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Kim H, Kim MH, Choi UL, Chung MS, Yun CH, Shim Y, Oh J, Lee S, Lee GW. Molecular and Phenotypic Investigation on Antibacterial Activities of Limonene Isomers and Its Oxidation Derivative against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:562-569. [PMID: 38247219 PMCID: PMC11016764 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2311.11016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes a devastating bacterial leaf blight in rice. Here, the antimicrobial effects of D-limonene, L-limonene, and its oxidative derivative carveol against Xoo were investigated. We revealed that carveol treatment at ≥ 0.1 mM in liquid culture resulted in significant decrease in Xoo growth rate (> 40%) in a concentration-dependent manner, and over 1 mM, no growth was observed. The treatment with D-limonene and L-limonene also inhibited the Xoo growth but to a lesser extent compared to carveol. These results were further elaborated with the assays of motility, biofilm formation and xanthomonadin production. The carveol treatment over 1 mM caused no motilities, basal level of biofilm formation (< 10%), and significantly reduced xanthomonadin production. The biofilm formation after the treatment with two limonene isomers was decreased in a concentration-dependent manner, but the degree of the effect was not comparable to carveol. In addition, there was negligible effect on the xanthomonadin production mediated by the treatment of two limonene isomers. Field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) unveiled that all three compounds used in this study cause severe ultrastructural morphological changes in Xoo cells, showing shrinking, shriveling, and holes on their surface. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR revealed that carveol and D-limonene treatment significantly down-regulated the expression levels of genes involved in virulence and biofilm formation of Xoo, but not with L-limonene. Together, we suggest that limonenes and carveol will be the candidates of interest in the development of biological pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonbin Kim
- Green-Bio Division, Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju 54810, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Kim
- Green-Bio Division, Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju 54810, Republic of Korea
| | - Ui-Lim Choi
- Green-Bio Division, Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju 54810, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Soo Chung
- Division of Radiation Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Yun
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkun Shim
- Microzyme Co., Ltd. Research and Development Department, Damyang-gun, Jeollanam-do 57385, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejun Oh
- Microzyme Co., Ltd. Research and Development Department, Damyang-gun, Jeollanam-do 57385, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbeom Lee
- Division of Radiation Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Woong Lee
- Green-Bio Division, Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju 54810, Republic of Korea
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Julianingsih D, Tung CW, Thapa K, Biswas D. Unveiling the Potential Ways to Apply Citrus Oil to Control Causative Agents of Pullorum Disease and Fowl Typhoid in Floor Materials. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:23. [PMID: 38200754 PMCID: PMC10778308 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the potential role of Cold-pressed Valencia Terpeneless citrus oil (CO), as a natural antimicrobial, in controlling causative agents of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid in floor materials for poultry farming, specifically wooden chips. The study addresses the issues that have arisen as a result of the reduction in antibiotic use in poultry farming, which has resulted in the re-emergence of bacterial diseases including salmonellosis. CO efficiently inhibits the growth of pathogens including various serovars of Salmonella enterica (SE), including SE serovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) and SE serovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum), in a dose-dependent manner. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of CO showed potential for controlling diverse S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum isolates. Growth inhibition assays demonstrated that 0.4% (v/w) CO eliminated S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum from 24 h onwards, also impacting poultry gut microbiota and probiotic strains. Floor material simulation, specifically wooden chips treated with 0.4% CO, confirmed CO's effectiveness in preventing S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum growth on poultry house floors. This study also investigated the effect of CO on the expression of virulence genes in S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum. Specifically, the study revealed that the application of CO resulted in a downregulation trend in virulence genes, including spiA, invA, spaN, sitC, and sifA, in both S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum, implying that CO may alter the pathogenicity of these bacterial pathogens. Overall, this study reveals that CO has the potential to be used as a natural antimicrobial in the prevention and management of Salmonella-related infections in chicken production, offering a viable alternative to control these re-emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dita Julianingsih
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (D.J.); (C.-W.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Chuan-Wei Tung
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (D.J.); (C.-W.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Kanchan Thapa
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (D.J.); (C.-W.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Debabrata Biswas
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (D.J.); (C.-W.T.); (K.T.)
