic discovery and genetic characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Davis
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - Tyler Sloan
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - Krista Aurelius
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - Angela Barbour
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - Elijah Bodey
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - Brigette Clark
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - Celeste Dennis
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - Rachel Drown
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - Megan Fleming
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - Allison Humbert
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - Elizabeth Glasgo
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - Trent Kerns
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - Kelly Lingro
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - MacKenzie McMillin
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - Aaron Meyer
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - Breanna Pope
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - April Stalevicz
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - Brittney Steffen
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - Austin Steindl
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - Carolyn Williams
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - Carmen Wimberley
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - Robert Zenas
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
| | - Kristen Butela
- Department of BiologySeton Hill UniversityGreensburgPAUSA
| | - Hans Wildschutte
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOHUSA
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12
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Environmental Pseudomonads Inhibit Cystic Fibrosis Patient-Derived Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 83:AEM.02701-16. [PMID: 27881418 PMCID: PMC5203635 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02701-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen which is evolving resistance to many currently used antibiotics. While much research has been devoted to the roles of pathogenic P. aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, less is known of its ecological properties. P. aeruginosa dominates the lungs during chronic infection in CF patients, yet its abundance in some environments is less than that of other diverse groups of pseudomonads. Here, we sought to determine if clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa are vulnerable to environmental pseudomonads that dominate soil and water habitats in one-to-one competitions which may provide a source of inhibitory factors. We isolated a total of 330 pseudomonads from diverse habitats of soil and freshwater ecosystems and competed these strains against one another to determine their capacity for antagonistic activity. Over 900 individual inhibitory events were observed. Extending the analysis to P. aeruginosa isolates revealed that clinical isolates, including ones with increased alginate production, were susceptible to competition by multiple environmental strains. We performed transposon mutagenesis on one isolate and identified an ∼14.8-kb locus involved in antagonistic activity. Only two other environmental isolates were observed to carry the locus, suggesting the presence of additional unique compounds or interactions among other isolates involved in outcompeting P. aeruginosa. This collection of strains represents a source of compounds that are active against multiple pathogenic strains. With the evolution of resistance of P. aeruginosa to currently used antibiotics, these environmental strains provide opportunities for novel compound discovery against drug-resistant clinical strains. IMPORTANCE We demonstrate that clinical CF-derived isolates of P. aeruginosa are susceptible to competition in the presence of environmental pseudomonads. We observed that many diverse environmental strains exhibited varied antagonistic profiles against a panel of clinical P. aeruginosa isolates, suggesting the presence of distinct mechanisms of inhibition among these ecological strains. Understanding the properties of these antagonistic events offers the potential for discoveries of antimicrobial compounds or metabolic pathways important to the development of novel treatments for P. aeruginosa infections.
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Shcherbakova LA, Odintsova TI, Stakheev AA, Fravel DR, Zavriev SK. Identification of a Novel Small Cysteine-Rich Protein in the Fraction from the Biocontrol Fusarium oxysporum Strain CS-20 that Mitigates Fusarium Wilt Symptoms and Triggers Defense Responses in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1207. [PMID: 26779237 PMCID: PMC4703993 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The biocontrol effect of the non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain CS-20 against the tomato wilt pathogen F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) has been previously reported to be primarily plant-mediated. This study shows that CS-20 produces proteins, which elicit defense responses in tomato plants. Three protein-containing fractions were isolated from CS-20 biomass using size exclusion chromatography. Exposure of seedling roots to one of these fractions prior to inoculation with pathogenic FOL strains significantly reduced wilt severity. This fraction initiated an ion exchange response in cultured tomato cells resulting in a reversible alteration of extracellular pH; increased tomato chitinase activity, and induced systemic resistance by enhancing PR-1 expression in tomato leaves. Two other protein fractions were inactive in seedling protection. The main polypeptide (designated CS20EP), which was specifically present in the defense-inducing fraction and was not detected in inactive protein fractions, was identified. The nucleotide sequence encoding this protein was determined, and its complete amino acid sequence was deduced from direct Edman degradation (25 N-terminal amino acid residues) and DNA sequencing. The CS20EP was found to be a small basic cysteine-rich protein with a pI of 9.87 and 23.43% of hydrophobic amino acid residues. BLAST search in the NCBI database showed that the protein is new; however, it displays 48% sequence similarity with a hypothetical protein FGSG_10784 from F. graminearum strain PH-1. The contribution of CS20EP to elicitation of tomato defense responses resulting in wilt mitigating is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa A. Shcherbakova
