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Wu R, Meng B, Corredig M, Griffiths MW. Rapid Detection of Hepatitis A Virus in Foods Using a Bioluminescent Assay in Real-Time (BART) and Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) Technology. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:144-157. [PMID: 36640204 PMCID: PMC9839959 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne hepatitis A infections have been considered as a major threat for public health worldwide. Increased incidences of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection has been associated with growing global trade of food products. Rapid and sensitive detection of HAV in foods is very essential for investigating the outbreaks. Real-time RT-PCR has been most widely used for the detection of HAV by far. However, the technology relies on fluorescence determination of the amplicon and requires sophisticated, high-cost instruments and trained personnel, limiting its use in low resource settings. In this study, a robust, affordable, and simple assay, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay in combination with a bioluminescence-based determination of amplification in real-time (BART), was developed for the detection of HAV in different food matrices, including green onion, strawberry, mussel, and milk. The efficiencies of a one-step RT-LAMP-BART and a two-step RT-LAMP-BART were investigated for the detection of HAV in different food matrices and was compared with that of real-time RT-PCR. The sensitivity of the RT-LAMP-BART assay was significantly affected by Mg2+ concentration (P < 0.05), in addition to primer quality. The optimal Mg2+ concentration was 2 mM for one-step RT-LAMP-BART and 4 mM for two-step RT-LAMP-BART. Compared with cartridge-purified primers, HPLC-purified primers could greatly improve the sensitivity of the RT-LAMP-BART assay (P < 0.05). For detecting HAV in different food matrices, the performance of two-step RT-LAMP-BART was comparable with that of real-time RT-PCR and was better than that of one-step RT-LAMP-BART. The detection limit of the two-step RT-LAMP-BART for HAV in green onion, strawberry, mussel, and milk was 8.3 × 100 PFU/15 g, 8.3 × 101 PFU/50 g, 8.3 × 100 PFU/5 g, and 8.3 × 100 PFU/40 mL, respectively. The developed RT-LAMP-BART was an effective, simple, sensitive, and robust method for foodborne HAV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Wu
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, 43 McGilvray Street, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Baozhong Meng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Milena Corredig
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mansel W Griffiths
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, 43 McGilvray Street, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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2
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Efficient capturing and sensitive detection of hepatitis A virus from solid foods (green onion, strawberry, and mussel) using protamine-coated iron oxide (Fe 3O 4) magnetic nanoparticles and real-time RT-PCR. Food Microbiol 2021; 102:103921. [PMID: 34809947 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) continues to be a public health concern and has caused large foodborne outbreaks and economic losses worldwide. Rapid detection of HAV in foods can help to confirm the source of outbreaks in a timely manner and prevent more people getting infected. In order to efficiently detect HAV at low levels of contamination in foods, rapid and easy-to-use techniques are required to separate and concentrate viral particles to a small volume. In the current study, HAV particles were eluted from green onion, strawberry, and mussel using glycine buffer (0.05 M glycine, 0.14 M NaCl, 0.2% (v/v) Tween 20, pH 9.0) and suspended viral particles were captured using protamine-coated magnetic nanoparticles (PMNPs). This process caused a selective concentration of the viral particles, which could be followed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. Results showed that pH, NaCl concentration, and PMNP amount used for the capturing had significant effects on the recovery efficiency of HAV (P < 0.05). The highest recovery rate was obtained at pH 9.0, 0.14 M NaCl, and 50 μL of PMNPs. The optimized PMNP capturing method enabled the rapid capture and concentration of HAV. A sensitive real-time RT-PCR test was developed with detection limits of 8.3 × 100 PFU/15 g, 8.3 × 101 PFU/50 g, and 8.3 × 100 PFU/5 g of HAV in green onion, strawberry, and mussel, respectively. In conclusion, the PMNP method is rapid and convenient in capturing HAV from complex solid food samples and can generate concentrated HAV sample solutions suitable for high-sensitivity real time RT-PCR detection of the virus.