- Biological Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Mani V, Park S, Kim JA, Lee SI, Lee K. Metabolic Perturbation and Synthetic Biology Strategies for Plant Terpenoid Production-An Updated Overview. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2179. [PMID: 34685985 PMCID: PMC8539415 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids represent one of the high-value groups of specialized metabolites with vast structural diversity. They exhibit versatile human benefits and have been successfully exploited in several sectors of day-to-day life applications, including cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceuticals. Historically, the potential use of terpenoids is challenging, and highly hampered by their bioavailability in their natural sources. Significant progress has been made in recent years to overcome such challenges by advancing the heterologous production platforms of hosts and metabolic engineering technologies. Herein, we summarize the latest developments associated with analytical platforms, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology, with a focus on two terpenoid classes: monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids. Accumulated data showed that subcellular localization of both the precursor pool and the introduced enzymes were the crucial factors for increasing the production of targeted terpenoids in plants. We believe this timely review provides a glimpse of current state-of-the-art techniques/methodologies related to terpenoid engineering that would facilitate further improvements in terpenoids research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kijong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (V.M.); (S.P.); (J.A.K.); (S.I.L.)
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Kijkla P, Wang D, Mohamed ME, Saleh MA, Kumseranee S, Punpruk S, Gu T. Efficacy of glutaraldehyde enhancement by D-limonene in the mitigation of biocorrosion of carbon steel by an oilfield biofilm consortium. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:174. [PMID: 34519903 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is one of the major corrosion threats in the oil and gas industry. It is caused by environmental biofilms. Glutaraldehyde is a popular green biocide for mitigating biofilms and MIC. This work investigated the efficacy of glutaraldehyde enhancement by food-grade green chemical D-limonene in the biofilm prevention and MIC mitigation using a mixed-culture oilfield biofilm consortium. After 7 days of incubation at 37 °C in enriched artificial seawater in 125 mL anaerobic vials, the 100 ppm (w/w) glutaraldehyde + 200 ppm D-limonene combination treatment reduced the sessile cell counts on C1018 carbon steel coupons by 2.1-log, 1.7-log, and 2.3-log for sulfate reducing bacteria, acid producing bacteria, and general heterotrophic bacteria, respectively in comparison with the untreated control. The treatment achieved 68% weight loss reduction and 78% pit depth reduction. The 100 ppm glutaraldehyde + 200 ppm D-limonene combination treatment was found more effective in biofilm prevention and MIC mitigation than glutaraldehyde and D-limonene used individually. Electrochemical tests corroborated weight loss and pit depth data trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pruch Kijkla
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Corrosion and Multiphase Technology, Ohio University, Athens, 45701, USA
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Corrosion and Multiphase Technology, Ohio University, Athens, 45701, USA
| | - Magdy E Mohamed
- Research and Development Center, Saudi Arabian Oil Company, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen A Saleh
- Research and Development Center, Saudi Arabian Oil Company, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Tingyue Gu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Corrosion and Multiphase Technology, Ohio University, Athens, 45701, USA.
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Abstract
Injudicious consumption of antibiotics in the past few decades has arisen the problem of resistance in pathogenic organisms against most antibiotics and antimicrobial agents. Scenarios of treatment failure are becoming more common in hospitals. This situation demands the frequent need for new antimicrobial compounds which may have other mechanisms of action from those which are in current use. Limonene can be utilized as one of the solutions to the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Limonene is a naturally occurring monoterpene with a lemon-like odor, which mainly present in the peels of citrus plants like lemon, orange, grapefruit, etc. The study aimed to enlighten the antimicrobial properties of limonene as per previous literature. Advantageous contributions have been made by various research groups in the study of the antimicrobial properties of limonene. Previous studies have shown that limonene not only inhibits disease-causing pathogenic microbes, however, it also protects various food products from potential contaminants. This review article contains information about the effectiveness of limonene as an antimicrobial agent. Apart from antimicrobial property, some other uses of limonene are also discussed such as its role as fragrance and flavor additive, as in the formation of nonalcoholic beverages, as solvent and cleaner in the petroleum industry, and as a pesticide. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-biofilm properties of limonene may help it to be used in the future as a potential antimicrobial agent with minimal adverse effects. Some of the recent studies also showed the action of limonene against COVID-19 (Coronavirus). However, additional studies are requisite to scrutinize the possible mechanism of antimicrobial action of limonene.
