1
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Herisse M, Ishida K, Staiger-Creed J, Judd L, Williams SJ, Howden BP, Stinear TP, Dahse HM, Voigt K, Hertweck C, Pidot SJ. Discovery and Biosynthesis of the Cytotoxic Polyene Terpenomycin in Human Pathogenic Nocardia. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:1872-1879. [PMID: 37498707 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Nocardia are opportunistic human pathogens that can cause a range of debilitating and difficult to treat infections of the lungs, brain, skin, and soft tissues. Despite their close relationship to the well-known secondary metabolite-producing genus, Streptomyces, comparatively few natural products are known from the Nocardia, and even less is known about their involvement in the pathogenesis. Here, we combine chemistry, genomics, and molecular microbiology to reveal the production of terpenomycin, a new cytotoxic and antifungal polyene from a human pathogenic Nocardia terpenica isolate. We unveil the polyketide synthase (PKS) responsible for terpenomycin biosynthesis and show that it combines several unusual features, including "split", skipped, and iteratively used modules, and the use of the unusual extender unit methoxymalonate as a starter unit. To link genes to molecules, we constructed a transposon mutant library in N. terpenica, identifying a terpenomycin-null mutant with an inactivated terpenomycin PKS. Our findings show that the neglected actinomycetes have an unappreciated capacity for the production of bioactive molecules with unique biosynthetic pathways waiting to be uncovered and highlights these organisms as producers of diverse natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Herisse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute, for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Jordan Staiger-Creed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Louise Judd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Benjamin P Howden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria3000, Australia
| | - Timothy P Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Hans-Martin Dahse
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute, for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, Jena 07745, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute, for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, Jena 07745, Germany
- Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Sacha J Pidot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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2
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Nigericin and Geldanamycin Are Phytotoxic Specialized Metabolites Produced by the Plant Pathogen
Streptomyces
sp. 11-1-2. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0231421. [PMID: 35225656 PMCID: PMC9045263 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02314-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens use a variety of mechanisms, including the production of phytotoxic specialized metabolites, to establish an infection of host tissue. Although thaxtomin A is considered the key phytotoxin involved in the development of potato scab disease, there is increasing evidence that other phytotoxins can play a role in disease development in some instances.
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3
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Little RF, Hertweck C. Chain release mechanisms in polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:163-205. [PMID: 34622896 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00035g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Review covering up to mid-2021The structure of polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide natural products is strongly influenced by how they are released from their biosynthetic enzymes. As such, Nature has evolved a diverse range of release mechanisms, leading to the formation of bioactive chemical scaffolds such as lactones, lactams, diketopiperazines, and tetronates. Here, we review the enzymes and mechanisms used for chain release in polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis, how these mechanisms affect natural product structure, and how they could be utilised to introduce structural diversity into the products of engineered biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory F Little
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Germany.
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Germany.
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4
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Sharma V, Kaur R, Salwan R. Streptomyces: host for refactoring of diverse bioactive secondary metabolites. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:340. [PMID: 34221811 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial secondary metabolites are intensively explored due to their demands in pharmaceutical, agricultural and food industries. Streptomyces are one of the largest sources of secondary metabolites having diverse applications. In particular, the abundance of secondary metabolites encoding biosynthetic gene clusters and presence of wobble position in Streptomyces strains make it potential candidate as a native or heterologous host for secondary metabolite production including several cryptic gene clusters expression. Here, we have discussed the developments in Streptomyces strains genome mining, its exploration as a suitable host and application of synthetic biology for refactoring genetic systems for developing chassis for enhanced as well as novel secondary metabolites with reduced genome and cleaned background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Sharma
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413 India
| | - Randhir Kaur
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413 India
| | - Richa Salwan
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 177001 India
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5
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Sulheim S, Fossheim FA, Wentzel A, Almaas E. Automatic reconstruction of metabolic pathways from identified biosynthetic gene clusters. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:81. [PMID: 33622234 PMCID: PMC7901079 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-03985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A wide range of bioactive compounds is produced by enzymes and enzymatic complexes encoded in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). These BGCs can be identified and functionally annotated based on their DNA sequence. Candidates for further research and development may be prioritized based on properties such as their functional annotation, (dis)similarity to known BGCs, and bioactivity assays. Production of the target compound in the native strain is often not achievable, rendering heterologous expression in an optimized host strain as a promising alternative. Genome-scale metabolic models are frequently used to guide strain development, but large-scale incorporation and testing of heterologous production of complex natural products in this framework is hampered by the amount of manual work required to translate annotated BGCs to metabolic pathways. To this end, we have developed a pipeline for an automated reconstruction of BGC associated metabolic pathways responsible for the synthesis of non-ribosomal peptides and polyketides, two of the dominant classes of bioactive compounds. Results The developed pipeline correctly predicts 72.8% of the metabolic reactions in a detailed evaluation of 8 different BGCs comprising 228 functional domains. By introducing the reconstructed pathways into a genome-scale metabolic model we demonstrate that this level of accuracy is sufficient to make reliable in silico predictions with respect to production rate and gene knockout targets. Furthermore, we apply the pipeline to a large BGC database and reconstruct 943 metabolic pathways. We identify 17 enzymatic reactions using high-throughput assessment of potential knockout targets for increasing the production of any of the associated compounds. However, the targets only provide a relative increase of up to 6% compared to wild-type production rates. Conclusion With this pipeline we pave the way for an extended use of genome-scale metabolic models in strain design of heterologous expression hosts. In this context, we identified generic knockout targets for the increased production of heterologous compounds. However, as the predicted increase is minor for any of the single-reaction knockout targets, these results indicate that more sophisticated strain-engineering strategies are necessary for the development of efficient BGC expression hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snorre Sulheim