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Zhang L, Xue L, Gao J, Cai W, Jiang Y, Zuo Y, Liao Y, Qin Z, Wu H, Cheng T, Luo X, Wu Q, Wu K, Zhang J. Development of a high-efficient concentrated pretreatment method for noroviruses detection in independent oysters:An extension of the ISO/TS 15216-2:2013 standard method. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Gyawali P, Kc S, Beale DJ, Hewitt J. Current and Emerging Technologies for the Detection of Norovirus from Shellfish. Foods 2019; 8:foods8060187. [PMID: 31159220 PMCID: PMC6617275 DOI: 10.3390/foods8060187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of norovirus infections associated with the consumption of contaminated bivalve molluscan shellfish negatively impact both consumers and commercial shellfish operators. Current virus recovery and PCR detection methods can be expensive and time consuming. Due to the lack of rapid, user-friendly and onsite/infield methods, it has been difficult to establish an effective virus monitoring regime that is able to identify contamination points across the production line (i.e., farm-to-plate) to ensure shellfish quality. The focus of this review is to evaluate current norovirus detection methods and discuss emerging approaches. Recent advances in omics-based detection approaches have the potential to identify novel biomarkers that can be incorporated into rapid detection kits for onsite use. Furthermore, some omics techniques have the potential to simultaneously detect multiple enteric viruses that cause human disease. Other emerging technologies discussed include microfluidic, aptamer and biosensor-based detection methods developed to detect norovirus with high sensitivity from a simple matrix. Many of these approaches have the potential to be developed as user-friendly onsite detection kits with minimal costs. However, more collaborative efforts on research and development will be required to commercialize such products. Once developed, these emerging technologies could provide a way forward that minimizes public health risks associated with shellfish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Gyawali
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), Porirua 5240, New Zealand.
| | - Sanjaya Kc
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - David J Beale
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Ecoscience Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), Porirua 5240, New Zealand.
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5
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Londoñe-Bailon P, Sánchez-Robinet C. Efficiency evaluation of the process control virus “Mengovirus” in real time RT-PCR viral detection in the bivalve mollusc Donax sp. J Virol Methods 2018; 262:20-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Ye K, Manzano M, Muzzi R, Gin KYH, Saeidi N, Goh SG, Tok AIY, Marks RS. Development of a chemiluminescent DNA fibre optic genosensor to Hepatitis A Virus (HAV). Talanta 2017; 174:401-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Thermal inactivation of MS2 bacteriophage as a surrogate of enteric viruses in cow milk. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-017-1119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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La Bella G, Martella V, Basanisi MG, Nobili G, Terio V, La Salandra G. Food-Borne Viruses in Shellfish: Investigation on Norovirus and HAV Presence in Apulia (SE Italy). FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:179-186. [PMID: 27943110 PMCID: PMC5429374 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Shellfish are an important vehicle for transmission of food-borne pathogens including norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV). The risks related with consumption of shellfish are greater if these products are eaten raw or slightly cooked. As molluscs are filter-feeding organisms, they are able to concentrate pathogens dispersed in the water. Data on shellfish viral contamination are therefore useful to obtain a background information on the presence of contamination in the environment, chiefly in shellfish production areas and to generate a picture of the epidemiology of viral pathogens in local populations. From January 2013 to July 2015, 253 samples of bivalve molluscs collected in harvesting areas from a large coastal tract (860 km) of Southern Italy were screened for HAV and NoV of genogroups GI and GII, using real-time reverse transcription qualitative PCR. The RNA of HAV was not detected in any of the analyzed samples. In contrast, the RNA of NoV was identified in 14.2% of the samples with a higher prevalence of NoVs of genogroup GII (12.2%) than genogroup GI (1.6%). Upon sequence analysis of a short diagnostic region located in capsid region, the NoV strains were characterized as GII.2, GII.4 Sydney 2012, GII.6, GII.13, GI.4, and GI.6, all which were circulating in local populations in the same time span. These data confirm that consumption of mussels can expose consumers to relevant risks of infection. Also, matching between the NoV genotypes circulating in local population and detected in molluscs confirms the diffusion in the environment of NoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G La Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - V Martella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - M G Basanisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - G Nobili
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - V Terio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - G La Salandra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy.
