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Zaidi SEZ, Zaheer R, Zovoilis A, McAllister TA. Enterococci as a One Health indicator of antimicrobial resistance. Can J Microbiol 2024; 70:303-335. [PMID: 38696839 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2024-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The rapid increase of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in humans and livestock is concerning. Antimicrobials are essential for the treatment of disease in modern day medicine, and their misuse in humans and food animals has contributed to an increase in the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Globally, antimicrobial resistance is recognized as a One Health problem affecting humans, animals, and environment. Enterococcal species are Gram-positive bacteria that are widely distributed in nature. Their occurrence, prevalence, and persistence across the One Health continuum make them an ideal candidate to study antimicrobial resistance from a One Health perspective. The objective of this review was to summarize the role of enterococci as an indicator of antimicrobial resistance across One Health sectors. We also briefly address the prevalence of enterococci in human, animal, and environmental settings. In addition, a 16S RNA gene-based phylogenetic tree was constructed to visualize the evolutionary relationship among enterococcal species and whether they segregate based on host environment. We also review the genomic basis of antimicrobial resistance in enterococcal species across the One Health continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sani-E-Zehra Zaidi
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Athanasios Zovoilis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
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Kowalewicz C, Timmermans M, Fretin D, Wattiau P, Boland C. An in-house 45-plex array for the detection of antimicrobial resistance genes in Gram-positive bacteria. Microbiologyopen 2022; 12:e1341. [PMID: 36825880 PMCID: PMC9791161 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and determining their occurrence in Gram-positive bacteria provide useful data to understand how resistance can be acquired and maintained in these bacteria. We describe an in-house bead array targeting AMR genes of Gram-positive bacteria and allowing their rapid detection all at once at a reduced cost. A total of 41 AMR probes were designed to target genes frequently associated with resistance to tetracycline, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, pleuromutilins, phenicols, glycopeptides, aminoglycosides, diaminopyrimidines, oxazolidinones and particularly shared among Enterococcus and Staphylococcus spp. A collection of 124 enterococci and 62 staphylococci isolated from healthy livestock animals through the official Belgian AMR monitoring (2018-2020) was studied with this array from which a subsample was further investigated by whole-genome sequencing. The array detected AMR genes associated with phenotypic resistance for 93.0% and 89.2% of the individual resistant phenotypes in enterococci and staphylococci, respectively. Although linezolid is not used in veterinary medicine, linezolid-resistant isolates were detected. These were characterized by the presence of optrA and poxtA, providing cross-resistance to other antibiotics. Rarer, vancomycin resistance was conferred by the vanA or by the vanL cluster. Numerous resistance genes circulating among Enterococcus and Staphylococcus spp. were detected by this array allowing rapid screening of a large strain collection at an affordable cost. Our data stress the importance of interpreting AMR with caution and the complementarity of both phenotyping and genotyping methods. This array is now available to assess other One-Health AMR reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Fretin
- Veterinary Bacteriology, SciensanoIxellesBelgium