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 8, 7034, Trondheim, Norway. .,Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3, 7034, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Fredrik A Fossheim
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 8, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alexander Wentzel
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind Almaas
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 8, 7034, Trondheim, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Håkon Jarls gate 11, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
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6
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Crits-Christoph A, Bhattacharya N, Olm MR, Song YS, Banfield JF. Transporter genes in biosynthetic gene clusters predict metabolite characteristics and siderophore activity. Genome Res 2021; 31:239-250. [PMID: 33361114 PMCID: PMC7849407 DOI: 10.1101/gr.268169.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) are operonic sets of microbial genes that synthesize specialized metabolites with diverse functions, including siderophores and antibiotics, which often require export to the extracellular environment. For this reason, genes for transport across cellular membranes are essential for the production of specialized metabolites and are often genomically colocalized with BGCs. Here, we conducted a comprehensive computational analysis of transporters associated with characterized BGCs. In addition to known exporters, in BGCs we found many importer-specific transmembrane domains that co-occur with substrate binding proteins possibly for uptake of siderophores or metabolic precursors. Machine learning models using transporter gene frequencies were predictive of known siderophore activity, molecular weights, and a measure of lipophilicity (log P) for corresponding BGC-synthesized metabolites. Transporter genes associated with BGCs were often equally or more predictive of metabolite features than biosynthetic genes. Given the importance of siderophores as pathogenicity factors, we used transporters specific for siderophore BGCs to identify both known and uncharacterized siderophore-like BGCs in genomes from metagenomes from the infant and adult gut microbiome. We find that 23% of microbial genomes from premature infant guts have siderophore-like BGCs, but only 3% of those assembled from adult gut microbiomes do. Although siderophore-like BGCs from the infant gut are predominantly associated with Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus, siderophore-like BGCs can be identified from taxa in the adult gut microbiome that have rarely been recognized for siderophore production. Taken together, these results show that consideration of BGC-associated transporter genes can inform predictions of specialized metabolite structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Crits-Christoph
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas Bhattacharya
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Matthew R Olm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
| | - Yun S Song
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Jillian F Banfield
- Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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7
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The biosynthetic pathway to tetromadurin (SF2487/A80577), a polyether tetronate antibiotic. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239054. [PMID: 32925967 PMCID: PMC7489565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I polyketide SF2487/A80577 (herein referred to as tetromadurin) is a polyether tetronate ionophore antibiotic produced by the terrestrial Gram-positive bacterium Actinomadura verrucosospora. Tetromadurin is closely related to the polyether tetronates tetronasin (M139603) and tetronomycin, all of which are characterised by containing a tetronate, cyclohexane, tetrahydropyran, and at least one tetrahydrofuran ring. We have sequenced the genome of Actinomadura verrucosospora to identify the biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for tetromadurin biosynthesis (the mad gene cluster). Based on bioinformatic analysis of the 32 genes present within the cluster a plausible biosynthetic pathway for tetromadurin biosynthesis is proposed. Functional confirmation of the mad gene cluster is obtained by performing in-frame deletions in each of the genes mad10 and mad31, which encode putative cyclase enzymes responsible for cyclohexane and tetrahydropyran formation, respectively. Furthermore, the A. verrucosospora Δmad10 mutant produces a novel tetromadurin metabolite that according to mass spectrometry analysis is analogous to the recently characterised partially cyclised tetronasin intermediate lacking its cyclohexane and tetrahydropyran rings. Our results therefore elucidate the biosynthetic machinery of tetromadurin biosynthesis and lend support for a conserved mechanism of cyclohexane and tetrahydropyran biosynthesis across polyether tetronates.
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8
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Hermane J, Eichner S, Mancuso L, Schröder B, Sasse F, Zeilinger C, Kirschning A. New geldanamycin derivatives with anti Hsp properties by mutasynthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:5269-5278. [PMID: 31089638 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00892f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutasynthetic supplementation of the AHBA blocked mutant strain of S. hygroscopicus, the geldanamycin producer, with 21 aromatic and heteroaromatic amino acids provided new nonquinoid geldanamycin derivatives. Large scale (5 L) fermentation provided four new derivatives in sufficient quantity for full structural characterisation. Among these, the first thiophene derivative of reblastatin showed strong antiproliferative activity towards several human cancer cell lines. Additionally, inhibitory effects on human heat shock protein Hsp90α and bacterial heat shock protein from H. pylori HpHtpG were observed, revealing strong displacement properties for labelled ATP and demonstrating that the ATP-binding site of Hsps is the target site for the new geldanamycin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jekaterina Hermane
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
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9
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Computational identification of co-evolving multi-gene modules in microbial biosynthetic gene clusters. Commun Biol 2019; 2:83. [PMID: 30854475 PMCID: PMC6395733 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthetic machinery responsible for the production of bacterial specialised metabolites is encoded by physically clustered group of genes called biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). The experimental characterisation of numerous BGCs has led to the elucidation of subclusters of genes within BGCs, jointly responsible for the same biosynthetic function in different genetic contexts. We developed an unsupervised statistical method able to successfully detect a large number of modules (putative functional subclusters) within an extensive set of predicted BGCs in a systematic and automated manner. Multiple already known subclusters were confirmed by our method, proving its efficiency and sensitivity. In addition, the resulting large collection of newly defined modules provides new insights into the prevalence and putative biosynthetic role of these modular genetic entities. The automated and unbiased identification of hundreds of co-evolving group of genes is an essential breakthrough for the discovery and biosynthetic engineering of high-value compounds.