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9
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Terio V, Bottaro M, Pavoni E, Losio MN, Serraino A, Giacometti F, Martella V, Mottola A, Di Pinto A, Tantillo G. Occurrence of hepatitis A and E and norovirus GI and GII in ready-to-eat vegetables in Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 249:61-65. [PMID: 28319799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fresh vegetables and their ready-to-eat (RTE) salads have become increasingly recognized as potential vehicles for foodborne diseases. The EU Reg. 1441/2007 establishes microbiological criteria for bacterial pathogens for products placed on the market during their shelf-life (i.e. Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes) for pre-cut fruits and vegetables (RTE) whilst it does not address the problem of contamination by enteric viruses. In this study we investigated the contamination by hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E virus (HEV) and norovirus (NoV) in 911 ready-to-eat vegetable samples taken from products at retail in Apulia and in Lombardia. The vegetable samples were tested using validated real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) assays, ISO standardized virological methods and ISO culturing methods for bacteriological analysis. The total prevalence of HAV and HEV was 1.9% (18/911) and 0.6% (6/911), respectively. None of the samples analysed in this study was positive for NoV, Salmonella spp. or Listeria monocytogenes. The detection of HAV and HEV in RTE salads highlights a risk to consumers and the need to improve production hygiene. Appropriate implementation of hygiene procedures is required at all the steps of the RTE vegetable production chain and this should include monitoring of emerging viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Terio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEV), University of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - M Bottaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEV), University of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - E Pavoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi no. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - M N Losio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi no. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - A Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - F Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - V Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEV), University of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - A Mottola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEV), University of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - A Di Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEV), University of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - G Tantillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEV), University of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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10
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Development of one-step reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for norovirus detection in oysters. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Sánchez G, Sánchez G. Food and Viral Contamination: Analytical Methods. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119160588.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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12
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Woods JW, Calci KR, Marchant-Tambone JG, Burkhardt W. Detection and molecular characterization of norovirus from oysters implicated in outbreaks in the US. Food Microbiol 2016; 59:76-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Choi C, Kingsley DH. Temperature-Dependent Persistence of Human Norovirus Within Oysters (Crassostrea virginica). FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2016; 8:141-147. [PMID: 26983441 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study characterizes the persistence of human norovirus in Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) held at different seawater temperatures. Oysters were contaminated with human norovirus GI.1 (Norwalk strain 8FIIa) by exposing them to virus-contaminated water at 15 °C, and subsequently holding them at 7, 15, and 25 °C for up to 6 weeks. Viral RNA was extracted from oyster tissue and hemocytes and quantitated by RT-qPCR. Norovirus was detected in hemocytes and oysters held at 7 and 15 °C for 6 weeks and in hemocytes and oysters held at 25 °C for up to 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Results confirm that NoV is quite persistent within oysters and demonstrate that cooler water temperatures extend norovirus clearance times. This study suggests a need for substantial relay times to remove norovirus from contaminated shellfish and suggests that regulatory authorities should consider the effects of water temperature after a suspected episodic norovirus-contamination event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - David H Kingsley
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Safety and Intervention Technologies, James W. W. Baker Center, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA.
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14
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Terio V, Bottaro M, Di Pinto A, Catella C, Chironna M, Bozzo G, Kingsley DH, Bonerba E, Morea A, Martella V. Outbreak of Hepatitis A in Italy Associated with Frozen Redcurrants Imported from Poland: A Case Study. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2015; 7:305-308. [PMID: 26001535 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-015-9199-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) was detected in a batch of imported non-packaged frozen redcurrants purchased in a Bari grocery. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis showed the HAV strain clustered tightly with the HAV strain from the 2013 Italian epidemic, providing additional evidence that frozen redcurrants were the main vehicle of the HAV outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Terio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", S.p. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010, Bari, Italy,
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A rapid, sensitive and selective electrochemical biosensor with concanavalin A for the preemptive detection of norovirus. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 64:338-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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16
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A Refinement of an International Standard Method (ISO/TS 15216–2:2013) to Allow Extraction and Concentration of Human Enteric Viruses from Tissues of Edible Snail Species. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-0077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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17