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Mak PHW, Rehman MA, Kiarie EG, Topp E, Diarra MS. Production systems and important antimicrobial resistant-pathogenic bacteria in poultry: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:148. [PMID: 36514172 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00786-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Economic losses and market constraints caused by bacterial diseases such as colibacillosis due to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli and necrotic enteritis due to Clostridium perfringens remain major problems for poultry producers, despite substantial efforts in prevention and control. Antibiotics have been used not only for the treatment and prevention of such diseases, but also for growth promotion. Consequently, these practices have been linked to the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistant bacteria which constitute a significant global threat to humans, animals, and the environment. To break down the antimicrobial resistance (AMR), poultry producers are restricting the antimicrobial use (AMU) while adopting the antibiotic-free (ABF) and organic production practices to satisfy consumers' demands. However, it is not well understood how ABF and organic poultry production practices influence AMR profiles in the poultry gut microbiome. Various Gram-negative (Salmonella enterica serovars, Campylobacter jejuni/coli, E. coli) and Gram-positive (Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and C. perfringens) bacteria harboring multiple AMR determinants have been reported in poultry including organically- and ABF-raised chickens. In this review, we discussed major poultry production systems (conventional, ABF and organic) and their impacts on AMR in some potential pathogenic Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria which could allow identifying issues and opportunities to develop efficient and safe production practices in controlling pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip H W Mak
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, ON, Canada.,Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Muhammad Attiq Rehman
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Elijah G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Edward Topp
- London Research and Development Center, AAFC, London, ON, Canada
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence Genes in Enterococcus Species from Small Backyard Chicken Flocks. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030380. [PMID: 35326843 PMCID: PMC8944505 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Backyard birds are small flocks that are more common in developing countries. They are used for poultry meat and egg production. However, they are also implicated in the maintenance and transmission of several zoonotic diseases, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Enterococci are one of the most common zoonotic bacteria. They colonize numerous body sites and cause a wide range of serious nosocomial infections in humans. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the diversity in Enterococcus spp. in healthy birds and to determine the occurrence of multidrug resistance (MDR), multi-locus sequence types, and virulence genes and biofilm formation. From March 2019 to December 2020, cloacal swabs were collected from 15 healthy backyard broiler flocks. A total of 90 enterococci strains were recovered and classified according to the 16S rRNA sequence into Enterococcus faecalis (50%); Enterococcus faecium (33.33%), Enterococcus hirae (13.33%), and Enterococcus avium (3.33%). The isolates exhibited high resistance to tetracycline (55.6%), erythromycin (31.1%), and ampicillin (30%). However, all of the isolates were susceptible to linezolid. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was identified in 30 (33.3%) isolates. The enterococci AMR-associated genes ermB, ermA, tetM, tetL, vanA, cat, and pbp5 were identified in 24 (26.6%), 11 (12.2%), 39 (43.3%), 34 (37.7%), 1 (1.1%), 4 (4.4%), and 23 (25.5%) isolates, respectively. Of the 90 enterococci, 21 (23.3%), 27 (30%), and 36 (40%) isolates showed the presence of cylA, gelE, and agg virulence-associated genes, respectively. Seventy-three (81.1%) isolates exhibited biofilm formation. A statistically significant correlation was obtained for biofilm formation versus the MAR index and MDR. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) identified eleven and eight different STs for E. faecalis and E. faecium, respectively. Seven different rep-family plasmid genes (rep1–2, rep3, rep5–6, rep9, and rep11) were detected in the MDR enterococci. Two-thirds (20/30; 66.6%) of the enterococci were positive for one or two rep-families. In conclusion, the results show that healthy backyard chickens could act as a reservoir for MDR and virulent Enterococcus spp. Thus, an effective antimicrobial stewardship program and further studies using a One Health approach are required to investigate the role of backyard chickens as vectors for AMR transmission to humans.
