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Wang G, Wang G, Ma Y, Lv Z, You Y, Ma P, Yu Y. Composition and Diversity of Gut Bacterial Community in Different Life Stages of Osmia excavata Alfken (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Microorganisms 2024; 12:1709. [PMID: 39203551 PMCID: PMC11357660 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Osmia excavata is an excellent pollinator in nature and plays a vital role in the conservation of agro-ecosystems and food security. Given the important role of the gut bacterial community in host health and regulation of host growth and development, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing data, the present study explored the composition of the gut bacterial community and its diversity at different life stages (eggs, young larvae, old larvae, young pupae, old pupae, and 1-day-old adults in cocoons) of the solitary bee Osmia excavata. The results showed that the core phyla in the gut of O. excavata at different life stages were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Actinobacteriota, and the core genera were Sodalis, Tyzzerella, and Ralstonia. The highest intestinal bacterial diversity was found in the Egg period, and the lowest bacterial alpha diversity was found in the 1-day-old Adult period; the bacterial diversity of O. excavata showed a process of decreasing, as it was growing from the Egg period to the 1-day-old Adult period. Our study found that O. excavata undergoes a significant change in the structure of the gut flora when it grows from the young pupae to old pupae stage, a period of growth that coincides with the process of cocooning and isolation from the external environment after food depletion. This suggests that food and environmental factors are key contributors to the structure of the bacterial community in the gut of solitary bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhao Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (G.W.); (G.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Guiping Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (G.W.); (G.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yixiang Ma
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (G.W.); (G.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Zhaoyun Lv
- Shandong Institute of Sericulture, Yantai 264000, China;
| | - Yinwei You
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (G.W.); (G.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Pengtao Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China;
| | - Yi Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (G.W.); (G.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.Y.)
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Han S, Akhtar MR, Xia X. Functions and regulations of insect gut bacteria. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38884497 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The insect gut is a complicated ecosystem that inhabits a large number of symbiotic bacteria. As an important organ of the host insect, the symbiotic bacteria of the insect gut play very important roles in regulating physiological and metabolic processes. Recently, much progress has been made in the study of symbiotic bacteria in insect guts with the development of high-throughput sequencing technology and molecular biology. This review summarizes the primary functions of symbiotic bacteria in insect guts, such as enhancing insecticide resistance, facilitating food digestion, promoting detoxification, and regulating mating behavior and egg hatching. It also addresses some possible pathways of gut bacteria symbiont regulation governed by external habitats, physiological conditions and immunity of the host insect. This review provides solid foundations for further studies on novel theories, new technologies and practical applications of symbiotic bacteria in insect guts. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuncai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Youxi-Yangzhong Vegetable Pest Prevention and Control, Fujian Observation and Research Station, Fuzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Rehan Akhtar
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Youxi-Yangzhong Vegetable Pest Prevention and Control, Fujian Observation and Research Station, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Youxi-Yangzhong Vegetable Pest Prevention and Control, Fujian Observation and Research Station, Fuzhou, China
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Yan H, Wang E, Wei GS, Zhang B, Xu X. Both host and diet shape bacterial communities of predatory mites. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:551-561. [PMID: 37469127 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Microbial communities, derived from food, ambient, and inner, can affect host ecological adaption and evolution. Comparing with most phytophagous arthropods, predators may have more opportunities to develop specific microbiota depending on the level of prey specialization. To explore how diet sources affect host microbial communities and vary across predator species, we considered 3 types of predators from Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata): polyphagous (Amblyseius orientalis Ehara, Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes, and Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henrio), oligophagous (Neoseiulus californicus McGregor), and monophagous (Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot) predatory mites. The polyphagous species were fed on 2 types of diets, natural prey and alternative prey. By using 16S rRNA sequencing, we found that diet was the main source of microbiota in predatory mites, while there was no clear pattern affected by prey specialization. Among 3 polyphagous predators, host species had a larger impact than prey on microbial composition. Unlike A. orientalis or N. barkeri which showed consistency in their microbiota, prey switching significantly affected β-diversity of bacterial composition in A. swirskii, with 56% of the microbial alteration. In short, our results confirmed the substantial influence of diet on host microbial construction in predatory species, and highlighted species differences in shaping the microbiota which are not necessarily related to prey specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Endong Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Shu Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xuenong Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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Dar MA, Xie R, Zabed HM, Ali S, Zhu D, Sun J. Termite Microbial Symbiosis as a Model for Innovative Design of Lignocellulosic Future Biorefinery: Current Paradigms and Future Perspectives. BIOMASS 2024; 4:180-201. [DOI: 10.3390/biomass4010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The hunt for renewable and alternative fuels has driven research towards the biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) into biofuels, including bioethanol and biohydrogen. Among the natural biomass utilization systems (NBUS), termites represent a unique and easy-to-access model system to study host–microbe interactions towards lignocellulose bioconversion/valorization. Termites have gained significant interest due to their highly efficient lignocellulolytic systems. The wood-feeding termites apply a unique and stepwise process for the hydrolysis of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose via biocatalytic processes; therefore, mimicking their digestive metabolism and physiochemical gut environments might lay the foundation for an innovative design of nature-inspired biotechnology. This review highlights the gut system of termites, particularly the wood-feeding species, as a unique model for future biorefinery. The gut system of termites is a treasure-trove for prospecting novel microbial species, including protists, bacteria, and fungi, having higher biocatalytic efficiencies and biotechnological potentials. The significance of potential bacteria and fungi for harnessing the enzymes appropriate for lignocellulosic biorefinery is also discussed. Termite digestomes are rich sources of lignocellulases and related enzymes that could be utilized in various industrial processes and biomass-related applications. Consideration of the host and symbiont as a single functioning unit will be one of the most crucial strategies to expedite developments in termite-modeled biotechnology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir A. Dar
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Rongrong Xie
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hossain M. Zabed
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shehbaz Ali
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Daochen Zhu
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jianzhong Sun
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Liu Y, Liu J, Zhang X, Yun Y. Diversity of Bacteria Associated with Guts and Gonads in Three Spider Species and Potential Transmission Pathways of Microbes within the Same Spider Host. INSECTS 2023; 14:792. [PMID: 37887804 PMCID: PMC10607309 DOI: 10.3390/insects14100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Microbial symbiosis plays a crucial role in the ecological and evolutionary processes of animals. It is well known that spiders, with their unique and diverse predatory adaptations, assume an indispensable role in maintaining ecological balance and the food chain. However, our current understanding of spider microbiomes remains relatively limited. The gut microbiota and gonad microbiota of spiders can both potentially influence their physiology, ecology, and behavior, including aspects such as digestion, immunity, reproductive health, and reproductive behavior. In the current study, based on high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA V3 and V4 regions, we detected the gut and gonad microbiota communities of three spider species captured from the same habitat, namely, Eriovixia cavaleriei, Larinioides cornutus, and Pardosa pseudoannulata. In these three species, we observed that, at the phylum level classification, the gut and gonad of E. cavaleriei are primarily composed of Proteobacteria, while those of L. cornutus and P. pseudoannulata are primarily composed of Firmicutes. At the genus level of classification, we identified 372 and 360 genera from the gut and gonad bacterial communities. It is noteworthy that the gut and gonad bacterial flora of E. cavaleriei and L. cornutus were dominated by Wolbachia and Spiroplasma. Results show that there were no differences in microbial communities between females and males of the same spider species. Furthermore, there is similarity between the gut and ovary microbial communities of female spiders, implying a potential avenue for microbial transmission between the gut and gonad within female spiders. By comprehensively studying these two microbial communities, we can establish the theoretical foundation for exploring the relationship between gut and gonad microbiota and their host, as well as the mechanisms through which microbes exert their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiaopan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yueli Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- Centre for Behavioral Ecology & Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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Arora J, Buček A, Hellemans S, Beránková T, Arias JR, Fisher BL, Clitheroe C, Brune A, Kinjo Y, Šobotník J, Bourguignon T. Evidence of cospeciation between termites and their gut bacteria on a geological time scale. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230619. [PMID: 37339742 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Termites host diverse communities of gut microbes, including many bacterial lineages only found in this habitat. The bacteria endemic to termite guts are transmitted via two routes: a vertical route from parent colonies to daughter colonies and a horizontal route between colonies sometimes belonging to different termite species. The relative importance of both transmission routes in shaping the gut microbiota of termites remains unknown. Using bacterial marker genes derived from the gut metagenomes of 197 termites and one Cryptocercus cockroach, we show that bacteria endemic to termite guts are mostly transferred vertically. We identified 18 lineages of gut bacteria showing cophylogenetic patterns with termites over tens of millions of years. Horizontal transfer rates estimated for 16 bacterial lineages were within the range of those estimated for 15 mitochondrial genes, suggesting that horizontal transfers are uncommon and vertical transfers are the dominant transmission route in these lineages. Some of these associations probably date back more than 150 million years and are an order of magnitude older than the cophylogenetic patterns between mammalian hosts and their gut bacteria. Our results suggest that termites have cospeciated with their gut bacteria since first appearing in the geological record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigyasa Arora