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Ha JH, Choi C, Ha SD. Evaluation of Immunomagnetic Separation Method for the Recovery of Hepatitis A Virus and GI.1 and GII.4 Norovirus Strains Seeded on Oyster and Mussel. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2014; 6:290-296. [PMID: 24952877 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of viral diseases are frequently associated with the consumption of minimally processed shellfish. Among the viruses in these outbreaks, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human norovirus (NoV) have been increasingly reported as the most common food-borne pathogens. These viruses must be concentrated in tested samples in order to be detected. In this study, a method for the detection of NoV and HAV in shellfish using an immuno-magnetic separation (IMS) procedure combined with reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR was developed. The IMS/RT-PCR method was applied to investigate the recovery rates of HAV, NoV GI.1, and GII.4 from oyster and mussel. Based on IMS/RT-PCR results, recovery rates for HAV from oyster and mussel test samples were 2.4 and 1.1%, respectively. The NoV GI.1 recovery rates from oyster and mussel samples were 4.9-9.2% (mean 6.9%) and 4.3-8.6% (mean 6.2%), respectively, and the NoV GII.4 recovery rates were 8.8 and 8.5%, respectively. These results verified that HAV, NoV GI.1, and GII.4 can be detected in all the test samples using the IMS/RT-PCR method, although the three inoculated viruses were recovered with low efficiency. In conclusion, the IMS/RT-PCR method can be used to efficiently and rapidly detect viruses such as HAV and NoV in shellfish such as oyster and mussel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyoung Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Ansung, Gyunggi-do, 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Ansung, Gyunggi-do, 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Ansung, Gyunggi-do, 456-756, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-ri, Daeduk-myun, Ansung, Gyunggi-do, 456-756, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Hu Y, Arsov I. A rapid single-tube protocol for HAV detection by nested real-time PCR. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2014; 6:189-195. [PMID: 24902810 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Infections by food-borne viruses such as hepatitis A virus (HAV) and norovirus are significant public health concerns worldwide. Since food-borne viruses are rarely confirmed through direct isolation from contaminated samples, highly sensitive molecular techniques remain the methods of choice for the detection of viral genetic material. Our group has previously developed a specific nested real-time PCR (NRT-PCR) assay for HAV detection that improved overall sensitivity. Furthermore in this study, we have developed a single-tube NRT-PCR approach for HAV detection in food samples that reduces the likelihood of cross contamination between tubes during sample manipulation. HAV RNA was isolated from HAV-spiked food samples and HAV-infected cell cultures. All reactions following HAV RNA isolation, including conventional reverse transcriptase PCR, nested-PCR, and RT-PCR were performed in a single tube. Our results demonstrated that all the samples tested positive by RT-PCR and nested-PCR were also positive by a single-tube NRT-PCR. The detection limits observed for HAV-infected cell cultures and HAV-spiked green onions were 0.1 and 1 PFU, respectively. This novel method retained the specificity and robustness of the original NRT-PCR method, while greatly reducing sample manipulation, turnaround time, and the risk of carry-over contamination. Single-tube NRT-PCR thus represents a promising new tool that can potentially facilitate the detection of HAV in foods thereby improving food safety and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hu
- FDA, Northeast Regional Laboratory, 158-15 Liberty Avenue, Jamaica, NY, USA,
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19
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Moreno E, Espigares E, Marañón M, Ochoa LM, Espigares M, Fernández-Crehuet M. The prevalence of noroviruses in bivalve molluscs sold in Granada (Spain) fish markets. MOLLUSCAN RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2014.888982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Martínez-Bastidas T, Castro-del Campo N, Mena KD, Castro-del Campo N, León-Félix J, Gerba CP, Chaidez C. Detection of pathogenic micro-organisms on children's hands and toys during play. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 116:1668-75. [PMID: 24524673 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to determine if the children's leisure activities impact the presence of pathogens on their hands and toys. METHODS & RESULTS To assess the microbiological hazard in playground areas, a pilot study that included 12 children was conducted. We then conducted an intervention study; children's hands and toys were washed before playing. Faecal coliforms, pathogenic bacteria and Giardia lamblia were quantified by membrane filtration, selective media and flotation techniques, respectively; rotavirus, hepatitis A and rhinovirus by RT-PCR. Pilot study results revealed faecal contamination on children's hands and toys after playing on sidewalks and in public parks. Pathogenic bacteria, hepatitis A and G. lamblia on children's hands were also found. In the intervention study, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were found on children's hands at concentrations up to 2·5 × 10(4) and 1 × 10(4) CFU hands(-1), respectively. E. coli and Kl. pneumoniae were detected on toys (2·4 × 10(3) and 2·7 × 10(4) CFU toy(-1), respectively). Salmonella spp, Serratia spp and G. lamblia cysts were also present on toys. CONCLUSION Children's play activities influence microbial presence on hands and toys; the transfer seems to occur in both ways. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Control strategy needs to be implemented to protect children from infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Martínez-Bastidas
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Unidad Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
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Roldán EM, Rodríguez EE, García ME, Navajas MFC. Prevalence of Hepatitis A Virus in Bivalve Molluscs Sold in Granada (Spain) Fish Markets. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:528-32. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Moreno Roldán
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Espigares Rodríguez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Espigares García
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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22