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Roy K, Islam MS, Paul A, Ievy S, Talukder M, Sobur MA, Ballah FM, Khan MSR, Rahman MT. Molecular detection and antibiotyping of multi-drug resistant Enterococcus faecium from healthy broiler chickens in Bangladesh. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:200-210. [PMID: 34786882 PMCID: PMC8788975 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococcus faecium is a ubiquitously distributed member of the intestinal microbiota of both humans and animals. Antibiotic resistant E. faecium are a major public health concern. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to detect multi-drug resistant (MDR) E. faecium and their antibiotic resistance genes from broiler chickens in Bangladesh. METHODS A total of 100 faecal samples of healthy broilers were screened by conventional methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect E. faecium and their resistance genes. Disk diffusion test was employed to determine antibiotic profiles. RESULTS By PCR, among 100 samples, 45% [95% confidence interval (CI): 35.62%-54.76%] were positive for E. faecium. Based on antibiogram, all the E. faecium isolates were found resistant to ampicillin, and frequently (93.33%-55.56%) resistant to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, streptomycin, erythromycin, and imipenem; moderate to lower (26.67%-4.44%) resistance to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and vancomycin. Interestingly, 80% (95% CI: 66.18%-89.10%) E. faecium isolates were MDR in nature. In addition, the indices of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) ranged from 0.08 to 0.83. By bivariate analysis, high positive significant correlations were observed between resistance profiles of erythromycin and imipenem, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, erythromycin and streptomycin, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, tetracycline and chloramphenicol, and streptomycin and imipenem. Furthermore, the prevalence of resistance genes of E. faecium was 58.33% (tetA), 33.33% (tetB), 35.56% (blaTEM ), 60% (CITM), 13.33% (aadA1), and 12% (SHV). CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Bangladesh to detect MDR and MAR E. faecium and their associated resistance genes. The detection of MDR and MAR E. faecium and their corresponding resistance genes from healthy broilers is of public health concern because of their potential to enter into the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Roy
- Department of Microbiology and HygieneFaculty of Veterinary ScienceBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Md. Saiful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and HygieneFaculty of Veterinary ScienceBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Anamika Paul
- Department of Microbiology and HygieneFaculty of Veterinary ScienceBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Samina Ievy
- Department of Microbiology and HygieneFaculty of Veterinary ScienceBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Mithun Talukder
- Department of Microbiology and HygieneFaculty of Veterinary ScienceBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Md. Abdus Sobur
- Department of Microbiology and HygieneFaculty of Veterinary ScienceBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Fatimah Muhammad Ballah
- Department of Microbiology and HygieneFaculty of Veterinary ScienceBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Md. Shahidur Rahman Khan
- Department of Microbiology and HygieneFaculty of Veterinary ScienceBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Md. Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and HygieneFaculty of Veterinary ScienceBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
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Abdelkareem MZ, Sayed M, Hassuna NA, Mahmoud MS, Abdelwahab SF. Multi-drug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis among Egyptian patients with urinary tract infection. J Chemother 2017; 29:74-82. [PMID: 27351108 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2016.1182358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) infections among Egyptians with urinary tract infection (UTI), their antimicrobial susceptibility and mechanisms of resistance are under investigated. In this study, 300 urine samples were collected from UTI patients to identify E. faecalis. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 18 antimicrobial agents was tested. The presence of aac(6)-Ie-aph(2)Ia, erm(B) and mef(A/E) genes was examined by PCR. Fifty-seven (19%) isolates were identified as E. faecalis. All isolates were sensitive to teicoplanin and were completely resistant to nalidixic acid, cefotaxime and cefadroxil. Multi-drug-resistant (MDR) was found to be 100% with 45 different antibiotypes. The aac(6)Ia-aph(2)Ia gene was found in 100 and 90% of the isolates resistant to gentamicin at concentrations of 120 and 10 μg, respectively. erm(B) and mef(A/E) genes were present in 92.5% (37/40) and 2.5% (1/40) of erythromycin-resistant isolates, respectively. We conclude that there is a high prevalence of E. faecalis in UTI cases with a 100% MDR rate indicating a serious problem in treating infections by this organism in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Z Abdelkareem
- a Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Department , Minia University , Minia , Egypt
- b Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Department , Al-Azhar University , Assiut , Egypt
| | - Mohamed Sayed
- a Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Department , Minia University , Minia , Egypt
| | - Noha A Hassuna
- a Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Department , Minia University , Minia , Egypt
| | - Mahmoud S Mahmoud
- a Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Department , Minia University , Minia , Egypt
| | - Sayed F Abdelwahab
- a Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Department , Minia University , Minia , Egypt
- c Department of Microbiology , College of Pharmacy, Taif University , Taif , Saudi Arabia