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Aleš Buček
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Faculty of Tropical AgriScience, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Hellemans
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Tereza Beránková
- Faculty of Tropical AgriScience, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Johanna Romero Arias
- Faculty of Tropical AgriScience, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Brian L Fisher
- Madagascar Biodiversity Center, Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Crystal Clitheroe
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Andreas Brune
- Research Group Insect Gut Microbiology and Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, 35043, Germany
| | - Yukihiro Kinjo
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- College of Economics and Environmental Policy, Okinawa International University, 2-6-1 Ginowan, Ginowan, 901-2701, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jan Šobotník
- Faculty of Tropical AgriScience, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- College of Economics and Environmental Policy, Okinawa International University, 2-6-1 Ginowan, Ginowan, 901-2701, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Thomas Bourguignon
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Faculty of Tropical AgriScience, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Han S, Ai Q, Xia X. Potential Source and Transmission Pathway of Gut Bacteria in the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella. INSECTS 2023; 14:504. [PMID: 37367320 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Plutella xylostella (L.), commonly known as the diamondback moth, is currently a major worldwide pest. Gut bacteria play an important role in the physiology and insecticide resistance of P. xylostella, but little is known about the sources and transmission routes of its gut bacteria. In this study, traditional microbial culture methods were used to analyze the sources and transmission modes of gut bacteria in P. xylostella, which could help develop pest control strategies based on gut bacteria. The main findings are as follows: gut bacterial diversity was significantly higher in P. xylostella-fed radish sprouts than those fed an artificial diet, indicating a potential association between gut bacteria and food bacteria. In addition, sequence analysis revealed the isolation of Enterobacter sp., Pantoea sp., Cedecea sp., and Pseudomonas sp. from both radish sprouts and P. xylostella. Importantly, Enterobacter sp. was found in all tested samples (radish sprouts, gut of P. xylostella, ovaries, and eggs), suggesting that bacteria acquired from food could be transferred from the gut to the ovaries and eggs. This was confirmed through experiments, which also showed that eggs could carry bacteria and transmit them to the gut, indicating vertical transmission of gut bacteria via eggs. Furthermore, the 3rd instar larvae of P. xylostella with and without gut bacteria were mixed and raised until the 4th instar. Then, we found that all the gut of the 4th instar larvae carried the same bacteria, indicating that the gut bacteria of P. xylostella can be horizontally transmitted through social behavior. This study lays a foundation for further exploration of the sources, transmission, and coevolution of the host of gut bacteria in P. xylostella, and provides new insights into pest control strategies based on the source and transmission of gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuncai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qianqian Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Suenami S, Koto A, Miyazaki R. Basic Structures of Gut Bacterial Communities in Eusocial Insects. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050444. [PMID: 37233072 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Gut bacterial communities assist host animals with numerous functions such as food digestion, nutritional provision, or immunity. Some social mammals and insects are unique in that their gut microbial communities are stable among individuals. In this review, we focus on the gut bacterial communities of eusocial insects, including bees, ants, and termites, to provide an overview of their community structures and to gain insights into any general aspects of their structural basis. Pseudomonadota and Bacillota are prevalent bacterial phyla commonly detected in those three insect groups, but their compositions are distinct at lower taxonomic levels. Eusocial insects harbor unique gut bacterial communities that are shared within host species, while their stability varies depending on host physiology and ecology. Species with narrow dietary habits, such as eusocial bees, harbor highly stable and intraspecific microbial communities, while generalists, such as most ant species, exhibit relatively diverse community structures. Caste differences could influence the relative abundance of community members without significantly altering the taxonomic composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Suenami
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
| | - Akiko Koto
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
- Computational Bio Big Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), AIST, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Ryo Miyazaki
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
- Computational Bio Big Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), AIST, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
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9
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The virtual microbiome: A computational framework to evaluate microbiome analyses. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280391. [PMID: 36753469 PMCID: PMC9907852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiomes have been the focus of a substantial research effort in the last decades. The composition of microbial populations is normally determined by comparing DNA sequences sampled from those populations with the sequences stored in genomic databases. Therefore, the amount of information available in databanks should be expected to constrain the accuracy of microbiome analyses. Albeit normally ignored in microbiome studies, this constraint could severely compromise the reliability of microbiome data. To test this hypothesis, we generated virtual bacterial populations that exhibit the ecological structure of real-world microbiomes. Confronting the analyses of virtual microbiomes with their original composition revealed critical issues in the current approach to characterizing microbiomes, issues that were empirically confirmed by analyzing the microbiome of Galleria mellonella larvae. To reduce the uncertainty of microbiome data, the effort in the field must be channeled towards significantly increasing the amount of available genomic information and optimizing the use of this information.
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Panova MAZ, Varfolomeeva MA, Gafarova ER, Maltseva AL, Mikhailova NA, Granovitch AI. First insights into the gut microbiomes and the diet of the Littorina snail ecotypes, a recently emerged marine evolutionary model. Evol Appl 2023; 16:365-378. [PMID: 36793697 PMCID: PMC9923488 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes can play a prominent role in the evolution of their hosts, facilitating adaptation to various environments and promoting ecological divergence. The Wave and Crab ecotypes of the intertidal snail Littorina saxatilis is an evolutionary model of rapid and repeated adaptation to environmental gradients. While patterns of genomic divergence of the Littorina ecotypes along the shore gradients have been extensively studied, their microbiomes have been so far overlooked. The aim of the present study is to start filling this gap by comparing gut microbiome composition of the Wave and Crab ecotypes using metabarcoding approach. Since Littorina snails are micro-grazers feeding on the intertidal biofilm, we also compare biofilm composition (i.e. typical snail diet) in the crab and wave habitats. In the results, we found that bacterial and eukaryotic biofilm composition varies between the typical habitats of the ecotypes. Further, the snail gut bacteriome was different from outer environments, being dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidia and Alphaproteobacteria. There were clear differences in the gut bacterial communities between the Crab and the Wave ecotypes as well as between the Wave ecotype snails from the low and high shores. These differences were both observed in the abundances and in the presence of different bacteria, as well as at different taxonomic level, from bacterial OTU's to families. Altogether, our first insights show that Littorina snails and their associated bacteria are a promising marine system to study co-evolution of the microbes and their hosts, which can help us to predict the future for wild species in the face of rapidly changing marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Z. Panova
- Department of Marine Sciences‐TjärnöUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- The Centre for Marine Evolutionary Biology CeMEBUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | | | - Elizaveta R. Gafarova
- Department of Invertebrate ZoologySt. Petersburg State UniversitySt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Arina L. Maltseva
- Department of Invertebrate ZoologySt. Petersburg State UniversitySt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Natalia A. Mikhailova
- Department of Invertebrate ZoologySt. Petersburg State UniversitySt. PetersburgRussia
- Centre of Cell TechnologiesInstitute of Cytology RASSt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Andrei I. Granovitch
- Department of Invertebrate ZoologySt. Petersburg State UniversitySt. PetersburgRussia
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Diouf M, Hervé V, Fréchault S, Lambourdière J, Ndiaye AB, Miambi E, Bourceret A, Jusselme MD, Selosse MA, Rouland-Lefèvre C. Succession of the microbiota in the gut of reproductives of Macrotermes subhyalinus (Termitidae) at colony foundation gives insights into symbionts transmission. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1055382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Termites have co-evolved with a complex gut microbiota consisting mostly of exclusive resident taxa, but key forces sustaining this exclusive partnership are still poorly understood. The potential for primary reproductives to vertically transmit their gut microbiota (mycobiome and bacteriome) to offspring was investigated using colony foundations from field-derived swarming alates of Macrotermes subhyalinus. Metabarcoding based on the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was used to characterize the reproductives mycobiome and bacteriome over the colony foundation time. The mycobiome of swarming alates differed from that of workers of Macrotermitinae and changed randomly within and between sampling time points, highlighting no close link with the gut habitat. The fungal ectosymbiont Termitomyces was lost early from the gut of reproductives, confirming the absence of vertical transmission to offspring. Unlike fungi, the bacteriome of alates mirrored that of workers of Macroterminae. Key genera and core OTUs inherited from the mother colony mostly persisted in the gut of reproductive until the emergence of workers, enabling their vertical transmission and explaining why they were found in offspring workers. These findings demonstrate that the parental transmission may greatly contribute to the maintenance of the bacteriome and its co-evolution with termite hosts at short time scales.