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Sun L, Atkinson K, Zhu M, D'Amico DJ. Antimicrobial effects of a bioactive glycolipid on spore-forming spoilage bacteria in milk. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4002-4011. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abbas W, Keel BN, Kachman SD, Fernando SC, Wells JE, Hales KE, Lindholm-Perry AK. Rumen epithelial transcriptome and microbiome profiles of rumen epithelium and contents of beef cattle with and without liver abscesses. J Anim Sci 2021; 98:5973699. [PMID: 33170221 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscess is the highest cause of liver condemnation and is estimated to cost the beef industry US$64 million annually. Fusobacterium necrophorum, commonly found in the bovine rumen, is the primary bacteria associated with liver abscess in cattle. Theoretically, damage to the rumen wall allows F. necrophorum to invade the bloodstream and colonize the liver. The objective of this study was to determine the changes in gene expression in the rumen epithelium and microbial populations adherent to the rumen epithelium and in the rumen contents of beef cattle with liver abscesses compared with those with no liver abscesses. Rumen epithelial tissue and rumen content were collected from 31 steers and heifers with liver abscesses and 30 animals with no liver abscesses. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing was performed on the rumen epithelium, and a total of 221 genes were identified as differentially expressed in the animals with liver abscesses compared with animals with no abscesses, after removal of genes that were identified as a result of interaction with sex. The nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells signaling and interferon signaling pathways were significantly enriched in the differentially expressed gene (DEG) set. The majority of the genes in these pathways were downregulated in animals with liver abscesses. In addition, RNA translation and protein processing genes were also downregulated, suggesting that protein synthesis may be compromised in animals with liver abscesses. The rumen content bacterial communities were significantly different from the rumen wall epimural bacterial communities. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) analysis did not identify global differences in the microbiome of the rumen contents but did identify differences in the epimural bacterial communities on the rumen wall of animals without and with liver abscesses. In addition, associations between DEG and specific bacterial amplicon sequence variants of epimural bacteria were observed. The DEG and bacterial profile on the rumen papillae identified in this study may serve as a method to monitor animals with existing liver abscesses or to predict those that are more likely to develop liver abscesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Abbas
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Brittney N Keel
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, ARS, Clay Center, NE
| | - Stephan D Kachman
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Samodha C Fernando
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - James E Wells
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, ARS, Clay Center, NE
| | - Kristin E Hales
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, ARS, Clay Center, NE
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Santamarta S, Aldavero AC, Rojo MA. Essential oil of Cymbopogon martini, source of geraniol, as a potential antibacterial agent against Bacillus subtilis, a pathogen of the bakery industry. F1000Res 2021; 10:1027. [PMID: 36817513 PMCID: PMC9936101 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.54196.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bacteria can adhere and grow on any surface due to their chemical and physical interaction, leading to the development of biofilms. Essential oils have a great potential for use in the food industry, as they can effectively prevent the presence of some pathogenic microorganisms. Species such as those in the Bacillus genus have the ability to produce toxins. Some strains of Bacillus subtilis have been related to cases of food-borne diseases. In the bakery industry, B. subtilis also has been related to "rope" disease, linked to bread preservation processes. Methods: The aim of the study was to analyse the antibacterial properties of 24 chemotyped essential oils against the growth of B. subtilis. The biological activity study was carried out using disk diffusion in agar and broth dilution methods. Results: The essential oil of Cymbopogon martinii var. motia had a high geraniol content (>80.53%) and showed a high antimicrobial effect against the Gram-positive bacterium B. subtilis. Binary combinations of Cymbopogon martinii var. motia oil with Eugenia caryophyllus showed antagonistic effects on B. subtilis. Conclusions: The essential oil of Cymbopogon martinii var. motia has an interesting potential use in the bakery industry as a preservative, in applications such as nano encapsulation for bakery doughs, active packaging of baked products, or surface disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Santamarta
- Area of Enginering and technology, Miguel de Cervantes European University, Valladolid, Castilla y Leon, 47012, Spain
| | - A. Cristina Aldavero
- Area of Enginering and technology, Miguel de Cervantes European University, Valladolid, Castilla y Leon, 47012, Spain
| | - M Angeles Rojo
- Area of Experimental Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University, Valladolid, Castilla y Leon, 47012, Spain