- Laboratory of Physiological Plant Pathology, All-Russian Research Institute of PhytopathologyMoscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana I. Odintsova
- Laboratory of Molecular-Genetic Bases of Plant Immunity, Vavilov Institute of General GeneticsMoscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Stakheev
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostic, M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - Deborah R. Fravel
- Crop Production and Protection, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceBeltsville, MD, USA
| | - Sergey K. Zavriev
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostic, M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
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14
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New symmetrical dinucleating ligand based assembly of bridged dicopper(II) and dizinc(II) centers: Synthesis, structure, spectroscopy, magnetic properties and glycoside hydrolysis. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2015.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Effects of domains modification on the catalytic potential of chitinase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 78:266-72. [PMID: 25895958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitinase, an important enzyme in chitin-degrading, have extensive biophysiological functions and immense potential applications. Here, a chitinase gene pachi was cloned from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and overexpressed in E. coli (DE3). The structural analysis showed that chitinase pachi consists of catalytic domain (CHC), chitin binding domain (CBD) and both of these are linked by connective domain (FN3). In this study, Pachi displayed optimal activity at temperature 65 °C and pH 6.5. To understand the structural and functional relationship of chitin-binding domain with catalytic domain, two mutants, CHA (without CBD) and CBD+FN3-pachi with additional CBD have been constructed. Though the results showed that the two mutants have similar characteristics with Pachi, it is interesting to note that the deficiency of CBD caused an increase in expression level as well as solubility of the CHA. Moreover, the catalytic efficiency of CHA was increased 1.26-fold and substrate affinity in the absence of CBD was decreased 1.85-fold. Thus, the improved solubility and activity of CHA by domain deficiency is an interesting pathway to study the relationship of structure and function of chitinase and support its potential use in commercial applications.
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16
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Jankiewicz U, Brzezinska MS. Purification, characterization, and gene cloning of a chitinase fromStenotrophomonas maltophiliaN4. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:709-17. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Jankiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; SGGW Warsaw Poland
| | - Maria Swiontek Brzezinska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology; Institute of Ecology and Environmental Protection; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Torun Poland
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17
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Martínez-Caballero S, Cano-Sánchez P, Mares-Mejía I, Díaz-Sánchez AG, Macías-Rubalcava ML, Hermoso JA, Rodríguez-Romero A. Comparative study of two GH19 chitinase-like proteins fromHevea brasiliensis, one exhibiting a novel carbohydrate-binding domain. FEBS J 2014; 281:4535-54. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Cano-Sánchez
- Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad Universitaria México
| | - Israel Mares-Mejía
- Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad Universitaria México
| | - Angel G. Díaz-Sánchez
- Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad Universitaria México
| | | | - Juan A. Hermoso
- Departamento de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural; Instituto de Química-Física ‘Rocasolano’; CSIC Madrid Spain
| | - Adela Rodríguez-Romero
- Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad Universitaria México
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18
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Gupta R, Deswal R. Refolding of β-stranded class I chitinases of Hippophae rhamnoides enhances the antifreeze activity during cold acclimation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91723. [PMID: 24626216 PMCID: PMC3953593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Class I chitinases hydrolyse the β-1,4-linkage of chitin and also acquire antifreeze activity in some of the overwintering plants during cold stress. Two chitinases, HrCHT1a of 31 kDa and HrCHT1b of 34 kDa, were purified from cold acclimated and non-acclimated seabuckthorn seedlings using chitin affinity chromatography. 2-D gels of HrCHT1a and HrCHT1b showed single spots with pIs 7.0 and 4.6 respectively. N-terminal sequence of HrCHT1b matched with the class I chitinase of rice and antifreeze proteins while HrCHT1a could not be sequenced as it was N-terminally blocked. Unlike previous reports, where antifreeze activity of chitinase was cold inducible, our results showed that antifreeze activity is constitutive property of class I chitinase as both HrCHT1a and HrCHT1b isolated even from non-acclimated seedlings, exhibited antifreeze activity. Interestingly, HrCHT1a and HrCHT1b purified from cold acclimated seedlings, exhibited 4 and 2 times higher antifreeze activities than those purified from non-acclimated seedlings, suggesting that antifreeze activity increased during cold acclimation. HrCHT1b exhibited 23–33% higher hydrolytic activity and 2–4 times lower antifreeze activity than HrCHT1a did. HrCHT1b was found to be a glycoprotein; however, its antifreeze activity was independent of glycosylation as even deglycosylated HrCHT1b exhibited antifreeze activity. Circular dichroism (CD) analysis showed that both these chitinases were rich in unusual β-stranded conformation (36–43%) and the content of β-strand increased (∼11%) during cold acclimation. Surprisingly, calcium decreased both the activities of HrCHT1b while in case of HrCHT1a, a decrease in the hydrolytic activity and enhancement in its antifreeze activity was observed. CD results showed that addition of calcium also increased the β-stranded conformation of HrCHT1a and HrCHT1b. This is the first report, which shows that antifreeze activity is constitutive property of class I chitinase and cold acclimation and calcium regulate these activities of chitinases by changing the secondary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Gupta