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Juottonen H, Moghadam NN, Murphy L, Mappes J, Galarza JA. Host's genetic background determines the outcome of reciprocal faecal transplantation on life-history traits and microbiome composition. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:67. [PMID: 36564793 PMCID: PMC9789590 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbes play a role in their host's fundamental ecological, chemical, and physiological processes. Host life-history traits from defence to growth are therefore determined not only by the abiotic environment and genotype but also by microbiota composition. However, the relative importance and interactive effects of these factors may vary between organisms. Such connections remain particularly elusive in Lepidoptera, which have been argued to lack a permanent microbiome and have microbiota primarily determined by their diet and environment. We tested the microbiome specificity and its influence on life-history traits of two colour genotypes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) that differ in several traits, including growth. All individuals were grown in the laboratory for several generations with standardized conditions. We analyzed the bacterial community of the genotypes before and after a reciprocal frass (i.e., larval faeces) transplantation and followed growth rate, pupal mass, and the production of defensive secretion. RESULTS After transplantation, the fast-growing genotype grew significantly slower compared to the controls, but the slow-growing genotype did not change its growth rate. The frass transplant also increased the volume of defensive secretions in the fast-growing genotype but did not affect pupal mass. Overall, the fast-growing genotype appeared more susceptible to the transplantation than the slow-growing genotype. Microbiome differences between the genotypes strongly suggest genotype-based selective filtering of bacteria from the diet and environment. A novel cluster of insect-associated Erysipelotrichaceae was exclusive to the fast-growing genotype, and specific Enterococcaceae were characteristic to the slow-growing genotype. These Enterococcaceae became more prevalent in the fast-growing genotype after the transplant, which suggests that a slower growth rate is potentially related to their presence. CONCLUSIONS We show that reciprocal frass transplantation can reverse some genotype-specific life-history traits in a lepidopteran host. The results indicate that genotype-specific selective filtering can fine-tune the bacterial community at specific life stages and tissues like the larval frass, even against a background of a highly variable community with stochastic assembly. Altogether, our findings suggest that the host's genotype can influence its susceptibility to being colonized by microbiota, impacting key life-history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Juottonen
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Neda N. Moghadam
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Liam Murphy
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Johanna Mappes
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikki Biocenter 3, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juan A. Galarza
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikki Biocenter 3, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Tadrent N, Dedeine F, Hervé V. SnakeMAGs: a simple, efficient, flexible and scalable workflow to reconstruct prokaryotic genomes from metagenomes. F1000Res 2022; 11:1522. [PMID: 36875992 PMCID: PMC9978240 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.128091.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Over the last decade, we have observed in microbial ecology a transition from gene-centric to genome-centric analyses. Indeed, the advent of metagenomics combined with binning methods, single-cell genome sequencing as well as high-throughput cultivation methods have contributed to the continuing and exponential increase of available prokaryotic genomes, which in turn has favored the exploration of microbial metabolisms. In the case of metagenomics, data processing, from raw reads to genome reconstruction, involves various steps and software which can represent a major technical obstacle. Methods: To overcome this challenge, we developed SnakeMAGs, a simple workflow that can process Illumina data, from raw reads to metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) classification and relative abundance estimate. It integrates state-of-the-art bioinformatic tools to sequentially perform: quality control of the reads (illumina-utils, Trimmomatic), host sequence removal (optional step, using Bowtie2), assembly (MEGAHIT), binning (MetaBAT2), quality filtering of the bins (CheckM, GUNC), classification of the MAGs (GTDB-Tk) and estimate of their relative abundance (CoverM). Developed with the popular Snakemake workflow management system, it can be deployed on various architectures, from single to multicore and from workstation to computer clusters and grids. It is also flexible since users can easily change parameters and/or add new rules. Results: Using termite gut metagenomic datasets, we showed that SnakeMAGs is slower but allowed the recovery of more MAGs encompassing more diverse phyla compared to another similar workflow named ATLAS. Importantly, these additional MAGs showed no significant difference compared to the other ones in terms of completeness, contamination, genome size nor relative abundance. Conclusions: Overall, it should make the reconstruction of MAGs more accessible to microbiologists. SnakeMAGs as well as test files and an extended tutorial are available at https://github.com/Nachida08/SnakeMAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachida Tadrent
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, Tours, 37200, France
| | - Franck Dedeine
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, Tours, 37200, France
| | - Vincent Hervé
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, Tours, 37200, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, Palaiseau, 91120, France
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14
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Tadrent N, Dedeine F, Hervé V. SnakeMAGs: a simple, efficient, flexible and scalable workflow to reconstruct prokaryotic genomes from metagenomes. F1000Res 2022; 11:1522. [PMID: 36875992 PMCID: PMC9978240 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.128091.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Over the last decade, we have observed in microbial ecology a transition from gene-centric to genome-centric analyses. Indeed, the advent of metagenomics combined with binning methods, single-cell genome sequencing as well as high-throughput cultivation methods have contributed to the continuing and exponential increase of available prokaryotic genomes, which in turn has favored the exploration of microbial metabolisms. In the case of metagenomics, data processing, from raw reads to genome reconstruction, involves various steps and software which can represent a major technical obstacle. Methods: To overcome this challenge, we developed SnakeMAGs, a simple workflow that can process Illumina data, from raw reads to metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) classification and relative abundance estimate. It integrates state-of-the-art bioinformatic tools to sequentially perform: quality control of the reads (illumina-utils, Trimmomatic), host sequence removal (optional step, using Bowtie2), assembly (MEGAHIT), binning (MetaBAT2), quality filtering of the bins (CheckM), classification of the MAGs (GTDB-Tk) and estimate of their relative abundance (CoverM). Developed with the popular Snakemake workflow management system, it can be deployed on various architectures, from single to multicore and from workstation to computer clusters and grids. It is also flexible since users can easily change parameters and/or add new rules. Results: Using termite gut metagenomic datasets, we showed that SnakeMAGs is slower but allowed the recovery of more MAGs encompassing more diverse phyla compared to another similar workflow named ATLAS. Conclusions: Overall, it should make the reconstruction of MAGs more accessible to microbiologists. SnakeMAGs as well as test files and an extended tutorial are available at https://github.com/Nachida08/SnakeMAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachida Tadrent
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, Tours, 37200, France
| | - Franck Dedeine
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, Tours, 37200, France
| | - Vincent Hervé
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, Tours, 37200, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, Palaiseau, 91120, France
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15
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Graber LC, Ramalho MO, Powell S, Moreau CS. Identifying the Role of Elevation, Geography, and Species Identity in Structuring Turtle Ant (Cephalotes Latreille, 1802) Bacterial Communities. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02128-z. [PMID: 36352137 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial communities in animals are often necessary for hosts to survive, particularly for hosts with nutrient-limited diets. The composition, abundance, and richness of these bacterial communities may be shaped by host identity and external ecological factors. The turtle ants (genus Cephalotes) are predominantly herbivorous and known to rely on bacterial communities to enrich their diet. Cephalotes have a broad Neotropical distribution, with high diversity in the South American Cerrado, a geologically and biologically diverse savanna. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we examined the bacterial communities of forty-one Cephalotes samples of sixteen different species collected from multiple locations across two sites in the Cerrado (MG, Brazil) and compared the bacterial communities according to elevation, locality, species, and species group, defined by host phylogeny. Beta diversity of bacterial communities differed with respect to all categories but particularly strongly when compared by geographic location, species, and species group. Differences seen in species and species groups can be partially explained by the high abundance of Mesorhizobium in Cephalotes pusillus and Cephalotes depressus species groups, when compared to other clades via the Analysis of Composition of Microbiome (ANCOM). Though the Cephalotes bacterial community is highly conserved, results from this study indicate that multiple external factors can affect and change bacterial community composition and abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leland C Graber
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 129 Garden Ave, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Manuela O Ramalho
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 129 Garden Ave, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Biology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Scott Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Corrie S Moreau
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 129 Garden Ave, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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16
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Aoki H, Masahiro Y, Shimizu M, Hongoh Y, Ohkuma M, Yamagata Y. Agarose gel microcapsules enable easy-to-prepare, picolitre-scale, single-cell genomics, yielding high-coverage genome sequences. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17014. [PMID: 36257967 PMCID: PMC9579161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20923-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel type of agarose gel microcapsule (AGM), consisting of an alginate picolitre sol core and an agarose gel shell, was developed to obtain high-quality, single-cell, amplified genomic DNA of bacteria. The AGM is easy to prepare in a stable emulsion with oil of water-equivalent density, which prevents AGM aggregation, with only standard laboratory equipment. Single cells from a pure culture of Escherichia coli, a mock community comprising 15 strains of human gut bacteria, and a termite gut bacterial community were encapsulated within AGMs, and their genomic DNA samples were prepared with massively parallel amplifications in a tube. The genome sequencing did not need second-round amplification and showed an average genome completeness that was much higher than that obtained using a conventional amplification method on the microlitre scale, regardless of the genomic guanine-cytosine content. Our novel method using AGM will allow many researchers to perform single-cell genomics easily and effectively, and can accelerate genomic analysis of yet-uncultured microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Aoki
- grid.509457.aUltrahigh Precision Optics Technology Team, Advanced Photonics Technology Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 3-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yuki Masahiro
- grid.509462.cJapan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM), RIKEN BioResource Research Center, 3-1-1, Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074 Japan
| | - Michiru Shimizu
- grid.509462.cJapan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM), RIKEN BioResource Research Center, 3-1-1, Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074 Japan
| | - Yuichi Hongoh
- grid.509462.cJapan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM), RIKEN BioResource Research Center, 3-1-1, Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074 Japan ,grid.32197.3e0000 0001 2179 2105School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moriya Ohkuma
- grid.509462.cJapan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM), RIKEN BioResource Research Center, 3-1-1, Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074 Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamagata
- grid.509457.aUltrahigh Precision Optics Technology Team, Advanced Photonics Technology Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 3-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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17
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Sugary vs salty food industry leftovers in postweaning piglets: effects on gut microbiota and intestinal volatile fatty acid production. Animal 2022; 16:100584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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18
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Nualkul M, Yuangsoi B, Hongoh Y, Yamada A, Deevong P. Improving the nutritional value and bioactivity of soybean meal in solid-state fermentation using Bacillus strains newly isolated from the gut of the termite Termes propinquus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2022; 369:fnac044. [PMID: 35536569 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to isolate and characterize proteolytic Bacillus spp. from termite guts to test the possibility of application for improving the nutritional value and bioactivity of fermented soybean meal (FSBM). Aerobic endospore-forming bacteria were isolated from the gut of the termite Termes propinquus. Ten isolates with high levels of soy milk degradation were selected and tested for extracellular enzyme production. Among them, two isolates, Tp-5 and Tp-7, exhibited all tested hydrolytic enzyme activities (cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, amylase, protease, lipase and phytase), weak alpha hemolytic and also antagonistic activities against fish pathogenic species of Aeromonas and Streptococcus. Both phylogenetic and biochemical analyses indicated that they were closely related to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. During solid-state fermentation of SBM, Tp-5 and Tp-7 exhibited the highest protease activity (1127.2 and 1552.4 U g-1, respectively) at 36 h, and the resulting FSBMs showed a significant increase in crude protein content and free radical-scavenging ability (P < 0.05), as well as an improvement in the composition of amino acids, metabolites and other nutrients, while indigestible materials such as fiber, lignin and hemicellulose were decreased. The potential strains, especially Tp-7, improved the nutritional value of FSBM by their strong hydrolytic and antioxidant activities, together with reducing antinutritional components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneeploy Nualkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bundit Yuangsoi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, 40002, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Yuichi Hongoh
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 152-8550, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinori Yamada
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 852-8521, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Pinsurang Deevong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand
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19
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Analysis of Intestinal Microbial Diversity of Four Species of Grasshoppers and Determination of Cellulose Digestibility. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050432. [PMID: 35621768 PMCID: PMC9147371 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Grasshoppers are typical phytophagous pests, which prefer eating monocotyledons with more cellulose and hemicellulose. Due to its large appetite and high utilization rate, the intestinal contents of grasshoppers have the potential to be developed into a bioreactor, which can be applied to improve straw utilization efficiency in the future. The digestive tract of grasshoppers is a complex ecosystem, inhabited by a large number of microorganisms. The existence of these microorganisms enables grasshoppers to have high decomposition and utilization of plant fibers. However, there are few reports on the microflora structure and diversity of the digestive tract of grasshoppers. In this study, the diversity of symbiotic bacteria in the intestinal tract of four species of grasshoppers, namely Acrida cinerea, Trilophidia annulata, Atractomorpha sinensis and Sphingonotus mongolicus, was studied by using the method of constructing a 16S rRNA gene library and Illumina Miseq sequencing technology. At the same time, the digestibility of cellulose and hemicellulose of the four species of grasshoppers were determined and the relationship between digestibility and intestinal microbial diversity was analyzed. This study provided basic data for the development of the digestible bioreactor of cellulose and hemicellulose, which may provide a new idea for degrading straw. Abstract Grasshoppers (Insecta, Orthoptera, Acridoidea) are a large group of agricultural and animal husbandry pests. They have a large food intake with high utilization of plants fibers. However, the composition of the grasshopper gut microbial community, especially the relationship between gut microbial community and cellulose digestibility, remains unclear. In this research, 16S rRNA gene sequences were used to determine the intestinal microbial diversity of Acrida cinerea, Trilophidia annulata, Atractomorpha sinensis and Sphingonotus mongolicus, and Spearman correlation analysis was performed between the intestinal microbes of grasshoppers and the digestibility of cellulose and hemicellulose. The results showed that Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum and Klebsiella was the dominant genus in the guts of the four species of grasshoppers; there was no significant difference in the species composition of the gut microbes of the four species of grasshoppers. Spearman correlation analysis showed that Brevibacterium and Stenotrophomonas were significantly correlated with cellulose digestibility. Brevibacterium, Clavibacter, Microbacterium and Stenotrophomonas were significantly associated with hemicellulose digestibility. Our results confirmed that the gut microbes of grasshoppers were correlated with the digestibility of cellulose and hemicellulose, and indicated that grasshoppers may have the potential to develop into bioreactors, which can be applied to improve straw utilization efficiency in the future.