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Lee HM, Kwon J, Choi JS, Lee KH, Yang S, Ko SM, Chung JK, Cho SY, Kim D. Rapid detection of norovirus from fresh lettuce using immunomagnetic separation and a quantum dots assay. J Food Prot 2013; 76:707-11. [PMID: 23575139 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Current molecular methods that include PCR have been used to detect norovirus in many food samples. However, the protocols require removing PCR inhibitors and incorporate time-consuming concentration steps to separate virus from analyte for rapid and sensitive detection of norovirus. We developed an immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and a quantum dots (QDs) assay to detect norovirus eluted from fresh lettuce with Tris buffer containing 1% beef extract (pH 9.5). IMS facilitated viral precipitation with a 10-min incubation, whereas virus concentration using polyethylene glycol (PEG) requires more than 3 h and an additional high-speed centrifugation step to precipitate virus before reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analysis. The fluorescence intensity of QDs was detected qualitatively on norovirus dilutions of 10(-1) to 10(-3) in a stool suspension (100 RT-PCR units/ml). The results suggest that a fluorescence assay based on IMS and QDs is valid for detecting norovirus qualitatively according to fluorescent signal intensity within the same virus detection limit produced by IMS-RT-PCR and PEG-RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Min Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Functional Food Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Ye X, Ellender RD, Wang SY. A faster method to detect norovirus in oysters using probe hybridization to isolate target RNA before RT-PCR. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:362-7. [PMID: 23510496 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the most frequent cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis following the ingestion of raw or improperly cooked oysters. Although highly sensitive methods to detect HuNoV in oysters using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are available, rapid methods to process samples for RT-PCR are still needed. The conventional approach is to concentrate the virus first before RNA purification to maximize assay sensitivity, but the procedures used are cumbersome. We developed a new hybridization method that is much faster and more effective compared to existing technology. The procedure includes an initial extraction of total RNA from the digestive diverticula of oysters using TRI Reagent, followed by HuNoV RNA purification using a capture probe and then HuNoV detection by real-time RT-PCR. The detection limit is approximately 100 PCR detection units of HuNoV per sample. Compared to published methods that require an initial virus concentration step before RNA extraction, the new method is much faster to complete. Approximately 3 h are needed to purify HuNoV RNA using the new method compared to at least 8 h using conventional methods. Coupled with real-time RT-PCR, the new method can detect HuNoV in contaminated oysters within 8 h. The effectiveness of the method was demonstrated using live artificially contaminated oysters and wild oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunyan Ye
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA
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24
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Felix-Valenzuela L, Resendiz-Sandoval M, Burgara-Estrella A, Hernández J, Mata-Haro V. Quantitative Detection of Hepatitis A, Rotavirus and Genogroup I Norovirus by RT-qPCR in Fresh Produce from Packinghouse Facilities. J Food Saf 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Felix-Valenzuela
- Coordinación de Ciencia de los Alimentos; Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo; A. C. PO Box 1735 Hermosillo Sonora 83000 México
| | - M. Resendiz-Sandoval
- Laboratorio de Inmunología; Coordinación de Nutrición; Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo; Hermosillo Sonora México
| | - A. Burgara-Estrella
- Laboratorio de Inmunología; Coordinación de Nutrición; Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo; Hermosillo Sonora México
| | - J. Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología; Coordinación de Nutrición; Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo; Hermosillo Sonora México
| | - V. Mata-Haro
- Coordinación de Ciencia de los Alimentos; Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo; A. C. PO Box 1735 Hermosillo Sonora 83000 México
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25
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McINTYRE LORRAINE, GALANIS ELENI, MATTISON KIRSTEN, MYKYTCZUK OKSANA, BUENAVENTURA ENRICO, WONG JULIE, PRYSTAJECKY NATALIE, RITSON MARK, STONE JASON, MOREAU DAN, YOUSSEF ANDRÉ. Multiple Clusters of Norovirus among Shellfish Consumers Linked to Symptomatic Oyster Harvesters. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1715-20. [DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe the investigation of a norovirus outbreak associated with raw oyster consumption affecting 36 people in British Columbia, Canada, in 2010. Several genotypes were found in oysters, including an exact sequence match to clinical samples in regions B and C of the norovirus genome (genogroup I genotype 4). Traceback implicated a single remotely located harvest site probably contaminated by ill shellfish workers during harvesting activities. This outbreak resulted in three recalls, one public advisory, and closure of the harvest site.
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Affiliation(s)
- LORRAINE McINTYRE
- 1British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - ELENI GALANIS
- 1British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | - JULIE WONG
- 4British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - NATALIE PRYSTAJECKY
- 4British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- 5Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - MARK RITSON
- 6Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - JASON STONE
- 7Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - DAN MOREAU
- 8Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - ANDRÉ YOUSSEF
- 9Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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26
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Momtaz H, Rahimi E, Hajian S, Momeni M. Prevalence of hepatitis A virus in sea food in Iran. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352012000400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) in sea food samples in the Isfahan and Shahrekord townships in Iran. From September 2010 to April 2011, a total of 300 samples of fresh fish, shrimp, crab and lobster were obtained from randomly selected retail stores in the Isfahan and Shahrekord townships in Iran. The samples were tested for the presence of HAV using a reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction method. Out of the total number of samples examined, 8 (2.7%) were found to be positive for HAV. This virus was detected in 5% and 1.7% of fresh fish and shrimp, respectively. This study shows the importance of sea food as potential sources of HAV infection in people in Iran.