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Renu Deswal
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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19
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Haldar S, Patra A, Bera M. Exploring the catalytic activity of new water soluble dinuclear copper(ii) complexes towards the glycoside hydrolysis. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09800e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Water soluble dicopper(ii/ii) complexes of a new dinucleating ligand, H3phpda were synthesized and characterized for the investigation of glycoside hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayan Patra
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kalyani
- Kalyani, India
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20
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Liang TW, Hsieh TY, Wang SL. Purification of a thermostable chitinase from Bacillus cereus by chitin affinity and its application in microbial community changes in soil. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 37:1201-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-1092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Brzezinska MS, Jankiewicz U. Production of antifungal chitinase by Aspergillus niger LOCK 62 and its potential role in the biological control. Curr Microbiol 2012; 65:666-72. [PMID: 22922773 PMCID: PMC3477585 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus niger LOCK 62 produces an antifungal chitinase. Different sources of chitin in the medium were used to test the production of the chitinase. Chitinase production was most effective when colloidal chitin and shrimp shell were used as substrates. The optimum incubation period for chitinase production by Aspergillus niger LOCK 62 was 6 days. The chitinase was purified from the culture medium by fractionation with ammonium sulfate and affinity chromatography. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was 43 kDa. The highest activity was obtained at 40 °C for both crude and purified enzymes. The crude chitinase activity was stable during 180 min incubation at 40 °C, but purified chitinase lost about 25 % of its activity under these conditions. Optimal pH for chitinase activity was pH 6-6.5. The activity of crude and purified enzyme was stabilized by Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) ions, but inhibited by Hg(2+) and Pb(2+) ions. Chitinase isolated from Aspergillus niger LOCK 62 inhibited the growth of the fungal phytopathogens: Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani. The growth of Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata, and Fusarium oxysporum was not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Swiontek Brzezinska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 9, Toruń, Poland.
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22
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Wang SL, Liu CP, Liang TW. Fermented and enzymatic production of chitin/chitosan oligosaccharides by extracellular chitinases from Bacillus cereus TKU027. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:1305-13. [PMID: 22939345 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Two chitinases, Chi I and Chi II, were purified from the culture supernatant of Bacillus cereus TKU027 with shrimp head powder (SHP) as the sole carbon/nitrogen source. The molecular masses of Chi I and Chi II determined using SDS-PAGE were approximately 65kDa and 63kDa, respectively. Chi I toward various surfactants showed high stability, such as SDS, Tween 20, Tween 40 and Triton X-100, and these surfactants were stimulator of Chi I chitinase activity. Concomitant with the production of Chi I and Chi II, chitin oligosaccharides were also observed in the culture supernatant, including chitobiose, chitotriose, chitotetrose and chitopentose at concentrations of 0.44mg/mL, 0.08mg/mL, 0.09mg/mL and 0.43mg/mL, respectively. Chitosan with 60% deacetylation was degraded by TKU027 crude enzyme to prepare chitooligosaccharides. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the enzymatic hydrolyzates indicated that the products were mainly chitooligosaccharides with degree of polymerization (DP) in the 4-9 range.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Lang Wang
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
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23
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Gupta R, Deswal R. Low Temperature Stress Modulated Secretome Analysis and Purification of Antifreeze Protein from Hippophae rhamnoides, a Himalayan Wonder Plant. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:2684-96. [DOI: 10.1021/pr200944z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Gupta
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory,
Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Renu Deswal
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory,
Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
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24
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Wang SL, Hsu WH, Liang TW. Conversion of squid pen by Pseudomonas aeruginosa K187 fermentation for the production of N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides and biofertilizers. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:880-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Striegler S, Dunaway NA, Gichinga MG, Barnett JD, Nelson AGD. Evaluating Binuclear Copper(II) Complexes for Glycoside Hydrolysis. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:2639-48. [DOI: 10.1021/ic9014064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Striegler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 179 Chemistry Building, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Natasha A. Dunaway
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 179 Chemistry Building, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Moses G. Gichinga
