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Vliagoftis H, Madala SK. Searching for an Animal Model with Clinical Features of Scleroderma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 69:373-375. [PMID: 37411040 PMCID: PMC10557919 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0158ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harissios Vliagoftis
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Alberta Respiratory Centre University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Satish K Madala
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio
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2
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Tatu AL, Nadasdy T, Arbune A, Chioncel V, Bobeica C, Niculet E, Iancu AV, Dumitru C, Popa VT, Kluger N, Clatici VG, Vasile CI, Onisor C, Nechifor A. Interrelationship and Sequencing of Interleukins4, 13, 31, and 33 - An Integrated Systematic Review: Dermatological and Multidisciplinary Perspectives. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:5163-5184. [PMID: 36110506 PMCID: PMC9468867 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s374060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The interrelations and sequencing of interleukins are complex (inter)actions where each interleukin can stimulate the secretion of its preceding interleukin. In this paper, we attempt to summarize the currently known roles of IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, and IL-33 from a multi-disciplinary perspective. In order to conduct a comprehensive review of the current literature, a search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, Medscape, UpToDate, and Key Elsevier for keywords. The results were compiled from case reports, case series, letters, and literature review papers, and analyzed by a panel of multi-disciplinary specialist physicians for relevance. Based on 173 results, we compiled the following review of interleukin signaling and its clinical significance across a multitude of medical specialties. Interleukins are at the bed rock of a multitude of pathologies across different organ systems and understanding their role will likely lead to novel treatments and better outcomes for our patients. New interleukins are being described, and the role of this inflammatory cascade is still coming to light. We hope this multi-discipline review on the role interleukins play in current pathology assists in this scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin Laurentiu Tatu
- Dermatology Department, "Sf. Cuvioasa Parascheva" Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Galati, Romania.,Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunarea de Jos" University, Galati, Romania.,Multidisciplinary Integrated Center of Dermatological Interface Research (MIC-DIR) [Centrul Integrat Multi disciplinar de Cercetare de Interfata Dermatologica (CIM-CID)], Galați, Romania
| | - Thomas Nadasdy
- Multidisciplinary Integrated Center of Dermatological Interface Research (MIC-DIR) [Centrul Integrat Multi disciplinar de Cercetare de Interfata Dermatologica (CIM-CID)], Galați, Romania.,Dermatology Department, Municipal Emergency Hospital, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Anca Arbune
- Neurology Department, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentin Chioncel
- Neurology Department, "Bagdasar-Arseni" Emergency Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Bobeica
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunărea de Jos" University, Galați, Romania
| | - Elena Niculet
- Multidisciplinary Integrated Center of Dermatological Interface Research (MIC-DIR) [Centrul Integrat Multi disciplinar de Cercetare de Interfata Dermatologica (CIM-CID)], Galați, Romania
| | - Alina Viorica Iancu
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunărea de Jos" University, Galați, Romania
| | - Caterina Dumitru
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunarea de Jos" University, Galati, Romania
| | - Valentin Tudor Popa
- Multidisciplinary Integrated Center of Dermatological Interface Research (MIC-DIR) [Centrul Integrat Multi disciplinar de Cercetare de Interfata Dermatologica (CIM-CID)], Galați, Romania.,Dermatology Department, Center for the Morphologic Study of the Skin MORPHODERM, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Nicolas Kluger
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Apolo Medical Center, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Claudiu Ionut Vasile
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunarea de Jos" University, Galati, Romania
| | - Cristian Onisor
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunărea de Jos" University, Galați, Romania
| | - Alexandru Nechifor
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunarea de Jos" University, Galati, Romania
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3