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10
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Buedenbender L, Robertson LP, Lucantoni L, Avery VM, Kurtböke Dİ, Carroll AR. HSQC-TOCSY Fingerprinting-Directed Discovery of Antiplasmodial Polyketides from the Marine Ascidian-Derived Streptomyces sp. (USC-16018). Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16060189. [PMID: 29849004 PMCID: PMC6025042 DOI: 10.3390/md16060189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical investigations on the fermentation extract obtained from an ascidian-derived Streptomyces sp. (USC-16018) yielded a new ansamycin polyketide, herbimycin G (1), as well as a known macrocyclic polyketide, elaiophylin (2), and four known diketopiperazines (3–6). The structures of the compounds were elucidated based on 1D/2D NMR and MS data. The absolute configuration of 1 was established by comparison of experimental and predicted electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. Antiplasmodial activities were tested for the natural products against chloroquine sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine resistant (Dd2) Plasmodium falciparum strains; the two polyketides (1–2) demonstrated an inhibition of >75% against both parasite strains and while 2 was highly cytotoxic, herbimycin G (1) showed no cytotoxicity and good predicted water solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Buedenbender
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Luke P Robertson
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia.
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Leonardo Lucantoni
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - D İpek Kurtböke
- GeneCology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia.
| | - Anthony R Carroll
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia.
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
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11
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Draft Genome Sequence of the Plant Pathogen Streptomyces sp. Strain 11-1-2. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/37/e00968-17. [PMID: 28912321 PMCID: PMC5597762 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00968-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces sp. strain 11-1-2 is a Gram-positive filamentous bacterium that was isolated from a common scab lesion on a potato tuber. The strain is highly pathogenic to plants but does not produce the virulence-associated Streptomyces phytotoxin thaxtomin A. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Streptomyces sp. 11-1-2.
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12
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Improved PKS Gene Expression With Strong Endogenous Promoter Resulted in Geldanamycin Yield Increase. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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13
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Osborn AR, Kean KM, Alseud KM, Almabruk KH, Asamizu S, Lee JA, Karplus PA, Mahmud T. Evolution and Distribution of C 7-Cyclitol Synthases in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:979-988. [PMID: 28182402 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2-Epi-5-epi-valiolone synthase (EEVS), a C7-sugar phosphate cyclase (SPC) homologous to 3-dehydroquinate synthase (DHQS), was discovered during studies of the biosynthesis of the C7N-aminocyclitol family of natural products. EEVS was originally thought to be present only in certain actinomycetes, but analyses of genome sequences showed that it is broadly distributed in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including vertebrates. Another SPC, desmethyl-4-deoxygadusol synthase (DDGS), was later discovered as being involved in the biosynthesis of mycosporine-like amino acid sunscreen compounds. Current database annotations are quite unreliable, with many EEVSs reported as DHQS, and most DDGSs reported as EEVS, DHQS, or simply hypothetical proteins. Here, we identify sequence features useful for distinguishing these enzymes, report a crystal structure of a representative DDGS showing the high similarity of the EEVS and DDGS enzymes, identify notable active site differences, and demonstrate the importance of two of these active site residues for catalysis by point mutations. Further, we functionally characterized two representatives of a distinct clade equidistant from known EEVS and known DDGS groups and show them to be authentic EEVSs. Moreover, we document and discuss the distribution of genes that encode EEVS and DDGS in various prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including pathogenic bacteria, plant symbionts, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, myxobacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, stramenopiles, and animals, suggesting their broad potential biological roles in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Osborn
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3507, United States
| | - Kelsey M. Kean
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3507, United States
| | - Khaled M. Alseud
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3507, United States
| | - Khaled H. Almabruk
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3507, United States
| | - Shumpei Asamizu
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3507, United States
| | - Janet A. Lee
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3507, United States
| | - P. Andrew Karplus
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3507, United States
| | - Taifo Mahmud
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3507, United States
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14
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Abstract
The enzymology of 135 assembly lines containing primarily cis-acyltransferase modules is comprehensively analyzed, with greater attention paid to less common phenomena. Diverse online transformations, in which the substrate and/or product of the reaction is an acyl chain bound to an acyl carrier protein, are classified so that unusual reactions can be compared and underlying assembly-line logic can emerge. As a complement to the chemistry surrounding the loading, extension, and offloading of assembly lines that construct primarily polyketide products, structural aspects of the assembly-line machinery itself are considered. This review of assembly-line phenomena, covering the literature up to 2017, should thus be informative to the modular polyketide synthase novice and expert alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian T Keatinge-Clay
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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15
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Lee JK, Jang JH, Park DJ, Kim CJ, Ahn JS, Hwang BY, Hong YS. Identification of new geldanamycin derivatives from unexplored microbial culture extracts using a MS/MS library. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 70:323-327. [PMID: 27999445 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyoung Lee
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Jang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Park
- Microbial Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Jin Kim
- Microbial Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seog Ahn
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Hong
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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16
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Baksh A, Kepplinger B, Isah HA, Probert MR, Clegg W, Wills C, Goodfellow M, Errington J, Allenby N, Hall MJ. Production of 17-O-demethyl-geldanamycin, a cytotoxic ansamycin polyketide, by Streptomyces hygroscopicus DEM20745. Nat Prod Res 2016; 31:1895-1900. [PMID: 27966376 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1263854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The actinomycete DEM20745, collected from non-rhizosphere soil adjacent to Paraserianthes falactaria trees (Cangkringan, Indonesia), is an efficient producer of the anticancer ansamycin polyketide 17-O-demethyl-geldanamycin (17-O-DMG), a biosynthetic precursor of the Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin (GDM). In DEM20745, 17-O-DMG is the major ansamycin product observed reaching a maximum titre of 17 mg/L in the fermentation broth. 17-O-DMG has the potential to be a key starting material for the semi-synthesis of GDM analogues for use in anticancer therapy. Thus, this preferential biosynthesis of 17-O-DMG facilitates easy access to this important molecule and provides further insight in the biosynthesis of the geldanamycins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Baksh
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences , Demuris Limited, Newcastle Biomedicine Bio-Incubators , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Bernhard Kepplinger
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences , Demuris Limited, Newcastle Biomedicine Bio-Incubators , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK.,b Industrial Doctorate Centre: Biopharmaceutical Process Development , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Hadiza A Isah
- c School of Chemistry , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Michael R Probert
- c School of Chemistry , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - William Clegg
- c School of Chemistry , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Corinne Wills
- c School of Chemistry , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | | | - Jeff Errington
- e Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Nick Allenby
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences , Demuris Limited, Newcastle Biomedicine Bio-Incubators , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Michael J Hall
- c School of Chemistry , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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Zhang Z, Xue N, Bian C, Yan R, Jin L, Chen X, Yu X. C15-methoxyphenylated 18-deoxy-herbimycin A analogues, their in vitro anticancer activity and heat shock protein 90 binding affinity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4287-91. [PMID: 27476419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Benzoquinone ansamycins are important leads for the discovery of novel inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), a promising target of cancer chemotherapeutics. Intrinsic hepatotoxicity caused by the benzoquinone moiety appeared to be a serious limitation to the development of these compounds. To solve this problem by rational structure optimization, a short series of C18-deoxy analogues of herbimycin A were designed based on putative interactions between the compound and the protein. Chemical synthesis of the target molecules were attempted by following the established synthetic route to the natural product, but resulted in the isolation of four serendipitous C15 phenylated final products. In vitro antiproliferative activity and Hsp90 binding affinity of the compounds were determined, suggesting the C18-oxygen of herbimycin A is removable and bulky lipophilic groups can be accommodated at C15 without loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Nina Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chuancai Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Rui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Longlong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China.