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 179 Chemistry Building, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - James D. Barnett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 179 Chemistry Building, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Anna-Gay D. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 179 Chemistry Building, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
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26
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Rhodes RG, Atoyan JA, Nelson DR. The chitobiose transporter, chbC, is required for chitin utilization in Borrelia burgdorferi. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:21. [PMID: 20102636 PMCID: PMC2845121 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, is a limited-genome organism that must obtain many of its biochemical building blocks, including N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), from its tick or vertebrate host. GlcNAc can be imported into the cell as a monomer or dimer (chitobiose), and the annotation for several B. burgdorferi genes suggests that this organism may be able to degrade and utilize chitin, a polymer of GlcNAc. We investigated the ability of B. burgdorferi to utilize chitin in the absence of free GlcNAc, and we attempted to identify genes involved in the process. We also examined the role of RpoS, one of two alternative sigma factors present in B. burgdorferi, in the regulation of chitin utilization. RESULTS Using fluorescent chitinase substrates, we demonstrated an inherent chitinase activity in rabbit serum, a component of the B. burgdorferi growth medium (BSK-II). After inactivating this activity by boiling, we showed that wild-type cells can utilize chitotriose, chitohexose or coarse chitin flakes in the presence of boiled serum and in the absence of free GlcNAc. Further, we replaced the serum component of BSK-II with a lipid extract and still observed growth on chitin substrates without free GlcNAc. In an attempt to knockout B. burgdorferi chitinase activity, we generated mutations in two genes (bb0002 and bb0620) predicted to encode enzymes that could potentially cleave the beta-(1,4)-glycosidic linkages found in chitin. While these mutations had no effect on the ability to utilize chitin, a mutation in the gene encoding the chitobiose transporter (bbb04, chbC) did block utilization of chitin substrates by B. burgdorferi. Finally, we provide evidence that chitin utilization in an rpoS mutant is delayed compared to wild-type cells, indicating that RpoS may be involved in the regulation of chitin degradation by this organism. CONCLUSIONS The data collected in this study demonstrate that B. burgdorferi can utilize chitin as a source of GlcNAc in the absence of free GlcNAc, and suggest that chitin is cleaved into dimers before being imported across the cytoplasmic membrane via the chitobiose transporter. In addition, our data suggest that the enzyme(s) involved in chitin degradation are at least partially regulated by the alternative sigma factor RpoS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Rhodes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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Flavobacterium johnsoniae gldN and gldO are partially redundant genes required for gliding motility and surface localization of SprB. J Bacteriol 2009; 192:1201-11. [PMID: 20038590 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01495-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of the gliding bacterium Flavobacterium johnsoniae move rapidly over surfaces. Mutations in gldN cause a partial defect in gliding. A novel bacteriophage selection strategy was used to aid construction of a strain with a deletion spanning gldN and the closely related gene gldO in an otherwise wild-type F. johnsoniae UW101 background. Bacteriophage transduction was used to move a gldN mutation into F. johnsoniae UW101 to allow phenotypic comparison with the gldNO deletion mutant. Cells of the gldN mutant formed nonspreading colonies on agar but retained some ability to glide in wet mounts. In contrast, cells of the gldNO deletion mutant were completely nonmotile, indicating that cells require GldN, or the GldN-like protein GldO, to glide. Recent results suggest that Porphyromonas gingivalis PorN, which is similar in sequence to GldN, has a role in protein secretion across the outer membrane. Cells of the F. johnsoniae gldNO deletion mutant were defective in localization of the motility protein SprB to the cell surface, suggesting that GldN may be involved in secretion of components of the motility machinery. Cells of the gldNO deletion mutant were also deficient in chitin utilization and were resistant to infection by bacteriophages, phenotypes that may also be related to defects in protein secretion.
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Wang SL, Chen SJ, Wang CL. Purification and characterization of chitinases and chitosanases from a new species strain Pseudomonas sp. TKU015 using shrimp shells as a substrate. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1171-9. [PMID: 18378219 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A chitinase (CHT1) and a chitosanase (CHS1) were purified from the culture supernatant of Pseudomonas sp. TKU015 with shrimp shell wastes as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. The optimized conditions of this new species strain (Gen Bank Accession Number EU103629) for the production of chitinases were found to be when the culture was shaken at 30 degrees C for 3 days in 100 mL of medium (pH 8) containing 0.5% shrimp shell powder (SSP) (w/v), 0.1% K2HPO4, and 0.05% MgSO(4).7H2O. The molecular weights of CHT1 and CHS1 determined by SDS-PAGE were approximately 68 kDa and 30 kDa, respectively. The optimum pH, optimum temperature, pH stability, and the thermal stability of CHT1 and CHS1 were pH 6, 50 degrees C, pH 5-7, <50 degrees C and pH 4, 50 degrees C, pH 3-9, <50 degrees C, respectively. CHT1 was inhibited completely by Mn2+ and Fe2+, and CHS1 was inhibited by Mn2+, Cu2+, and PMSF. CHT1 was only specific to chitin substrates, whereas the relative activity of CHS1 increased when the degree of deacetylation of soluble chitosan increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Lang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Tamkang University, 151 Ying-Chuan Road, Tamsui 251, Taiwan.