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Bielecka M, Smoragiewicz W, Siwicki AK, Wójcik R, Biedrzycka E, Orłowski A, Kask S, Jankowski J, Karska-Wysocki B, Ham D. The Effect of Various Probiotic Strains or Avilamycin Feed Additive on Immune Defense Markers and Acute-Phase Response to Salmonella Infection in Chickens. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016; 2:175-85. [PMID: 26781240 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-010-9054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics are a nutritional tool for disease prevention. It has been proposed that stimulation of immune response could affect the growth-promoting properties of antimicrobial growth promoters as well as the control of foodborne pathogens. The current study compares immune response in the blood of 280 non-infected and Salmonella-infected chickens fed either with the growth promoter avilamycin or with one of five probiotic strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which also showed growth-promoting properties. All of the probiotic strains stimulated superoxide anion production and the proliferation of leukocytes, while raising lysozyme and γ-globulin levels (by up to 65%, p < 0.01), which are important factors in native and cell-mediated immune defense against pathogens. In contrast, among the two strains examined, specific Salmonella antibodies were induced only by L. salivarius, and not by B. animalis, as assessed by the ELISA method and confirmed by an agglutination reaction (p < 0.05). In the avilamycin-fed group, both non-infected and infected chickens showed decreased levels of these immune markers (by 30%) and increased levels of ceruloplasmin by up to 35%. In contrast, the probiotics suppressed acute-phase response assessed by ceruloplasmin by up to 32%. This correlation implies that various antimicrobial feed additives have a distinct effect on immunomodulation, which may affect different mechanisms in the nutrition-related metabolism associated with the rate of weight gain in chickens. The data could contribute to the design of innovative antimicrobial feed additives in the food industry and consequently to well-being of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bielecka
- Department of Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-747, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wanda Smoragiewicz
- Department of Biology Sciences, Université du Québec, C.P. 8888, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Andrzej K Siwicki
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Roman Wójcik
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Biedrzycka
- Department of Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-747, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Andrzej Orłowski
- Department of Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-747, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Signe Kask
- EU Centre of Excellence CENEXFOOD, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-747, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jan Jankowski
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Bioengineering of Animals, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Karska-Wysocki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Daniela Ham
- CHUM l'Hôtel-Dieu, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3830 rue St. Urbain, Pav. Jeanne Mance, Rm. 7-134, Montreal, QC, H2W 1T8, Canada.
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Furtula V, Jackson CR, Farrell EG, Barrett JB, Hiott LM, Chambers PA. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. isolated from environmental samples in an area of intensive poultry production. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:1020-36. [PMID: 23481592 PMCID: PMC3709301 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10031020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus spp. from two poultry farms and proximate surface and ground water sites in an area of intensive poultry production were tested for resistance to 16 clinical antibiotics. Resistance patterns were compared to assess trends and possible correlations for specific antimicrobials and levels of resistance. Enterococci were detected at all 12 surface water sites and three of 28 ground water sites. Resistance to lincomycin, tetracycline, penicillin and ciprofloxacin in poultry litter isolates was high (80.3%, 65.3%, 61.1% and 49.6%, respectively). Resistance in the surface water to the same antibiotics was 87.1%, 24.1%, 7.6% and 12.9%, respectively. Overall, 86% of litter isolates, 58% of surface water isolates and 100% of ground water isolates were resistant to more than one antibiotic. Fifty-four different resistance patterns were recognised in isolates obtained from litter and environmental samples and several E. faecium and E. faecalis isolates from litter and environment samples shared the same resistance pattern. Multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR) indices calculated to assess health risks due to the presence of resistant enterococci suggested an increased presence of antibiotics in surface water, likely from poultry sources as no other wastewater contributions in the area were documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Furtula
- Environment Canada, Pacific Environment Science Centre, 2645 Dollarton Highway, North Vancouver, BC V7H 1B1, Canada; E-Mails: (V.F.); (E.G.F.); (P.A.C.)
| | - Charlene R. Jackson
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Russell Research Center, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; E-Mails: (J.B.B.); (L.M.H.)
| | - Erin Gwenn Farrell
- Environment Canada, Pacific Environment Science Centre, 2645 Dollarton Highway, North Vancouver, BC V7H 1B1, Canada; E-Mails: (V.F.); (E.G.F.); (P.A.C.)
| | - John B. Barrett
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Russell Research Center, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; E-Mails: (J.B.B.); (L.M.H.)
| | - Lari M. Hiott
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Russell Research Center, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; E-Mails: (J.B.B.); (L.M.H.)
| | - Patricia A. Chambers
- Environment Canada, Pacific Environment Science Centre, 2645 Dollarton Highway, North Vancouver, BC V7H 1B1, Canada; E-Mails: (V.F.); (E.G.F.); (P.A.C.)