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Stals A, Baert L, Van Coillie E, Uyttendaele M. Extraction of food-borne viruses from food samples: A review. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 153:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Liu X, Yang F, Song T, Zeng A, Wang Q, Sun Z, Shen J. Synthesis of carboxymethylated and quaternized chitosans and their therapeutic effect on nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:10683-10692. [PMID: 21875072 DOI: 10.1021/jf2020683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
O-Carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CMCs) and N-((2-hydroxy-3-N,N-dimethylhexadecylammonium)propyl)chitosan chloride (N-CQCs) were synthesized for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) treatment. The weight-average weight and substitution degree of O-CMCs and N-CQCs were 6.5 × 10(4) and 0.72 and 7.9 × 10(4) and 0.21, respectively. O-CMCs was negatively charged with a zeta-potential value of -31.82 mV, whereas that of N-CQCs was +36.1 mV, and both showed low cytotoxcity. Serum lipid level and liver fat accumulation were reduced with chitosan and its two derivatives. Furthermore, mRNA and protein expression assay of hepatic lipid metabolism enzymes and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) were observed by RT-PCR and Western blot. Results showed that N-CQCs exhibited a more evident desired effect than chitosan and O-CMCs, indicating that amphiphilicity, solubility, and surface charge of chitosan and its two derivatives played roles in the expression of hepatic lipid metabolism enzymes and LDL-R. Therefore, dietary supplementation of O-CMCs and N-CQCs can alleviate the high fat diet induced aberrations related to NAFLD by their antilipidemic property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liu
- Department of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Namsai A, Louisirirotchanakul S, Wongchinda N, Siripanyaphinyo U, Virulhakul P, Puthavathana P, Myint K, Gannarong M, Ittapong R. Surveillance of hepatitis A and E viruses contamination in shellfish in Thailand. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 53:608-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine how enteric viruses persist within shellfish tissues. Several lines of novel evidence show that phagocytic blood cells (hemocytes) of Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) play an important role in the retention of virus particles. Our results demonstrated an association of virus contamination with hemocytes but not with hemolymph. Live oysters contaminated overnight with hepatitis A virus (HAV) and murine norovirus (MNV) had 56% and 80% of extractable virus associated with hemocytes, respectively. Transfer of HAV-contaminated hemocytes to naïve (virus-free) oysters resulted in naïve oyster meat testing HAV positive for up to 3 weeks. Acid tolerance of HAV, MNV, poliovirus (PV), and feline calicivirus (FCV) correlated with the ability of each virus to persist within oysters. Using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) to evaluate persistence of these viruses in oysters, we showed that HAV persisted the longest (>21 days) and was most acid resistant, MNV and PV were less tolerant of acidic pH, persisting for up to 12 days and 1 day, respectively, and FCV did not persist (<1 day) within oysters and was not acid tolerant. This suggests that the ability of a virus to tolerate the acidic conditions typical of phagolysosomal vesicles within hemocytes plays a role in determining virus persistence in shellfish. Evaluating oyster and hemocyte homogenates and live contaminated oysters as a prelude to developing improved viral RNA extraction methods, we found that viruses were extracted more expediently from hemocytes than from whole shellfish tissues and gave similar RT-PCR detection sensitivities.
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32
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Randomized, double-blinded clinical trial for human norovirus inactivation in oysters by high hydrostatic pressure processing. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:5476-82. [PMID: 21705552 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02801-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of oysters with human noroviruses (HuNoV) constitutes a human health risk and may lead to severe economic losses in the shellfish industry. There is a need to identify a technology that can inactivate HuNoV in oysters. In this study, we conducted a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial to assess the effect of high hydrostatic pressure processing (HPP) on Norwalk virus (HuNoV genogroup I.1) inactivation in virus-seeded oysters ingested by subjects. Forty-four healthy, positive-secretor adults were divided into three study phases. Subjects in each phase were randomized into control and intervention groups. Subjects received Norwalk virus (8FIIb, 1.0 × 10(4) genomic equivalent copies) in artificially seeded oysters with or without HPP treatment (400 MPa at 25°C, 600 MPa at 6°C, or 400 MPa at 6°C for 5 min). HPP at 600 MPa, but not 400 MPa (at 6° or 25°C), completely inactivated HuNoV in seeded oysters and resulted in no HuNoV infection among these subjects, as determined by reverse transcription-PCR detection of HuNoV RNA in subjects' stool or vomitus samples. Interestingly, a white blood cell (granulocyte) shift was identified in 92% of the infected subjects and was significantly associated with infection (P = 0.0014). In summary, these data suggest that HPP is effective at inactivating HuNoV in contaminated whole oysters and suggest a potential intervention to inactivate infectious HuNoV in oysters for the commercial shellfish industry.