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20
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Sapkota R, Scharf ME. Intercolony Comparisons of Gut Microbiome Composition From Lab Reared Eastern Subterranean Termites (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:9. [PMID: 35381082 PMCID: PMC8982785 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Termites are social insects living in colonies composed of worker, soldier, and reproductive castes. Termite hindguts are inhabited by all three domains of life- Eukarya (protists), Bacteria, and Archaea. These gut microorganisms are horizontally and vertically transferred by nestmates and reproductives, respectively. Prior evidence suggests that every colony potentially has a different gut microbiome that was transferred vertically and horizontally over time. However, we do not know if different colonies reared in the laboratory on the same diet will ultimately demonstrate similar microbial composition and structure. Therefore, we looked at gut bacteria in Eastern subterranean termite (Reticulitermes flavipes) colonies that were reared in the laboratory with identical diets and rearing conditions. Based on16S rRNA gene sequencing, the observed features, and Shannon's diversity were significantly different between the colonies while differences in Pielou evenness and Faith phylogenetic diversity were not statistically significant. In addition, the microbial community structures were significantly different between colonies. Based on ANCOM (Analysis of Composition of Microbiomes), the taxa Elizabethkingia (Bacteroidetes: Flavobacteriales) and Chryseobacterium (Bacteroidetes: Flavobacteriales) were differentially abundant between the colonies. These results suggest that providing the exact same diet and rearing environment for >2 yr cannot result in identical gut microbiomes between termite colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sapkota
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - M E Scharf
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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21
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Tongununui P, Kuriya Y, Murata M, Sawada H, Araki M, Nomura M, Morioka K, Ichie T, Ikejima K, Adachi K. Mangrove crab intestine and habitat sediment microbiomes cooperatively work on carbon and nitrogen cycling. PLoS One 2022; 16:e0261654. [PMID: 34972143 PMCID: PMC8719709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangrove ecosystems, where litter and organic components are degraded and converted into detrital materials, support rich coastal fisheries resources. Sesarmid (Grapsidae) crabs, which feed on mangrove litter, play a crucial role in material flow in carbon-rich and nitrogen-limited mangrove ecosystems; however, the process of assimilation and conversion into detritus has not been well studied. In this study, we performed microbiome analyses of intestinal bacteria from three species of mangrove crab and five sediment positions in the mud lobster mounds, including the crab burrow wall, to study the interactive roles of crabs and sediment in metabolism. Metagenome analysis revealed species-dependent intestinal profiles, especially in Neosarmatium smithi, while the sediment microbiome was similar in all positions, albeit with some regional dependency. The microbiome profiles of crab intestines and sediments were significantly different in the MDS analysis based on OTU similarity; however, 579 OTUs (about 70% of reads in the crab intestinal microbiome) were identical between the intestinal and sediment bacteria. In the phenotype prediction, cellulose degradation was observed in the crab intestine. Cellulase activity was detected in both crab intestine and sediment. This could be mainly ascribed to Demequinaceae, which was predominantly found in the crab intestines and burrow walls. Nitrogen fixation was also enriched in both the crab intestines and sediments, and was supported by the nitrogenase assay. Similar to earlier reports, sulfur-related families were highly enriched in the sediment, presumably degrading organic compounds as terminal electron acceptors under anaerobic conditions. These results suggest that mangrove crabs and habitat sediment both contribute to carbon and nitrogen cycling in the mangrove ecosystem via these two key reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasert Tongununui
- Department of Marine Science and Environment, Faculty of Science and Fisheries Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, Tambon Maifad, Amphur Sikao, Trang, Thailand
| | - Yuki Kuriya
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Murata
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Sawada
- Maizuru Fisheries Research Station, Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Maizuru, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michihiro Araki
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Nomura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Katsuji Morioka
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ichie
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Kou Ikejima
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Adachi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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22
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Shimoji H, Itoh H, Matsuura Y, Yamashita R, Hori T, Hojo MK, Kikuchi Y. Worker-dependent gut symbiosis in an ant. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:60. [PMID: 37938661 PMCID: PMC9723695 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-021-00061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark of eusocial insects, honeybees, ants, and termites, is division of labor between reproductive and non-reproductive worker castes. In addition, environmental adaption and ecological dominance are also underpinned by symbiotic associations with beneficial microorganisms. Microbial symbionts are generally considered to be maintained in an insect colony in two alternative ways: shared among all colony members or inherited only by a specific caste. Especially in ants, the reproductive caste plays a crucial role in transmission of the symbionts shared among colony members over generations. Here, we report an exceptional case, the worker-dependent microbiota in an ant, Diacamma cf. indicum from Japan. By collecting almost all the individuals from 22 colonies in the field, we revealed that microbiota of workers is characterized by a single dominant bacterium localized at the hindgut. The bacterium belonging to an unclassified member within the phylum Firmicutes, which is scarce or mostly absent in the reproductive castes. Furthermore, we show that the gut symbiont is acquired at the adult stage. Collectively, our findings strongly suggest that the specific symbiont is maintained by only workers, demonstrating a novel pattern of ant-associated bacterial symbiosis, and thus further our understanding of host-microbe interactions in the light of sociobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Shimoji
- Shool of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan.
| | - Hideomi Itoh
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Hokkaido, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8517, Japan.
| | - Yu Matsuura
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan.
| | - Rio Yamashita
- Shool of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Hori
- Environmental Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced IndustrialScience and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba West, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Masaru K Hojo
- Shool of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Kikuchi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Hokkaido, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8517, Japan.