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Santamarta S, Aldavero AC, Rojo MA. Essential oil of Cymbopogon martini, source of geraniol, as a potential antibacterial agent against Bacillus subtilis, a pathogen of the bakery industry. F1000Res 2021; 10:1027. [PMID: 36817513 PMCID: PMC9936101.2 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.54196.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Bacteria can adhere and grow on any surface due to their chemical and physical interaction, leading to the development of biofilms. Essential oils have a great potential for use in the food industry, as they can effectively prevent the presence of some pathogenic microorganisms. Species such as those in the Bacillus genus have the ability to produce toxins. Some strains of Bacillus subtilis have been related to cases of food-borne diseases. In the bakery industry, B. subtilis also has been related to "rope" disease, linked to bread preservation processes. Methods: The aim of the study was to analyse the antibacterial properties of 24 chemotyped essential oils against the growth of B. subtilis. The biological activity study was carried out using disk diffusion in agar and broth dilution methods. Results: The essential oil of Cymbopogon martinii var. motia had a high geraniol content (>80.53%) and showed a high antimicrobial effect against the Gram-positive bacterium B. subtilis. Binary combinations of Cymbopogon martinii var. motia oil with Eugenia caryophyllus showed antagonistic effects on B. subtilis. Conclusions: The essential oil of Cymbopogon martinii var. motia has an interesting potential use in the bakery industry as a preservative, in applications such as nano encapsulation for bakery doughs, active packaging of baked products, or surface disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Santamarta
- Area of Enginering and technology, Miguel de Cervantes European University, Valladolid, Castilla y Leon, 47012, Spain
| | - A. Cristina Aldavero
- Area of Enginering and technology, Miguel de Cervantes European University, Valladolid, Castilla y Leon, 47012, Spain
| | - M Angeles Rojo
- Area of Experimental Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University, Valladolid/Spain, Castilla y Leon, 47012, Spain
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Behera S, Khetrapal P, Punia SK, Agrawal D, Khandelwal M, Lohar J. Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Three Selected Fruit Juices on Clinical Endodontic Bacterial Strains. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2017; 9:S217-S221. [PMID: 29284967 PMCID: PMC5731016 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_164_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increasing problem of antibiotic drug resistance by pathogenic microorganisms in the past few decades has recently led to the continuous exploration of natural plant products for new antibiotic agents. Many consumable food materials have good as well as their bad effects, good effect includes their antibacterial effects on different microorganisms present in the oral cavity. Recently, natural products have been evaluated as source of antimicrobial agent with efficacies against a variety of microorganisms. METHODOLOGY The present study describes the antibacterial activity of three selected fruit juices (Apple, Pomegranate and Grape) on endodontic bacterial strains. Antimicrobial activity of fruit juices were tested by wel l diffusion assay by an inhibition zone surrounding the well. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of three fruit juises on different endodontic strains. RESULT Agar well diffusion method was adopted for determining antibacterial potency. Antibacterial activity present on the plates was indicated by an inhibition zone surrounding the well containing the fruit juice. The zone of inhibition was measured by measuring scale in millimeter. Comparision between antibacterial efficacy of all three fruit juices against Enterococcus feacalis and Streptococcus mutans was observed with significant value of P ≤ 0.05. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study clearly demonstrated a significant antimicrobial effect of apple fruit juice against Enterococcus fecalis and Streptococcus mutans. However, preclinical and clinical trials are needed to evaluate biocompatibility & safety before apple can conclusively be recommended in endodontic therapy, but in vitro observation of apple effectiveness appears promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subasish Behera
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, New Horizon Dental College and Research Institute, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Prashant Khetrapal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, New Horizon Dental College and Research Institute, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sandhya Kapoor Punia
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Agrawal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, New Horizon Dental College and Research Institute, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Minal Khandelwal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, New Horizon Dental College and Research Institute, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Jitendra Lohar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Keerthirathne TP, Ross K, Fallowfield H, Whiley H. A Review of Temperature, pH, and Other Factors that Influence the Survival of Salmonella in Mayonnaise and Other Raw Egg Products. Pathogens 2016; 5:E63. [PMID: 27869756 PMCID: PMC5198163 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5040063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is one of the main causes of foodborne illnesses worldwide, with outbreaks predominately linked to contamination of eggs and raw egg products, such as mayonnaise. This review explores previous studies that have investigated Salmonella control mechanisms utilized in the production of raw egg mayonnaise and other food products. Apart from