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Changes in enterococcal populations and related antibiotic resistance along a medical center-wastewater treatment plant-river continuum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:2428-34. [PMID: 23377946 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03586-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine if hospital effluent input has an ecological impact on downstream aquatic environment, antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus spp. along a medical center-retirement home-wastewater treatment plant-river continuum in France was determined using a culture-based method. Data on antibiotic consumption among hospitalized and general populations and levels of water contamination by antibiotics were collected. All isolated enterococci were genotypically identified to the species level, tested for in vitro antibiotic susceptibility, and typed by multilocus sequence typing. The erm(B) and mef(A) (macrolide resistance) and tet(M) (tetracycline resistance) genes were detected by PCR. Along the continuum, from 89 to 98% of enterococci, according to the sampled site, were identified as Enterococcus faecium. All E. faecium isolates from hospital and retirement home effluents were multiply resistant to antibiotics, contained erm(B) and mef(A) genes, and belonged to hospital-adapted clonal complex 17 (CC17). Even though this species remained dominant in the downstream continuum, the relative proportion of CC17 isolates progressively decreased in favor of other subpopulations of E. faecium that were more diverse, less resistant to antibiotics, and devoid of the classical macrolide resistance genes and that belonged to various sequence types. Antibiotic concentrations in waters were far below the MICs for susceptible isolates. CC17 E. faecium was probably selected in the gastrointestinal tract of patients under the pressure of administered antibiotics and then excreted together with the resistance genes in waters to progressively decrease along the continuum.
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Schwaiger K, Hölzel C, Bauer J. Detection of the macrolide-efflux protein A gene mef(A) in Enterococcus faecalis. Microb Drug Resist 2011; 17:429-32. [PMID: 21563955 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2010.0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mef(A) gene codes for an efflux protein that conveys resistance to 14- and 15-membered macrolides. Enterococci are emerging pathogens, as well as indicator and reservoir bacteria that are known to have a strong tendency to acquire resistance genes. A total of 485 Enterococcus faecalis strains of porcine (n = 239) and human origin (n = 246) were screened for the presence of the mef(A) gene by using polymerase chain reaction. In total, 29 E. faecalis of porcine (n = 10) and human (n = 19) origin were positive for the presence of the mef(A) gene. Most of the mef(A)-containing strains were isolated from fecal samples of healthy individuals; only one strain originated from a stool sample of a diseased pig. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of the mef(A) gene in E. faecalis apart from mating experiments. The main clinical relevance of this study is that donor E. faecalis might transfer the mef(A) gene to recipients that are usually combated with macrolides. Hence, the role of E. faecalis as a resistance reservoir with respect to limited treatment options are a cause for concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schwaiger
- Chair of Animal Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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Sanders P. Résistance aux antibiotiques chez les bactéries d’origine animale. Med Sci (Paris) 2010; 26:930-5. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20102611930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Persoons D, Dewulf J, Smet A, Herman L, Heyndrickx M, Martel A, Catry B, Butaye P, Haesebrouck F. Prevalence and Persistence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Broiler Indicator Bacteria. Microb Drug Resist 2010; 16:67-74. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2009.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Davy Persoons
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Unit Technology and Food Science, Melle, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Smet
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieve Herman
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Unit Technology and Food Science, Melle, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Unit Technology and Food Science, Melle, Belgium
| | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Boudewijn Catry