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Gloder G, Bourne ME, Verreth C, Wilberts L, Bossaert S, Crauwels S, Dicke M, Poelman EH, Jacquemyn H, Lievens B. Parasitism by endoparasitoid wasps alters the internal but not the external microbiome in host caterpillars. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:73. [PMID: 34654483 PMCID: PMC8520287 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiome of many insects consists of a diverse community of microorganisms that can play critical roles in the functioning and overall health of their hosts. Although the microbial communities of insects have been studied thoroughly over the past decade, little is still known about how biotic interactions affect the microbial community structure in and on the bodies of insects. In insects that are attacked by parasites or parasitoids, it can be expected that the microbiome of the host insect is affected by the presence of these parasitic organisms that develop in close association with their host. In this study, we used high-throughput amplicon sequencing targeting both bacteria and fungi to test the hypothesis that parasitism by the endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata affected the microbiome of its host Pieris brassicae. Healthy and parasitized caterpillars were collected from both natural populations and a laboratory culture. RESULTS Significant differences in bacterial community structure were found between field-collected caterpillars and laboratory-reared caterpillars, and between the external and the internal microbiome of the caterpillars. Parasitism significantly altered the internal microbiome of caterpillars, but not the external microbiome. The internal microbiome of all parasitized caterpillars and of the parasitoid larvae in the caterpillar hosts was dominated by a Wolbachia strain, which was completely absent in healthy caterpillars, suggesting that the strain was transferred to the caterpillars during oviposition by the parasitoids. CONCLUSION We conclude that biotic interactions such as parasitism have pronounced effects on the microbiome of an insect host and possibly affect interactions with higher-order insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Gloder
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mitchel E. Bourne
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christel Verreth
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Wilberts
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Bossaert
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Crauwels
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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24
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Banerjee S, Maiti TK, Roy RN. Enzyme producing insect gut microbes: an unexplored biotechnological aspect. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:384-402. [PMID: 34612103 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1942777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To explore the unmapped biotechnologically important microbial platforms for human welfare, the insect gut system is such a promising arena. Insects, the inhabitant of all ecological niches, harbor a healthy diversified microbial population in their versatile gut environment. This deep-rooted symbiotic relationship between insects and gut microbes is the result of several indispensable microbial performances that include: enzyme production, detoxification of plant defense compounds and insecticides, maintenance of life cycle, host fertility, bioremediation, pest biocontrol, production of antimicrobial compounds, and in addition provide vitamins, amino acids, and lactic acids to their hosts. Insects have developed such symbiotic interactions with different microorganisms for nutritional benefits like the digestion of dietary compounds by the production of several key hydrolytic enzymes viz: amylase, cellulase, lignocellulase, protease, lipase, xylanase, pectinase, chitinase, laccase, etc. The nutritional enrichment offered by these microbes to insects may be the key factor in the evolutionary attainment of this group. Around one million insect species are grouped under 31 orders, however, only ten of such groups' have been studied in relation to enzyme-producing gut microbes. Moreover, insect gut symbionts are a potential source of biotechnologically active biomolecules as these microbes go through a course of selection pressures in their host gut environment. As symbiosis has pronounced potential regarding the production of novel compounds, especially enzymes with multidimensional industrial capabilities, so there are ample scopes to explore this treasure box for human welfare. Biological significance as well as industrially compatible capabilities can categorize these insect gut symbionts as an unexplored biotechnological aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Banerjee
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. B. N. Dutta Smriti Mahavidyalaya, Hatgobindapur, Burdwan, India.,Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
| | | | - Raj Narayan Roy
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. B. N. Dutta Smriti Mahavidyalaya, Hatgobindapur, Burdwan, India
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25
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Bayen S, Roy S, Chakraborti D, Mukhopadhyay A, Hazarika LK, Pramanik P, Borchetia S, Mukherjee S. Mutualistic relation of termites with associated microbes for their harmonious survival. Symbiosis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-021-00809-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Vikram S, Arneodo JD, Calcagno J, Ortiz M, Mon ML, Etcheverry C, Cowan DA, Talia P. Diversity structure of the microbial communities in the guts of four neotropical termite species. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10959. [PMID: 33868801 PMCID: PMC8035897 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The termite gut microbiome is dominated by lignocellulose degrading microorganisms. This study describes the intestinal microbiota of four Argentinian higher termite species with different feeding habits: Microcerotermes strunckii (hardwood), Nasutitermes corniger (softwood), Termes riograndensis (soil organic matter/grass) and Cornitermes cumulans (grass) by deep sequencing of amplified 16S rRNA and ITS genes. In addition, we have performed a taxonomic and gut community structure comparison incorporating into the analysis the previously reported microbiomes of additional termite species with varied diets. The bacterial phylum Spirochaetes was dominant in the guts of M. strunckii, N. corniger and C. cumulans, whereas Firmicutes predominated in the T. riograndensis gut microbiome. A single bacterial genus, Treponema (Spirochaetes), was dominant in all termite species, except for T. riograndensis. Both in our own sequenced samples and in the broader comparison, prokaryotic α-diversity was higher in the soil/grass feeders than in the wood feeders. Meanwhile, the β-diversity of prokaryotes and fungi was highly dissimilar among strict wood-feeders, whereas that of soil- and grass-feeders grouped more closely. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the only fungal phyla that could be identified in all gut samples, because of the lack of reference sequences in public databases. In summary, higher microbial diversity was recorded in termites with more versatile feeding sources, providing further evidence that diet, along with other factors (e.g., host taxonomy), influences the microbial community assembly in the termite gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Vikram
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Joel D. Arneodo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Calcagno
- Centro de Ciencias Naturales, Ambientales y Antropológicas, Universidad Maimonides (CCNAA), CABA, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Ortiz
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Maria Laura Mon
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Clara Etcheverry
- Biología de los Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Don A. Cowan
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Paola Talia
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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27
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Chouvenc T, Šobotník J, Engel MS, Bourguignon T. Termite evolution: mutualistic associations, key innovations, and the rise of Termitidae. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2749-2769. [PMID: 33388854 PMCID: PMC11071720 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Termites are a clade of eusocial wood-feeding roaches with > 3000 described species. Eusociality emerged ~ 150 million years ago in the ancestor of modern termites, which, since then, have acquired and sometimes lost a series of adaptive traits defining of their evolution. Termites primarily feed on wood, and digest cellulose in association with their obligatory nutritional mutualistic gut microbes. Recent advances in our understanding of termite phylogenetic relationships have served to provide a tentative timeline for the emergence of innovative traits and their consequences on the ecological success of termites. While all "lower" termites rely on cellulolytic protists to digest wood, "higher" termites (Termitidae), which comprise ~ 70% of termite species, do not rely on protists for digestion. The loss of protists in Termitidae was a critical evolutionary step that fostered the emergence of novel traits, resulting in a diversification of morphology, diets, and niches to an extent unattained by "lower" termites. However, the mechanisms that led to the initial loss of protists and the succession of events that took place in the termite gut remain speculative. In this review, we provide an overview of the key innovative traits acquired by termites during their evolution, which ultimately set the stage for the emergence of "higher" termites. We then discuss two hypotheses concerning the loss of protists in Termitidae, either through an externalization of the digestion or a dietary transition. Finally, we argue that many aspects of termite evolution remain speculative, as most termite biological diversity and evolutionary trajectories have yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Chouvenc
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Ft Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Davie, FL, USA.
| | - Jan Šobotník
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael S Engel
- Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1501 Crestline Drive, Suite 140, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Thomas Bourguignon
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan.
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28
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Fathollahi Z, Habibpour B, Imani S, Hassanzadeh N, Abdigoudarzi M. Identification of Cellulolytic Bacteria from Guts of Microcerotermes diversus Silvestri (Isoptera: Termitidae) in Southern Iran. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:1305-1316. [PMID: 33638669 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Termites are a large and important group of insects in terrestrial ecosystems that decompose lignocelluloses. Among these, Microcerotermes diversus Silvestri (Termitidae) is a destructive invasive pest in many tropical and subtropical regions. In the present study, M. diversus specimens were collected from traps in Ahvaz, Bandar Abbas, Kish, and Khark Islands. Sample suspensions were prepared in 5-ml DH2O and cultured on nutrient agar (NA) medium. All 47 representative bacterial isolates were evaluated for cellulolytic activity by growing them on cellulose Congo-red agar medium. Based on some key phenotypic characteristics, the isolates were tentatively identified at the genus level. These were confirmed by 16S rRNA analysis using a universal primer pair (P1/P6). Sequence alignments revealed that most of the isolates are novel species so far found in the termite guts. Results showed that some of the isolates are common for all surveyed areas. However, there were significant differences in their numbers and degree of cellulolytic activity. The species reported here for the first time for termites of Iran are Bacillus wiedmanii, B. paramycoides, Elizabethkingia anophelis, Lysinibacillus pakestanensis, Pseudomonas hibiscicola, Actinetobacter pitti, A. venetianus, and Ochrobactrum anthropi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Fathollahi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food Industries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Habibpour
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Sohrab Imani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food Industries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Hassanzadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food Industries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdigoudarzi
- Department of Parasitology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
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29