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Purification and characterization of a thermophilic chitinase produced by Aeromonas sp. DYU-Too7. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-007-0045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Induction and purification of a thermophilic chitinase produced byAeromonas sp. DYU-too7 using glucosamine. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02931076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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DebRoy S, Dao J, Söderberg M, Rossier O, Cianciotto NP. Legionella pneumophila type II secretome reveals unique exoproteins and a chitinase that promotes bacterial persistence in the lung. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:19146-51. [PMID: 17148602 PMCID: PMC1748190 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608279103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II protein secretion is critical for Legionella pneumophila infection of amoebae, macrophages, and mice. Previously, we found several enzymes to be secreted by this (Lsp) secretory pathway. To better define the L. pneumophila type II secretome, a 2D electrophoresis proteomic approach was used to compare proteins in wild-type and type II mutant supernatants. We identified 20 proteins that are type II-dependent, including aminopeptidases, an RNase, and chitinase, as well as proteins with no homology to known proteins. Because a chitinase had not been previously reported in Legionella, we determined that wild type secretes activity against both p-nitrophenyl triacetyl chitotriose and glycol chitin. An lsp mutant had a 70-75% reduction in activity, confirming the type II dependency of the secreted chitinase. Newly constructed chitinase (chiA) mutants also had approximately 75% less activity, and reintroduction of chiA restored the mutants to normal levels of activity. Although chiA mutants were not impaired for in vitro intracellular infection, they were defective upon intratracheal inoculation into the lungs of A/J mice, and antibodies against ChiA were detectable in infected animals. In contrast, mutants lacking a secreted phosphatase, protease, or one of several lipolytic enzymes were not defective in vivo. In sum, this study shows that the output of type II secretion is greater in magnitude than previously appreciated and includes previously undescribed proteins. Our data also indicate that an enzyme with chitinase activity can promote infection of a mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruti DebRoy
- Department of Microbiology–Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Jenny Dao
- Department of Microbiology–Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Maria Söderberg
- Department of Microbiology–Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Ombeline Rossier
- Department of Microbiology–Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Nicholas P. Cianciotto
- Department of Microbiology–Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Suginta W, Vongsuwan A, Songsiriritthigul C, Svasti J, Prinz H. Enzymatic properties of wild-type and active site mutants of chitinase A from Vibrio carchariae, as revealed by HPLC-MS. FEBS J 2005; 272:3376-86. [PMID: 15978043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic properties of chitinase A from Vibrio carchariae have been studied in detail by using combined HPLC and electrospray MS. This approach allowed the separation of alpha and beta anomers and the simultaneous monitoring of chitooligosaccharide products down to picomole levels. Chitinase A primarily generated beta-anomeric products, indicating that it catalyzed hydrolysis through a retaining mechanism. The enzyme exhibited endo characteristics, requiring a minimum of two glycosidic bonds for hydrolysis. The kinetics of hydrolysis revealed that chitinase A had greater affinity towards higher Mr chitooligomers, in the order of (GlcNAc)6 > (GlcNAc)4 > (GlcNAc)3, and showed no activity towards (GlcNAc)2 and pNP-GlcNAc. This suggested that the binding site of chitinase A was probably composed of an array of six binding subsites. Point mutations were introduced into two active site residues - Glu315 and Asp392 - by site-directed mutagenesis. The D392N mutant retained significant chitinase activity in the gel activity assay and showed approximately 20% residual activity towards chitooligosaccharides and colloidal chitin in HPLC-MS measurements. The complete loss of substrate utilization with the E315M and E315Q mutants suggested that Glu315 is an essential residue in enzyme catalysis. The recombinant wild-type enzyme acted on chitooligosaccharides, releasing higher quantities of small oligomers, while the D392N mutant favored the formation of transient intermediates. Under standard hydrolytic conditions, all chitinases also exhibited transglycosylation activity towards chitooligosaccharides and pNP-glycosides, yielding picomole quantities of synthesized chitooligomers. The D392N mutant displayed strikingly greater efficiency in oligosaccharide synthesis than the wild-type enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wipa Suginta
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
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Binod P, Pusztahelyi T, Nagy V, Sandhya C, Szakács G, Pócsi I, Pandey A. Production and purification of extracellular chitinases from Penicillium aculeatum NRRL 2129 under solid-state fermentation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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