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33
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Liu X, Yang F, Song T, Zeng A, Wang Q, Sun Z, Shen J. Effects of chitosan, O-carboxymethyl chitosan and N-[(2-hydroxy-3-N,N-dimethylhexadecyl ammonium)propyl]chitosan chloride on lipid metabolism enzymes and low-density-lipoprotein receptor in a murine diet-induced obesity. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Sow H, Desbiens M, Morales-Rayas R, Ngazoa SE, Jean J. Heat Inactivation of Hepatitis A Virus and a Norovirus Surrogate in Soft-Shell Clams(Mya arenaria). Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:387-93. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Halimatou Sow
- Institut des Nutraceutiques et des Aliments Fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Desbiens
- Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Pêcheries, et de l'Alimentation du Québec, Gaspé, Québec, Canada
| | - Rocio Morales-Rayas
- Institut des Nutraceutiques et des Aliments Fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Solange E. Ngazoa
- Institut des Nutraceutiques et des Aliments Fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Jean
- Institut des Nutraceutiques et des Aliments Fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
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35
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Detection of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) using efficient extraction and concentration methods. Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0241-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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36
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Jeong EJ, Lee JH, Kim MS, Bae GR, Jung C, Lee K, Choi SM, Kim DK, Lee DS, Kim WD, Jee YM, Cheong HK, Lee SH. Molecular characterization of enteroviruses detected in Gyeong-Ju and Po-Hang provinces of Korea in 2003. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1707-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Rigotto C, Kolesnikovas CK, Moresco V, Simões CMO, Barardi CRM. Evaluation of HA negatively charged membranes in the recovery of human adenoviruses and hepatitis A virus in different water matrices. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104:970-4. [PMID: 20027462 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000700005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are shed in the faeces and consequently may be present in environmental waters, resulting in an increase in pathogen concentration that can affect water quality and human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate an adsorption-elution method which utilizes negatively charged membrane HA to determine the efficient recovery of HAdV and HAV from different water matrices and to combine this procedure with a qualitative molecular method (nested RT-PCR and nested PCR). The best efficiency recovery was achieved in distilled water and treated wastewater effluent (100%) for both viruses and in recreational lagoon water for HAV (100%). The efficiency recovery was 10% for HAdV and HAV in seawater and 10% for HAdV in lagoon water. The viral detection limit by nested PCR for HAV in water samples ranged between 20-0.2 FFU/mL and 250 and 25 TCID50/mL for HAdV. In conclusion, these results suggest that the HA negatively charged membranes vary their efficiency for recovery of viral concentration depending upon the types of both enteric viruses and water matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rigotto
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.
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38
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Terio V, Martella V, Moschidou P, Di Pinto P, Tantillo G, Buonavoglia C. Norovirus in retail shellfish. Food Microbiol 2009; 27:29-32. [PMID: 19913688 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus is a common cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks associated with consumption of raw shellfish. The majority of norovirus infections worldwide are due to genogroup II noroviruses. Bivalve molluscs (mussels, clams and oysters) at the end of the commercial chain, the points of purchase, were sampled between 2005 and 2008 in several retail points in Apulia, Italy, and screened by a semi-nested RT-PCR specific for genogroup II noroviruses. Noroviral RNA was detected in 12.1% of the samples, with lower frequency being observed in samples obtained from hypermarkets (8.1%) rather than in samples from open-air markets and fish shops (17.6% and 16.2%, respectively). By sequence analysis, the strains were characterized as norovirus variants GII.4/2004 and GII.b/Hilversum, which were both circulating in Italy in the same time-span.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Terio
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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39
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Schlindwein AD, Simões CMO, Barardi CRM. Comparative study of two extraction methods for enteric virus recovery from sewage sludge by molecular methods. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:576-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - CMO Simões
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brasil
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40
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McLeod C, Hay B, Grant C, Greening G, Day D. Inactivation and elimination of human enteric viruses by Pacific oysters. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:1809-18. [PMID: 19674189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the comparative elimination of three different human enterically transmitted viruses [i.e. hepatitis A virus (HAV), norovirus (NoV) and poliovirus (PV)] and inactivation of HAV and PV by Pacific oysters. METHODS AND RESULTS New Zealand grown Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were allowed to bioaccumulate HAV, NoV and PV. Samples of oyster gut, faeces and pseudofaeces were then analysed by using real-time RT-PCR to determine the amount of viral RNA and cell culture methods to identify changes in the number of plaque forming units. The results suggest that the majority of the PV present in the oyster gut and oyster faeces is noninfectious, while in contrast, most of the HAV detected in the oyster gut are infectious. Depuration experiments identified a large drop in the count of PV in the gut over a 23-h cleansing period, whereas the levels of HAV and NoV did not significantly decrease. CONCLUSIONS Human enterically transmitted viruses are eliminated and inactivated at different rates by Pacific oysters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY The research presented in this article has implications for risk management techniques that are used to improve the removal of infectious human enteric viruses from bivalve molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McLeod