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Noor SO, Al-Zahrani DA, Hussein RM, Baeshen MN, Moussa TAA, Abo-Aba SM, Al-Hejin AM, Baeshen NA, Huelsenbeck JP. Assessment of fungal diversity in soil rhizosphere associated with Rhazya stricta and some desert plants using metagenomics. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:1211-1219. [PMID: 33231748 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the fungal rhizosphere communities of Rhazya stricta, Enneapogon desvauxii, Citrullus colocynthis, Senna italica, and Zygophyllum simplex, and the gut mycobiota of Poekilocerus bufonius (Orthoptera, Pyrgomorphidae, "Usherhopper"). A total of 164,485 fungal reads were observed from the five plant rhizospheres and Usherhopper gut. The highest reads were in S. italica rhizosphere (29,883 reads). Species richness in the P. bufonius gut was the highest among the six samples. Ascomycota was dominant in all samples, with the highest reads in E. desvauxii (26,734 reads) rhizosphere. Sordariomycetes and Dothideomycetes were the dominant classes detected with the highest abundance in C. colocynthis and E. desvauxii rhizospheres. Aspergillus and Ceratobasidium were the most abundant genera in the R. stricta rhizosphere, Fusarium and Penicillium in the E. desvauxii rhizosphere and P. bufonius gut, Ceratobasidium and Myrothecium in the C. colocynthis rhizosphere, Aspergillus and Fusarium in the S. italica rhizosphere, and Cochliobolus in the Z. simplex rhizosphere. Aspergillus terreus was the most abundant species in the R. stricta and S. italica rhizospheres, Fusarium sp. in E. desvauxii rhizosphere, Ceratobasidium sp. in C. colocynthis rhizosphere, Cochliobolus sp. in Z. simplex rhizosphere, and Penicillium sp. in P. bufonius gut. The phylogenetic results revealed the unclassified species were related closely to Ascomycota and the species in E. desvauxii, S. italica and Z. simplex rhizospheres were closely related, where the species in the P. bufonius gut, were closely related to the species in the R. stricta, and C. colocynthis rhizospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah O Noor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhafer A Al-Zahrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Refaei M Hussein
- University of Jeddah, College of Sciences and Arts, Department of Biological Sciences, Al Kamel Province, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Genetics and Cytology Dept. Genetic Engineering Division, National Resesrch Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed N Baeshen
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek A A Moussa
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Salah M Abo-Aba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbial Genetics, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Al-Hejin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabih A Baeshen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - John P Huelsenbeck
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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30
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Wei J, Segraves KA, Li WZ, Yang XK, Xue HJ. Gut bacterial communities and their contribution to performance of specialist Altica flea beetles. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 80:946-959. [PMID: 32880699 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Host plant shifts are a common mode of speciation in herbivorous insects. Although insects can evolve adaptations to successfully incorporate a new host plant, it is becoming increasingly recognized that the gut bacterial community may play a significant role in allowing insects to detoxify novel plant chemical defenses. Here, we examined differences in gut bacterial communities between Altica flea beetle species that feed on phylogenetically unrelated host plants in sympatry. We surveyed the gut bacterial communities of three closely related flea beetles from multiple locations using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The results showed that the beetle species shared a high proportion (80.7%) of operational taxonomic units. Alpha-diversity indicators suggested that gut bacterial diversity did not differ among host species, whereas geography had a significant effect on bacterial diversity. In contrast, analyses of beta-diversity showed significant differences in gut bacterial composition among beetle species when we used species composition and relative abundance metrics, but there was no difference in composition when species presence/absence and phylogenetic distance indices were used. Within host beetle species, gut bacterial composition varied significantly among sites. A metagenomic functionality analysis predicted that the gut microbes had functions involved in xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism as well as metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides. These predictions, however, did not differ among beetle host species. Antibiotic curing experiments showed that development time was significantly prolonged, and there was a significant decline in body weight of newly emerged adults in beetles lacking gut bacteria, suggesting the beetles may receive a potential benefit from the gut microbe-insect interaction. On the whole, our results suggest that although the gut bacterial community did not show clear host-specific patterns among Altica species, spatiotemporal variability is an important determinant of gut bacterial communities. Furthermore, the similarity of communities among these beetle species suggests that microbial facilitation may not be a determinant of host plant shifts in Altica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kari A Segraves
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
- Archbold Biological Station, 123 Main Drive, Venus, FL, 33960, USA
| | - Wen-Zhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xing-Ke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Huai-Jun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
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31
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Duan R, Xu H, Gao S, Gao Z, Wang N. Effects of Different Hosts on Bacterial Communities of Parasitic Wasp Nasonia vitripennis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1435. [PMID: 32774328 PMCID: PMC7381354 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitism is a special interspecific relationship in insects. Unlike most other ectoparasites, Nasonia vitripennis spend most of its life cycle (egg, larvae, pupae, and early adult stage) inside the pupae of flies, which is covered with hard puparium. Microbes play important roles in host development and help insect hosts to adapt to various environments. How the microbes of parasitic wasp respond to different fly hosts living in such close relationships motivated this investigation. In this study, we used N. vitripennis and three different fly pupa hosts (Lucilia sericata, Sarcophaga marshalli, and Musca domestica) to address this question, as well as to illustrate the potential transfer of bacteria through the trophic food chains. We found that N. vitripennis from different fly pupa hosts showed distinct microbiota, which means that the different fly hosts could affect the bacterial communities of their parasitic wasps. Some bacteria showed potential horizontal transfer through the trophic food chains, from the food through the fly to the parasitic wasp. We also found that the heritable endosymbiont Wolbachia could transferred from the fly host to the parasite and correlated with the bacterial communities of the corresponding parasitic wasps. Our findings provide new insight to the microbial interactions between parasite and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxin Duan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zheng Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Ningxin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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Duan XZ, Sun JT, Wang LT, Shu XH, Guo Y, Keiichiro M, Zhu YX, Bing XL, Hoffmann AA, Hong XY. Recent infection by Wolbachia alters microbial communities in wild Laodelphax striatellus populations. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:104. [PMID: 32616041 PMCID: PMC7333401 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00878-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host-associated microbial communities play an important role in the fitness of insect hosts. However, the factors shaping microbial communities in wild populations, including genetic background, ecological factors, and interactions among microbial species, remain largely unknown. RESULTS Here, we surveyed microbial communities of the small brown planthopper (SBPH, Laodelphax striatellus) across 17 geographical populations in China and Japan by using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Using structural equation models (SEM) and Mantel analyses, we show that variation in microbial community structure is likely associated with longitude, annual mean precipitation (Bio12), and mitochondrial DNA variation. However, a Wolbachia infection, which is spreading to northern populations of SBPH, seems to have a relatively greater role than abiotic factors in shaping microbial community structure, leading to sharp decreases in bacterial taxon diversity and abundance in host-associated microbial communities. Comparative RNA-Seq analyses between Wolbachia-infected and -uninfected strains indicate that the Wolbachia do not seem to alter the immune reaction of SBPH, although Wolbachia affected expression of metabolism genes. CONCLUSION Together, our results identify potential factors and interactions among different microbial species in the microbial communities of SBPH, which can have effects on insect physiology, ecology, and evolution. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Zhi Duan
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing-Tao Sun
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin-Ting Wang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Han Shu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Matsukura Keiichiro
- NARO Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, 2421 Suya, Koshi, Kumamoto, 861-1192, Japan
| | - Yu-Xi Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Li Bing
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Ayayee PA, Kinney G, Yarnes C, Larsen T, Custer GF, van Diepen LTA, Muñoz-Garcia A. Role of the gut microbiome in mediating standard metabolic rate after dietary shifts in the viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb218271. [PMID: 32393544 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.218271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Diet may be a significant determinant of insect gut microbiome composition. However, the extent to which dietary shifts shape both the composition and relevant functions of insect gut microbiomes, and ultimately impact host energy balance (i.e. metabolic phenotype), is not well understood. We investigated the impacts of diet switching on Diploptera punctata females maintained on a dog food (DF) diet relative to those fed a comparatively sub-optimal cellulose-amended dog food (CADF) diet for 4 weeks. After this period, dietary shift resulted in a significantly higher average mass-specific standard metabolic rate (SMR) in CADF-fed females compared with DF-fed females. We also uncovered significant 13C-enrichment in DF-fed insect samples relative to CADF-fed insect samples and lowered bacterial essential amino acid (EAA) provisioning in CADF-fed samples. Differences in SMR and EAA provisioning were not accompanied by significant differences in overall microbiome composition between the two groups. However, cellulolytic and nitrogen-fixing bacterial families dominant in wild omnivorous cockroaches and wood-feeding termites were significantly enriched in CADF-fed females than in DF-fed females, at the end of the study. We propose that these changes in microbiome composition after dietary shifts are associated with changes in EAA provisioning and possibly SMR. Further studies are needed to comprehensively understand the relative importance of gut microbial functions among the complexity of factors known to underscore SMR responses in insects under varying dietary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Ayayee
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - George Kinney
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chris Yarnes
- Department of Plant Sciences, Stable Isotope Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thomas Larsen
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Gordon F Custer
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Linda T A van Diepen
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Agustí Muñoz-Garcia
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University at Mansfield, Mansfield, OH 43210, USA
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Kaczmarczyk-Ziemba A, Zagaja M, Wagner GK, Pietrykowska-Tudruj E, Staniec B. First Insight into Microbiome Profiles of Myrmecophilous Beetles and Their Host, Red Wood Ant Formica polyctena (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)-A Case Study. INSECTS 2020; 11:E134. [PMID: 32092972 PMCID: PMC7073670 DOI: 10.3390/insects11020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Formica polyctena belongs to the red wood ant species group. Its nests provide a stable, food rich, and temperature and humidity controlled environment, utilized by a wide range of species, called myrmecophiles. Here, we used the high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene on the Illumina platform for identification of the microbiome profiles of six selected myrmecophilous beetles (Dendrophilus pygmaeus, Leptacinus formicetorum, Monotoma angusticollis, Myrmechixenus subterraneus, Ptenidium formicetorum and Thiasophila angulata) and their host F. polyctena. Analyzed bacterial communities consisted of a total of 23 phyla, among which Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes were the most abundant. Two known endosymbionts-Wolbachia and Rickettsia-were found in the analyzed microbiome profiles and Wolbachia was dominant in bacterial communities associated with F. polyctena, M. subterraneus, L. formicetorum and P. formicetorum (>90% of reads). In turn, M. angusticollis was co-infected with both Wolbachia and Rickettsia, while in the microbiome of T. angulata, the dominance of Rickettsia has been observed. The relationships among the microbiome profiles were complex, and no relative abundance pattern common to all myrmecophilous beetles tested was observed. However, some subtle, species-specific patterns have been observed for bacterial communities associated with D. pygmaeus, M. angusticollis, and T. angulata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kaczmarczyk-Ziemba
- Department of Genetics and Biosystematics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mirosław Zagaja
- Isobolographic Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz K. Wagner
- Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (G.K.W.); (E.P.-T.); (B.S.)
| | - Ewa Pietrykowska-Tudruj
- Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (G.K.W.); (E.P.-T.); (B.S.)
| | - Bernard Staniec
- Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (G.K.W.); (E.P.-T.); (B.S.)