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De Pieri A, Korman BD, Jüngel A, Wuertz-Kozak K. Engineering Advanced In Vitro Models of Systemic Sclerosis for Drug Discovery and Development. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000168. [PMID: 33852183 PMCID: PMC8717409 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex multisystem disease with the highest case-specific mortality among all autoimmune rheumatic diseases, yet without any available curative therapy. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic antifibrotic strategies that effectively decrease skin and organ fibrosis is needed. Existing animal models are cost-intensive, laborious and do not recapitulate the full spectrum of the disease and thus commonly fail to predict human efficacy. Advanced in vitro models, which closely mimic critical aspects of the pathology, have emerged as valuable platforms to investigate novel pharmaceutical therapies for the treatment of SSc. This review focuses on recent advancements in the development of SSc in vitro models, sheds light onto biological (e.g., growth factors, cytokines, coculture systems), biochemical (e.g., hypoxia, reactive oxygen species) and biophysical (e.g., stiffness, topography, dimensionality) cues that have been utilized for the in vitro recapitulation of the SSc microenvironment, and highlights future perspectives for effective drug discovery and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea De Pieri
- Dr. A. De Pieri, Prof. K. Wuertz-Kozak, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), 106 Lomb Memorial Rd., Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Benjamin D Korman
- Prof. B. D. Korman, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Astrid Jüngel
- Prof. A. Jüngel, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Clinic of Rheumatology, Balgrist University Hospital, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
- Prof. A. Jüngel, Department of Physical Medicine and Rheumatology, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- Dr. A. De Pieri, Prof. K. Wuertz-Kozak, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), 106 Lomb Memorial Rd., Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
- Prof. K. Wuertz-Kozak, Schön Clinic Munich Harlaching, Spine Center, Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg (Austria), Munich, 81547, Germany
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4
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Arcangeletti MC, D’Accolti M, Maccari C, Soffritti I, Conto FD, Chezzi C, Calderaro A, Ferri C, Caselli E. Impact of Human Cytomegalovirus and Human Herpesvirus 6 Infection on the Expression of Factors Associated with Cell Fibrosis and Apoptosis: Clues for Implication in Systemic Sclerosis Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6397. [PMID: 32899126 PMCID: PMC7504027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a severe autoimmune disorder characterized by vasculopathy and multi-organ fibrosis; its etiology and pathogenesis are still largely unknown. Herpesvirus infections, particularly by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), have been suggested among triggers of the disease based on virological and immunological observations. However, the direct impact of HCMV and/or HHV-6 infection on cell fibrosis and apoptosis at the cell microenvironment level has not yet been clarified. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of HCMV and HHV-6 infection on the induction of pro-fibrosis or pro-apoptosis conditions in primary human dermal fibroblasts, one of the relevant SSc target cells. The analysis, performed by microarray in in vitro HCMV- or HHV-6-infected vs. uninfected cells, using specific panels for the detection of the main cellular factors associated with fibrosis or apoptosis, showed that both viruses significantly modified the expression of at least 30 pro-fibrotic and 20 pro-apoptotic factors. Notably, several recognized pro-fibrotic factors were highly induced, and most of them were reported to be involved in vivo in the multifactorial and multistep pathogenic process of SSc, thus suggesting a potential role of both HCMV and HHV-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Cristina Arcangeletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Virology, University-Hospital of Parma, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.M.); (F.D.C.); (C.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Maria D’Accolti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Medical Genetics, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.D.); (I.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Clara Maccari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Virology, University-Hospital of Parma, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.M.); (F.D.C.); (C.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Irene Soffritti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Medical Genetics, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.D.); (I.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Flora De Conto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Virology, University-Hospital of Parma, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.M.); (F.D.C.); (C.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Carlo Chezzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Virology, University-Hospital of Parma, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.M.); (F.D.C.); (C.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Adriana Calderaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Virology, University-Hospital of Parma, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.M.); (F.D.C.); (C.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Clodoveo Ferri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, Rheumatology Unit, University-Hospital Policlinico of Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Caselli
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Microbiology and Medical Genetics, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.D.); (I.S.); (E.C.)