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18
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Robertson AW, Forget SM, Martinez-Farina CF, McCormick NE, Syvitski RT, Jakeman DL. JadX is a Disparate Natural Product Binding Protein. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2200-8. [PMID: 26814718 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We report that JadX, a protein of previously undetermined function coded for in the jadomycin biosynthetic gene cluster of Streptomyces venezuelae ISP5230, affects both chloramphenicol and jadomycin production levels in blocked mutants. Characterization of recombinant JadX through protein-ligand interactions by chemical shift perturbation and WaterLOGSY NMR spectroscopy resulted in the observation of binding between JadX and a series of jadomycins and between JadX and chloramphenicol, another natural product produced by S. venezuelae ISP5230. These results suggest JadX to be an unusual class of natural product binding protein involved in binding structurally disparate natural products. The ability for JadX to bind two different natural products in vitro and the ability to affect production of these secondary metabolites in vivo suggest a potential role in regulation or signaling. This is the first example of functional characterization of these JadX-like proteins, and provides insight into a previously unobserved regulatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Raymond T Syvitski
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada , Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
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19
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Huitu Z, Linzhuan W, Aiming L, Guizhi S, Feng H, Qiuping L, Yuzhen W, Huanzhang X, Qunjie G, Yiguang W. PCR screening of 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid synthase gene leads to identification of ansamycins and AHBA-related antibiotic producers in Actinomycetes. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 106:755-63. [PMID: 19191947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA) synthase is one of the essential and unique enzymes for AHBA biosynthesis. The possibility of screening for ansamycin or AHBA-related antibiotic-producing strains from Actinomycetes by targeting an AHBA synthase gene was explored. METHODS AND RESULTS A pair of degenerated primers designed according to the conserved regions of five known AHBA synthases was used to detect AHBA synthase genes within the genomic DNA of Actinomycetes. PCR screening resulted in obtaining 33 AHBA synthase gene-positive strains from 2000 newly isolated Actinomycetes. Phylogenetic analysis of these gene fragments along with those involved in the biosynthesis of structurally determined ansamycins showed that the genes with close phylogenetic relationships might be involved in the biosynthesis of compounds with the same/similar structures. Four strains have been proved to be actual geldanamycin or rifamycin producers by chemical characterization of their fermentation products. CONCLUSIONS The results confirmed the feasibility of using the AHBA synthase gene as a probe in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening of ansamycin or AHBA-related antibiotic-producing strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The PCR screening of AHBA synthase gene represents a direct and sensitive molecular method for rapid detection of AHBA-related antibiotic-producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Huitu
- Key Lab of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
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20
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Li S, Li Y, Lu C, Zhang J, Zhu J, Wang H, Shen Y. Activating a Cryptic Ansamycin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster To Produce Three New Naphthalenic Octaketide Ansamycins with n-Pentyl and n-Butyl Side Chains. Org Lett 2015; 17:3706-9. [PMID: 26167742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Genome mining is a rational approach to discovering new natural products. The genome sequence analysis of Streptomyces sp. LZ35 revealed the presence of a putative ansamycin gene cluster (nam). Constitutive overexpression of the pathway-specific transcriptional regulatory gene nam1 successfully activated the nam gene cluster, and three novel naphthalenic octaketide ansamycins were discovered with unprecedented n-pentylmalonyl-CoA or n-butylmalonyl-CoA extender units. This study represents the first example of discovering novel ansamycin scaffolds via activation of a cryptic gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanren Li
- †Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Yaoyao Li
- †Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- †Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Juanli Zhang
- †Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhu
- ‡State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Haoxin Wang
- ‡State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yuemao Shen
- †Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China.,‡State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
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21
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Two herbimycin analogs, 4,5-dihydro-(4S)-4-hydroxyherbimycin B and (15S)-15-hydroxyherbimycin B, from Streptomyces sp. CPCC 200291. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2015; 68:476-80. [PMID: 25690359 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Hermane J, Bułyszko I, Eichner S, Sasse F, Collisi W, Poso A, Schax E, Walter JG, Scheper T, Kock K, Herrmann C, Aliuos P, Reuter G, Zeilinger C, Kirschning A. New, non-quinone fluorogeldanamycin derivatives strongly inhibit Hsp90. Chembiochem 2015; 16:302-11. [PMID: 25572106 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces hygroscopicus is a natural producer of geldanamycin. Mutasynthetic supplementation of an AHBA-blocked mutant with all possible monofluoro 3-aminobenzoic acids provided new fluorogeldanamycins. These showed strong antiproliferative activity and inhibitory effects on human heat shock protein Hsp90. Binding to Hsp90 in the low nanomolar range was determined from molecular modelling, AFM analysis and by calorimetric studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jekaterina Hermane
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover (Germany)
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23