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Zeng W, Liu B, Zhong J, Li Q, Li Z. A Natural High-Sugar Diet Has Different Effects on the Prokaryotic Community Structures of Lower and Higher Termites (Blattaria). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:21-32. [PMID: 31782953 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The lignocellulosic digestive symbiosis in termites is a dynamic survival adaptation system. While the contribution of hereditary and habitat factors to the development of the symbiotic bacterial community of termites had been confirmed, the manner in which these factors affect functional synergism among different bacterial lineages has still not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the 16S rRNA gene libraries of Odontotermes formosanus Shiraki (Blattodea: Termitidae) and Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) sampled from sugarcane fields (high sugar) or pine tree forests (no free sugar) were sequenced. The results verify that the prokaryotic community structures of termites could be significantly reshaped by native dietary isolation within a species. Although the most dominant phyla are convergent in all samples, their relative abundances in these two termite species exhibited a reverse variation pattern when the termite hosts were fed on the high-sugar diet. Furthermore, we showed that the taxonomic composition of the dominant phyla at the family or genus level differentiate depending on the diet and the host phylogeny. We hypothesize that the flexible bacterial assemblages at low taxonomic level might exert variable functional collaboration to accommodate to high-sugar diet. In addition, the functional predictions of Tax4Fun suggest a stable metabolic functional structure of the microbial communities of the termites in both different diet habitats and taxonomy. We propose that the symbiotic bacterial community in different host termites developed a different functional synergistic pattern, which may be essential to maintain the stability of the overall metabolic function for the survival of termites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingrong Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhong Zhong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiujian Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
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Hervé V, Liu P, Dietrich C, Sillam-Dussès D, Stiblik P, Šobotník J, Brune A. Phylogenomic analysis of 589 metagenome-assembled genomes encompassing all major prokaryotic lineages from the gut of higher termites. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8614. [PMID: 32095380 PMCID: PMC7024585 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
"Higher" termites have been able to colonize all tropical and subtropical regions because of their ability to digest lignocellulose with the aid of their prokaryotic gut microbiota. Over the last decade, numerous studies based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon libraries have largely described both the taxonomy and structure of the prokaryotic communities associated with termite guts. Host diet and microenvironmental conditions have emerged as the main factors structuring the microbial assemblages in the different gut compartments. Additionally, these molecular inventories have revealed the existence of termite-specific clusters that indicate coevolutionary processes in numerous prokaryotic lineages. However, for lack of representative isolates, the functional role of most lineages remains unclear. We reconstructed 589 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the different gut compartments of eight higher termite species that encompass 17 prokaryotic phyla. By iteratively building genome trees for each clade, we significantly improved the initial automated assignment, frequently up to the genus level. We recovered MAGs from most of the termite-specific clusters in the radiation of, for example, Planctomycetes, Fibrobacteres, Bacteroidetes, Euryarchaeota, Bathyarchaeota, Spirochaetes, Saccharibacteria, and Firmicutes, which to date contained only few or no representative genomes. Moreover, the MAGs included abundant members of the termite gut microbiota. This dataset represents the largest genomic resource for arthropod-associated microorganisms available to date and contributes substantially to populating the tree of life. More importantly, it provides a backbone for studying the metabolic potential of the termite gut microbiota, including the key members involved in carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles, and important clues that may help cultivating representatives of these understudied clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Hervé
- Research Group Insect Gut Microbiology and Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Group Insect Gut Microbiology and Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Dietrich
- Research Group Insect Gut Microbiology and Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - David Sillam-Dussès
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Ethology EA 4443, Université Paris 13, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Petr Stiblik
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šobotník
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Brune
- Research Group Insect Gut Microbiology and Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
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Nalepa CA. Origin of Mutualism Between Termites and Flagellated Gut Protists: Transition From Horizontal to Vertical Transmission. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Kaczmarczyk-Ziemba A, Zagaja M, Wagner GK, Pietrykowska-Tudruj E, Staniec B. The microbiota of the Lasius fuliginosus – Pella laticollis myrmecophilous interaction. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2020.1844322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kaczmarczyk-Ziemba
- Department of Genetics and Biosystematics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - M. Zagaja
- Isobolographic Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - G. K. Wagner
- Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - E. Pietrykowska-Tudruj
- Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - B. Staniec
- Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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Przemieniecki SW, Kosewska A, Ciesielski S, Kosewska O. Changes in the gut microbiome and enzymatic profile of Tenebrio molitor larvae biodegrading cellulose, polyethylene and polystyrene waste. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113265. [PMID: 31733968 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the ability of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) for plastic degradation. This study is focused on changes in microbiome structure depending on diets. Microbial community obtained from oat and cellulose diet formed similar group, two kinds of polyethylene formed another group, while polystyrene diet showed the highest dissimilarity. The highest relative abundance of bacteria colonizing gut was in PE-oxodegradable feeding, nevertheless all applied diets were higher in comparison to oat. Dominant phyla consisted of Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, however after PS feeding frequency in Planctomycetes and Nitrospirae increased. The unique bacteria characteristic for cellulose diet belonged to Selenomonas, while Pantoea were characteristic for both polyethylene diets, Lactococcus and Elizabethkingia were unique for each plastic diet, and potential diazotropic bacteria were characteristic for polystyrene diet (Agrobacterium, Nitrosomonas, Nitrospira). Enzymatic similarity between oatmeal and cellulose diets, was shown. All three plastics diet resulted in different activity in both, digestive tract and bacteria. The enzymes with the highest activity were included phosphatases, esterases, leucine arylamidase, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, chitinase, α-mannosidase and α-fucosidase. The activity of digestive tract was stronger than cultured gut bacteria. In addition to known polyethylene degradation methods, larvae may degrade polyethylene with esterase, cellulose and oatmeal waste activity is related with the activity of sugar-degrading enzymes, degradation of polystyrene with anaerobic processes and diazotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian W Przemieniecki
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Kosewska
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sławomir Ciesielski
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 45G, 10-917, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Olga Kosewska
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland
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40
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Ozbayram EG, Kleinsteuber S, Nikolausz M. Biotechnological utilization of animal gut microbiota for valorization of lignocellulosic biomass. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:489-508. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10239-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Segers FHID, Kaltenpoth M, Foitzik S. Abdominal microbial communities in ants depend on colony membership rather than caste and are linked to colony productivity. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:13450-13467. [PMID: 31871657 PMCID: PMC6912891 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut bacteria aid their host in digestion and pathogen defense, and bacterial communities that differ in diversity or composition may vary in their ability to do so. Typically, the gut microbiomes of animals living in social groups converge as members share a nest environment and frequently interact. Social insect colonies, however, consist of individuals that differ in age, physiology, and behavior, traits that could affect gut communities or that expose the host to different bacteria, potentially leading to variation in the gut microbiome within colonies. Here we asked whether bacterial communities in the abdomen of Temnothorax nylanderi ants, composed largely of the gut microbiome, differ between different reproductive and behavioral castes. We compared microbiomes of queens, newly eclosed workers, brood carers, and foragers by high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing. Additionally, we sampled individuals from the same colonies twice, in the field and after 2 months of laboratory housing. To disentangle the effects of laboratory environment and season on microbial communities, additional colonies were collected at the same location after 2 months. There were no large differences between ant castes, although queens harbored more diverse microbial communities than workers. Instead, we found effects of colony, environment, and season on the abdominal microbiome. Interestingly, colonies with more diverse communities had produced more brood. Moreover, the queens' microbiome composition was linked to egg production. Although long-term coevolution between social insects and gut bacteria has been repeatedly evidenced, our study is the first to find associations between abdominal microbiome characteristics and colony productivity in social insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca H. I. D. Segers
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE‐TBG)FrankfurtGermany
- Behavioural Ecology and Social EvolutionInstitute of Organismic and Molecular EvolutionJohannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
- Present address:
Applied Bioinformatics GroupInstitute of Cell Biology & NeuroscienceGoethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Evolutionary EcologyInstitute of Organismic and Molecular EvolutionJohannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Susanne Foitzik
- Evolutionary EcologyInstitute of Organismic and Molecular EvolutionJohannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
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Waidele L, Korb J, Voolstra CR, Dedeine F, Staubach F. Ecological specificity of the metagenome in a set of lower termite species supports contribution of the microbiome to adaptation of the host. Anim Microbiome 2019; 1:13. [PMID: 33499940 PMCID: PMC7807685 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-019-0014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elucidating the interplay between hosts and their microbiomes in ecological adaptation has become a central theme in evolutionary biology. A textbook example of microbiome-mediated adaptation is the adaptation of lower termites to a wood-based diet, as they depend on their gut microbiome to digest wood. Lower termites have further adapted to different life types. Termites of the wood-dwelling life type never leave their nests and feed on a uniform diet. Termites of the foraging life type forage for food outside the nest and have access to other nutrients. Here we sought to investigate whether the microbiome that is involved in food substrate breakdown and nutrient acquisition might contribute to adaptation to these dietary differences. We reasoned that this should leave ecological imprints on the microbiome. Results We investigated the protist and bacterial microbiomes of a total of 29 replicate colonies from five termite species, covering both life types, using metagenomic shotgun sequencing. The microbiome of wood-dwelling species with a uniform wood diet was enriched for genes involved in lignocellulose degradation. Furthermore, metagenomic patterns suggest that the microbiome of wood-dwelling species relied primarily on direct fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, while the microbiome of foraging species entailed the necessary pathways to utilize nitrogen in the form of nitrate for example from soil. Conclusion Our findings are consistent with the notion that the microbiome of wood-dwelling species bears an imprint of its specialization on degrading a uniform wood diet, while the microbiome of the foraging species might reflect its adaption to access growth limiting nutrients from more diverse sources. This supports the idea that specific subsets of functions encoded by the microbiome can contribute to host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Waidele
- Biologie I, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Judith Korb
- Biologie I, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Franck Dedeine
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Fabian Staubach