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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41
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Hernandez-Morga J, Leon-Felix J, Peraza-Garay F, Gil-Salas B, Chaidez C. Detection and characterization of hepatitis A virus and Norovirus in estuarine water samples using ultrafiltration - RT-PCR integrated methods. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:1579-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Gentry J, Vinjé J, Lipp EK. A rapid and efficient method for quantitation of genogroups I and II norovirus from oysters and application in other complex environmental samples. J Virol Methods 2009; 156:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Hepatitis viruses and emerging viruses. FOODBORNE PATHOGENS 2009. [PMCID: PMC7152215 DOI: 10.1533/9781845696337.3.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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45
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Abstract
A large percentage of foodborne outbreaks are caused by viruses, and outbreaks associated with fresh produce have increased over the past decade within the United States. Virus recovery from food is of the utmost importance in determining the cause of viral outbreaks. While there are many experimental studies investigating viruses on fruits and vegetables, there is a lack of standard techniques concerning the initial inoculation and recovery of viruses. This study investigates the efficiency of methodology in the recovery of three viruses, hepatitis A virus (HAV), Aichi virus, and feline calicivirus, on three different produce surfaces (lettuce, green onions, and strawberries). To do so, three common times of virus inoculation were examined (0.5, 4, and 12 h) along with two routes of inoculation (immersion and spot inoculation), and then two recovery methods were compared (physical removal and chemical extraction/blending) utilizing three different recovery eluents (2% media, beef extract, and phosphate-buffered saline). Results suggested that incubation time did not significantly affect the survival of the viruses on green onions and strawberries, while a significant decrease (p 0.05); however, the percent recovery was greater by extraction/blending methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana R Fino
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716-2150, USA
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46
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Wang D, Wu Q, Yao L, Wei M, Kou X, Zhang J. New target tissue for food-borne virus detection in oysters. Lett Appl Microbiol 2008; 47:405-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Kim HY, Kwak IS, Hwang IG, Ko G. Optimization of methods for detecting norovirus on various fruit. J Virol Methods 2008; 153:104-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Kim D, Kim SR, Kwon KS, Lee JW, Oh MJ. Detection of hepatitis a virus from oyster by nested PCR using efficient extraction and concentration method. J Microbiol 2008; 46:436-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-008-0131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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Tian P, Engelbrektson A, Mandrell R. Two-log increase in sensitivity for detection of norovirus in complex samples by concentration with porcine gastric mucin conjugated to magnetic beads. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:4271-6. [PMID: 18515489 PMCID: PMC2493163 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00539-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) have been identified previously as candidate receptors for human norovirus (NOR). Type A, type H1, and Lewis HBGA in humans have been identified as major HBGA for NOR binding. We have found that pig stomach (gastric) mucin (PGM) contains blood group A, H1, and Lewis b HBGA and binds to multiple strains of NOR more broadly than do specific antibodies to NOR. Both genogroup I (GGI) and GGII NOR strains were recovered by PGM-conjugated magnetic beads. A fecal sample containing GGII NOR was detected at a dilution of 1:1,000,000 by the standard RNA extraction procedure, whereas NOR in a 1:100,000,000 dilution could be concentrated by PGM-conjugated magnetic beads and NOR in spiked food samples (e.g., oyster extract, strawberry, raspberry, and lettuce) was captured by PGM, thus minimizing the reverse transcription-PCR inhibitors in food and increasing sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tian
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, WRRC, ARS, USDA, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710-1105, USA.
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Pagotto F, Corneau N, Mattison K, Bidawid S. Development of a DNA microarray for the simultaneous detection and genotyping of noroviruses. J Food Prot 2008; 71:1434-41. [PMID: 18680944 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.7.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Current methods for detecting and genotyping noroviruses focus on the use of reverse transcriptase (RT)-mediated PCR. A major drawback of this approach is that short target RT-PCR products do not always encompass sequences that can be compared among research laboratories, resulting in difficulties for molecular epidemiology. We describe the use of a microarray-based system for simultaneous detection and molecular characterization of noroviruses. The protocol generates a 917-bp RT-PCR product that encompasses two major regions currently used for detection and analysis of norovirus genomes. The PCR products are then hybridized to an oligonucleotide array (NoroChip) based on 50-mer features, which allows for both confirmation of reaction specificity and molecular characterization of the amplified genome. Parallel sequence analyses of amplicons revealed that our microarray data were robust in separating genogroups I and II, and further subtyping to the cluster level was possible. This approach, combining detection and characterization, overcomes the need for expensive and time-consuming sequence analysis of amplified genome targets for molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Pagotto
- Microbiology Research Division, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Sir FG Banting Research Centre, P.L. 2204E, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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