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5
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms in the pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 63:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Luzina IG, Keegan AD, Heller NM, Rook GAW, Shea-Donohue T, Atamas SP. Regulation of inflammation by interleukin-4: a review of "alternatives". J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:753-64. [PMID: 22782966 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0412214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of IL-4 have revealed a wealth of information on the diverse roles of this cytokine in homeostatic regulation and disease pathogenesis. Recent data suggest that instead of simple linear regulatory pathways, IL-4 drives regulation that is full of alternatives. In addition to the well-known dichotomous regulation of Th cell differentiation by IL-4, this cytokine is engaged in several other alternative pathways. Its own production involves alternative mRNA splicing, yielding at least two functional isoforms: full-length IL-4, encoded by the IL-4 gene exons 1-4, and IL-4δ2, encoded by exons 1, 3, and 4. The functional effects of these two isoforms are in some ways similar but in other ways quite distinct. When binding to the surface of target cells, IL-4 may differentially engage two different types of receptors. By acting on macrophages, a cell type critically involved in inflammation, IL-4 induces the so-called alternative macrophage activation. In this review, recent advances in understanding these three IL-4-related branch points--alternative splicing of IL-4, differential receptor engagement by IL-4, and differential regulation of macrophage activation by IL-4--are summarized in light of their contributions to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Evsyukova I, Somarelli JA, Gregory SG, Garcia-Blanco MA. Alternative splicing in multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases. RNA Biol 2010; 7:462-73. [PMID: 20639696 DOI: 10.4161/rna.7.4.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a general mechanism for regulating gene expression that affects the RNA products of more than 90% of human genes. Not surprisingly, alternative splicing is observed among gene products of metazoan immune systems, which have evolved to efficiently recognize pathogens and discriminate between "self" and "non-self", and thus need to be both diverse and flexible. In this review we focus on the specific interface between alternative splicing and autoimmune diseases, which result from a malfunctioning of the immune system and are characterized by the inappropriate reaction to self-antigens. Despite the widespread recognition of alternative splicing as one of the major regulators of gene expression, the connections between alternative splicing and autoimmunity have not been apparent. We summarize recent findings connecting splicing and autoimmune disease, and attempt to find common patterns of splicing regulation that may advance our understanding of autoimmune diseases and open new avenues for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Evsyukova
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
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8
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Postlethwaite AE, Wong WK, Clements P, Chatterjee S, Fessler BJ, Kang AH, Korn J, Mayes M, Merkel PA, Molitor JA, Moreland L, Rothfield N, Simms RW, Smith EA, Spiera R, Steen V, Warrington K, White B, Wigley F, Furst DE. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral type I collagen treatment in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: I. oral type I collagen does not improve skin in all patients, but may improve skin in late-phase disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:1810-22. [PMID: 18512816 DOI: 10.1002/art.23501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the safety and efficacy of oral bovine type I collagen (CI) treatment in patients who have had diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc; scleroderma) for <or=10 years. METHODS One hundred sixty-eight patients with dcSSc were enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral CI (500 microg/day) or placebo administered over 12 months, with a followup visit at month 15. The primary outcome was the modified Rodnan skin thickness score (MRSS). Other clinical and immune system parameters were also assessed. RESULTS Intent-to-treat and modified intent-to-treat analyses showed that for the total population of patients with dcSSc, there were no significant differences in the mean change in MRSS or other key clinical parameters between the CI and placebo treatment groups at 12 months or at 15 months. However, in a subanalysis of the available data at month 15, the CI-treated group of patients with late-phase dcSSc experienced a significant reduction in the MRSS compared with that in the placebo-treated patients with late-phase dcSSc (change in MRSS at month 15 -7.9 versus -2.9; P = 0.0063). CONCLUSION Although the results from this trial did not meet the primary outcome goals, the findings from exploratory analyses indicated that CI treatment may benefit patients with late-phase dcSSc. This new treatment strategy and preliminary clinical observations in patients with dcSSc need to be corroborated.
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Gu YS, Kong J, Cheema GS, Keen CL, Wick G, Gershwin ME. The immunobiology of systemic sclerosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2008; 38:132-60. [PMID: 18221988 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic connective tissue disease characterized by vascular damage, autoimmunity, and excessive collagen deposition. Despite advances in disease-specific treatment of other rheumatologic diseases, disease-targeted treatment in SSc continues to be elusive. In this review, our goal was to place the contemporary immunobiology of SSc in the perspective of clinical medicine. METHODS We performed a PubMed search for the period from 1989 to 2007, using the keyword, "systemic sclerosis," resulting in a total of 9099 publications, including 1252 reviews. Articles were then selected based on their discussion of recent advances in the elusive pathogenesis of SSc. A final total of 259 articles were chosen for