- Biologie I, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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Yao Z, Ma Q, Cai Z, Raza MF, Bai S, Wang Y, Zhang P, Ma H, Zhang H. Similar Shift Patterns in Gut Bacterial and Fungal Communities Across the Life Stages of Bactrocera minax Larvae From Two Field Populations. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2262. [PMID: 31649629 PMCID: PMC6794421 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an oligophagous insect pest that damages citrus fruit, especially in China. Due to larvae living within a highly septic environment, a wide variety of microorganisms exist in the larval gut of B. minax. However, a systematic study of the intestinal microbiota of this harmful insect pest is still lacking. Here, we comprehensively investigated the larval gut microbiota of B. minax in two field populations from Zigui (developed in orange) and Danjiangkou (developed in mandarin orange). We observed a dominance of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes in these bacterial communities, and Enterobacteriaceae was the predominant family throughout the larval stage. However, most of the identified fungal sequences were annotated as being from either Ascomycota or Basidiomycota phyla. Although there was a difference in the structure of the microbial communities between the two populations, the dynamic change patterns of most of the members of the microbiota were similar across the lifespan of larvae in both populations. The relative abundances of the Acetobacteraceae, Leuconostocaceae, and Lactobacillaceae gut bacteria as well as the Pichiaceae, Sebacinaceae, and Amanitaceae fungi increased throughout development, and these microorganisms stably resided in the larval gut. Furthermore, the dynamic changes of the functions of gut bacterial communities were inferred, and there was a significant increase in carbohydrate metabolism across the lifespan of larvae in both groups. Spearman correlation analysis showed that Acetobacteraceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Leuconostocaceae displayed a positive correlation with fructose and mannose metabolism, an important pathway of carbohydrate metabolism, highlighting the potential roles of these prevalent microbial communities in host biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiongke Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Fahim Raza
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiquan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Gilbert SF. Developmental symbiosis facilitates the multiple origins of herbivory. Evol Dev 2019; 22:154-164. [PMID: 31332951 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Developmental bias toward particular evolutionary trajectories can be facilitated through symbiosis. Organisms are holobionts, consisting of zygote-derived cells and a consortia of microbes, and the development, physiology, and immunity of animals are properties of complex interactions between the zygote-derived cells and microbial symbionts. Such symbionts can be agents of developmental plasticity, allowing an organism to develop in particular directions. This plasticity can lead to genetic assimilation either through the incorporation of microbial genes into host genomes or through the direct maternal transmission of the microbes. Such plasticity can lead to niche construction, enabling the microbes to remodel host anatomy and/or physiology. In this article, I will focus on the ability of symbionts to bias development toward the evolution of herbivory. I will posit that the behavioral and morphological manifestations of herbivorous phenotypes must be preceded by the successful establishment of a community of symbiotic microbes that can digest cell walls and detoxify plant poisons. The ability of holobionts to digest plant materials can range from being a plastic trait, dependent on the transient incorporation of environmental microbes, to becoming a heritable trait of the holobiont organism, transmitted through the maternal propagation of symbionts or their genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott F Gilbert
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
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Hu H, da Costa RR, Pilgaard B, Schiøtt M, Lange L, Poulsen M. Fungiculture in Termites Is Associated with a Mycolytic Gut Bacterial Community. mSphere 2019; 4:e00165-19. [PMID: 31092601 PMCID: PMC6520439 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00165-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Termites forage on a range of substrates, and it has been suggested that diet shapes the composition and function of termite gut bacterial communities. Through comparative analyses of gut metagenomes in nine termite species with distinct diets, we characterize bacterial community compositions and use peptide-based functional annotation method to determine biomass-degrading enzymes and the bacterial taxa that encode them. We find that fungus-growing termite guts have relatively more fungal cell wall-degrading enzyme genes, while wood-feeding termite gut communities have relatively more plant cell wall-degrading enzyme genes. Interestingly, wood-feeding termite gut bacterial genes code for abundant chitinolytic enzymes, suggesting that fungal biomass within the decaying wood likely contributes to gut bacterial or termite host nutrition. Across diets, the dominant biomass-degrading enzymes are predominantly coded for by the most abundant bacterial taxa, suggesting tight links between diet and gut community composition, with the most marked difference being the communities coding for the mycolytic capacity of the fungus-growing termite gut.IMPORTANCE Understanding functional capacities of gut microbiomes is important to improve our understanding of symbiotic associations. Here, we use peptide-based functional annotation to show that the gut microbiomes of fungus-farming termites code for a wealth of enzymes that likely target the fungal diet the termites eat. Comparisons to other termites showed that fungus-growing termite guts have relatively more fungal cell wall-degrading enzyme genes, whereas wood-feeding termite gut communities have relatively more plant cell wall-degrading enzyme genes. Across termites with different diets, the dominant biomass-degrading enzymes are predominantly coded for by the most abundant bacterial taxa, suggesting tight links between diet and gut community compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofu Hu
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rafael Rodrigues da Costa
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Pilgaard
- Department of Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morten Schiøtt
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Lange
- Department of Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael Poulsen
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Grieco MB, Lopes FAC, Oliveira LS, Tschoeke DA, Popov CC, Thompson CC, Gonçalves LC, Constantino R, Martins OB, Kruger RH, de Souza W, Thompson FL. Metagenomic Analysis of the Whole Gut Microbiota in Brazilian Termitidae Termites Cornitermes cumulans, Cyrilliotermes strictinasus, Syntermes dirus, Nasutitermes jaraguae, Nasutitermes aquilinus, Grigiotermes bequaerti, and Orthognathotermes mirim. Curr Microbiol 2019; 76:687-697. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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da Costa RR, Hu H, Li H, Poulsen M. Symbiotic Plant Biomass Decomposition in Fungus-Growing Termites. INSECTS 2019; 10:E87. [PMID: 30925664 PMCID: PMC6523192 DOI: 10.3390/insects10040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Termites are among the most successful animal groups, accomplishing nutrient acquisition through long-term associations and enzyme provisioning from microbial symbionts. Fungus farming has evolved only once in a single termite sub-family: Macrotermitinae. This sub-family has become a dominant decomposer in the Old World; through enzymatic contributions from insects, fungi, and bacteria, managed in an intricate decomposition pathway, the termites obtain near-complete utilisation of essentially any plant substrate. Here we review recent insights into our understanding of the process of plant biomass decomposition in fungus-growing termites. To this end, we outline research avenues that we believe can help shed light on how evolution has shaped the optimisation of plant-biomass decomposition in this complex multipartite symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R da Costa
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen East, Denmark.
| | - Haofu Hu
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen East, Denmark.
| | - Hongjie Li
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin⁻Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Michael Poulsen
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen East, Denmark.
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Utami YD, Kuwahara H, Igai K, Murakami T, Sugaya K, Morikawa T, Nagura Y, Yuki M, Deevong P, Inoue T, Kihara K, Lo N, Yamada A, Ohkuma M, Hongoh Y. Genome analyses of uncultured TG2/ZB3 bacteria in 'Margulisbacteria' specifically attached to ectosymbiotic spirochetes of protists in the termite gut. THE ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:455-467. [PMID: 30287885 PMCID: PMC6331581 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the phylogenetic diversity, localisation and metabolism of an uncultured bacterial clade, Termite Group 2 (TG2), or ZB3, in the termite gut, which belongs to the candidate phylum 'Margulisbacteria'. We performed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing analysis and detected TG2/ZB3 sequences in 40 out of 72 termite and cockroach species, which exclusively constituted a monophyletic cluster in the TG2/ZB3 clade. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis in lower termites revealed that these bacteria are specifically attached to ectosymbiotic spirochetes of oxymonad gut protists. Draft genomes of four TG2/ZB3 phylotypes from a small number of bacterial cells were reconstructed, and functional genome analysis suggested that these bacteria hydrolyse and ferment cellulose/cellobiose to H2, CO2, acetate and ethanol. We also assembled a draft genome for a partner Treponema spirochete and found that it encoded genes for reductive acetogenesis from H2 and CO2. We hypothesise that the TG2/ZB3 bacteria we report here are commensal or mutualistic symbionts of the spirochetes, exploiting the spirochetes as H2 sinks. For these bacteria, we propose a novel genus, 'Candidatus Termititenax', which represents a hitherto uncharacterised class-level clade in 'Margulisbacteria'. Our findings add another layer, i.e., cellular association between bacteria, to the multi-layered symbiotic system in the termite gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuniar Devi Utami
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kuwahara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Katsura Igai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Takumi Murakami
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Kaito Sugaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Takahiro Morikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nagura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yuki
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Pinsurang Deevong
- Department of Microbiology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Tetsushi Inoue
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kihara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Nathan Lo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Akinori Yamada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Moriya Ohkuma
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hongoh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan.
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, 305-0074, Japan.
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Mason CJ, Campbell AM, Scully ED, Hoover K. Bacterial and Fungal Midgut Community Dynamics and Transfer Between Mother and Brood in the Asian Longhorned Beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), an Invasive Xylophage. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 77:230-242. [PMID: 29948017 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microbial symbionts play pivotal roles in the ecology and physiology of insects feeding in woody plants. Both eukaryotic and bacterial members occur in these systems where they facilitate digestive and nutrient provisioning. The larval gut of the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) is associated with a microbial consortium that fulfills these metabolic roles. While members of the community vary in presence and abundance among individuals from different hosts, A. glabripennis is consistently associated with a fungus in the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC). We used amplicon sequencing, taxon-specific PCR, culturing, and imaging to determine how bacterial and fungal communities differ between life stages and possible modes of symbiont transfer. The bacterial and fungal communities of adult guts were more diverse than those from larvae and eggs. The communities of larvae and eggs were more similar to those from oviposition sites than from adult female guts. FSSC isolates were not detected in the reproductive tissues of adult females, but were consistently detected on egg surfaces after oviposition and in frass. These results demonstrate that frass can serve as a vehicle of transmission of a subset for the beetle gut microbiota. Vertically transmitted symbionts are often beneficial to their host, warranting subsequent functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Mason
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, 16823, USA.
| | - Alexander M Campbell
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, 16823, USA
| | - Erin D Scully
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, 16823, USA
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Gut microbiota dynamics and functionality in Reticulitermes grassei after a 7-day dietary shift and ciprofloxacin treatment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209789. [PMID: 30590374 PMCID: PMC6307977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbial structure in animals depends on the host, dietary habits and local environment. A random event, dietary change or antibiotic treatment may alter the gut environment with possible repercussions for the bacterial community composition and functionality and ultimately host fitness. The present study was focused on the composition, structure and functionality of gut microbiota in Reticulitermes grassei and the data obtained was compared with sequence surveys of three other Reticulitermes species. Each Reticulitermes species had a significantly different bacterial gut microbiota (pairwise significance tests using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test), but a similar pattern of distribution (P-test in weighted Unifrac). The core gut microbiota from the analyzed Reticulitermes species contained 16 bacterial operational taxonomic units. Enzymes (KO) were detected from 14 pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism. R. grassei and R. hesperus, based on relative abundance of KO, had the most similar carbohydrate pathway patterns. In addition, we described the gut microbiota and functionality pathways in R. grassei after a 7-day dietary shift and antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) treatment. Both factors, but above all the antibiotic, altered the relative abundance of certain microbial groups, although the changes were not statistically significant (P-test in weighted Unifrac). The cellulose diet enhanced the carbohydrate pathways related to propanoate, butanoate, ascorbate, and glyoxylate metabolism. The antibiotic treatment affected galactose metabolism, the citrate cycle and inositol phosphate metabolism. Those functional changes may be related to changes in the abundance of several bacterial groups. Our findings provide insights into the stability of the gut microbiota in R. grassei and a resilience response to dietary shift or antibiotic treatment disturbance after 7 days.
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