the use of pasteurized eggs, the main control mechanism identified is the pH of the raw egg products, which plays an important role in the consistency and stability while affecting the survival of Salmonella spp. However, currently there is no consensus regarding the critical pH limit for the control of Salmonella. The effectiveness of pH as a control mechanism is influenced by the type of acid used, with the effectiveness of lemon juice compared with vinegar highly debated. Additionally, Salmonella susceptibility to pH stresses may also be influenced by storage temperature (in some studies refrigeration temperatures protected Salmonella spp. from acidulants) and is further complicated by the development of Salmonella cross-tolerance-induced responses, pH homeostasis achieved by the cellular antiport and symport systems, and acid tolerance response (ATR). These mechanisms all provide Salmonella with an added advantage to ensure survival under various pH conditions. Other confounding factors include the fat content, and the addition of NaCl, garlic and plant essential oils (PEOs) from mint, cinnamon, cardamom and clove.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirstin Ross
- School of the Environment, Health and the Environment, Flinders University, GPO BOX 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Howard Fallowfield
- School of the Environment, Health and the Environment, Flinders University, GPO BOX 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Harriet Whiley
- School of the Environment, Health and the Environment, Flinders University, GPO BOX 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
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Federman C, Joo J, Almario J, Salaheen S, Biswas D. Citrus-derived oil inhibits Staphylococcus aureus growth and alters its interactions with bovine mammary cells. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3667-3674. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Marques JPR, Amorim L, Silva-Junior GJ, Spósito MB, Appezzato-da Gloria B. Structural and biochemical characteristics of citrus flowers associated with defence against a fungal pathogen. AOB PLANTS 2014; 7:plu090. [PMID: 25535209 PMCID: PMC4381744 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The constitutive characters of plants can be structural or biochemical and play an important role in their defence against pathogens. Citrus postbloom fruit drop (PFD) caused by Colletotrichum spp. is one of the most important fungal diseases of citrus. The pathogen infects the flowers, leading to premature fruit drop and reducing citrus production. However, flower buds smaller than 8 mm long are usually not infected by Colletotrichum spp. Thus, this study investigated whether there are constitutive mechanisms in flower buds related to Colletotrichum spp. infection. We studied flower buds that were 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 and 15 mm long and petals, after anthesis, of sweet orange 'Valência' using light and scanning electron microscopy and histochemistry. We evaluated the effect of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in flowers (R-limonene and linalool) on the in vitro growth of Colletotrichum acutatum. We found that the arrangement of the epidermal papillae in the petal primordia, the occurrence of prismatic crystals and the distribution of oil glands are the main differences between buds smaller than 8 mm and buds 8-15 mm long. Osmophores at the tips of petals produced and accumulated phenols, terpenes and lipophilic compounds. Flower buds smaller than 8 mm long have constitutive structural and biochemical barriers to Colletotrichum spp. infection. In addition, this is the first time that osmophores have been reported in citrus. Our study shows that natural terpenes of Citrus flowers inhibit the fungal growth in vitro, highlighting the potential use of terpenes for the chemical control of PFD in citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Rodrigues Marques
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Cx. Postal 9, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian Amorim
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Cx. Postal 9, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Geraldo José Silva-Junior
- Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura - FUNDECITRUS, Av. Adhemar Pereira de Barros, 201 | CEP: 14807-040, Vila Melhado, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcel Bellato Spósito
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Cx. Postal 9, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Appezzato-da Gloria
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Cx. Postal 9, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Thompson A, Meah D, Ahmed N, Conniff-Jenkins R, Chileshe E, Phillips CO, Claypole TC, Forman DW, Row PE. Comparison of the antibacterial activity of essential oils and extracts of medicinal and culinary herbs to investigate potential new treatments for irritable bowel syndrome. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:338. [PMID: 24283351 PMCID: PMC4220539 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder, which may result from alteration of the gastrointestinal microbiota following gastrointestinal infection, or with intestinal dysbiosis or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. This may be treated with antibiotics, but there is concern that widespread antibiotic use might lead to antibiotic resistance. Some herbal medicines have been shown to be beneficial, but their mechanism(s) of action remain incompletely understood. To try to understand whether antibacterial properties might be involved in the efficacy of these herbal medicines, and to investigate potential new treatments for IBS, we have conducted a preliminary study in vitro to compare the antibacterial activity of the essential oils of culinary and medicinal herbs against the bacterium, Esherichia coli. Methods Essential oils were tested for their ability to inhibit E. coli growth in disc diffusion assays and in liquid culture, and to kill E. coli in a zone of clearance assay. Extracts of coriander, lemon balm and spearmint leaves were tested for their antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay. Disc diffusion and zone of clearance assays were analysed by two-tailed t tests whereas ANOVA was performed for the turbidometric assays. Results Most of the oils exhibited antibacterial activity in all three assays, however peppermint, lemon balm and coriander seed oils were most potent, with peppermint and coriander seed oils being more potent than the antibiotic rifaximin in the disc diffusion assay. The compounds present in these oils were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Finally, extracts were made of spearmint, lemon balm and coriander leaves with various solvents and these were tested for their antibacterial activity against E. coli in the disc diffusion assay. In each case, extracts made with ethanol and methanol exhibited potent antibacterial activity. Conclusions Many of the essential oils had antibacterial activity in the three assays, suggesting that they would be good candidates for testing in clinical trials. The observed antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of coriander, lemon balm and spearmint leaves suggests a mechanistic explanation for the efficacy of a mixture of coriander, lemon balm and mint extracts against IBS in a published clinical trial.
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Staubach F, Baines JF, Künzel S, Bik EM, Petrov DA. Host species and environmental effects on bacterial communities associated with Drosophila in the laboratory and in the natural environment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70749. [PMID: 23967097 PMCID: PMC3742674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila is a classic model organism to study adaptation as well as the relationship between genetic variation and phenotypes. Although associated bacterial communities might be important for many aspects of Drosophila biology, knowledge about their diversity, composition, and factors shaping them is limited. We used 454-based sequencing of a variable region of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene to characterize the bacterial communities associated with wild and laboratory Drosophila isolates. In order to specifically investigate effects of food source and host species on bacterial communities, we analyzed samples from wild Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans collected from a variety of natural substrates, as well as from adults and larvae of nine laboratory-reared Drosophila species. We find no evidence for host species effects in lab-reared flies; instead, lab of origin and stochastic effects, which could influence studies of Drosophila phenotypes, are pronounced. In contrast, the natural Drosophila-associated microbiota appears to be predominantly shaped by food substrate with an additional but smaller effect of host species identity. We identify a core member of this natural microbiota that belongs to the genus Gluconobacter and is common to all wild-caught flies in this study, but absent from the laboratory. This makes it a strong candidate for being part of what could be a natural D. melanogaster and D. simulans core microbiome. Furthermore, we were able to identify candidate pathogens in natural fly isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Staubach
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
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Mexis S, Chouliara E, Kontominas M. Shelf life extension of ground chicken meat using an oxygen absorber and a citrus extract. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Al-Mariri A, Saour G, Hamou R. In vitro antibacterial effects of five volatile oil extracts against intramacrophage Brucella abortus 544. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2012; 37:119-25. [PMID: 23115441 PMCID: PMC3470071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellaabortus is a gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium that can cause a highly contagious disease in sheep, goats, cattle and one-humped camels. It is responsible for one of the most important zoonosis in human. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of Mentha piperita, Origanum majorana, Citrus lemon, Cinnamomum verum and Myristica fragrans essential volatile oil extracts on human macrophages infected by B. abortus 544. METHODS Essential volatile oil extracts from M. piperita, O. majorana, C. lemon, C. verum and M. fragrans were extracted. Human macrophages were cultured at a density of 2×10(5) cells per well in sterile 96-well microtiter plates, and infected with B. abortus 544 at a ratio of 1:100 bacteria/cell. Then essential volatile oil extracts were added at a concentration of 1%. At specified times; cells were washed, lysed with 0.1% Triton, and plated on 2YT agar to determine the number of intracellular bacteria. RESULTS Cinnamomum verum volatile oil at a concentration of 1% had the highest antibacterial activity against B. abortus 544 inside human macrophages. Its inhibitory effect observed from 24 h and continued till 144 h after the infection. Moreover, C. verum (0.1%) in combination with 1% concentration of M. piperita, O. majorana, C. lemon or M. fragrans volatile oil extracts produced a synergistic inhibitory effect against B. abortus 544. CONCLUSION The results indicate that, among the five selected oil extracts, C. verum volatile oil applied either separately or in combination with other oil extracts had the most effective antimicrobial activity against Brucella.