the review. RESULTS The SSc hallmarks of vascular damage, immunologic activation, and collagen deposition can be traced to 4 major factors: T-cells, fibroblasts, B-cells, and cytokines/chemokines. T-cells are a major component of the infiltrate in skin and lung, exhibiting increased expression of activation markers and showing signs of antigen-driven expansion. Preliminary data indicate that induction of oral tolerance with collagen, a target of SSc T-cell responses, is associated with clinical benefits. Although this suggests that T-cells participate in the pathogenesis of SSc, their precise role and antigen specificity largely remain to be elucidated. Defective numbers and functions of certain T-cell subsets, such as natural killer and gammadelta T-cells, may be involved in the failure to maintain tolerance. Other data suggest that gammadelta T-cells may themselves be effector cells in endothelial cell cytotoxicity. There are several lines of evidence for a pathogenic role of B-cells in SSc, in particular, through the production of autoantibodies. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity is a primary pathogenic event in an animal model of SSc and is likely to be involved in human SSc. Nonetheless, there is as yet no convincing evidence for the pathogenicity of SSc-specific antibodies. SSc fibroblasts exhibit a specific phenotype characterized not only by excessive collagen production but also by increased responsiveness to and production of cytokines and chemokines. This phenotype is induced by a complex network of cytokines and chemokines but appears to be maintained in the absence of exogenous stimuli via the autocrine production of some of these factors by SSc fibroblasts themselves, particularly transforming growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and interleukin-1. CONCLUSIONS Significant variations in laboratory data among patients suggest that the pathology reflects a heterogeneous disease. Nonetheless, the possibility of achieving clinical benefits by inducing oral tolerance highlights the importance of characterizing SSc T-cell antigens. It is hoped that the identification of some of the key players in the induction and maintenance of the SSc fibroblast phenotype may yield new disease-targeted treatment regimens for patients with SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Stephanie Gu
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Mouthon L. Sclérodermie systémique : de la physiopathologie au traitement. Rev Med Interne 2007; 28 Suppl 4:S266-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2007.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Warrington KJ, Nair U, Carbone LD, Kang AH, Postlethwaite AE. Characterisation of the immune response to type I collagen in scleroderma. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R136. [PMID: 16879746 PMCID: PMC1779396 DOI: 10.1186/ar2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the frequency, phenotype, and functional profile of T lymphocytes that proliferate in response to type I collagen (CI) in patients with scleroderma (SSc). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from SSc patients, healthy controls, and rheumatoid arthritis disease controls were labeled with carboxy-fluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFSE), cultured with or without antigen (bovine CI) for 14 days, and analysed by flow cytometry. Surface markers of proliferating cells were identified by multi-color flow cytometry. T-cell lines were derived after sorting for proliferating T cells (CFSElow). Cytokine expression in CI-responsive T cells was detected by intracellular staining/flow cytometry and by multiplex cytokine bead assay (Bio-Plex). A T-cell proliferative response to CI was detected in 8 of 25 (32%) SSc patients, but was infrequent in healthy or disease controls (3.6%; p = 0.009). The proliferating T cells expressed a CD4+, activated (CD25+), memory (CD45RO+) phenotype. Proliferation to CI did not correlate with disease duration or extent of skin involvement. T-cell lines were generated using in vitro CI stimulation to study the functional profile of these cells. Following activation of CI-reactive T cells, we detected intracellular interferon (IFN)-γ but not interleukin (IL)-4 by flow cytometry. Supernatants from the T-cell lines generated in vitro contained IL-2, IFN-γ, GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor), and tumour necrosis factor-α, but little or no IL-4 and IL-10, suggesting that CI-responsive T cells express a predominantly Th1 cytokine pattern. In conclusion, circulating memory CD4 T cells that proliferate to CI are present in a subset of patients with SSc, but are infrequent in healthy or disease controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Warrington
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, 956 Court Avenue, Room G326, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Usha Nair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, 956 Court Avenue, Room G326, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Laura D Carbone
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, 956 Court Avenue, Room G326, Memphis, TN 38163
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Andrew H Kang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, 956 Court Avenue, Room G326, Memphis, TN 38163
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Avenue, Room A318, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Arnold E Postlethwaite
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, 956 Court Avenue, Room G326, Memphis, TN 38163
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
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12