- Epidemiology Unit, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, CODA-CERVA-VAR, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Kempf I, Hellard G, Perrin-Guyomard A, Gicquel-Bruneau M, Sanders P, Leclercq R. Prevalence of high-level vancomycin-resistant enterococci in French broilers and pigs. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 32:463-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ammor MS, Gueimonde M, Danielsen M, Zagorec M, van Hoek AHAM, de Los Reyes-Gavilán CG, Mayo B, Margolles A. Two different tetracycline resistance mechanisms, plasmid-carried tet(L) and chromosomally located transposon-associated tet(M), coexist in Lactobacillus sakei Rits 9. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:1394-401. [PMID: 18192429 PMCID: PMC2258611 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01463-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus sakei is extensively used as functional starter culture in fermented meat products. One of the safety criteria of a starter culture is the absence of potentially transferable antibiotic resistance determinants. However, tetracycline-resistant L. sakei strains have already been observed. In this paper, we show that tetracycline resistance in L. sakei Rits 9, a strain isolated from Italian Sola cheese made from raw milk, is mediated by a transposon-associated tet(M) gene coding for a ribosomal protection protein and a plasmid-carried tet(L) gene coding for a tetracycline efflux pump. pLS55, the 5-kb plasmid carrying the tet(L) gene, is highly similar to the pMA67 plasmid recently described for Paenibacillus larvae, a species pathogenic to honeybees. pLS55 could be transferred by electroporation into the laboratory strain L. sakei 23K. While the L. sakei 23K transformant containing pLS55 displayed an intermediate tetracycline resistance level (MIC, <32 microg/ml), L. sakei Rits 9, containing both tetracycline-resistant determinants, had a MIC of <256 microg/ml, suggesting that Tet L and Tet M confer different levels of resistance in L. sakei. Remarkably, in the absence of tetracycline, a basal expression of both genes was detected for L. sakei Rits 9. In addition, subinhibitory concentrations of tetracycline affected the expression patterns of tet(M) and tet(L) in different ways: the expression of tet(M) was induced only at high tetracycline concentrations, whereas the expression of tet(L) was up-regulated at lower concentrations. This is the first time that two different mechanisms conferring resistance to tetracycline are characterized for the same strain of a lactic acid bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Salim Ammor
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (CSIC), Carretera de Infiesto s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
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Dupuis M, Leclercq R. Activity of a new oral streptogramin, XRP2868, against gram-positive cocci harboring various mechanisms of resistance to streptogramins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:237-42. [PMID: 16377692 PMCID: PMC1346825 DOI: 10.1128/aac.50.1.237-242.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibacterial activity of XRP2868, a new oral streptogramin composed of a combination of RPR132552 (streptogramin A) and RPR202868 (streptogramin B), was evaluated against a collection of clinical gram-positive isolates with characterized phenotypes and genotypes of streptogramin resistance. The effects of genes for resistance to streptogramin A or B on the activity of XRP2868 and its components were also tested by cloning these genes individually or in various combinations in gram-positive recipient strains susceptible to quinupristin-dalfopristin. The species tested included Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and other species of streptococci. XRP2868 was generally fourfold more potent than quinupristin-dalfopristin against S. aureus, E. faecium, and streptococci and had activity against E. faecalis (MICs = 0.25 to 1 microg/ml). XRP2868 appeared to be affected by the same mechanisms of resistance as those to quinupristin-dalfopristin. Nevertheless, the strong activity of factor A of the oral streptogramin enabled the combination to be very potent against streptogramin-susceptible staphylococci, streptococci, and E. faecium (MICs = 0.03 to 0.25 microg/ml) and to retain low MICs against the strains harboring a mechanism of resistance to factor A or factor B of the streptogramin. However, the combination of mechanisms of resistance to factors A and B caused an increase in the MICs of XRP2868, which reached 1 to 4 mug/ml. As with the other streptogramins, there was a reduction in the bactericidal effect of XRPR2868 when the staphylococcal strains acquired a constitutively expressed erm gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Dupuis
- Service de Microbiologie and EA 2128 Relations Hôte et Microorganismes de Epithéliums, Hôpital Côte de Nacre, Université de Caen, France
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