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Ding L, Franke J, Hertweck C. Divergolide congeners illuminate alternative reaction channels for ansamycin diversification. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:1618-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02244k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Isolation and structure elucidation of six new divergolides reveal unusual ansamycin diversification reactions including formation of the unusual isobutenyl side chain from a branched polyketide synthase extender unit, azepinone ring closure, macrolide ring contraction and formation of a seco variant by a neighboring group-assisted decarboxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ding
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology
- HKI
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Jakob Franke
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology
- HKI
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology
- HKI
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
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24
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Medema MH, Cimermancic P, Sali A, Takano E, Fischbach MA. A systematic computational analysis of biosynthetic gene cluster evolution: lessons for engineering biosynthesis. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1004016. [PMID: 25474254 PMCID: PMC4256081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial secondary metabolites are widely used as antibiotics, anticancer drugs, insecticides and food additives. Attempts to engineer their biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) to produce unnatural metabolites with improved properties are often frustrated by the unpredictability and complexity of the enzymes that synthesize these molecules, suggesting that genetic changes within BGCs are limited by specific constraints. Here, by performing a systematic computational analysis of BGC evolution, we derive evidence for three findings that shed light on the ways in which, despite these constraints, nature successfully invents new molecules: 1) BGCs for complex molecules often evolve through the successive merger of smaller sub-clusters, which function as independent evolutionary entities. 2) An important subset of polyketide synthases and nonribosomal peptide synthetases evolve by concerted evolution, which generates sets of sequence-homogenized domains that may hold promise for engineering efforts since they exhibit a high degree of functional interoperability, 3) Individual BGC families evolve in distinct ways, suggesting that design strategies should take into account family-specific functional constraints. These findings suggest novel strategies for using synthetic biology to rationally engineer biosynthetic pathways. Bacterial secondary metabolites mediate a broad range of microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions, and are widely used in human medicine, agriculture and manufacturing. Despite recent advances in synthetic biology, efforts to engineer their biosynthetic genes for the production of unnatural variants are frustrated by a high failure rate. In an effort to better understand what types of genetic changes are most likely to lead to successful improvements, we systematically analyzed the ways in which biosynthetic genes naturally evolve to generate new compounds. We show that large gene clusters appear to evolve through the merger of sub-clusters, which function independently, and are promising units for cluster engineering. Moreover, a subset of gene clusters evolve by concerted evolution, which generates sets of interoperable domains that may enable predictable domain swapping. Finally, many biosynthetic gene clusters evolve in family-specific modes that differ greatly from each other. Overall, this quantitative perspective on the ways in which gene clusters naturally evolve suggests novel strategies for using synthetic biology to engineer the production of unnatural metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnix H. Medema
- Department of Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Bioinformatics Centre, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Cimermancic
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Andrej Sali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eriko Takano
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Kim KH, Ramadhar TR, Beemelmanns C, Cao S, Poulsen M, Currie CR, Clardy J. Natalamycin A, an Ansamycin from a Termite-Associated Streptomyces sp. Chem Sci 2014; 5:4333-4338. [PMID: 25386334 PMCID: PMC4224317 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01136h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a preliminary functional and complete structural characterization of a highly unusual geldanamycin analog, natalamycin A, that was isolated from Streptomyces strain M56 recovered from a South African nest of Macrotermes natalensis termites. Bioassay-guided fractionation based on antifungal activity led to the isolation of natalamycin A, and a combination of NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallographic analysis, including highly-accurate quantum-chemical NMR calculations on the largest and most conformationally-flexible system to date, revealed natalamycin A's three-dimensional solid- and solution-state structure. This structure along with the structures of related compounds isolated from the same source suggest a geldanamycin-like biosynthetic pathway with unusual post-PKS modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Timothy R. Ramadhar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Shugeng Cao
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Michael Poulsen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6145 Microbial Science Building, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States of America
| | - Cameron R. Currie
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6145 Microbial Science Building, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States of America
| | - Jon Clardy
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
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26
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Li S, Wang H, Li Y, Deng J, Lu C, Shen Y, Shen Y. Biosynthesis of hygrocins, antitumor naphthoquinone ansamycins produced by Streptomyces sp. LZ35. Chembiochem 2014; 15:94-102. [PMID: 24501776 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hygrocins are naphthoquinone ansamycins with significant antitumor activities. Here, we report the identification and characterization of the hygrocin biosynthetic gene cluster (hgc) in Streptomyces sp. LZ35. A biosynthetic pathway is proposed based on bioinformatics analysis of the hgc genes and intermediates accumulated in selected gene disruption mutants. One of the steps during the biosynthesis of hygrocins is a Baeyer–Villiger oxidation between C5 and C6, catalyzed by luciferase- like monooxygenase homologue Hgc3. Hgc3 represents the founding member of a previously uncharacterized family of enzymes acting as Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases.