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Borgatti M, Mancini I, Bianchi N, Guerrini A, Lampronti I, Rossi D, Sacchetti G, Gambari R. Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) fruit extracts and identified components alter expression of interleukin 8 gene in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cell lines. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2011; 12:15. [PMID: 21496221 PMCID: PMC3095539 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-12-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) airway pathology is a fatal, autosomal, recessive genetic disease characterized by extensive lung inflammation. After induction by TNF-α, elevated concentrations of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL-6, IL-1β) and chemokines (i.e. IL-8) are released from airway epithelial cells. In order to reduce the excessive inflammatory response in the airways of CF patients, new therapies have been developed and in this respect, medicinal plant extracts have been studied. In this article we have investigated the possible use of bergamot extracts (Citrus bergamia Risso) and their identified components to alter the expression of IL-8 associated with the cystic fibrosis airway pathology. Methods The extracts were chemically characterized by 1H-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), GC-FID (gas chromatography-flame ionization detector), GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) and HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography). Both bergamot extracts and main detected chemical constituents were assayed for their biological activity measuring (a) cytokines and chemokines in culture supernatants released from cystic fibrosis IB3-1 cells treated with TNF-α by Bio-Plex cytokine assay; (b) accumulation of IL-8 mRNA by real-time PCR. Results The extracts obtained from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) epicarps contain components displaying an inhibitory activity on IL-8. Particularly, the most active molecules were bergapten and citropten. These effects have been confirmed by analyzing mRNA levels and protein release in the CF cellular models IB3-1 and CuFi-1 induced with TNF-α or exposed to heat-inactivated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusions These obtained results clearly indicate that bergapten and citropten are strong inhibitors of IL-8 expression and could be proposed for further studies to verify possible anti-inflammatory properties to reduce lung inflammation in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Borgatti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 74, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
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Tsai HL, Chang SKC, Chang SJ. Antioxidant content and free radical scavenging ability of fresh red pummelo [Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck] juice and freeze-dried products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:2867-72. [PMID: 17373816 DOI: 10.1021/jf0633847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidative phytochemicals in various fruits and vegetables are widely recognized for their role in scavenging free radicals, which are involved in the etiology of many chronic diseases. Colored fruits are especially considered a quality trait that correlates with their nutritional values and health benefits. The specific aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidants in the juice and freeze-dried flesh and peel of red pummelo and their ability to scavenge free radicals and compare them with those in white pummelo juice. The total phenolic content of red pummelo juice extracted by methanol (8.3 mg/mL) was found to be significantly higher than that of white pummelo juice (5.6 mg/mL). The carotenoid content of red pummelo juice was also significantly higher than that in white pummelo juice. The contents of vitamin C and delta-tocopherol in red pummelo juice were 472 and 0.35 mug/mL, respectively. The ability of the antioxidants found in red pummelo juice to scavenge radicals were found by methanol extraction to approximate that of BHA and vitamin C with a rapid rate in a kinetic model. The ability of methanol extracts of freeze-dried peel and flesh from red pummelo to scavenge these radicals was 20-40% that of BHA and vitamin C effects. Fresh red pummelo juice is an excellent source of antioxidant compounds and exhibited great efficiency in scavenging different forms of free radicals including DPPH, superoxide anion, and hydrogen peroxide radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Ling Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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