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Silkov AN, Gavrilenko VA, Denisova VV, Grishina LV, Kozlov VA, Sennikov SV. Effects of recombinant IL-4δ2 on human peripheral blood mononuclears. Bull Exp Biol Med 2007; 143:72-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-007-0020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Fujimoto M, Hamaguchi Y, Yazawa N, Komura K, Takehara K, Sato S. Autoantibodies to a collagen-specific molecular chaperone, heat-shock protein 47, in systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 138:534-9. [PMID: 15544633 PMCID: PMC1809250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins are highly conserved and immunogenic proteins, which may be involved in the initiation and perpetuation of autoimmune diseases. Heat-shock protein 47 (HSP47) is expressed by collagen-secreting cells such as fibroblasts and serves as a collagen-specific molecular chaperone that plays a crucial role in collagen metabolism. Abnormal collagen accumulation and autoimmunity are characteristics of systemic sclerosis (SSc). We determined the presence and prevalence of autoantibodies to HSP47 in patients with SSc and also in tight-skin (TSK/+) mice, an animal model for SSc. Anti-HSP47 autoantibodies were present in SSc patients with a frequency of 26%, while patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, those with dermatomyositis, those with keloid and healthy subjects did not have anti-HSP47 antibodies. IgG1 and IgG2 were the major Ig isotypes of the autoantibodies. Patients positive for anti-HSP47 had a significantly shorter duration of disease than those who were negative. Anti-HSP47 autoantibodies were also positive in 79% of TSK/+ mice. Thus, autoantibodies to HSP47 were present in the sera from SSc patients as well as those from TSK mice, and may be associated with the pathogenesis of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fujimoto
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis occurs in up to 70% of scleroderma patients and progresses to cause severe restrictive lung disease in about 15% of patients. The mechanisms that cause pulmonary fibrosis in scleroderma remain incompletely understood. Increased amounts of mRNA or protein for multiple profibrotic cytokines and chemokines have been identified in lung tissue or broncholveolar lavage samples from scleroderma patients, when compared to healthy controls. These cytokines include transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), oncostatin M (OSM), monocyte chemotactic factor-1 and pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine (PARC). Potential cellular sources of these profibrotic cytokines and chemokines in scleroderma lung disease include alternatively activated macrophages, activated CD8+ T cells, eosinophils, mast cells, epithelial cells and fibroblasts themselves. This review summarizes the literature on involvement of cytokines and chemokines in the development of pulmonary fibrosis in scleroderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei P Atamas
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Research Service (151), Room 3C-126, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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15
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Interstitial Disease in Systemic Sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1571-5078(04)02010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Chung DR, Kasper DL, Panzo RJ, Chitnis T, Grusby MJ, Sayegh MH, Tzianabos AO, Chtinis T. CD4+ T cells mediate abscess formation in intra-abdominal sepsis by an IL-17-dependent mechanism. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:1958-63. [PMID: 12574364 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.4.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Abscess formation associated with intra-abdominal sepsis causes severe morbidity and can be fatal. Previous studies have implicated T cells in the pathogenesis of abscess formation, and we have recently shown that CD4(+) T cells activated in vitro by zwitterionic capsular polysaccharides from abscess-inducing bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacteroides fragilis initiate this host response when transferred to naive rats. In this study, we show that mice deficient in alphabetaTCR-bearing T cells or CD4(+) T cells fail to develop abscesses following challenge with B. fragilis or abscess-inducing zwitterionic polysaccharides, compared with CD8(-/-) or wild-type animals. Transfer of CD4(+) T cells from wild-type mice to alphabetaTCR(-/-) animals reconstituted this ability. The induction of abscesses required T cell costimulation via the CD28-B7 pathway, and T cell transfer experiments with STAT4(-/-) and STAT6(-/-) mice demonstrated that this host response is dependent on STAT4 signaling. Significantly higher levels of IL-17, a proinflammatory cytokine produced almost exclusively by activated CD4(+) T cells, were associated with abscess formation in Th2-impaired (STAT6(-/-)) mice, while STAT4(-/-) mice had significantly lower levels of this cytokine than control animals. The formation of abscesses was preceded by an increase in the number of activated CD4(+) T cells in the peritoneal cavity 24 h following bacterial challenge. Confocal laser-scanning microscopy analysis revealed that CD4(+) T cells comprise the abscess wall in these animals and produce IL-17 at this site. Administration of a neutralizing Ab specific for IL-17 prevented abscess formation following bacterial challenge in mice. These data delineate the specific T cell response necessary for the development of intra-abdominal abscesses and underscore the role of IL-17 in this disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Ryeon Chung
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
Tissue fibrosis, a serious and even deadly complication of chronic inflammation and environmental exposures, is regulated by a host of factors including interactions with the extracellular matrix, surface of inflammatory cells, hormones, and an extremely complex and redundant network of profibrotic cytokines. The nature of mechanisms by which cytokines regulate fibrosis is dual - indirect, through attraction of inflammatory cells, and direct, through binding to specific receptors on fibroblasts and stimulating proliferation, collagen production and secretion of autocrine factors. This review focuses on systematizing the direct effects of cytokines on fibroblasts. Understanding of the complexity of the cytokine-driven mechanisms of fibrosis is important for identification of potential molecular targets for future pharmacological interventions in prevention and treatment of tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei P Atamas
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MSTF building, Room 8-34, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore 21201, USA.
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