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27
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Li SR, Zhao GS, Sun MW, He HG, Wang HX, Li YY, Lu CH, Shen YM. Identification and characterization of the biosynthetic gene cluster of divergolides from Streptomyces sp. W112. Gene 2014; 544:93-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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28
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Abstract
Benzoquinone ansamycin antibiotic herbimycin A was synthesized in 19 linear steps and 4.2% yield. Highlighted is the design of a chiral γ-lactone as the C11-C15 synthon that enabled a facile catalytic asymmetric synthesis of the challenging C8-C20 fragment of the target molecule. The easy access to the stereogenic centers and high overall yield made the strategy applicable in the molecular editing of benzoquinone ansamycins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
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29
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Xu Z, Baunach M, Ding L, Peng H, Franke J, Hertweck C. Biosynthetic code for divergolide assembly in a bacterial mangrove endophyte. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1274-9. [PMID: 24867126 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Divergolides are structurally diverse ansamycins produced by a bacterial endophyte (Streptomyces sp.) of the mangrove tree Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. By genomic analyses a gene locus coding for the divergolide pathway was detected. The div gene cluster encodes genes for the biosynthesis of 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoate and the rare extender units ethylmalonyl-CoA and isobutylmalonyl-CoA, polyketide assembly by a modular type I polyketide synthase (PKS), and enzymes involved in tailoring reactions, such as a Baeyer-Villiger oxygenase. A detailed PKS domain analysis confirmed the stereochemical integrity of the divergolides and provided valuable new insights into the formation of the diverse aromatic chromophores. The bioinformatic analyses and the isolation and full structural elucidation of four new divergolide congeners led to a revised biosynthetic model that illustrates the formation of four different types of ansamycin chromophores from a single polyketide precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Xu
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena (Germany)
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Mancuso L, Jürjens G, Hermane J, Harmrolfs K, Eichner S, Fohrer J, Collisi W, Sasse F, Kirschning A. Bioreduction of aryl azides during mutasynthesis of new ansamitocins. Org Lett 2013; 15:4442-5. [PMID: 23981134 DOI: 10.1021/ol401989e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Supplementing a culture of a mutant strain of Actinosynnema pretiosum that is unable to biosynthesize aminohydroxy benzoic acid (AHBA), with 3-azido-5-hydroxy-benzoic acid and 3-azido-5-amino-benzoic acid, unexpectedly yielded anilino ansamitocins instead of the expected azido derivatives. This is the first example of the bioreduction of organic azides. The unique nature of these results was demonstrated when 3-azido-5-amino-benzoic acid was fed to the corresponding AHBA blocked mutant of Streptomyces hygroscopicus, the geldanamycin producer. This mutasynthetic experiment yielded the fully processed azido derivative of geldanamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Mancuso
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biomolekulares Wikstoffzentrum (BMWZ) der Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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32
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Franke J, Eichner S, Zeilinger C, Kirschning A. Targeting heat-shock-protein 90 (Hsp90) by natural products: geldanamycin, a show case in cancer therapy. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:1299-323. [PMID: 23934201 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70012g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Covering 2005 to 2013. In this review recent progress in the development of heat shock proteins (Hsp90) in oncogenesis is illuminated. Particular emphasis is put on inhibitors such as geldanamycin and analogues that serve as a natural product show case. Hsp90 has emerged as an important target in cancer therapy and/or against pathogenic cells which elicit abnormal Hsp patterns. Competition for ATP by geldanamycin and related compounds abrogate the chaperone function of Hsp90. In this context, this account pursues three topics in detail: a) Hsp90 and its biochemistry, b) Hsp90 and its role in oncogenesis and c) strategies to create compound libraries of structurally complex inhibitors like geldanamycin on which SAR studies and the development of drugs that are currently in different stages of clinical testing rely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Franke
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Zentrum für Biomolekulare Wirkstoffchemie (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
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Wang HX, Chen YY, Ge L, Fang TT, Meng J, Liu Z, Fang XY, Ni S, Lin C, Wu YY, Wang ML, Shi NN, He HG, Hong K, Shen YM. PCR screening reveals considerable unexploited biosynthetic potential of ansamycins and a mysterious family of AHBA-containing natural products in actinomycetes. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:77-85. [PMID: 23594089 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Ansamycins are a family of macrolactams that are synthesized by type I polyketide synthase (PKS) using 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA) as the starter unit. Most members of the family have strong antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer and/or antiviral activities. We aimed to discover new ansamycins and/or other AHBA-containing natural products from actinobacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS Through PCR screening of AHBA synthase gene, we identified 26 AHBA synthase gene-positive strains from 206 plant-associated actinomycetes (five positives) and 688 marine-derived actinomycetes (21 positives), representing a positive ratio of 2·4-3·1%. Twenty-five ansamycins, including eight new compounds, were isolated from six AHBA synthase gene-positive strains through TLC-guided fractionations followed by repeated column chromatography. To gain information about those potential ansamycin gene clusters whose products were unknown, seven strains with phylogenetically divergent AHBA synthase genes were subjected to fosmid library construction. Of the seven gene clusters we obtained, three show characteristics for typical ansamycin gene clusters, and other four, from Micromonospora spp., appear to lack the amide synthase gene, which is unusual for ansamycin biosynthesis. The gene composition of these four gene clusters suggests that they are involved in the biosynthesis of a new family of hybrid PK-NRP compounds containing AHBA substructure. CONCLUSIONS PCR screening of AHBA synthase is an efficient approach to discover novel ansamycins and other AHBA-containing natural products. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work demonstrates that the AHBA-based screening method is a useful approach for discovering novel ansamycins and other AHBA-containing natural products from new microbial resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-X Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Synthesis of the naphthoquinone core of divergolides (C–D) and model studies for elaboration of the ansabridge. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Piper PW, Millson SH. Spotlight on the microbes that produce heat shock protein 90-targeting antibiotics. Open Biol 2012; 2:120138. [PMID: 23271830 PMCID: PMC3603443 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a promising cancer drug target as a molecular chaperone critical for stabilization and activation of several of the oncoproteins that drive cancer progression. Its actions depend upon its essential ATPase, an activity fortuitously inhibited with a very high degree of selectivity by natural antibiotics: notably the actinomycete-derived benzoquinone ansamycins (e.g. geldanamycin) and certain fungal-derived resorcyclic acid lactones (e.g. radicicol). The molecular interactions made by these antibiotics when bound within the ADP/ATP-binding site of Hsp90 have served as templates for the development of several synthetic Hsp90 inhibitor drugs. Much attention now focuses on the clinical trials of these drugs. However, because microbes have evolved antibiotics to target Hsp90, it is probable that they often exploit Hsp90 inhibition when interacting with each other and with plants. Fungi known to produce Hsp90 inhibitors include mycoparasitic, as well as plant-pathogenic, endophytic and mycorrhizal species. The Hsp90 chaperone may, therefore, be a prominent target in establishing a number of mycoparasitic (interfungal), fungal pathogen–plant and symbiotic fungus–plant relationships. Furthermore the Hsp90 family proteins of the microbes that produce Hsp90 inhibitor antibiotics are able to reveal how drug resistance can arise by amino acid changes in the highly conserved ADP/ATP-binding site of Hsp90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Piper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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Enzymatic glycosylation of nonbenzoquinone geldanamycin analogs via Bacillus UDP-glycosyltransferase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:7680-6. [PMID: 22923401 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02004-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Geldanamycin (GM) is a naturally occurring anticancer agent isolated from several strains of Streptomyces hygroscopicus. However, its potential clinical utility is compromised by its severe toxicity and poor water solubility. For this reason, considerable efforts are under way to make new derivatives that have both good clinical efficacy and high water solubility. On the other hand, glycosylation is often a step that improves the water solubility and/or biological activity in many natural products of biosynthesis. Here, we report the facile production of glucose-conjugated nonbenzoquinone GM analogs using the Bacillus UDP-glycosyltransferase BL-C. Five aglycon substrates containing nonbenzoquinone aromatic rings were chosen to validate the in vitro glycosylation reaction. Putative glucoside compounds were determined through the presence of a product peak(s) and were also verified using LC/MS analyses. Further, the chemical structures of new glucoside compounds 6 and 7 were elucidated using spectroscopy data. These glucoside compounds showed a dramatic improvement in water solubility compared with that of the original aglycon, nonbenzoquinone GM.
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Asamizu S, Xie P, Brumsted CJ, Flatt PM, Mahmud T. Evolutionary divergence of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate cyclases leads to several distinct cyclic products. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12219-29. [PMID: 22741921 DOI: 10.1021/ja3041866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate cyclases are enzymes that utilize the pentose phosphate pathway intermediate, sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, to generate cyclic precursors of many bioactive natural products, such as the antidiabetic drug acarbose, the crop protectant validamycin, and the natural sunscreens mycosporine-like amino acids. These proteins are phylogenetically related to the dehydroquinate (DHQ) synthases from the shikimate pathway and are part of the more recently recognized superfamily of sugar phosphate cyclases, which includes DHQ synthases, aminoDHQ synthases, and 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose synthases. Through genome mining and biochemical studies, we identified yet another subset of DHQS-like proteins in the actinomycete Actinosynnema mirum and the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca DW4/3-1. These enzymes catalyze the conversion of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate to 2-epi-valiolone, which is predicted to be an alternative precursor for aminocyclitol biosynthesis. Comparative bioinformatics and biochemical analyses of these proteins with 2-epi-5-epi-valiolone synthases (EEVS) and desmethyl-4-deoxygadusol synthases (DDGS) provided further insights into their genetic diversity, conserved amino acid sequences, and plausible catalytic mechanisms. The results further highlight the uniquely diverse DHQS-like sugar phosphate cyclases, which may provide new tools for chemoenzymatic, stereospecific synthesis of various cyclic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumpei Asamizu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3507, USA
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Roles of fkbN in positive regulation and tcs7 in negative regulation of FK506 biosynthesis in Streptomyces sp. strain KCTC 11604BP. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:2249-55. [PMID: 22267670 DOI: 10.1128/aem.06766-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
FK506 is an important 23-member polyketide macrolide with immunosuppressant activity. Its entire biosynthetic gene cluster was previously cloned from Streptomyces sp. strain KCTC 11604BP, and sequence analysis identified three putative regulatory genes, tcs2, tcs7, and fkbN, which encode proteins with high similarity to the AsnC family transcriptional regulators, LysR-type transcriptional regulators, and LAL family transcriptional regulators, respectively. Overexpression and in-frame deletion of tcs2 did not affect the production of FK506 or co-occurring FK520 compared to results for the wild-type strain, suggesting that tcs2 is not involved in their biosynthesis. fkbN overexpression improved the levels of FK506 and FK520 production by approximately 2.0-fold, and a deletion of fkbN caused the complete loss of FK506 and FK520 production. Although the overexpression of tcs7 decreased the levels of FK506 and FK520 production slightly, a deletion of tcs7 caused 1.9-fold and 1.5-fold increases in FK506 and FK520 production, respectively. Finally, fkbN overexpression in the tcs7 deletion strain resulted in a 4.0-fold (21 mg liter(-1)) increase in FK506 production compared to that by the wild-type strain. This suggests that fkbN encodes a positive regulatory protein essential for FK506/FK520 biosynthesis and that the gene product of tcs7 negatively regulates their biosynthesis, demonstrating the potential of exploiting this information for strain improvement. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) analyses of the transcription levels of the FK506 biosynthetic genes in the wild-type and mutant strains proved that most of the FK506 biosynthetic genes are regulated by fkbN in a positive manner and negatively by tcs7.
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Eichner S, Eichner T, Floss HG, Fohrer J, Hofer E, Sasse F, Zeilinger C, Kirschning A. Broad substrate specificity of the amide synthase in S. hygroscopicus--new 20-membered macrolactones derived from geldanamycin. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:1673-9. [PMID: 22136518 DOI: 10.1021/ja2087147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The amide synthase of the geldanamycin producer, Streptomyces hygroscopicus, shows a broader chemoselectivity than the corresponding amide synthase present in Actinosynnema pretiosum, the producer of the highly cytotoxic ansamycin antibiotics, the ansamitocins. This was demonstrated when blocked mutants of both strains incapable of biosynthesizing 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA), the polyketide synthase starter unit of both natural products, were supplemented with 3-amino-5-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid instead. Unlike the ansamitocin producer A. pretiosum, S. hygroscopicus processed this modified starter unit not only to the expected 19-membered macrolactams but also to ring enlarged 20-membered macrolactones. The former mutaproducts revealed the sequence of transformations catalyzed by the post-PKS tailoring enzymes in geldanamycin biosynthesis. The unprecedented formation of the macrolactones together with molecular modeling studies shed light on the mode of action of the amide synthase responsible for macrocyclization. Obviously, the 3-hydroxymethyl substituent shows similar reactivity and accessibility toward C-1 of the seco-acid as the arylamino group, while phenolic hydroxyl groups lack this propensity to act as nucleophiles in the macrocyclization. The promiscuity of the amide synthase of S. hygroscopicus was further demonstrated by successful feeding of four other m-hydroxymethylbenzoic acids, leading to formation of the expected 20-membered macrocycles. Good to moderate antiproliferative activities were encountered for three of the five new geldanamycin derivatives, which matched well with a competition assay for Hsp90α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Eichner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Research (BMWZ), Schneiderberg 1B, Leibniz University Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Wang G, Zhang H, Sun G, Wu L, Zhang J, Wang Y. A new method for rapid identification of ansamycin compounds by inactivating KLM gene clusters in potential ansamycin-producing actinomyces. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 112:353-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jia C, Wu L, Ni S, Wang H, Liu X, Li S, Lin L, He W, Wang Y. 17-O-demethylreblastatin, a subnormal intermediate in geldanamycin biosynthesis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2011; 65:79-82. [PMID: 22146125 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2011.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics of Ministry of Health, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yin M, Lu T, Zhao LX, Chen Y, Huang SX, Lohman JR, Xu LH, Jiang CL, Shen B. The missing C-17 O-methyltransferase in geldanamycin biosynthesis. Org Lett 2011; 13:3726-9. [PMID: 21682254 DOI: 10.1021/ol201383w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthetic gene clusters for the Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin (GDM, 1) have been cloned previously from three different Streptomyces strains, but the gene encoding the C-17 O-methyltransferase remains unknown. The cloning and sequencing of a new GDM biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces autolyticus CGMCC 0516 was reported, identifying the gdmMT gene that encodes the missing C-17 O-methyltransferase for 1 biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yin
- Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
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Dai S, Ouyang Y, Wang G, Li X. Streptomyces autolyticus JX-47 large-insert bacterial artificial chromosome library construction and identification of clones covering geldanamycin biosynthesis gene cluster. Curr Microbiol 2011; 63:68-74. [PMID: 21544574 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-9940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Geldanamycin belongs to benzoquinone ansamycin antibiotic and has potent antitumor activities. In this study, a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library with an average insert size of up to 150 kb was constructed from genomic DNA of Streptomyces autolyticus JX-47. A genetic-screening strategy was established using BAC end-sequencing and three pairs of primers designed to target the remote regions, gdmA1, gdmA3 and gdmRI, of the geldanamycin gene cluster. Three clones covering geldanamycin biosynthesis gene cluster were obtained, which together spanned a 250-kb genomic region, and a 150227-bp insert in the clone p4E9 was sequenced. Comparison with the reported geldanamycin gene cluster sequences from S. hygroscopicus revealed that it had the same gene arrangement and high gene homology in the polyketide synthase (PKS) region and its downstream with 84-100% DNA identity and 81-100% amino acid (AA) identity. Its DNA homology with the whole gene cluster sequence from S. hygroscopicus strain 17997 reached 99% identity. However, upstream of the PKS region exhibited great diversity, where only ORF16 was conserved, and the other genes including gdmL and gdmX were displaced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
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Ding L, Maier A, Fiebig HH, Görls H, Lin WH, Peschel G, Hertweck C. Divergolides A-D from a Mangrove Endophyte Reveal an Unparalleled Plasticity in ansa-Macrolide Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:1630-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ding L, Maier A, Fiebig HH, Görls H, Lin WH, Peschel G, Hertweck C. Divergolides A-D from a Mangrove Endophyte Reveal an Unparalleled Plasticity in ansa-Macrolide Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wu Y, Kang Q, Shen Y, Su W, Bai L. Cloning and functional analysis of the naphthomycin biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces sp. CS. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:2459-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05036b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Floss HG, Yu TW, Arakawa K. The biosynthesis of 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA), the precursor of mC7N units in ansamycin and mitomycin antibiotics: a review. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2010; 64:35-44. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2010.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Porter JR, Adams J, Ahn R, Ammoscato V, Arsenault B, Austad BC, Baker G, Basuki J, Booth MR, Campbell MJ, Carter B, Curtis M, Depew K, Douglas MA, Ge J, Grenier L, Helble J, Henderson J, Goltz N, Ionescu D, Kott L, Kropp JT, Lee J, Li K, Maurer B, Mayes D, Pak RH, Piotrowski J, Porter JR, Rusch D, Sylvester GE, Wong S, Wright J. Pharmaceutical development of IPI-504, an Hsp90 inhibitor and clinical candidate for the treatment of cancer. Drug Dev Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7-O-descarbamoyl-7-hydroxygeldanamycin, a minor component from the gdmN disruption mutant of Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2010; 63:623-5. [PMID: 20683449 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2010.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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